Dieu Tra Co So Kinh Te Ho Gia Dinh Nong Thon - Mekong - 11.2005 - V

iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn
D n Qun l Vn Quc Gia Tam o v vng m

Thng 11, 2005
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Chun b cho Vn phng T chc hp tc k thut c - Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusamnam giiarbeit (GTZ), ti Vit Nam Chun b bi cng ty
Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong

24 Trn V Qun Ba nh H Ni, Vit Nam
iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m
Tel/fax: 844-7162177 Email: mekongeconomics@hn.vnn.vn Website: www.mekongeconomics.com
Tm tt
1. Gii thiu Vn Quc gia (VQG) Tam o c thnh lp nm 1996, l mt Vn c h sinh thi a dng gm nhiu loi ng, thc vt. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin khng bn vng v cc c ch qun l rng yu km gy ra s suy thoi v a dng sinh hc v s suy kit nghim trng ti nguyn thin nhin ca VQG. Trc tnh hnh , D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m (TDMP) c thi hn hot ng l 6 nm c trin khai t nm 2003 vi s hp tc gia C quan Hp tc K thut c (GTZ), B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam (MARD) v 3 tnh vng m: Vnh Phc, Thi Nguyn v Tuyn Quang. TDMP tm kim c hi gii thiu c ch ng qun l vi cc ch th a phng v gii quyt nhng vn bo tn ang ni cm v d thu hi ci, sn bn, thu hi v su tp cn trng, cy cnh v khai thc khong sn bt hp php. D n nhm mc ch h tr v pht trin cc sng kin sinh k thay th cng nh cc hot ng gio dc v nng cao nhn thc khc, vi mc ch xo i gim ngho v qun l bn vng v bo v mi trng ca VQG Tam o. C quan Hp tc k thut c (GTZ) u nhim cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong tin hnh iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn y l mt b phn cu thnh ca TDMP nhm to ra d liu ban u v cc c im kinh t x hi v nhn thc v mi trng ca cc h gia nh nng thn sinh sng trong VQG Tam o v vng m. iu tra c s, thng qua vic kho st cc iu kin c lin quan trong mt mu i din gm nhm tc ng (nhm mc tiu) v nhm i chng, to ra mt chun o lng c th s dng trong cc giai on d n tip theo nhm c lp v nh gi tc ng ca d n. 2. Cc phng php v mu iu tra Phng php lun dng trong thu thp thng tin v x l d liu c cc nhm nghin cu thc a thng nht di s gim st ca Ban iu phi d n. Mu c la chn cho iu tra c s da trn nhng tiu ch v i ngho, h gia nh do ph n lm ch h v thnh phn dn tc thiu s v c la chn cng mang tnh i din cho qun th nghin cu cng tt. D liu lm c s cho cc tiu ch chn mu c ly t bo co Lp k hoch s dng ti nguyn v nh gi s dng ti nguyn thn bn (IRUA), do TDMP tin hnh vo nm 2003.
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Khu vc iu tra gm huyn Tam o (gm 8 thn thuc 2 x) thuc tnh Vnh Phc, huyn i T (gm 6 thn thuc 2 x) thuc tnh Thi Nguyn v huyn Sn Dng thuc tnh Tuyn Quang (gm 4 thn). Tng cng, iu tra c tin hnh 3 huyn gm 6 x v 18 thn, c phn loi thnh nhng thn c v khng c nhn h tr ca d n (nhm tc ng v nhm i chng).
Trong 18 thn c la chn, c 421 h gia nh c iu tra, tng ng vi 20 % tng s h gia nh trong cc thn. Ngoi ra, c 18 trng thn v 6 cn b x c mi tham gia phng vn, 17 tho lun nhm tp trung c t chc v 35 nghin cu in hnh c ti liu ho. Mt phn nm s h gia nh trong mu c phn loi chnh thc l h ngho, v s h gia nh l ngi dn tc thiu s chim ti 41 % tng s h trong mu.
3. Nhng pht hin quan trng Nhng pht hin quan trng t iu tra c s c trnh by nh sau:
Ngi ngho ph thuc vo rng nhiu hn ngi khng ngho. 78 % s ngi ngho khai thc ti nguyn rng trong khi con s ny ca ngi khng ngho ch l 63 %. S khc bit ny c ngha thng k vi mc sai s l 10% Nhn chung, s lng ngi ngho lm cc hot ng trng trt nhiu hn s lng ngi ngho tin hnh cc hot ng chn nui Ngi ngho t c cc c hi to thu nhp hn nhng ngi khng ngho v thu nhp ca h km a dng ho hn Cc hot ng lin quan n du lch cho thu nhp cao nht nhng ch din ra th trn Tam o Ngi dn sinh sng xung quanh khu vc VQG vn cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic thu hi ci t VQG Nhm tc ng s dng ti nguyn rng nhiu hn nhm i chng, k c nhm h ngho v nhm h khng ngho. Phng thc s dng rng ph bin nht l thu hi ci kh trn mt t hoc trn cy. Thi Nguyn c t l s h gia nh khai thc g ci nhiu nht v nhiu h gia nh khu vc ny s dng ci sao ch Ph n dng nh l nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn rng thng xuyn nht. Cc h gia nh c ph n lm ch h dng nh khai thc ti nguyn rng nhiu hn cc h gia nh c nam gii lm ch h (con s tng ng l 71 % v 65 %1). Cc h gia nh c ph n lm ch h dng nh ngho hn cc h gia nh c nam gii lm ch h bi v h c t cc c hi to thu nhp hn. y l mt phn trong mi quan h gia i ngho v vic khai thc ti nguyn rng Vic khai thc ti nguyn rng c th do i ngho tn ti trong cc cng ng dn c sinh sng trong v xung quanh VQG, qun l thiu hiu qu, thiu cc ngun to thu
S khc bit ny khng c ngha thng k mc tin cy thng thng

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nhp, thiu nhn thc v cc vn bo v mi trng v tp qun khai thc ti nguyn rng lu i ca cc cng ng dn c a phng
Ch mt na s ngi dn c phng vn bit v ranh gii gia thn ca h v VQG. Cc cng c trc quan v truyn thanh nh ti vi v hi hp l nhng cng c hiu qu cao i vi cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc.
4. Cc khuyn ngh Nhng khuyn ngh chnh sau y xut pht t nhng pht hin trn bao gm:
Vn quan trng nht cn gii quyt y chnh l ci thin v a dng ho cc ngun thu nhp ca h gia nh, c bit cho nhng h gia nh c ph n lm ch h Cc chnh sch v cc d n c th gip gii quyt vn ny thng qua vic cung cp o to dy ngh v k thut, thnh lp cc lng ngh, ci to h thng thu li, cung cp cc dch v khuyn nng v tr gi vt t u vo cho sn xut, hoc m bo cung cp tn dng cho php mua vt t u vo cho sn xut Cn khuyn khch cc h gia nh tham gia qun l v s dng rng trng v tm kim nhng ngun nhin liu thay th g ci Cc hot ng du lch v c s h tng phc v du lch cn c lp k hoch cn thn chng c th gp phn ci thin ngun thu nhp, bo tn a dng sinh hc v bo v mi trng. Cn m bo rng mi tng lp dn chng trong x hi u c hng cc li ch thu c t nn cng nghip du lch ang pht trin C th ni rng s iu phi thiu cht ch gia cc cp chnh quyn khc nhau v s thiu tham gia ca chnh quyn a phng v cc cng ng dn c dn n vic qun l yu km, khng hiu qu. Do , cn phi c nhng ch dn r rng cho cc k hoch qun l rng, nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi trng v ranh gii vi VQG (nn s dng cc hnh thc, phng tin trc quan v truyn thng) cho ngi dn ti vng m, v huy ng s tham gia cc ch th a phng trong vic qun l bo tn nhm hng ti qun l bn vng VQG.
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iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m
Mc lc
Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn.......ii
D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m......................................ii Tm tt....................................................................................................................................ii Mc lc....................................................................................................................................v Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia
nh nng thn........................................................................................................................v D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m.................................................................................................................................v Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn......vi
D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m.....................................vi Danh mc cc bng ..........................................................................................................viii Danh mc cc biu ................................................................................................................x Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia
nh nng thn........................................................................................................................x D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m.................................................................................................................................x Danh mc cc hp ................................................................................................................xi Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia
nh nng thn......................................................................................................................xi D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m................................................................................................................................xi 1.Gii thiu.........................................................................................................................1 Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong Iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn............1 D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m.....................................................................1 1.1.D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m............................................................1
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1.1.1 Thng tin chung v d n...................................................................................1 1.1.2C s hp l ca D n.......................................................................................1 1.1.3Mc tiu ca D n.............................................................................................1 Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn........2
D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m......................................2 1.1.4Trin khai D n..................................................................................................2 1.1.5Cch tip cn ca D n......................................................................................3 1.2.D n iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn ...............................................4 1.2.1 Hiu bit v tm quan trng ca cc iu tra c s...........................................4 1.2.2.S hiu bit v nh gi tc ng .....................................................................5 1.3.Phng php lun v tin hnh iu tra c s.........................................................5 1.4.Cch tip cn ti thc a .........................................................................................5 1.5.Khung ly mu...........................................................................................................6 1.1.1.La chn cc huyn, x v thn.........................................................................6 1.1.2. Hp phn iu tra ti thc a...........................................................................7 1.1.3. Trin khai iu tra ti hin trng....................................................................9 2.Kt qu iu tra c s..................................................................................................11 2.1.D liu th cp t nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b (IRUA).............................11 Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn....................................................................13 D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m...................................................................13 Mekong Economics Ltd. Economics Baseline Survey Rural Household Tam Dao National Park and Buffer
Zone Development Project..................................................................................................16 2.2.D liu h gia nh..................................................................................................16 1.1.4.Tng quan d liu c s...................................................................................16 1.1.5.Thu nhp ca h gia nh.................................................................................20 1.1.6.S dng ti nguyn rng v nhn thc v mi trng ...................................28 1.1.7.Trng hp th trn Tam o..........................................................................32 2.3.Nhn thc ca cn b x v thn v VQG..............................................................39 2.4.Nhn thc ca cc nhm khc nhau .......................................................................41 1.1.8.Mt s im chung gia cc nhm..................................................................41 2.4.2. S nhn thc khc nhau gia ngi gi v thanh nin...................................42
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2.4.3 S nhn thc khc nhau gia ph n v nam gii..........................................43 1.1.9.S nhn thc khc nhau gia nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn ca VQG.....45 3.Cc khuyn ngh...........................................................................................................48 4. Tho lun v iu khon tham chiu nh gi tc ng sau ny..........................49 Ph lc 1: Phng php lun nh gi tc ng lin quan ti nhm tc ng v nhm i chng ...................................................................................................................50 Ph lc 2: Cc ch dn cho vic iu tra ..........................................................................55 1. Cu hi phng vn h gia nh.................................................................................55 Mekong Economics Ltd. Economics Baseline Survey Rural Household Tam Dao National Park and Buffer
Zone Development Project..................................................................................................57 Mekong Economics Ltd. Rural
Household Economics Baseline Survey.............................................................................67 Tam Dao National Park and Buffer Zone Development Project..................................67 Mekong Economics Ltd. Rural
Household Economics Baseline Survey.............................................................................76 Tam Dao National Park and Buffer Zone Development Project..................................76 Mekong Economics Ltd. Rural Household Economics Baseline Survey.....................86 Tam Dao National Park and Buffer Zone Development Project..................................86 Mekong Economics Ltd. iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn......................88 D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m...................................................................88 2. Cu hi tho lun nhm tp chung..........................................................................102 3. Hng dn phng vn x v thn...........................................................................103 Ph lc 3: Cc kt qu tho lun nhm chnh .............................................................105 Ph lc 4: Chi tit nhng ngi c phng vn .........................................................106 Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................107
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Danh mc cc bng
Bng 1: Cc x v thn c iu tra.................................................................................6 Bng 2: Cc cng c iu tra................................................................................................7 Bng 3: Cc phn trong cu hi phng vn h gia nh...................................................8 Bng 4: Cc h gia nh c iu tra..............................................................................10 Bng 5: C mu nh gi s dng ti nguyn ban u (IRUA) v qun th: cc tiu ch chnh dng so snh ..................................................................................................11 Bng 6: Chi tit 18 thn c chn ly mu: IRUA........................................................13 Bng 7: Mu iu tra...........................................................................................................16 Bng 8: Mc i ngho..................................................................................................16 Bng 9: nh hng ca vic thnh lp VQG i vi thu nhp.....................................17 Bng 10: So snh thu nhp h gia nh nm 2004...........................................................21 Bng 11: Tng thu nhp hng nm ca cc h gia nh t nhiu ngun khc nhau...27 Bng 12: S dng rng h tr cho sinh k..................................................................28 Bng 13: S dng ti nguyn rng phn theo tnh..........................................................29 Bng 14: Cc phng tin truyn ti thng tin v bo v rng.....................................32 Bng 15: Nhn thc v cc hot ng gy nhim.........................................................32 Bng 16: Dn s v lc lng lao ng ti th trn Tam o nm 2003......................33 Bng 17: Tnh hnh i ngho ca cc h gia nh c iu tra ti th trn Tam o 34 Bng 18: Trnh hc vn ca ch h gia nh c iu tra ti th trn Tam o.34 Bng 19: Ngh nghip ca ch h gia nh v v/chng c iu tra ti th trn Tam o................................................................................................................................35 Bng 20: Doanh thu v chi ph t du lch v trng su su: Th trn Tam o..............36 Bng 21: Thu nhp ca h gia nh ti th trn Tam o v cc khu vc khc..........37
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Bng 22: Tc ng ca vic thnh lp VQG ln thu nhp: Th trn Tam o...........38 Bng 23: Hiu bit v ranh gii ca cc h gia nh c iu tra: Th trn Tam o 38 Bng 24: Xp hng ca ngi gi v thanh nin v tm quan trng ca cc hot ng 43 Bng 25: Xp hng ca ph n v nam gii v tm quan trng ca cc hot ng....43 Bng 26: Phn ng khc nhau ca nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn rng t VQG . 46
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Danh mc cc biu
Biu 1: Ngnh ngh nghip chnh ca cc ch h gia nh.......................................19 Biu 2: Trnh hc vn ca ch h gia nh............................................................20 Biu 3: S tham gia v cc ngun thu nhp hng nm t nng nghip: ................22 Biu 4: Cc ngun thu nhp hng nm t nng nghip ca nhng h gia nh ngho v khng ngho....................................................................................................24 Biu 5: S tham gia v cc ngun thu nhp hng nm t nng nghip: nhm tc ng v nhm i chng................................................................................................25 Biu 6: Cc ngun thu hng nm t nng nghip: nhm tc ng v nhm i chng................................................................................................................................25 Biu 7: Cc ngun thu hng nm t rng v cc hot ng lm nghip.................26 Biu 8: Ngh nghip ca ch h gia nh v v/chng ca h ti th trn Tam o 35
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Danh mc cc hp
Hp 1: Ph thuc vo rng...........................................................................................17 Hp 2: Nhng ni lo lng ca ngi dn sinh sng trong vng m ca VQG Tam o 23 Hp 3: Cc gii php thay th cho rng......................................................................30 Hp 4: Cu chuyn v ci bp un ci.........................................................................30 Hp 5: Khai thc khong sn trong VQG...................................................................31 Hp 6: Ti sao vic chn th gia sc trong VQG vn cn ph bin?.......................40
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Iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn D n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m
1. Gii thiu
1.1.
1.1.1
D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m

Thng tin chung v d n
VQG Tam o c thnh lp vo nm 1996, bao gm khu vc ni Tam o v khu vc vng m xung quanh tri di trn 3 tnh l Thi Nguyn (chim 37,6 % tng din tch ca Vn), Vnh Phc (40,6 %) v Tuyn Quang (21,8 %). Vn c din tch xp x 36.000 ha, c cao hn so vi mc nc bin t 100m n 1.592m. Vng m ca VQG c din tch xp x 15.000 ha, vi tng dn s gn 200.000 ngi sinh sng trong 40.000 h gia nh, thuc 4 nhm dn tc l: Sn Du, Sn Chy, Kinh v Dao (TDMP 2004). D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m (TDMP) c thnh lp vo thng 10/ 2003 l kt qu ca s hp tc gia hai Chnh ph c v Vit Nam, vi mc tiu qun l bn vng v bo v tt hn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. D n, theo k hoch s hot ng trong 6 nm cho ti nm 2009, l kt qu ca s hp tc gia C quan Hp tc k thut c (GTZ), v B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam (MARD) v 3 tnh vng m. S tham gia ca tt c cc ch th a phng c vai tr c bit quan trng trong vic bo v v qun l bn vng VQG v vng m ca n. Do d n s dng phng thc phn cp khi lp k hoch v trin khai cc chng trnh bo tn v cc hot ng pht trin kinh t x hi nhm t c s cn bng gia cc li ch v kinh t, x hi v mi trng. 1.1.2 C s hp l ca D n
C s hp l cn bn ca TDMP l: Vic khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin khng bn vng dn n s suy gim a dng sinh hc v s xung cp ca h sinh thi VQG. S iu phi cht ch hn gia cc cp chnh quyn t trung ng, tnh v a phng v s tham gia ngy cng tng ca chnh quyn a phng v cc cng ng dn c ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic bo v v qun l hiu qu VQG. Sc p dn s ngy cng tng v s qun l yu km trc kia lm suy thoi nghim trng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ca VQG v dn n s ph hu hu ht cc khu vc rng thp. Sc p hin nay i vi VQG l nn cht ph rng, mc thu hi ci cao, xm canh t rng lm nng nghip, pht trin du lch, chy rng, khai thc khong sn v bun bn ng vt hoang d. Nghin cu ch ra rng cc cng ng dn c a phng c th ng vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr cng tc bo v v qun l ca VQG. Ngoi vic, nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn v tm quan trng ca cc ngun ti nguyn v mi trng trong VQG, ci thin sinh k v a dng ho thu nhp cho cc cng ng dn c a phng s gp phn ng k vo s thnh cng ca d n. 1.1.3 Mc tiu ca D n
Final Report
D n c hai mc tiu chnh: gim i ngho v cng c phng thc qun l c s tham gia cp x ti vng m bo v mi trng VQG Tam o. D n tm cch gii thiu c ch ng qun l vi cc ch th a phng, gii quyt nhng vn v bo tn ang ni cm v d thu hi ci, sn bn, thu hi v su tp cn trng v cy cnh v khai thc khong sn bt hp php. D n nhm mc ch h tr v pht trin cc sng kin sinh k thay th cng nh nhng hot ng gio dc v nng cao nhn thc khc. 1.1.4 Trin khai D n
D n hin ang c trin khai ti 25 x v 2 th trn thuc 6 huyn ca 3 tnh: Ti tnh Vnh Phc: c 6 x v 1 th trn thuc huyn Tam o, 1 x thuc huyn Bnh Xuyn, 1 x thuc huyn M Linh. Ti tnh Thi Nguyn: c 10 x v 1 th trn thuc huyn i T v 2 x thuc huyn Ph Yn. Ti tnh Tuyn Quang: c 5 x thuc huyn Sn Dng.
Giai on 1 ca d n s kt thc vo thng 9/ 2006 v gm 5 lnh vc kt qu sau: Chia s rng ri thng tin c lin quan n VQG v vng m cho cc ch th c lin quan Tng cng nng lc cho nhng c quan ch cht tham gia vo vic qun l ngun ti nguyn v bo tn a dng sinh hc Trin khai k hoch s dng v qun l ti nguyn trong vng li v vng m, da trn vic xy dng v trnh din nhng m hnh qun l ti nguyn bn vng Thc y v th im cc c hi to thu nhp ci tin cho cc cng ng dn c a phng v ban qun l VQG m bo s h tr v ng h ca cc c quan trong nc v quc t cngnh cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGOs) cho qun l VQG v Vng m.
Bn VQG Tam o v vng m c trnh by trang sau.
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1.1.5
Cch tip cn ca D n
D n p dng cc nguyn tc c s tham gia phn cp trnh t lp k hoch, thu ht tt c ch th tham gia vo vic bo tn a dng sinh hc v pht trin kinh t x hi v h tr h trong vic lp k hoch v trin khai cc chng trnh v hot ng c cn bng cc li ch v mt kinh t, x hi v mi trng. h tr s tham gia ca ngi dn a phng trong tt c cc bc v hp phn ca d n, cc chng trnh tp hun v nng cao nng lc c thit k tng cng kh nng ca cn b lnh o huyn, x v thn trong vic thc y cc tin trnh c s tham gia. K hoch nng cao nng lc ch trng c bit ti vic xy dng cc k nng c bn v k nng lnh o trong khu vc vng m. Nhm thc y s tham gia rng ln hn v su
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sc ca ngi dn a phng trong khi trnh hc vn ca h cn thp, cc phng php s dng hnh nh thay v in nhiu ch v cc phn bi ging bng ting a phng c khuyn khch s dng. Cch tip cn ph bin thng tin v khch l ng vin s tham gia ca chnh quyn a phng v ngi dn vi mc ch nhm m bo rng chnh quyn a phng v ngi dn c thng tin v mi bc trong qu trnh trin khai d n. Cng b cng khai thng tin lin quan n lp k hoch ngn sch, lp k hoch v trin khai ca d n ti cc thn v x nhm mc ch gip ngi dn c thng tin tt hn v khch l kh nng gii trnh cho cng chng ln hn. Vic s dng phng tin truyn thng s c khai thc trit bi tim nng ca n trong vic ph bin cc kho tp hun v trong nhng chin dch truyn thng cng cng v gio dc.
1.2.
D n iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn
iu tra ny l mt b phn ca D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m. Mc ch ca D n iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh l nhm to ra mt d liu c s bao gm thng tin v kinh t h gia nh nng thn v nhn thc ca h v mi trng trong VQG Tam o v vng m. 1.2.1 Hiu bit v tm quan trng ca cc iu tra c s
Trong d n bo v v qun l bn vng ti nguyn, hot ng iu tra c s l giai on u tin ca nh gi tc ng s dng cc phng php nh lng v nh tnh. N nhm mc ch thu thp d liu v thng tin v hin trng ca mt cng ng c la chn. iu tra c s, bng cch kho st cc iu kin c lin quan trong mt mu i din gm mt nhm tc ng v mt nhm i chng (c c im cng ging vi nhm tc ng v nhng kha cnh c lin quan cng tt), thit lp mt tp hp cc bin php c th c th c s dng trong nhng bc sau ny ca d n nhm c lp v nh gi cc tc ng do d n to ra. D liu iu tra c s, nh gi tc ng gia k v nh gi tc ng khi kt thc d n s to nn nn tng cho vic xc nh cc kt qu thc s ca d n. Ngoi ra, cc hot ng iu tra c s cn cn thit cho vic xy dng cc ch s ca d n, thit lp mt chun mc cho phng thc ly mu v cho php iu chnh phng php lun ca d n vo gia k. nh gi mc thnh cng trong vic p ng cc Kt qu Pht trin ca D n i hi phi hon thnh mt cch thnh cng cc mc tiu ra trong iu tra c s: Xy dng mt phng php lun ph hp Thit lp mt khun kh im ly mu trong c 3 tnh d n trong VQG Tam o v vng m Tp hp d liu c s v cc hp phn chnh ca d n to c s cho vic bo co v nh gi tin thc hin.

Mc ch ca hot ng hin trng l thu thp thng tin v d liu hin cha tn ti cc ngun thng tin th cp khc. D liu hin c v nhng ch c lin quan c r sot li trc khi thit k v la chn nhng thng tin c th cn thit t cc thn v nhm
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nhng tnh tham gia d n. Mt tp hp d liu hin c lin quan ti chi tiu v thu nhp ca h gia nh, ngun thu nhp, c s h tng, nc, nng nghip, y t, gio dc v s hiu bit v vic s dng VQG c thu thp trong iu tra c s. Nghin cu s dng cc phng php nghin cu nh tnh v nh lng nh gi nhng tc ng v kt qu khc nhau ca d n. Vic p dng nhng k thut thu thp d liu khc nhau to ra cc tiu chun c lp so snh v i chiu nhm to ra mt nh gi tnh hnh v tng hp ca d n. 1.2.2. S hiu bit v nh gi tc ng nh gi tc ng nhm mc ch nh gi mc to ra nhng tc ng mong mun ln cc c nhn, h gia nh, v c quan, t chc ca mt chng trnh, v c lng xem liu nhng tc ng mong mun ny c phi gy ra bi can thip ca chng trnh hay khng. Phn tho lun v iu khon tham chiu cho nh gi tc ng ca TDMP c trnh by Phn 4. Thng tin c s thu thp c trong iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn v trnh by trong bo co ny l u vo ht sc quan trng cho nh gi tc ng ca d n.
1.3.
Phng php lun v tin hnh iu tra c s
C vn trung k thut ca d n GTZ Tam o Herbert Christ, nh sinh thi hc Bruce Dunn v i tc nghin cu, Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong, hp xy dng cc mc tiu, phng php lun, kt qu d kin v xut nghin cu trong thng 9/ 2004. xut nghin cu c son tho v trnh ln TDMP vo cui thng 9/ 2004, cng vi s tham vn cht ch ca C vn trng k thut . ng thi, mt th im ti thc a cng c tin hnh thn Lng H, x H Sn vo thng 11 th nghim v chnh sa phng php lun nghin cu v cu hi phng vn. Cc cng c iu tra v khung ly mu cui cng c hon tt sau khi hon thnh th im ti thc a.
1.4.
Cch tip cn ti thc a
Khi tin hnh iu tra c s, cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong p dng cch tip cn nghin cu x hi hc. K thut ny gm mt s cng c nghin cu v ngun lc khc nhau m bo c c mt bc tranh hon chnh v khu vc c iu tra vi cht lng v tiu chun cao nht. Hm su xa trong cch tip cn x hi hc chnh l ngha v s hiu bit v bi cnh a phng, cuc sng ca ngi dn v cu trc hay mi quan h v quyn lc tn ti trong x hi . Hn na, cch tip cn x hi hc i hi cc phng php c s tham gia cn c s dng ti a. Tt c cc d liu cn thit c thu thp v phn loi theo gii, tui tc, dn tc, thc trng kinh t v ngh nghip v trnh hc vn. Cch tip cn x hi hc c th c trnh by mt cch tm tt l cch tip cn trong :
S dng ng thi cc phng php nghin cu nh lng v nh tnh
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C phn tch tnh hnh kinh t, vn ho v dn tc Thu ht s tham gia cao nht ca cc ch th, i biu v nhm nghin cu a ra nhng khuyn ngh c tnh thc tin cao v cc pht hin nhm h tr qu trnh pht trin d n.
1.5.
Khung ly mu
Trc khi tin hnh iu tra, trng nhm iu tra thc a tham kho kin ca Ban iu phi d n ti VQG Tam o trong vic la chn cc x v thn tham gia vo cuc iu tra. Vic la chn ny da trn 3 tiu ch l i ngho, h gia nh c ph n lm ch h v thnh phn dn tc thiu s tng thn. Vic chn mu da trn d liu ly t Bo co Lp k hoch s dng ti nguyn v nh gi s dng ti nguyn thn bn do TDMP thc hin. Lp k hoch s dng ti nguyn gm cc cuc tho lun gia nhng ch th c lin quan nhm i n mt s nht tr v bo tn a dng sinh hc, s dng bn vng ti nguyn t v cc ngun ti nguyn khc, phn tch mt cch c h thng tim nng ca t v cc ngun ti nguyn khc, v lp k hoch s dng v qun l chng mt cch bn vng. nh gi s dng ti nguyn thn bn l mt iu tra c s cp thn vi mc ch phn tch cc hot ng v khu vc s dng ti nguyn ca thn, cc ngun thu nhp v s dng t ti nm 2003. 1.1.1. La chn cc huyn, x v thn Theo gi ca Ban iu phi d n, 3 huyn c nhiu x nht c chn. l huyn Tam o (gm 8 thn thuc 2 x v mt th trn) thuc tnh Vnh Phc, huyn i T (gm 6 thn thuc 2 x) thuc tnh Thi Nguyn v huyn Sn Dng thuc tnh Tuyn Quang (gm 4 thn). Cc cuc phng vn c thc hin 3 huyn thuc 3 tnh gm 6 x v 18 thn. Nhng thn c la chn c tnh i din cho thc trng a dng v iu kin a l, kinh t v x hi ca vng d n. i vi mt x c la chn khi tin hnh chn mu, cc thn trong x c phn tng thnh nhng thn c nhn v khng c nhn s h tr ca d n hnh thnh nn nhm i chng v nhm tc ng (Bng 1). Bng 1: Cc x v thn c iu tra
Tnh Vnh Phc Huyn Tam o X o Tr Tam trn o th Thn 1 Thn 2 ng Thanh Bu 1 Ha Bnh 2 Tn Tin 1 Thin Phong Sn ng Cu Gng Xm n Vn Thanh 2 Xm Nhm tc ng ng Ging o Tr H Thn Nhm i chng ng Qa Tin Long
Thi Nguyn
i T
H Sn Vn Yn Qun Chu
Tuyn Quang Sn Dng Thin K
K Tn
Vt Chanh
Bo co cui cng
1.1.2.
Hp phn iu tra ti thc a
Mc tiu ca TDMP l nng cao thu nhp v mc sng ca ngi dn sinh sng ti vng m, v nng cao nhn thc ca h v bo v mi trng. Khung ly mu cng c thit k cung cp d liu v cc nhm trong cng nhng cng ng dn c c v khng c can thip ca d n, gip cho vic so snh gia hai nhm. iu tra c s v cc nghin cu nh gi tc ng tip theo s dng ng thi cc phng php lun nh tnh v nh lng (Bng 2). nh tnh Bng 2: Cc cng c iu tra nh lng
1.Bng cu hi phng vn h gia 2. Hng dn phng vn cp x (6) nh (421) 3. Hng dn phng vn cp thn (18) 4. Tho lun nhm tp trung (17) 5. Nghin cu in hnh (35) Phng vn bn cu trc v nghin cu in hnh i) Phng vn h gia nh Trong mi thn c 25 h gia nh c chn iu tra (ngoi tr Thn 1 v Thn 2 ca th trn Tam o, mi thn c 20 h gia nh c phng vn), iu tra c s phng vn 421 h gia nh nng thn. Tiu ch quan trng nht la chn cc h gia nh l t l i ngho, thnh phn dn tc thiu s v h gia nh c ph n lm ch h trong thn. Vic phn loi h gia nh ngho c xc nh theo tiu chun ca B Lao ng, thng binh v x hi (MOLISA). h tr cho c s d liu ca h gia nh, chng ti tin hnh phng vn vi 6 cn b x, 18 trng thn v 17 nhm chnh. Ba mi lm nghin cu in hnh ni bt nht cng c ghi chp li. Cc cu hi phng vn bn cu trc do cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong thit k c chnh sa v b xung sau khi th im ti thc a. Bng cu hi phng vn h gia nh gm c cc cu hi ng v cu hi m nhm thu thp d liu s cp (Bng 3). Bng cu hi c trnh by y trong Ph lc 1.
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Bng 3: Cc phn trong cu hi phng vn h gia nh Ngi c phng Cu hi phng vn vn: H gia nh H gia nh nng Phn 1: Nhng thng tin xc nh v h gia nh (a im, m s thn h gia nh, tn ca ngi c phng vn) Phn 2: Cc c im v nhn khu hc ca h gia nh (gii tnh ca ch h gia nh, tui, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip, iu kin kinh t ca h gia nh, v.v.) Phn 3: Ti sn (k khai chi tit i vi ti sn t ai cc hnh thc s dng t), kh nng tip cn vi cc dch v v tin ch cng cng, cc ngun thu nhp qui ra tin v chi tiu ca h gia nh (nu c th i vi cc hot ng nng nghip, thu sn, lm nghip v lm cng n lng) Phn 4: S dng ti nguyn t VQG ca h gia nh (v d: vic thnh lp VQG Tam o c nh hng nh th no ti mc sng ca h gia nh, nhn thc ca h gia nh v vai tr ca VQG, s hiu bit ca h gia nh v cc hot ng hp php, c php thc hin, nhn thc/hnh dung ca h v VQG trong 10 nm ti v nhng bin php bo v rng c hiu qu nht, v cc khuyn ngh/gi ca h i vi vic bo v VQG) ii) Phng vn cn b a phng v tho lun nhm tp trung Nhm iu tra phng vn 6 cn b x (5 trong s h l lnh o x v 1 l cn b php l x) v 18 trng thn. Hng dn phng vn cp x v thn c thit k l nhng cu hi m nhm thu c mt bc tranh tng th v khu vc iu tra. Hng dn phng vn c gng thu thp thng tin lin quan n tnh hnh kinh t x hi ca a im iu tra, tm quan trng ca VQG i vi cng ng a phng, nhn thc ca h v VQG, quan im/s hiu bit ca h v nhng nguyn nhn chnh ang hu hoi cc ngun ti nguyn ca VQG v nhng phng thc s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn trong VQG, v cc khuyn ngh ca h v bo v VQG. Ngoi ra, nhng hng dn ny cng gip nhm iu tra gii thiu cc mc tiu iu tra v tm kim s ng h v hp tc t chnh quyn a phng. Vic la chn mu cho phng vn h gia nh c cc trng thn h tr thng qua qu trnh phng vn. Thng tin thu c Hng dn phng vn x v thn h tr vic nh gi tt c cc ch s. iii) Tho lun nhm tp trung Nhm iu tra tin hnh 17 cuc tho lun nhm tp trung c phn loi thnh cc nhm theo c im v gii (nam gii v ph n), tui (ngi gi v tr em) v ngh nghip (cc hot ng du lch, khai thc khong sn, trng ch v.v.). Mc ch ca tho lun nhm tp trung l cung cp thng tin nh tnh phn tch mi quan h nhn qu gia s tn ti ca VQG v cc hot ng c tin hnh trong vng m. D liu thu c t tho lun nhm tp trung c s dng tm hiu nhn thc ca cc thnh vin tham gia tho lun nhm v mi quan h ny. Cc thnh vin tham gia tho lun nhm c to c hi gp trc tip vo nhng khuyn ngh cho bo co cui cng bng cch nu vn v a ra nhng gi cho vic bo v v s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn
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ca VQG. Tt c cc cuc tho lun nhm tp trung u c thc y bi mt trng nhm v mt thnh vin ca nhm iu tra. iv) Nghin cu in hnh Trong qu trnh iu tra, cn b iu tra c yu cu ghi chp li tt c nhng cu truyn, thng tin th v, mang tnh i din, v tnh ch th v cc h gia nh m h phng vn. 35 nghin cu in hnh c thu thp c 3 tnh nhm em li s hiu bit su sc hn v sinh k ca ngi dn sinh sng trong vng m, v gip cho vic ch ra nhng mi lin h nhn qu n cha ng sau nhng con s thng k. Nghin cu in hnh ny c ghi chp li mt cch chnh xc, tp trung vo vic ghi chp v theo di nhng thay i v mt sinh k ca h gia nh k t khi Tam o c chuyn thnh VQG. 1.1.3. Trin khai iu tra ti hin trng
Sau khi hon thnh v c c ph duyt xut nghin cu, cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong tin hnh iu tra. Nhm iu tra gm 12 cn b nghin cu thc a do cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong ch nh v 12 cn b h tr a phng do Ban qun l d n c ra, c chia lm 3 nhm nh. Nghin cu thc a c thc hin t ngy 11 n ngy 19 thng 4 nm 2005. Trong ngy u tin, tt c nhm iu tra tp trung ti vn phng D n Qun l VQG Tam o. Tt c thnh vin ca nhm c tp hun v nghe tm tt v khu vc iu tra, tiu ch la chn h gia nh, bng cu hi phng vn h gia nh, cc hng dn v nghin cu in hnh khc. Trong ngy tip theo, cc thnh vin nhm iu tra c chia thnh 12 cp tin hnh th nghim bng cu hi phng vn h gia nh. Bng cu hi ny sau c chnh sa ln cui trc khi trin khai iu tra. T ngy 13 n ngy 19 thng 4, cuc iu tra c tin hnh 3 tnh: Vnh Phc, Tuyn Quang v Thi Nguyn. Cc cn b x v thn h tr trong vic la chn v mi cc h gia nh tham gia phng vn v tho lun nhm tp trung theo nhng tiu ch c qui nh. Tng cng, 421 h gia nh, 6 cn b x v 18 trng thn c phng vn. Mt bn thng tin tm tt v nhng ngi c phng vn c trnh by trong Bng 4.
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Bng 4: Cc h gia nh c iu tra

S lng h gia nh 25 25 26 25 9 10 26 25 25 24 24 25 26 24 26 26 25 25 421 Qui m h gia nh nh nht 2 4 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 2 1 Qui m h gia nh trung bnh 5,7 6,5 6,9 5,8 4,3 3,3 4,5 4,5 4 4,7 5,1 4,2 4,1 4,4 5,4 5,2 5,6 4,8 5,0 Qui m h gia nh ln nht 10 10 11 9 6 5 7 9 8 7 9 7 8 7 9 8 8 9 11 Cc ch h gia nh c phng vn tui S nm trung c S bnh o to lng ca ch trung ch h h bnh 19 45,5 6,3 25 47,9 4,8 18 46,7 5,8 17 51,1 6,0 6 50,2 8,3 7 56,1 8,0 22 49,9 6,6 18 47,7 6,7 15 53,2 8,3 16 45,8 9,1 15 40,4 5,6 25 40,9 7,6 22 43,0 6,0 13 41,9 6,9 26 41,5 6,6 17 41,7 6,4 23 43,7 5,9 20 45,2 7,2 324 45,6 6,6
Thn
ng Ging ng Qu o Tr H Tin Long Thn 1 Thn 2 ng Thanh Sn ng Bu 1 Cu Gng Ho Bnh 2 Xm n Tn Tin 1 Vn Thanh 2 Thin Phong Xm K Tn Vt Chanh Tng cng
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10
2. Kt qu iu tra c s
Trong phn ny trnh by d liu c s v thng tin nh tnh dng nh gi tc ng trong tng lai. Trc ht cc d liu thng tin th cp hin c t nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b c r sot li. Sau trnh by d liu nh tnh t iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005. c bit d liu cho th trn Tam o c kho st t m. Tip theo thng tin nh tnh thu thp t cc cuc tho lun nhm tp trung, bao gm nhn thc ca cc nhm chnh khc nhau v VQG c kho st.
2.1.
D liu th cp t nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b (IRUA)
nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b (IRUA) c tin hnh tt c cc khu vc trong vng m ca VQG Tam o hnh thnh nn d liu c s. iu ny cho php iu tra c s h gia nh tp trung nhiu hn vo nhng vn mang tnh nh tnh lin quan ti d liu ca thn v x. Bng 5 so snh d liu v thnh phn dn s2 vi d liu t mu c la chn trong IRUA. Bng 5: C mu nh gi s dng ti nguyn ban u (IRUA) v qun th: cc tiu ch chnh dng so snh
T l dn Tng s tc thiu Tiu ch Tng dn s h gia s nh (%) T T trng trng T l h T trng t T l h t t phi nng nng nghip t lm ngho/i lm nng nghip (AL) nghip c s (%) nghip nghip (%) (%) (FL) c s (%) (%) T l T l din s h tch (%) (%) 13.8 8.1 15.5 70.3 79.0 4.1 5.2 13.9 10.6 14.3 70.9 78.2 4.9 5.7
Qun th C mu
50,577 10,983 9,551 2,072
37.4 37.3
Ngun: Trch dn d liu t c s d liu IRUA (TDMP)
Cc thn c iu tra trong IRUA gm 2.072 h gia nh vi 9.551 dn, chim 18,9 % s h gia nh v 18.9 % s dn sinh sng trong vng d n. Vic la chn thn v x cho cuc iu tra bt u vo thi im vit xut, v c iu chnh 3 ln sau khi c s gp kin ca Ban qun l d n v C vn trng k thut ca d n. D liu IRUA mang tnh i din cho ton th qun th, c bit v mt t l phn trm (%) dn tc thiu s (37,3 % ca mu IRUA so vi 37,4 % dn s) v t l i ngho (tng ng 13,9 % v 13,8 %). T l din tch t lm nghip ca mu l 70,9 % tng din tch t nhin, tng t nh t l ca ton vng d n l 70,4 %. T l cc h gia nh phi nng nghip trong mu IRUA cao hn so vi t l ca c qun th (10.6 % v 8.1 %), bi v mu chn th trn Tam o l mt nghin cu in hnh
2
Trn thc t, con s ny ch gm dn s trong vng ca d n Qun l VQG Tam o v vng m, l cc huyn Tam o, i T, v Sn Dng. Mt s x nh khng c a vo y do thiu s liu.
Bo co cui cng 11
c bit o lng tc ng ca d n ti cc khu vc thnh th. Nh nu trong xut v phng php lun, d n tp trung ch yu vo khu vc vng m ca Tam o m phn ln l vng nng thn. Ch c mt s th trn v d Tam o v Qun Chu l nm trong vng d n. Th trn Tam o l mt ni rt th v v n nm trong VQG v c mt t l kh ln s h gia nh kim sng t cc hot ng lin quan n du lch. Nhng hot ng ny c bit quan trng bi v chng c th c tc ng tim tng to ln ln VQG. Bng 6 lit k chi tit 18 thn nm trong mu IRUA. Lu rng c 10 thn thuc vng d n ca TDMP (nhm cc thn b tc ng) v 8 thn khng thuc vng d n (nhm thn i chng).
Bo co cui cng
12
Bng 6: Chi tit 18 thn c chn ly mu: IRUA

Nhm tc ng (1)/ Nhm i chng (2) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
H l ngi dn tc thiu s
H phi nng nghip
H thiu t nng nghip
H ngho/ i
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Tn thn ng Ging ng Qu o Tr H Tin Long ng Thanh Sn ng Bu 1 Cu Gng Ho Bnh 2 Xm n Tn Tin 1 Vn Thnh 2 Thin Phong Xm a K Tn
X o Tr o Tr o Tr o Tr H Sn H Sn Vn Yn Vn Yn Qun Chu Qun Chu Qun Chu Qun Chu Thin K Thin K Thin K
Huyn Tam o Tam o Tam o Tam o Tam o Tam o i T i T i T i T i T i T Sn Dng Sn Dng Sn Dng
Tnh Vnh Phc Vnh Phc Vnh Phc Vnh Phc Vnh Phc Vnh Phc Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn Tuyn Quang Tuyn Quang Tuyn Quang
Dn s 1,050 1,273 822 564 428 890 612 534 290 421 246 170 388 357 358
S h 189 227 139 101 101 229 141 122 65 103 53 42 74 76 73
S lng 137 175 138 101 0 2 1 2 30 25 0 0 64 69 10
% 72.5% 77.1% 99.3% 100.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.7% 1.6% 46.2% 24.3% 0.0% 0.0% 86.5% 90.8% 13.7%
S lng 0 0 0 0 3 8 4 4 0 14 0 0 0 0 0
% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% 3.5% 2.8% 3.3% 0.0% 13.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
S lng 0 0 31 0 11 45 40 35 20 20 14 0 28 0 6
% 0.0% 0.0% 22.3% 0.0% 10.9% 19.7% 28.4% 28.7% 30.8% 19.4% 26.4% 0.0% 37.8% 0.0% 8.2%
S lng 48 46 29 25 19 39 21 13 3 13 9 2 5 4 7
% 25.4% 20.3% 20.9% 24.8% 18.8% 17.0% 14.9% 10.7% 4.6% 12.6% 17.0% 4.8% 6.8% 5.3% 9.6%
Bo co cui cng
13
16 17 18
Vt Chanh Thn 1 Thn 2
Thin K Th trn T Th trn T
Sn Dng Tam o Tam o
Tuyn Quang Vnh Phc Vnh Phc
2 1 1
515 399 234
115 133 89
12 0 7
10.4% 0.0% 7.9%
0 111 75
0.0% 83.5% 84.3%
0 0 0
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
5 0 0
4.3% 0.0% 0.0%
Bo co cui cng
14
Bng 6: Chi tit 18 thn c chn ly mu: IRUA (tip theo)
t nng nghip No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tn thn ng Ging ng Qu o Tr H Tin Long ng Thanh Sn ng Bu 1 Cu Gng Ho Bnh 2 Xm n Tn Tin 1 Vn Thnh 2 Thin Phong Xm a K Tn Vt Chanh Thn 1 Thn 2 Tng din tch (ha) 1,795.0 176.0 32.0 49.0 40.0 130.0 129.0 43.0 384.0 70.0 450.0 289.0 374.0 56.7 707.4 73.3 0.0 0.0 Din tch (ha) 66.8 93.8 23.4 19.7 28.0 88.8 43.9 32.2 18.0 22.8 30.2 12.0 27.6 27.6 35.1 50.5 0.0 0.0 % 3.7% 53.3% 73.1% 40.2% 70.0% 68.3% 34.0% 74.9% 4.7% 32.6% 6.7% 4.2% 7.4% 48.7% 5.0% 68.9% 0.0% 0.0%
t lm nghip Din tch (ha) % 1,719.3 62.0 0.0 19.6 2.1 19.0 30.0 0.0 303.0 95.8% 35.2% 0.0% 40.0% 5.3% 14.6% 23.3% 0.0% 78.9% 0.0% 68.8% 94.1% 58.4% 1.6% 76.4% 4.1% 0.0% 0.0%
t th c (ha) 3.8 4.5 2.8 3.3 1.3 9.4 4.1 5.1 3.0 5.0 1.5 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.2 3.5 0.0 0.0
t chuyn dng (ha) 2.3 12.2 1.8 3.6 6.9 12.3 9.5 4.0 3.0 2.1 4.6 2.0 34.0 2.8 3.6 4.1 0.0 0.0
t cha s dng (ha) 2.8 3.5 4.0 2.8 1.7 0.5 41.5 1.7 57.0 40.1 104.0 1.0 91.2 23.4 125.8 12.2 0.0 0.0
t nng nghip c s Din tch % s S h (ha) h 189 227 139 101 98 221 137 118 65 89 53 42 74 76 73 115 0.0 0.0 137.0 175.0 138.0 101.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 30.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 64.0 69.0 10.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 97.0% 96.5% 97.2% 96.7% 100.0% 86.4% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%
t lm nghip c s Din tch % s % din S h (ha) h tch 9 11 0 4 7 26 0 0 3 2 21 4 3 0 7 5 0.0 0.0 4.8 4.8 0.0 4.0 0.7 11.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 1.9 39.6 9.5 4.1 0.0 9.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 4.8% 4.8% 0.0% 4.0% 6.9% 11.4% 0.0% 0.0% 4.6% 1.9% 39.6% 9.5% 4.1% 0.0% 9.6% 4.3% 0.0 0.0 0.3% 7.7% 0.0 20.4% 32.9% 60.0% 0 0 1.5% 0 12.8% 3.5% 1.9% 0 1.8% 14.3% 0.0 0.0
0
309.7 272.0 218.5 0.9 540.7 3.0 0.0 0.0
Bo co cui cng
15
Mekong Economics Ltd.
Rural Household Economics Baseline Survey Tam Dao National Park and Buffer Zone Development Project
2.2.
D liu h gia nh
1.1.4. Tng quan d liu c s 18 thn nm trong din ca iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn, gm 8 cp thuc nhm thn b tc ng - nhm thn i chng khu vc nng thn v 2 thn thuc nhm tc ng khu vc thnh th (th trn Tam o). 421 h gia nh c iu tra, tng ng vi 20,3 % tng s h gia nh ca 18 thn. Cc h gia nh l ngi dn tc thiu s chim 41 % tng s h gia nh c phng vn (Bng 7). Bng 7: Mu iu tra
Nhm tc ng 10 222 90 46 40,5 20,7 Nhm i chng 8 199 84 40 42,2 20,1 Ton b mu 18 421 174 86 41,3 20,4
S thn S h gia nh S h gia nh dn tc thiu s S h gia nh ngho T l % h gia nh dn tc thiu s trn tng s h gia nh T l % h gia nh ngho trn tng s h gia nh
Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Mt phn nm s h gia nh trong mu c coi l ngho theo tiu ch phn loi ca chnh quyn a phng. Tuy nhin, t l h ngho ny cao hn khi ngi dn c yu cu t nh gi xp loi iu kin sng ca h (Bng 8). iu ny h l rng bc tranh i ngho thc t nhng thn ny c th nghim trng hn bo co theo tiu ch phn loi h ngho chnh thc v c l ch ra rng c mt s lng ln cc h gia nh ngp ngh chun i ngho chnh thc. Mt phn t s h gia nh ngho c iu tra thuc nhm dn tc thiu s. Bng 8: Mc i ngho
H gia nh da trn t nh gi H gia nh da trn phn loi ca c quan nh nc H gia nh dn tc thiu s S lng 125 86 22 % 29,7 20,4 12,6
T l i ngho trong cuc iu tra trong chng mc no cao hn con s thng k th cp trnh by trong phn trc (20 % so vi 14 % trong iu tra IRUA vo nm 2003). Mu iu tra c th nh gi qu cao s lng h ngho mt cch c h thng bi v tiu ch ly mu chn h gia nh c s dng la chn h gia nh cp thn theo hnh thc lu tin 3, do khi c mi
3
V d, t mt thn c 25 h gia nh, la chn mu s c tin hnh bng cch chn mt t l tng ng vi t l ca ton b qun th. Do 3 hoc 4 h gia nh ngho s c la chn (tng ng vi 12 n 16 phn trm ca mu), t 21-22 h gia nh cn li ca qun th, sau s chn tip t l nhng h gia nh c ph n lm ch h, v t s h gia nh cn li, chn tip t l nhng h gia nh l ngi dn tc thiu s. Nu nhng h gia nh c ph n lm ch h l h ngho th vic la chn cc h gia nh ngho do ph n lm ch h cng vi s h gia nh ngho c la chn dng nh s qu i din s h gia nh ngho.
Final Report 16
tng quan ng k gia tiu ch la chn, nu tn ti gia cc h gia nh ngho v h gia nh c ph n lm ch h, vic la chn mu s qu i din mt hoc c 2 nhm ny. iu ny cng c th dn n t l i ngho ca cc h gia nh l ngi dn tc thiu s thp hn t l i ngho ca cc h gia nh ngi Kinh, mc d c th trn thc t nhiu h gia nh ngi Kinh c tr khu vc ny l nhng ngi mi di c n. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng nh hng ti cht lng hay tnh hu ch ca d liu c s. Tri li, s sai lc chn mu i vi cc h gia nh ngho c th lm cho iu tra hiu qu hn v n s cho php o lng cc tc ng ca d n ln cc nhm d b tn thng nht, v nhng nhm c kh nng ph thuc vo cc ngun ti nguyn nhiu nht. Khi rng c chuyn thnh VQG, ton b cng ng b nh hng do s ph thuc ca h vo rng. iu tra h gia nh ch ra rng theo c tnh vic chuyn i t rng thnh VQG c nh hng tiu cc ti thu nhp ca 30 % s h gia nh, v c nh hng tch cc ti thu nhp ca 11 % s h gia nh v khng c tc ng ng k ln s cn li (Bng 9). Bng 9: nh hng ca vic thnh lp VQG i vi thu nhp
Mc i ngho Ngh Khng o ngho Tng Khng tng Gim 10,5 60,5 29,1 11,1 58,1 30,8 Ch h gia nh Ph n 7,9 66,3 25,8 Nam gii 11,8 56,5 31,7 Tng cng 11,0 58,6 30,5
Tc ng ca vic thnh lp VQG, nh ch ra trong Bng 9 trn, khng to nn s khc bit ng k gia ngi ngho v ngi khng ngho. Tuy nhin, do tnh d tn thng ca nhm ngi ngho trc nhng c sc tiu cc, cc tc ng tri chiu ln ngi ngho ng c quan tm c bit (Hp 1). Hp 1: Ph thuc vo rng Mi ngi dn trong thn ca ti u i vo rng. Hu ht tr em v ph n vo rng hi ci, cy lm chi t v mng tre trong khi nam gii khai thc g, mng tre, hoc sn bn. Khi Nh nc cm ngi dn vo rng, ch c nhng h gia nh kh v giu khng b nh hng bi quyt nh ny. i vi nhng h gia nh ngho nh chng ti, tc ng tht nghim trng. Bi v t khi Nh nc ban hnh lut mi, nn kinh t gia nh ngy cng tr nn ti t hn. 2 a con ca ti b hc trong vng 1 nm (mt a hc lp 9, mt a hc lp 7) bi v khng c tin ng hc ph. Chng ti ph thuc vo rng. Trc kia ti tng kim t 20.000-30.000 VND mt ln khi vo rng hi mng tre, nhng nay ti ch kim c 15.000 VND. Ti cng gp kh khn tng t nh i vi thu hi ci: trc kia ti tng kim 20.000 VND mt ngy nhng nay ch c th kim 10.000 VND mt ngy. Ti vo rng khong 15 ngy/thng, 6 thng/nm. i khi cn b kim lm bt ti v tch thu ton b ci ti kim c v ti coi nh mt cng toi. i khi cn b kim lm cn ra tn ch thu gi mng tre. Ti i b qua ton b khu vc rng Tam o, t p n Dc ng, Ct in (t nh ti n Ct in ch c 15km). Ph n thng i vo rng t 3-4 sng v tr v nh lc 5 gi chiu. Khi chng ti thy cn b kim lm i tun tra chng ti trn trong rng ti tn 9 gi m.
Final Report 17
Chng ti bit ly mng tre v ci l bt hp php v n s dn n nn ph rng v nh hng tiu cc ti th h tng lai. Tuy nhin, trong thn khng c c hi vic lm no, thiu lng thc v t canh tc t i (bnh qun mi nhn khu ch c 1 so (360 m2)). Mt s ngi dn kho mnh i lm vic tn H Ni v Si Gn nhng rt cuc khng kim c g c bi v ngi ch t chi tr lng. Nhng ngi cn li khng bit phi lm g. i rng rt kh cc v thm ch cn cc kh hn na khi chng ti b cn b kim lm bt! Chng ti ngh Nh nc nn c nhng chnh sch h tr v gip cc h gia nh ngho gii quyt nhng kh khn ny. Vi din tch t canh tc t i, thiu c hi vic lm v khng c php vo rng, chng ti thc s khng bit phi lm g kim sng. Phng vn b Nguyn Th Thanh thn Sn ng, x H Sn Tt c thng tin v thu nhp v chi ph thu thp c theo bng cu hi c qui ra tin tin vic so snh.4 Thu nhp trung bnh hng nm ca cc h gia nh ngho trong din iu tra chim xp x 30% thu nhp trung bnh ca cc h gia nh khng ngho. Thu nhp trung bnh ca cc h gia nh ngho, mt con s c tnh trong nm 2004, xp x 360 USD (5.7 triu VND), v thu nhp trung bnh ca cc h gia nh khng ngho t hn 950 USD (14.7 triu VND). Thu nhp t cc hot ng nng nghip chim t trng ln nht, tip theo l t cc hot ng lm nghip (chi tit v cc ngun thu nhp c th thy trong Phn 2.2.2.). Khng c s khc bit nhiu gia cc nhm ngh nghip chnh ca ch h gia nh gia cc nhm tc ng v nhm i chng (Biu 1). i a s (92,34% i vi nhm tc ng v 98,99% i vi nhm i chng) lm nng nghip, mt na lm trong lnh vc c lin quan ti lm nghip v khng n 30 % lm cng n lng. Cn lu rng ch h gia nh thng tuyn b c nhiu hn mt ngh nghip chnh. S lng ngi dn lm cng n lng, theo thng tin t ngi dn a phng, tng ln k t khi cc hot ng khai thc lm sn t rng b nghim cm.
i vi nhng khon doanh thu v chi ph khng nhm mc ch thng mi (v d: tiu dng cho c nhn hoc h gia nh, t ti u t sn xut, trao i hng i hng, t lm), nhng ngi tham gia phng vn c yu cu lit k s lng c tnh v gi c tng ng, nh vy tng doanh thu v chi ph c tnh qui ra tin. bit thm chi tit, xem bng cu hi trang 8-20.
Final Report 18
Biu 1: Ngnh ngh nghip chnh ca cc ch h gia nh
120.00 100.00
T l % ca h gia nh
80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 Cc hot ng nng nghip Cc hot ng lm nghip Lm cng n lng Tht nghip
Nhm tc ng Nhm i chng
Mt nhn t nh hng ti t l ngi dn i lm cng n lng chnh l trnh hc vn. Hn mt phn nm s ch h gia nh trong mu m ch 6 v mt t l ln hn ch c trnh c v vit c bn (Biu 2). Cha n 10 % s ch h gia nh c trnh hc vn cao hn trung hc. Vi vai tr quan trng ca ch h gia nh trong gia nh, trnh hc vn thp ca ch h c th l mt tr ngi i vi nhn thc ca chnh h v nhng vn mi trng v do cn tr nhn thc ca ton b h gia nh.
Tng t l phn trm ngh nghip ca ch h gia nh cao hn 100% bi v cc ch h gia nh c th c nhiu hn mt ngh chnh. iu ny l bnh thng vng nng thn, ni ngi ta lm nhiu ngh khc nhau trong cng mt thi im, c bit l nng dn. Mt s ngh c th em li thu nhp cao song khng thng xuyn, trong khi nhng ngh khc ch em li thu nhp thp nhng thng xuyn. iu gii thch ti sao 100% s ch h gia nh trong nhm i chng c mt ngh chnh l sn xut nng nghip v 45% trong s c mt ngh chnh khc l lm nghip.
6
Con s ny cao hn mc trung bnh ca quc gia (8% theo B Gio dc v o to (MOET), v 6% theo tnh ton ca Ngn hng th gii (WB) - http://www2.unesco.org/wef/countryreports/vietnam/rapport_2_1_1.html). Hai l do c th gii thch s khc bit ny l. Th nht, mu la chn khng mang tnh i din cho ton lnh th Vit Nam, m ch l mang tnh i din b phn tng ca vng m VQG Tam o. V vng m km pht trin hn so vi mc trung bnh ca ton quc, do t l m ch vng m c gi nh l cao hn so vi t l chung ca ton quc. Th hai, vic la chn mu h gia nh tp trung vo 3 tiu ch l ngho i, h gia nh c ph n lm ch h v nhm dn tc thiu s trong tng thn. V t l m ch ca ph n cao hn nam gii, nn t l m ch ca ch h gia nh s cao hn.
Final Report 19
Biu 2: Trnh hc vn ca ch h gia nh

8.92% 0.24% 0.24% 21.45%
1. Cha ht tiu hc 2. Tiu hc 3. Trung hc c s 5. Dy ngh 4. Trung hc ph thng 41.20% 27.95% 6. Cao ng
1.1.5. Thu nhp ca h gia nh Mt mc tiu ca TDMP l gp phn ci thin iu kin sng ca cc h gia nh thng qua vic tm kim nhng sinh k nhm nng cao thu nhp ca h. Phn ny s xem xt thu nhp ca h gia nh c v kha cnh s lng cng nh ngun gc thu nhp to ra mt mc chun cho nh gi tc ng ca d n trong tng lai. Thu nhp bnh quan ca cc h gia nh c iu tra l hn 9.5 triu VND, hay 600 USD (Bng 10). Mc thu nhp bnh qun ny ging nhau gia nhm tc ng v nhm i chng. Nn lu rng c s khc bit ng k v thu nhp, nh lch chun cho thy. Thc t ny cn c quan tm trong nh gi tc ng ca d n m bo c c mt nh gi chnh xc v mc xo i gim ngho k c v gi tr tuyt i ln gi tr tng i.
Final Report
20
Bng 10: So snh thu nhp h gia nh nm 20047 (1.000 VND)

Hng mc Tng cng8 Nng nghip Cc hot ng lm nghip khc (ngoi tr du lch bao gm tt c cc thn) 1.247,172 350 -2.480 56.180 4.840,672 759.676 300 -13.016 20.090 2.241,299 1.038,411 305 -13.016 56.180 3.946,687 Cc hot ng lm nghip khc (ngoi tr Tam o v 3 ni c bit khc) 1.118,982 400 -2.480 56.180 3.997,136 759.676 300 -13.016 20.090 2.241,299 956,5682 333 -13.016 56.180 3.321,539
Nhm
Du lch9
Trung 9.163 bnh 6.565,795 43.154,17 Trung v 7.216 4.426,5 15.510 Nhm tc Ti 5710 thiu -4.613 1.540 ng 41.350 Ti a 73.326 267.500 lch 7.507 chun 8.051,832 75.990,52 Trung 10.026 bnh 6.443,854 Trung v 7.646 4.945 Ti Nhm i 128 thiu -2.593 chng 79.696 Ti a 41.350 lch 10.177 chun 6.165,85 Trung bnh 9.772,614 6.504,977 43.154,17 Trung v 7.623 4.625 15.510 Tng Ti cng thiu 57 -4.613 1.540 Ti a 80.709 73.326 267.500 lch chun 9.613,667 7.164,709 75.990,52 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy mt t trng ln thu nhp ca h gia nh trong c nhm tc ng v nhm i chng xut pht t cc hot ng nng nghip. i vi nhm tc ng, thu nhp t nng nghip chim 71,65% tng thu nhp trung bnh, trong khi con s ny i vi nhm i chng l 64,27%. Du lch l mt trng hp ngoi l, bi v ngun thu nhp ny rt cao. Tt c cc quan st i vi du lch u t th trn Tam o, v n s c phn tch chi tit phn 2.2.4. Thu nhp t rng khng ng k, v n ch chim c 12,21% thu nhp trung bnh ca nhm tc ng v 7,58% thu nhp trung bnh ca nhm i chng. Kt qu t Bng 10 cng ng rng nhm tc ng c thu nhp t rng nhiu hn nhm i chng. iu ny c l ch ra rng TDMP ch trng nhiu ti nhng nhm hin ang s dng ti
i vi hot ng khai khong, ch c s liu v doanh thu. So snh c thc hin gia nng nghip, du lch v cc hot ng lm nghip khc. Bng 11 di y cho bit doanh thu t nng nghip, du lch, khai khong.
8
Tng thu nhp khng tnh th trn Tam o v 3 khu vc ngoi l so snh gia nhm tc ng v nhm i chng.
9
Th trn Tam o khng c nhm i chng.
10
Mc thu nhp thp ny phn nh chi ph ln trong nm 2004 ch khng phn nh tnh trng i ngho trong di hn.
Final Report 21
nguyn ca VQG Tam o h tr cho sinh k ca mnh. Kt lun ny cng c cng c trong nhng phn sau. Tt c cc nhm u c thu nhp m t cc hot ng nng nghip v lm nghip, v h u t nhiu hn ci h thu c trong nm va qua. Tuy nhin, hin tng ny khng th hin bt k kt qu mang tnh kt lun no i vi hai lnh vc trn. Nu i vi u t di hn m mc thu nhp l m, th thu nhp trong tng lai c th tt. Nhng nu l do y l mc sn lng nm nay thp, kt qu ny rt khng kh quan. i vi thu nhp t nng nghip, la go, nng sn v chn nui l cc ngun thu nhp ph bin nht i vi hu ht cc h gia nh thuc hai nhm. Cc cy cng nghip v chn nui l nhng ngun thu t ph bin hn nhng vn chim phn quan trng i vi cc h gia nh c iu tra. Ngi ngho dng nh tham gia nhiu vo hot ng trng trt hn nhng ngi khng ngho (Biu 3). Biu 3: S tham gia v cc ngun thu nhp11 hng nm t nng nghip: Cc h gia nh ngho v khng ngho (n v tnh: 1.000 VND)
30 25 7000 6000 5000 4000 15 10 5 0 3000 2000 1000 0
20
La gp
Ng
Ch
H ngho
H khng ngho Agricultural sources Thu nhp t nng nghip Thu nhp t nng nghip
Hoa mu
Ln
Gia cm
Tru
Thu sn
Doanh thu trung bnh bin i rt ln gia cc h gia nh ngho v khng ngho trng la, trng ch v chn nui. L do chnh gii thch cho s khc bit ny chnh l mt s nhn t sau v d din tch t canh tc, gia sc gia cm v cc ngun lc khc gia cc h gia nh ngho, v li th v qui m sn xut ca nhng h khng ngho. Mt s lo lng ca ngi dn a phng v cc ngun thu nhp c kho st trong Hp 2.
11
Doanh thu c s dng thay v thu nhp v thc t chng minh rng rt kh tnh ton thu nhp i vi cc hot ng c th sau khi tr chi ph. Chi ph thng b phn tn di nhiu hot ng sn xut khc nhau, cc cng c, phn bn v thuc tr su. Nhng ngi sn xut thng khng tnh ton chi tit tng hng mc chi ph c th cho nhng hot ng sn xut khc nhau.
Final Report 22
Thu nhp trung bnh hng nm
% ca h gia nh
Hp 2: Nhng ni lo lng ca ngi dn sinh sng trong vng m ca VQG Tam o Thn Bu 1, x Vn Yn nm trong vng m VQG Tam o, v c 136,9 ha t, l ni c tr ca 142 h gia nh hay 612 ngi dn. Ngun thu nhp chnh ca ngi dn y t cc hot ng nng nghip v d trng la, ch xanh, v nui ln. Trong nhng nm gn y (khong 10 nm tr li y) ngi dn lm mt s ngh khc nh xy dng v i lm thu thnh ph Thi Nguyn v cc thnh ph ln cn khc. Trc nm 1997, ngi dn y c ngun thu nhp kh thng xuyn v khng i t vic khai thc cc ti nguyn rng. ng Vn Phm, sinh nm 1966, thi hc 1 nm trc khi ng ta kp ly bng trung hc, nay ng l nng dn v l mt trong s nhng ngi dn c thu nhp thng xuyn t vic khai thc cc ti nguyn rng ti thn Bu 1. ng ni: Trc kia (trc nm 1997), ti kim thu nhp t rng v n d dng hn vic tr tin phn bn cho cc hot ng nng nghip. Khi Nh nc khng cho php chng ti vo rng, ngi dn quyt nh cng nhau i lm th h mt vi thng trong nm (3-5 thng). Khi lm th h, h kim c mc lng kh cao (20.000 VND/ngy). Tuy nhin, thu nhp v cng vic khng n nh v h lm khong 20 ngy/ thng. S lng th h trong thn chim ti 1/3, ch yu l nam gii. Ph n ch chim khong 10-20 %. Ngi dn thng lm th h ti thn Bu 1, thnh ph Thi Nguyn, Cao Bng, Ba B v H Giang. ng Phm ni thm rng thu nhp ca gia nh ng cao hn trc nhiu: ng v v ca mnh, mi ngi kim ci khong 10 thng trong nm v 15 ngy trong thng. Mi gnh ci c gi khong 10.000 VND. ng v v ca mnh hi mng tre khong 2 thng trong mt nm, 10 ngy trong mt thng v mi ngi hi khong 15 kg/ ngy. 1 kg gi 800 VND. ng cng ng thi i ko g khong 5 thng trong 1 nm v nhn cng khong t 8.000-10.000 VND/ ngy, trong khi v ng cng i ko g khong 2 thng trong 1 nm v kim 8.000 VND / ngy cng. ng Phm ngh rng vic cm khai thc rng l mt iu tt nhng Nh nc nn ng thi to vic lm cho ngi dn a phng. ng mun c mt ngh nghip n nh bi v vo rng khai thc b Nh nc cm nhng lm th h th khng n nh, ng thi thiu vn u t cho cc hot ng nng nghip, ng cng khng c tru, v chi ph phn bn li tng cao. iu c ngha l kh kim tin t cc hot ng nng nghip. Chi tit ngun doanh thu t nng nghip c trnh by trong Biu 4. Nhng ngun doanh thu chnh t nng nghip l chn nui gia sc, tru, ng v la. Trong khi ngi dn ngho t tham gia cc hot ng chn nui so vi ngi khng ngho, i vi ngi ngho, gia sc v tru chim mt t l ln trong tng doanh thu trung bnh t cc hot ng nng nghip hn ngi khng ngho.
Final Report
23
Biu 4: Cc ngun thu nhp hng nm t nng nghip ca nhng h gia nh ngho v khng ngho Cc h gia nh ngho Cc h gia nh khng ngho
6%
2% 12% 2%
14% 2%
28%
19%
14%
15%
2% 11% 25% 4%
2% 22% 16% 4%
La go Gia cm
Ng B
Ch Tru
Hoa mu Thu sn
Ln
S phn chia ngun thu hng nm t nng nghip gia nhm tc ng v nhm i chng c trnh by Biu 5 v 6.
Final Report
24
Biu 5: S tham gia v cc ngun thu nhp hng nm t nng nghip: nhm tc ng v nhm i chng (n v tnh: 1.000 VND)
25 7000 6000
t l % ca h gia nh
20 5000 15 4000 3000 2000 5 1000 0 0
10
La
Ng
Ch
Hoa mu
Ln
Gia cm
Tru
Thu sn
h gia nh ca nhm tc ng Thu nhp t nng nghip
h gia nh ca nhm i chng Thu nhp t nng nghip
Biu 6: Cc ngun thu hng nm t nng nghip: nhm tc ng v nhm i chng Nhm tc ng Nhm i chng
6%
14% 2%
7%
13% 2%
19%
21% 13%
16%
2%
2% 24% 13% 4%
21% 4%
17%
La Hoa mu B
Ng Ln Tru
Ch Gia cm Thu sn
Final Report
25
Ngoi nng nghip, cc ngun doanh thu nhp ph i vi ngi dn trong mu iu tra chnh l t rng v cc hot ng lm nghip. Cc ngun thu nhp c TDMP quan tm. Biu 7 cho bit t l cc h gia nh khai tc ti nguyn rng kim thu nhp cho mnh. Hot ng lm nghip ph bin nht l thu hi ci. Nhiu h gia nh trong hai nhm cn thu hi ci un. Trong mu iu tra, khng c h gia nh no trong nhm i chng c ngun thu nhp t hot ng du lch. L do y l ch c cc h gia nh th trn Tam o khai thc du lch kim thu nhp v th trn Tam o khng nm trong nhm i chng. Biu 7: Cc ngun thu hng nm t rng v cc hot ng lm nghip (n v tnh: 1.000 VND)
75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Bo v rng Thu hi ci Thu hi mng Khai thc qung Trng rng tre Cc lm sn ngoi g khc 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
T l % ca h gia nh
Cc ngun thu
Nhm tc ng Nhm kim chng Thu nhp trung bnh
y c s bin thin ln trong s nhng h gia nh tham gia cc hot ng lm nghip v doanh thu t nhng ngun ny (Bng 11). Nhm tc ng tham gia nhiu hn vo vic thu hi mng tre, khai thc khong sn v du lch, mc d s khc bit v mc tham gia khng nhiu. ng ch l hot ng du lch quan st c th trn Tam o cho doanh thu cao nht, hm rng du lch c tim nng pht trin kinh t v ci thin mc sng ca ngi dn ti th trn Tam o. iu quan trng l c hai nhm vn cn ph thuc nhiu vo vic thu hi ci t VQG. Doanh thu qui ra tin t thu hi ci nh hn nhiu so vi mc tham gia ca h gia nh trong hot ng ny, tuy nhin, iu ni ln rng cc h gia nh tiu dng mt lng ln ci. iu ny cn ch khi c nhng hot ng can thip trong cng tc bo v rng. Kt qu ch ra cho thy 80 % s h gia nh khai thc qung l tnh Tuyn Quang. Cc hot ng v d trng trt (bn tri cy, l, nha cy hoc cc lm sn ngoi g khc) hay bo v rng dng nh ch chim mc rt khim tn v mc tham gia v doanh thu ca h gia nh. V mt ny, vn cn nhiu vic phi lm ci thin sinh k v thu ht s tham gia ln hn ca cng ng trong qun l rng.
Final Report
26
Bng 11: Tng thu nhp hng nm ca cc h gia nh t nhiu ngun khc nhau (n v tnh: nghn VND)
Nng nghip Nng nghip Du lch Khai thc khong sn Rng v cc hot ng lm nghip (ton b mu, ngoi tr khai thc khong sn) 1.765,74 1.400,00 100,00 4.000,00 1.312,48 7.333,33 1.000,00 1.000,00 20.000,00 10.969,66 2,408,15 1.350,00 100,00 20.000,00 3.799,10 1.531,61 420,00 0,00 122.730,00 8.298,85 879,46 280,00 0,00 20.090,00 2.223,24 1.223,35 320,00 0,00 122.730,00 6.218,97 Rng v cc hot ng lm nghip (ngoi tr khai thc khong sn, Tam o v ni c bit khc) 1.640,96 500,00 0,00 122.730,00 8.727,86 879,46 280,00 0,00 20.090,00 2.223,24 1.261,16 350,00 0,00 122.730,00 6.379,04
(ton b mu)
(ngoi tr Tam o v ni c bit khc)
Trung bnh 15.540,75 12.315,16 142.375,00 Trung v 9,670,00 9.670,00 20.500,00 Nhm tc Ti thiu 0,00 0,00 2.000,00 ng Ti a 600.000.00 85.171,00 930.000,00 lch chun 41.428.91 10.707,02 285.174,70 Trung bnh 12.421,53 12.421,53 Trung v 10.070,00 10.070,00 Nhm i Ti thiu 252,00 252,00 chng Ti a 63.600,00 63.600,00 lch chun 10.164,91 10.164,91 Trung bnh 14.066,34 12.368,21 142.375,00 Trung v 9.700,00 9.700,00 20.500,00 Tng Ti thiu 0,00 0,00 2.000,00 cng Ti a 600000,00 85.171,00 930.000,00 lch chun 30.891,28 10.427,18 285.174,70 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Tng t nh cc ngun thu nhp, doanh thu t nng nghip chim t trng ln nht trong tng thu nhp ca hu ht cc h gia nh bi v hu ht trong s h tham gia lm nng nghip (xem biu v ngh nghip ca ch h gia nh trn). Mt trng hp ngoi l l hot ng du lch ti Th trn Tam o, v trung bnh doanh thu l VND 142.357 nghn VND, v doanh thu ny ch yu thu c t cc dch v khch sn v nh hng. Doanh thu t rng v cc hot ng lm nghip thp mt cch ng ngc nhin. Trn thc t, hin nay ngi dn khng c doanh thu cao t rng bi v mt s l do sau. Th nht, ch c mt s t h gia nh c th k hp ng qun l v bo v rng. Th hai, khai thc rng ang b cm, iu ny lm doanh thu t vic khai thc gim i. Th ba, mt trong nhng hot ng ph bin nht ca ngi dn vo rng l thu hi ci, ch yu cho tiu dng c nhn h gia nh hoc bn vi gi thp. Ngi dn cng nh gi thp gi tr cc lm sn khai thc t rng cho nhu cu t tiu dng. Cui cng, doanh thu t du lch v khai thc khong sn khng c tnh vo doanh thu rng. Thc t ny cng gii thch ti sao nhng h gia nh kh gi v giu khng s dng rng thng xuyn cho sinh k ca mnh, v h c nhiu cc c hi thu nhp khc hn so vi cc nhm khc. T Bng 12 di y, khng nh rng khng c h gia nh giu no trong mu iu tra s dng rng. Kt qu t tho lun nhm tp trung cng cho bit ngi ngho vo rng nhiu hn ngi giu.
Final Report 27
i vi nhm tc ng, doanh thu t rng dng nh cao hn nhm i chng. Thc t ny hon ton ph hp vi kt lun trn cho rng vic la chn nhm tc ng ph hp vi quan im ca d n. Tuy nhin, mt s t ngi dn c doanh thu t rng rt cao, ti a ln ti VND 122.730 nghn VND i vi nhm tc ng nhm v 20.090 nghn VND i vi nhm i chng. H l nhng trng hp c bit, bi v h c iu kin thun li hn trong vic tip cn vi cc hot ng qun l v bo v rng. Tuy nhin, s bin thin v doanh thu trong c hai nhm tc ng v nhm i chng rt ng k. So snh gia gi tr trung bnh v trung v ca doanh thu t cc ngun khc nhau tt c cc nhm, gi tr trung bnh lun cao hn gi tr trung v. lch chun cng rt ln. N ch ra cho thy rng doanh thu t cc ngun thu nhp chnh ca cc h gia nh c iu tra phn b khng bnh thng m lch phi. 1.1.6. S dng ti nguyn rng v nhn thc v mi trng Khi c hi v vai tr ca rng i vi cuc sng ca h, hn 90 % s h gia nh tr li rng rng rt quan trng. Ngi ngho ph thuc nhiu vo rng hn ngi khng ngho: 78 % ngi ngho khai thc ti nguyn rng trong khi t l ny ca ngi khng ngho l 63 %. S khc bit ny c ngha thng k vi mc c ngha l 10%. Nh vy, chm dt nn khai thc rng, iu quan trng l to ra nhiu c hi lm vic hn cho ngi ngho v cn ngho. Bng 12: S dng rng h tr cho sinh k12 (% ca cc h gia nh)
Nhm tc ng Mc sng Giu Kh gi Trung bnh Ngho Rt ngho Ch h gia nh H gia nh c ph n lm ch h H gia nh c nam gii lm ch h % 0,00 64,71 50,83 72,73 85,71 Nhm i chng % 0,00 59,09 73,53 82,35 50,00 Tng cng 0,00 61,54 62,89 77,36 63,16
76,90 71,20
63,40 58,20
71,00 64,90 66,30
Tng cng 72,50 59,30 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Nhm tc ng dng nh s dng rng nhiu hn nhm i chng. Khng c h gia nh giu no s dng rng, iu ny ph hp vi kt qu t tho lun nhm tp trung v t c tnh doanh thu trung bnh thp t rng v cc hot ng lm nghip. Ngi ngho v rt ngho dng nh s dng rng thng xuyn hn h tr cho sinh k ca mnh, vi 72,73% s h ngho thuc nhm tc ng v 82,35% s h ngho thuc nhm i chng, v s lng h rt ngho tng ng ca hai nhm ln lt l 85,71% v 50%. Tuy nhin, s khc bit gia hai nhm h ngho rt ngho thuc nhm tc ng v nhm i chng khng c ngha thng k. Kt lun ngi ngho s dng
12
S khc bit gia mc sng ca cc h gia nh c ngha thng k mc c ngha 10%

28
Final Report
rng nhiu nht cho sinh k ca mnh cng ng thi c ch ra trong tho lun nhm tp trung di y v phn tch doanh thu t rng trong on 2.2.2. H ph thuc vo rng cho sinh k, cuc sng ca mnh, bi v h khng c nhiu cc c hi kim tin khc ngoi vo rng, v vic khai thc rng ca h ch yu cho tiu dng c nhn hn l v mc ch thng mi. Tuy nhin, mt iu th v c pht hin y l cc h gia nh trung bnh v kh cng s dng rng cho sinh k ca mnh. Khong 61% s h kh v 63% s h trung bnh s dng rng, v nhng con s ny c ngha thng k mc c ngha l 5%. iu ny c th gii thch bi hai l do sau. Th nht, nhng ngi dn ny c nhiu iu kin v d t ai, lao ng v vn tham gia cc chng trnh bo v v qun l rng. N tr li cu hi v mt s trng hp ngoi l khi ngi dn c c doanh thu rt ln t rng v cc hot ng lm nghip. Th hai, thm ch nhng h gia nh ny c nhiu c hi kim thu nhp hn nhng ngi ngho v rt ngho, thi khai thc rng vn cn tip tc chng no vic khai thc ny cha b cm nghim ngt. Cc kt qu t iu tra h gia nh cho bit nhng h gia nh c ph n lm ch h dng nh khai thc nhiu ti nguyn rng hn nhng h gia nh c nam gii lm ch h. Vic cc h gia nh c ph n lm ch h khai thc nhiu ti nguyn rng hn lin quan ti i ngho (nhn chung, nhng h gia nh c ph n lm ch h thng l nhng h ngho hn), v iu ny c cng c bi kt lun t c trong cuc tho lun nhm rng ph n l nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn rng thng xuyn nht (15/17 nhm c kt lun nh vy)13. Nhng pht hin ny, mang tnh biu th ch khng c ngha thng k. Hnh thc s dng rng ph bin nht, c th quan st c trong cc ngun thu nhp t rng, l thu hi ci, c trn cy ln di t. Nhng ngun ti nguyn khc c cc h gia nh s dng l nc, ch v mng tre. Bng 13 trnh by cc loi hnh s dng ti nguyn rng in hnh theo tng tnh. Hot ng trng ch rt ph bin tnh Thi Nguyn, trong khi hot ng du lch ch quan st c cc h gia nh ti tnh Vnh Phc. Hot ng khai thc khong sn phn ln c ngi dn tin hnh tnh Tuyn Quang. Bng 13: S dng ti nguyn rng phn theo tnh14 (% s h gia nh)
S h gia nh s dng ti nguyn rng Thu hi ci di mt t Thu hi ci trn cy Trng ch Chn nui gia sc Nui ong Du lch Khai thc khong sn
13 14
Thi Nguyn 55,4 85,8 33,1 8,1 1,4 0,0 0,7
Tuyn Quang 43,1 62,7 2,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 21,6
Vnh Phc 43,9 59,6 0,6 4,1 2,3 7,0 0,0
Tng cng 47,7 69,6 12,4 5,0 1,7 2,9 5,5
bit thm thng tin chi tit ngh xem phn 2.4.1.
Thu hi cy thuc cng l mt hot ng khai thc ti nguyn rng. Tuy nhin, ch c 5 quan st c ghi nhn cho bit doanh thu t cy thuc bin thin t 50 nghn VND n 1 triu VND. D liu ny khng c ngha thng k phn tch.
Final Report 29
Hi mng tre Nc
15,5 32,4
0,0 15,7
17,0 2,3
12,4 16,2
Cn lu rng trong 3 tnh, Thi Nguyn c t l s h gia nh thu hi ci c trn cy ln di t cao nht. Cc phng vn ca chng ti ch ra rng nhiu h gia nh trng ch trong tnh s dng ci sao ch. Hp 3 cng minh ho tm quan trng ngy cng tng ca thu nhp t ch i vi ngi dn trong tnh. iu quan trng l cc can thip bo v rng cn a nhn t ny vo trong giai on thit k v trin khai ca mnh. Ngi dn khai thc cc ti nguyn rng cho tiu dng c nhn hoc bn kim tin. Nhng n lc bo tn s ch c hiu qu nu tnh hnh i ngho c ci thin v lng ghp vi cc k hoch s dng ti nguyn rng bn vng. Pht trin trng ch l mt v d v m hnh xo i gim ngho ti tnh Thi Nguyn, mc d m hnh ny vn cn c nhng nh hng tiu cc i vi rng. Hp 3: Cc gii php thay th cho rng Vn Thanh 2 khng nm trong vng m ca VQG Tam o nhng ngi dn trong thn vn coi rng l ngun thu nhp chnh ca mnh. Trng la l ngun thu nhp ln th hai. T nm 1996, khi vic khai thc g ci t rng b Nh nc cm, ngi dn y bt u khai thc t lm nghip trng ch v canh tc la. H c gng tm mi ngun thu nhp ph thuc t hn vo rng. Ch Trn Th Bnh nguyn qun Nam nh sau ln sinh sng Thi Nguyn vi chng t nm 1981. Ch ni khi chng ti mi n, khu vc ny vn b b qun, ng trc n ch l i c mc v y dy leo. Sau 4 nm chng ti trng ch v cy Keo. Nhng nng sut ch thp v chng toi khng bit chm sc chng nh th no. Chng ti thng thiu sn t 6-7 thng trong 1 nm v y l tnh hnh chung ca hu ht ngi dn y. Do vy, c nam gii v ph n vo rng kim ci v sn bn ng vt cho sinh hot hng ngy. Thu nhp chng ti c th kim c rt thp nhng chng ti khng c s la chn no khc. T khi 1996, Nh nc cm khai thc rng do nay chng ti phi lm nng nghip v trng ch nhiu hn. Chng ti dnh nhiu thi gian chm sc ch v u t nhiu tin hn mua my ch bin ch. 100 % ngi dn thn Vn Thanh 2 bt u ph thuc vo sn xut ch k t . Nu chm sc tt, mt gia nh c th c nng sut ch cao, hn 700 kg ch kh trong 5 so, bn cnh vic sn xut la go. iu lo lng duy nht y l thi tit rt kh trong 5 thng. Theo bo co cuc sng ca 40 h gia nh c ci thin k t khi h nhn ra gi tr ca sn xut ch v la. Theo cc cuc phng vn vi ngi dn a phng, hot ng khai thc ti VQG Tam o gim sau khi rng tr thnh VQG bi v cc qui nh v bo tn ca Nh nc. Mt s hot ng, tuy nhin, vn cn din ra do nhu cu ca ngi dn a phng cn cao cng vi vic thiu cc sinh k thay th. V d v cc hot ng ny l vic thu hi ci v khai thc ngun nc. Vic thiu t cho sn xut nng nghip l mt trong nhng l do khai thc ngun ti nguyn rng. bo v rng bn vng, d n nn h tr tm kim cc gii php thay th cho cc hot ng hin nay ang ph thuc vo rng (Hp 4). Hp 4: Cu chuyn v ci bp un ci Ti thn K Tn thuc x Thin K, nm gn VQG Tam o, ngi dn thu hi ci bn v tiu dng c nhn t rt lu. K t khi thnh lp VQG, vic thu hi ci b cm. Do nhu cu v
Final Report 30
cht t, ngi dn vn thng xuyn thu hi ci t VQG nhng hot ng ny c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG. ci thin tnh hnh, TDMP trin khai chng trnh h tr xy bp l ci tin, trong ci tin nhng bp ang dng hin nay tit kim ci. Ch Bi Th Su, mt n ch h gia nh ngho, ni v tnh hiu qu ca bp ci tin: sau cuc nh gi ti thn trong thng 8/ 2004, gia nh ch c u tin nhn c mt bp l ci tin t TDMP. Ch rt hnh phc v ngh ch s ch cn kim ci xung quanh nh nu cm ln v khng s cn vo rng VQG kim ci na. Ch rt nng lng mun s dng bp l c cung cp nhng sau hon ton tht vng v n ch sau mt thi gian ngn. Ch ni: N qu khi v ngt ngt khi s dng bp ny, mt hn na ngy nu mt ni cm ln. Ti ngh c th ch c gia nh ti gp phi vn ny nhng sau khi ni chuyn vi cc h gia nh khc, dng nh y l vn ph bin. Ti c gng s dng n nh v n khng ci thin g c nn ti quay tr li s dng bp truyn thng nh trc. C rt nhiu v d v ngi ngho khai thc rng theo nhiu cch khc nhau m cc cch ny hin nhin l vi phm php lut. Trong Hp 5, trnh by mt v d v khai thc khong sn trong VQG Tam o. Hp 5: Khai thc khong sn trong VQG Theo ng Trng Minh ng, trng thn Thin Phong, thn nm gip vi VQG Tam o, nhn chung vic khai thc qung y c tin hnh mc rt n gin. Ngi dn ch yu s dng cc cng c th s v d cuc, xng v dao thay v cc thit b khai thc c gii. H thng ln lt vo khu vc VQG v o trong sn ni khai thc tng mnh qung trong t. Phi mt vi tun thu c 2-3 kg qung v mi kg qung ch c gi khong 50.000 VND. Ph n v tr em trong thn thng vo rng sau thi gian thu hoch kim thm tin. ng Hu Thng, trng thn K Tn, mt thn cng gn rng, ni rng "mt s nhm n ng kho mnh c t chc thng vo khai thc qung 'mt cch chuyn nghip'. H lm trn qui m ln v kim c kh nhiu tin nhng ph hu nhiu t v cy trong rng". Hin nay, vic khai thc qung trong VQG b nghim cm. Khi c hi v quan im ca h l c cn bo v rng khng, hu ht ngi dn tham gia phng vn u nhn thy s cn thit phi bo v rng. Tuy nhin, ch c 52 % ngi dn c phng vn bit v ranh gii gia thn ca h v VQG. iu ny cho thy thng tin v bo v rng khng c thng tin y n cho cng ng. Bng 14 ch ra t l phn trm s h gia nh tip nhn thng tin bo v rng qua nhiu phng tin khc nhau. Ct cui cng cho bit xp hng ca h gia nh v phng tin chuyn ti thng tin hiu qu nht. Cc h gia nh cho rng ti vi, sau l hi hp v loa i, l nhng phng tin chuyn ti thng tin hiu qu nht. Bin bo v bo dng nh khng phi l phng tin truyn tin c hiu qu do t l m ch cao. Cc phng tin trc quan v hnh nh dng nh ph hp hn cho cc hot ng nhn thc. Cc cuc hp cng ng nn t chc cho cc chin dch nng cao nhn thc trong tng lai.
Final Report
31
Bng 14: Cc phng tin truyn ti thng tin v bo v rng (% s h gia nh)
Phng thc hiu qu nht 27,1 15,0 0,2 1,0 1,7 22,3 5,7 10,2
Tip cn ngun thng tin ca h gia Tng Nhm tc nh cng ng Tivi 58,7 56,3 i 52,0 48,2 Bo 19,5 16,2 Bin bo 39,4 39,2 T ri 28,7 32,0 Cuc hp 71,7 78,4 Thng tin vi cc cn b kim lm 39,9 50,0 Tr chuyn 55,8 60,8 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Nhm i chng 61,3 56,3 23,1 39,7 25,1 64,3 28,6 50,3
Hn 80 % s h gia nh cm thy lc quan v tng lai ca the rng, trong khi 13 % s h gia nh lo lng v tng lai ca rng. i vi cc hot ng gy nhim, nhn thc ca cc cng ng dn c a phng cn rt hn ch (Bng 15). Phn bn ho hc v thuc tr su l nhng nhn t gy nhim ph bin nht. Khong mt na s ngi c phng vn nhn thy rng vic th cht thi sui v sng v nui gia sc l cc hot ng gy nhim tim tng. Khong mt phn ba bit cc tc ng nhim do nn cht ph rng v ch 15 % nhn thy nhng hu qu ca hot ng du lch trong rng. Nhn thc v cc hot ng gy nhim gia nhm tc ng v nhm i chng ging nhau. Bng 15: Nhn thc v cc hot ng gy nhim
(% cc h gia nh)
Nhn thc ca h gia nh v cc Tng Nhm tc ngun gy nhim cng ng Ph rng 31,8 35,6 Th cht thi sui 46,1 41,0 Du lch 15,2 16,2 Phn bn ho hc/thuc tr su 77,0 77,0 Chn nui gia sc quanh nh 55,6 51,4 Chn th gia sc trong rng 37,1 36,5 Khai thc khong sn 42,0 39,2 Khc 6,2 6,8 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005 Nhm i chng 27,6 51,8 14,1 76,9 60,3 37,7 45,2 5,5
1.1.7. Trng hp th trn Tam o Thng tin chung v th trn Tam o C 4 loi hnh qun l trong khu vc VQG: vng li (cao hn 400m so vi mc nc bin), vng sinh thi (t 100-400m), khu Hnh chnh (v Du lch) v vng m. Th trn Tam o ( cao 950m) v vn phng VQG u nm trong khu Hnh chnh. Th trn Tam o do ngi Php thnh lp t nm 1902. y l mt khu ngh mt vng ni ni ting ti Vit Nam vi dn s khong 633 (nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b, 2003). Th trn gm thn 1 v thn 2, c la chn l mt
Final Report 32
phn trong nhm tc ng. Khng chn nhm i chng so snh. C hai thn u nm trong mu nh gi tc ng ca d n ln khu vc thnh th. c im thnh th ca th trn Tam o c th thy bng cch quan st thy mt s lng lao ng v cc h gia nh hot ng trong cc ngnh nng nghip v phi nng nghip (Bng 16). Theo bo co ch c 36 trong tng s 222 h gia nh hay 16 %, lm c hot ng nng nghip. Bng 16: Dn s v lc lng lao ng ti th trn Tam o nm 2003
Ch s 1. S nhn khu Nam N 2. S h gia nh Nng nghip Phi nng nghip 3. S lao ng Nam N 4. S hc sinh Tiu hc Trung hc c s Trung hc ph thng 5. T l tng dn s (%/ nm) Th trn Tam o S lng % 633 314 319 222 36 186 390 185 205 146 50 34 62 1,42 34 23 42 47 53 16 84 50 50 Thn 1 S lng % 399 184 215 133 22 111 272 97 175 95 39 9 47 1,25 41 9 49 36 64 17 83 46 54 Thn 2 S lng % 234 130 104 89 14 75 118 88 30 51 11 25 15 1,71 22 49 29 75 25 16 84 56 44
Ngun: TDMP (2003) nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b
Phn tch c im ca h gia nh i) nh gi chung mc sng ca h gia nh Theo IRUA nm 2003, th trn Tam o c 222 h gia nh, c s phn b giu v trung bnh tng i ng u (tng ng 112 v 110 h gia nh). Th trn Tam o khng c h gia nh ngho. Ch c 1,5 % dn s ca th trn thuc nhm dn tc thiu s (2 h gia nh dn tc Sn Du v 1 h gia nh dn tc Mng). Mt h gia nh trong tng s 19 h c phng vn trong mu ca chng ti chnh thc c phn loi l ngho nm ngoi, nhng sau khi nhn c h tr t chnh quyn a phng h gia nh ny khng cn ngho na. Tuy nhin, theo nh gi i ngho c s tham gia, 3 trong s nhng h gia nh c phng vn t nh gi mnh l ngho hoc rt ngho. Nhng h gia nh ny c c im in hnh ca mt h ngho. Ch h gia nh l ngi gi, mt trong s nhng h ny l dn tc Sn Du v thu nhp ca h ch da vo cc hot ng nng nghip.
Final Report 33
Bng 17: Tnh hnh i ngho ca cc h gia nh c iu tra ti th trn Tam o

T nh gi ca h gia nh v iu kin kinh t Giu Kh Trung bnh Ngho Rt ngho Tng cng Gia nh c ph n lm ch h (%) S lng 1 33,3 0 0 1 33,3 1 33,3 0 0 3 100 Gia nh c nam gii lm ch h (%) S lng 0 0 7 43,8 7 43,8 1 6,3 1 6,3 16 100 Tng cng (%) 5,3 36,8 42,1 10,5 5,3 100 S lng
1 7 8 2 1 19
Qui m trung bnh ca cc h gia nh ti 2 thn th trn Tam o l 4, c qui m nh nht trong 18 thn c la chn. S nm c i hc trung bnh ca cc ch h gia nh kh cao (khong 8 nm), gip cho th trn ny t n trnh gio dc trung hc c s. ii) Trnh hc vn Cc kt qu ly ra t 2 thn cho bit khong hai phn ba s ch h gia nh th trn hon thnh gio dc trung hc c s (Bng 18). iu ny gii thch ti sao s lng ngi lm cng n lng ti th trn lm vic nh l cc cn b v gio vin. Bng 18: Trnh hc vn ca ch h gia nh c iu tra ti th trn Tam o
Trnh hc vn S lng ch h gia nh t c trnh hc vn ny Tng Thn 1 Thn 2 cng 0 2 5 2 9 1 0 6 3 10 1 2 11 5 19 T l % Thn 1 0.0 22.2 55.6 22.2 100.0 Thn 2 10.0 0.0 60.0 30.0 100.0 Tng cng 5.3 10.5 57.9 26.3 100.0
Cha ht tiu hc Tiu hc Trung hc c s Trung hc ph thng Tng cng
iii) Ngh nghip v cc ngun to thu nhp Nhit trung bnh trong nm ti th trn Tam o dao ng khong 21oC n 23oC, lm cho ni y c kh hu l tng cho du lch trong sut nhng thng h v trng sau v d su su (chayote). Cc hot ng to thu nhp ti 2 thn gm kinh doanh du lch (khch sn, nh hng), trng rau (su su), chn nui (ch yu cung cp cho cc nh hng a phng) v xy dng. V cng nhiu cc cng trnh c xy dng, mt s lng ngi dn ang lm vic vi t cch l lao ng lm thu hoc t lm vic xy dng cho mnh. Theo d liu th cp, y khng c t trng la. Tt c t ai trong 2 thn (1,49 ha thn 1 v 3 ha thn 2) c s dng trng su su. Trong nm 2003, c 2 thn thu hoch 155 tn su su v 1 kg su su gi t 5.000 n 10.000 VND.
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Thng tin v ngh nghip ca cc ch h gia nh v v/chng ca h c trnh by trong Bng 19 v Biu 8. Ch c duy nht mt one h gia nh trng ch trong VQG nm trong mu ly t th trn Tam o, v thu nht t hot ng ny khim tn nht so vi cc hot ng lin quan n rng khc v d du lch hoc bn sn phm cho khch du lch. Hot ng du lch (gm cung cp dch v) v trng su su l cc ngun thu nhp chnh ti th trn Tam o. Bng 19: Ngh nghip ca ch h gia nh v v/chng c iu tra ti th trn Tam o
Ngh nghip Trng ch Trng su su Chn nui Aquaculture Thu hi ci Khai thc khong sn Du lch Hunter Wage employnam giit (cadre, staff, teacher) Casual work (working in construction, restaurant) Self-employnam giit (contractor, trader) Other job (porter, food seller) Tht nghip Ch h gia nh % S lng 1 5,3 8 42,1 5 26,3 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0.0 8 42,1 0 0,0 4 21,1 1 5,3 2 10,5 2 10,5 0 0,0 V/chng % S lng 1 5,3 9 47,4 4 21,1 0 0,0 2 10,5 0 0,0 8 42,1 0 0,0 3 15,8 1 5,3 3 15,8 1 5,3 0 0,0
Biu 8: Ngh nghip ca ch h gia nh v v/chng ca h ti th trn Tam o

Ch h
Trng ch Trng su su Chn nui 3% 13% 6% 6% 0% 3% 27% Thu sn Thu hi ci Khai thc m 0% 26% 0% 16% Tourism Sn bn Lm cng n lng Cng vic thi v T lm cho gia nh Ngh khc Tht nghip
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35
V/chng
9% 3% 9%
3% 0% 3% 29%
0% 25% 13%
0%
6%
0%
Cc kt qu t nh gi s dng ti nguyn thn bn v phn loi cc ngun thu nhp cng ng nht vi phn tch ca chng ti. Cc h gia nh 2 thn xp du lch v dch v l nhng ngun thu nhp quan trng th nht v th hai. Ti thn 2, ni c din tch trng su su ln hn thn 1, thu nhp t cy trng, ma v hng nm ch xp v tr th ba sau thu nhp t lm cng n lng (lng v thu nhp t cc cng vic tm thi). Ti thn 1, thu nhp t lm cng n lng chim v tr th ba v chn nui chim v tr th t. Trong Bng 20 trnh by so snh gia danh thu v chi ph t du lch v trng su su. Phn ln u t rt ln c dnh cho ngnh du lch. Cn khon u t nh hn dnh cho mua vt t u vo cho vic trng su su. Nhn chung, doanh thu trung bnh thu c trn mt n v u vo t trng su su ln hn t hot ng du lch, ch ra li nhun tng i ca vic trng su su v c s tn ti ca li nhun gim dn trn mt n v u t cho u vo. Doanh thu t cc khch sn vt qu doanh thu t nh hng, ca hng n ung v lu nim. Bng 20: Doanh thu v chi ph t du lch v trng su su: Th trn Tam o
(1.000 VND)
Du lch Doanh thu trung bnh/ mt n v chi ph u vo 1.4 3.8 Trng su su Doanh thu trung bnh/mt n v chi ph u vo 3,1 5,4 5,3
36
S h gia nh1 Doanh thu t du lch > 20 triu VND Doanh thu t du lch < 20 triu VND 6 5
Doanh thu trung bnh 274.000 12.000
Chi ph u vo trung bnh 197.093 3.188
Doanh thu trung bnh 3.675 12.350 19.100
Chi ph u vo trung bnh 1.170 2.288 3.615
Doanh thu t du lch = 0 7 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Final Report
1: Mt h gia nh khng tham gia vo hot ng du lch hay trng su su
Khi so snh thu nhp v thu nhp trn u ngi ca th trn Tam o vi cc vng khc, mc thu nhp v thu nhp trn u ngi ti thiu, trung bnh, v ti a ca th trn Tam o c gi tr cao nht. Thu nhp trung bnh ca h gia nh ti Th trn Tam o nm ngoi l 51.131 nghn VND, trong khi con s ny ca tnh Vnh Phc (ngoi tr Tam o), tnh Thi Nguyn v tnh Tuyn Quang ln lt l 9.744 nghn VND, 8.817 nghn VND v 11.200 nghn VND. Thu nhp ca h gia nh v thu nhp trn u ngi t th trn Tam o c gi tr ln nht. iu ny c gii thch bi thc t l ch c cc h gia nh sinh sng th trn Tam o mi c cc c hi kim thu nhp cao t dch v du lch. Hn na, v th trn Tam o pht trin hn so vi nhng khu vc khc, nn qui m h gia nh nh hn tng i so vi qui m h gia nh nhng khu vc khc. V vy, thu nhp trn u ngi ca th trn Tam o cng t gi tr cao nht, mc 12.912 nghn VND so vi ton b mu l 2.740 nghn VND (Bng 21). Bng 21: Thu nhp ca h gia nh ti th trn Tam o v cc khu vc khc
Ti thiu Th trn Tam o Trong : Thn 1 Thn 2 tnh Vnh Phc, ngoi tr Tam o tnh Thi Nguyn tnh Tuyn Quang Tng cng, khng tnh th trn Tam o Tng cng, tnh th trn Tam o
1.440,00 1.440 1.610
(1.000 VND) Tng thu nhp Trung bnh

51.131,00 64.418 39.172
Thu nhp /ngi Ti a Ti thiu

360,00 360 805
Trung bnh
12.912,00 15.167 10.883
Ti a
79.623,00 79.623 43.125
318.490,00 318.490 172.500
57,00 146,00 487,00 57,00
9.744,02 8.817,57 11.200,14 9.772,61
80.709,00 79.696,00 41.350,00 80.709,00
9,50 44,50 120,17 9,50 9,50
1.692,22 2.018,36 2.174,45 1.936,47 2.740,13
11.529,86 15.939,20 9.014,67 15.939,20 79.623,00
57,00 12.859,01 318.490,00 Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005
Nhng kt qu s b t cc cuc phng vn ca chng ti cng cho bit thu nhp trung bnh ca h gia nh v thu nhp trn u ngi thn 1 cao hn thn 2. Thu nhp hng nm trn u ngi trong mu ca chng ti kh cao, khong 1.000 US$ thn 1 v 700 US$ thn 2. iu ny ng rng thn 1 c nhiu h gia nh kh gi hn v cng l ni c nhiu ch khch sn v nh hng. iv) Nhn thc ca cc h gia nh ti th trn Tam o trong VQG Hu nh tt c cc h gia nh c phng vn c nh gi tch cc v s chuyn i ca rng Tam o thnh VQG. Mt phn t trong s ngh rng iu kin sng ca h c ci thin trong khi s cn li ngh rng vic bo v rng sau khi chuyn i thnh VQG khng nh hng ng k ti cuc sng ca h. Tc ng ca vic thnh lp VQG Tam o ln thu nhp th trn Tam o c trnh by Bng 22.
Final Report
37
Bng 22: Tc ng ca vic thnh lp VQG ln thu nhp: Th trn Tam o

Thn 1 (%) Tng Khng thay i Gim 22,2 77,8 0.0 Thn 2 (%) 20,0 80,0 0.0 Tng cng (%) 21,1 78,9 0.0
Cc l do lm ngi dn th trn Tam o ngh rng VQG c vai tr quan trng l bo v ngun ti nguyn nc v duy tr kh hu n i v cnh quan p. Nhng nhn t ny gp phn vo s pht trin cc hot ng du lch v cc ngun thu nhp c lin quan ti du lch. Tuy nhin, 42 % s h gia nh c iu tra ti th trn Tam o ni rng h khng bit u l ranh gii vi VQG (Bng 23). iu ny hm rng cn ci tin cc chng trnh nng cao nhn thc cho dn c khu vc ny, v d thng qua k cam kt hoc hp vi cng ng tt hn. Bng 23: Hiu bit v ranh gii ca cc h gia nh c iu tra: Th trn Tam o
Thn 1 (%) C Khng Khng c kin 44,4 55,6 0,0 Thn 2 (%) 60,0 30,0 10,0 Tng cng (%) 52,6 42,1 5,3
T iu tra h gia nh trong th trn cho thy c nhng tn hiu ng khch l v vic bo tn ngun ti nguyn ca VQG. Ba phn t trong s cc h ny ni rng hin nay mt s ti nguyn rng kh tm kim hn so vi 10 nm trc y v h tin tng mnh m rng trong 10 nm ti VQG s tt hn nhiu. Cn lp k hoch s dng ti nguyn rng r rng v c mt c ch qun l hiu qu hon thnh c mong i ca h. v) Nhng vn cn tn ti Hu ht nhng vn cn tn ti lin quan ti tranh ci v tc ng ca du lch ln ngun ti nguyn trong VQG. Nhng lp lun cho rng du lch gy nn cc tc ng tiu cc bao gm nn khai thc ti nguyn rng qu mc, x l cht thi s si, xy dng v duy tr ngun nc sch. Ngi ta cho rng cc qun th hoang d trong VQG Tam o ang chu s e do bi v chng ang b bun bn mt cch t do cc nh hng ti th trn Tam o. C th, nn bun bn cn trng, phong lan v cc lm sn khc cho du khch, v nhu cu v ci ngy cng tng c th c tc ng tiu cc ln mi trng (Birdlife, 2001). Trong cuc phng vn vi ch tch UBND th trn Tam o cho bit v s pht trin du lch trong khu vc ny, xy dng ngy cng tng, lng cht thi ngy mt ln, bao gm nc thi v thu hi cc lm sn ngoi g bn cho khch du lch c coi l nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng chnh. ng ch tch c on s b rng th trn s n khong 60.000 khch du lch trong nm 2005. Do cc hot ng du lch v c s h
Final Report 38
tng h tr cho du lch cn c qui hoch cn thn chng c th gp phn ng k vo vic t c cc mc tiu kp l nng cao thu nhp v bo tn a dng sinh hc.
2.3.
Nhn thc ca cn b x v thn v VQG
Cuc iu tra c tin hnh ti tt c 3 tnh v trong cng nhng x v thn ni tin hnh cc cuc iu tra h gia nh. Tng cng, 6 cn b x v 19 trng thn c phng vn. Mc tiu ca nhng cuc phng vn ny l c c mt bc tranh chung v sinh k ca ngi dn sinh sng trong vng m trc v sau khi chuyn i rng Tam o thnh VQG. V sinh k ca h c tc ng ln ngun ti nguyn trong VQG, chng ti mun c mt nh gi chnh thc t cc cn b v s thay i i vi VQG khi n c t trong mt nhm i chng cht ch hn. Chng ti c gng xc nh nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn ca VQG thng xuyn nht v nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy nn s xung ca cp rng. N i hi vic xc nh nhng nhm d b tn thng nht (nhm c thu nhp ph thuc vo rng nhiu nht) v cc nhm m nhng d n bo v rng cn tc ng (cc nhm ph rng nhiu nht). Theo cc mc tiu ca TDMP, chng ti cng c gng tp hp thng tin v nhng ng gp v/hoc mi e do tim nng t cng ng a phng bng hi cn b a phng nhm xc nh nhng vn then cht ca a phng h v a ra cc khuyn ngh qun l rng bn vng. Cc kt qu c trnh by y. i) Cc ngun thu nhp chnh Trc khi rng Tam o c tuyn b thnh VQG nm 1996, ngi dn sng trong vng m ch yu ph thuc vo cc ngun thu nhp t rng (v d cung cp g, cc lm sn ngoi g [ng vt v thc vt rng], khai thc khong sn, ci, v.v.) v nng nghip (ch yu trng trt v chn nui qui m nh). Rng cn li b khai thc ba bi bi vic khai thc g, sn bn v thu hi khng c s kim sot. N cng b ng trc nn xm canh t rng lm nng nghip, chn th gia sc, ph/t rng, v thu hi ci. mt s thn, thm ch mi h gia nh u c t rng ring ca mnh trng Bch n v ch (v d: thn ng Qua ca x o Tr). Kt qu l, ti nguyn thin nhin trong rng b xung cp nghim trng, c bit nhng ngun ti nguyn hu ht cc khu vc rng thp. S xung cp ny l kt qu ca vic qun l yu km v s thiu nhn thc ca cc cng ng dn c a phng. Tt c cc cn b c phng vn ng rng s chuyn i thnh VQG c nh hng mnh m ti sinh k ca ngi dn trong vng m. Chnh thc, tt c cc hot ng khai thc rng u b cm (thu hi cc cy v cnh b cht c tha nhn mt cch khng chnh thc). Do bo v cht ch hn, vic tm kim thu nhp t khai thc rng tr nn kh khn hn v thu nhp t mt s sn phm rng tr nn khim tn hn. Do , ngi dn c gng thm canh sn xut nng nghip (v d: x o Tr, hn 95 % s h gia nh hin nay ang hot ng trong lnh vc nng nghip) v a dng ho cc ngun thu nhp phi nng nghip ca mnh. iu ny gii thch ti sao tt c cc thn c phng vn, i lm thu gip vic gia nh v xy dng ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin, c bit trong nhng ngi lao ng tr v khng c o to. Mt s ni cng th tm kim cc bin php nng cao thu nhp khc theo iu kin ca mnh. V d: th trn Tam o thuc tnh Vnh Phc ang pht trin du lch v trng su su; tnh Thi Nguyn tp trung vo trng ch; trong khi ngi dn ti tnh Tuyn Quang tin hnh cc hot ng khai thc khong sn. Tt ang gip cc cng ng dn c a phng i mt vi nhng vn v tht nghip thi v, lao ng khng c tay ngh v nhm gim s ph thuc ca h v cc thu nhp trc tip t rng. Tuy nhin, ni c nhng hot ng xm canh t rng, hoc c nhu cu u vo t rng (v d ci), cc tc ng tiu cc ln h sinh thi rng c th vn cn ng k.
Final Report 39
Nhng ngi ph n gi v tr em cc thn ngho dng nh b gt ra ngoi l khi nhng bin php to thu nhp thay th ny. H khng th di c n nhng khu vc thnh th, do vn ph thuc nng n vo cc thu nhp t rng. Quan trng hn, hu nh tt c cc h gia nh nhng thn c iu tra s dng ci nu nng (ngoi tr th trn Tam o l khu vc thnh th trong mu ca chng ti), v do ci l lm sn chnh khu vc ny. Ph n gi v tr em thng hi ci, mng tre, khai thc qung, phong lan hay bt k th g m h c th em ra khi rng v sau trao i ly thc phm hoc tin ch. Phn loi nhng ngi s dng rng thng xuyn ca cc cn b cng cho mt kt qu tng t. Tuy nhin, mt s thn, nam gii dng nh tn ph cc ti nguyn rng nghim trng hn ph n v h khai thc nhng ti nguyn rng c t chc hn v thng lm vic theo nhm (v d, khai thc qung thn Thin Phong, x Thin K). Hp 6: Ti sao vic chn th gia sc trong VQG vn cn ph bin? K Tn l mt thn ca x Thin K nm trong vng m ca VQG Tam o. Ging nh nhiu h gia nh chn nui gia sc khc trong thn, cng vic hng ngy ca ng Hu Li l la n gia sc ca mnh vo VQG. "Ti bit khng c php chn th gia sc trong VQG v nu lm nh vy l vi phm qui c bo v rng. Nhng tht khng may, ti khng c s la chn no khc m vn phi lm nh vy bi v khng c bi chn th ni ti sinh sng" ng Li tr li nh vy khi c hi v vic chn th gia sc trong VQG. Gia nh ng Li khng c t trng c nui 10 con tru v b. ng hi vng l chnh quyn huyn v x s giao t trng i trc cho gia nh ng v cung cp tn dng h tr ng c th tng din tch trng c cho chn nui. V gia nh ng ph thuc vo vic chn nui, ng ta buc phi tip tc chn th gia sc trong VQG mc d c cc qui nh cm. C bng chng cho thy ngi dn chn th gia sc trong VQG, mc d d liu nh lng v s h gia nh chn th gia sc trong rng khng c thu thp. Thng tin ny b che du bi v ngi dn bit hot ng ny l bt hp php. V hot ng khai thc rng din ra trong nhiu nhm v nhng cp khc nhau, cn c cc chng trnh nng cao nhn thc cho nhng nhm v cp khai thc rng khc nhau ny. Vic phn tch nhng c im ca cc nhm ny gip chng ta xc nh nhng nguyn nhn/ngun chnh gy xung cp rng. Nhng l do c th l qun l yu km, iu kin sng kh khn, cc ngun to thu nhp hn ch, nhn thc km v tp qun khai thc rng lu i. Cc kt qu nh tnh t phng vn ca chng ti xc nhn iu ny bi v tt c nhng nhn t c cp trn c nhng ngi c phng vn lit k l cc nguyn nhn gy s xung cp ca rng. i vi nhiu h gia nh ngho, thu nhp t khai thc ti nguyn rng vn cn quan trng. Din tch t canh tc khim tn trong vng m, thi gian thiu nc sn xut nhng khu vc ny ngy cng tng ( mt s ni, thiu nc ti 5-6 thng) v t l lao ng khng c tay ngh cao (khong 50 % lc lng lao ng thn Sn ng, x H Sn) hu ht cc thn ang gy sc p ln ln qun l rng. S thiu ht nc ngy cng tng c th gii thch ti sao ngi dn bo v ngun nc ti ch nh l mt li ch chnh ca VQG. Thng tin thu c t nhng vn ni cm ti thn v x v nhng khuyn ngh do cc cn b a ra cho thy nng cao v a dng ho cc ngun thu nhp ca h gia nh l vn quan trng nht cn gii quyt. Cc chnh sch c th gii quyt vn ny chc chn s bao gm cung cp o to hng nghip, o to k thut, thnh lp cc lng ngh, ci to h thng thu li v cung cp h tr v ht ging, con ging v h thng tn dng. Chng no thu hi ci vn cn ph
Final Report 40
bin, chnh quyn a phng cn khuyn khch cc cng ng dn c a phng qun l v s dng rng trng cng nh s dng mt s loi "bp tit kim ci". C lp lun cho rng s phi hp thiu cht ch gia cc cp chnh quyn v s thiu tham gia ca chnh quyn a phng v cc cng ng dn c dn n s qun l yu km. Do , a ra nhng ch dn r rng i vi cc k hoch qun l rng, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng cho ngi dn trong vng m v huy ng s tham gia nhiu hn ca cc ch th a phng trong vic qun l ng nhin l cn thit theo ui qun l bn vng VQG.
2.4.
Nhn thc ca cc nhm khc nhau
Mc ch ca cc cuc tho lun l thu thp kin ca cc nhm khc nhau v nhng nhn t chnh lin quan n s dng ti nguyn v mi quan h vi VQG. Cc nhn t chnh y l cc ngun thu nhp, cc hot ng to thu nhp lin quan ti VQG, nhng ngi s dng rng VQG thng xuyn nht, cc hot ng c nhng tc ng tch cc v tiu cc ln VQG, v cc khuyn ngh hn ch nhng tc ng tiu cc ln VQG. Tt c cc nhn t c tho lun v xp hng theo tm quan trng ca chng. Cc kt qu c trnh by Ph lc 3 v c tho lun y. C tt c 17 cuc tho lun nhm tp trung:15

Mt nhm hc sinh trung hc c s Bn nhm ngi gi Ba nhm nam gii Tm nhm ph n Mt nhm nhng ngi trng v bo v rng Mt nhm cn b kim lm Mt nhm nhng ngi trng ch Mt nhm nhng ngi khai thc khong sn
1.1.8. Mt s im chung gia cc nhm Cc nhm c mt s thng nht chung lin quan ti nhng vn c tho lun. Th nht, hu ht cc nhm (15/17) nht tr rng ph n v tr em l nhng ngi s dng rng ca VQG thng xuyn nht, v h ch yu thu hi ci hoc ly nc kim thu nhp cho h gia nh v s dng hng ngy. iu ny phn nh s phn cng lao ng ca h gia nh trong vng m vn cn mang nhiu nt truyn thng, v ph n v tr em chu trch nhim v cc cng vic hng ngy lin quan ti nc v cht t cho h gia nh l cng vic nng nhng khng c tr cng. N cng cho thy rng nhiu tr em phi lm vic khi chng khng hc trng. N gy ra nhng ni lo lng v bo v rng trong tng lai v tr em s tr thnh nhng ngi bo v hoc ph rng chnh trong tng lai. Kt cc ph thuc vo vic chng c gio dc nh th no v bo v rng. Nu nh chng quen vo rng thu hi min ph mt lm sn no m khng c gio dc cch bo v rng nh th no, c th s rt kh thuyt phc chng ng khai thc rng khi chng ln ln. tng cng qun l c s tham gia cp x trong vng m v bo v mi trng ca VQG Tam o, iu mu cht y l bt u vi nhng thi quen hng ngy lin quan ti VQG ca ph n and tr em.
15
Tng s ch c 17 nhm, nhng mt s nhm khng c tng quan, v d: nhng ph n gi, hoc nhng nam gii trng rng v bo v rng. iu ny gii thch ti sao c 20 nhm c lit k y.
Final Report 41
N c kt lun trong nhng bo co khc v VQG Tam o rng nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy mt v xung cp rng ti VQG Tam o chnh l s khai thc qu mc ca ngi dn sng xung quanh Vn. Tt c cc hot ng khai thc g v thu hi ci c tin hnh qui m nh bi ngi dn a phng, v khng c mt doanh nghip t nhn hay lm trng Nh nc no tham gia qu trnh ny (BirdLife, 2001). Khng mt nhm no cp ti vai tr ca cc doanh nghip trong vic s dng ti nguyn rng. By nhm cng phn loi nhng ngi s dng rng nhiu nht theo thc trng ca h gia nh. Tuy nhin, mi quan h gia thc trng ca h gia nh v s dng rng khng r rng. Cc cuc tho lun nhm cho bit c nhm ph n/nam gii v ngi giu/ngi ngho l nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn nhiu nht. Phn ln h cng ng rng ngi ngho s dng VQG nhiu hn ngi giu (hai nhm xp ngi ngho l ngi s dng rng nhiu nht). Ch c nhm nhng ngi trng ch chn ngi giu l nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn nhiu nht. Th hai, thu nhp c to ra t VQG l ngun thu nhp quan trng. Ngun thu nhp quan trng nht chnh l t cc hot ng xung quanh nh v d sn xut nng nghip, chn nui, hoc lm cng n lng. Tuy nhin, tt c cc nhm u cp ti thu nhp t rng, xp hng n t cp 2 n cp 5 (trong khi cp 1 l quan trng nht). Nhng ngun thu nhp ny bao gm: thu hi ci, mng tre hoc cy thuc v khai thc khong sn. Thc t ny cng c phn nh trong IRUA 2004 c th hn 300 tn cy thuc v 600 tn mng tre c thu hi hng nm t VQG (IRUA 2004). Tuy nhin, khng mt nhm no ngh rng thu hi cy thuc c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG. Ch c mt nhm ph n thn ng Thnh xp thu nhp t thu hi ci l ngun thu nhp quan trng nht. Tm quan trng ca thu nhp t VQG ng rng bo v VQG mt cch bn vng v c s tham gia, h tr cc cng ng dn c a phng to ra nhiu hot ng to thu nhp khng trc tip khai thc ti nguyn ca VQG hn na l vic ht sc quan trng. Tt c cc nhm kin ngh rng cn to ra nhiu c hi hn na nhm h tr cc ch th a phng trong vic o to k thut hoc vn gy dng cng vic kinh doanh cho mnh. Hot ng c xc nh l c tc ng tch cc nht ln VQG chnh l hot ng trng cy. N c xp th nht v th hai v hu ht cc nhm nht tr rng hot ng ny rt hiu qu cho vic bo v v trng rng. Tuy nhin, trong cc khuyn ngh, ch c mt nhm (nhm ngi gi) cho y l mt gii php. iu ny c th hm rng h bit hot ng ny i vi VQG l rt quan trng nhng thiu s khch l lm vic ny. Do , mt chnh sch thc y trng cy trn t rng ng n c th rt quan trng i vi s pht trin bn vng ca VQG. 2.4.2. S nhn thc khc nhau gia ngi gi v thanh nin Nhm ngi gi v ngi tr c quan im khc nhau v cc hot ng to thu nhp lin quan ti VQG. Tuy nhin, c hai nhm u ng rng nhng hot ng ny khng phi thng xuyn, vi thi gian trung bnh dnh cho cc hot ng ny l t 10-40 ngy/ nm. Nhm ngi gi v ngi tr c quan im khc nhau i vi vic xp hng cc hot ng c tc ng ln VQG. Nhm ngi gia lit k mt danh sch di cc hot ng, bao gm mt s kha cnh lin quan ti vic khai thc VQG, gm thu hi ci v mng tre (xp v tr s 1), khai thc khong sn (xp v tr s 2), trng ch (xp v tr s 3), chn nui v cc khai thc khc v d cy
Final Report
42
thuc16. Nhm hc sinh ch lit k hai hot ng l thu hi cy thuc v hoa qu. iu ny c th bi v ngi gi c nhiu kinh nghim v rng hn. H sng gn rng trong sut cuc i v chng kin nhiu s thay i ca rng. iu quan trng l tha nhn nhng kin ca ngi gi v s dng nhng kin ny bo v rng. H cng c th l nhng ngi thy gio tt nht ging gii cho tr em v bo v rng. Nhm ngi gi v ngi tr c quan im khc nhau i vi vic xp hng the cc hot ng c tc ng tiu cc hoc tch cc ln VQG cng nh nhng khuyn ngh ca h hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc (Bng 24). Bng 24: Xp hng ca ngi gi v thanh nin v tm quan trng ca cc hot ng 17
Ngi gi Cc hot ng c tc ng tch cc ln VQG Trng cy Chng trnh gio dc v tuyn truyn Cc hot ng c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG Chy rng Thu hi ci v mng tre Cc khuyn ngh hn ch tc ng tiu cc To vic lm C thm cc hot ng tuyn truyn Tip tc nng cao nng lc cho cn b kim lm v s phi hp ca h vi ngi dn sng xung quanh 1 2 1 2 5 6 1 Thanh nin 1 5 1 3 1 2 3
Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005, Tho lun nhm tp trung
iu th v khi thy s khc bit gia hai nhm khi xp hng cho cc hot ng gio dc v tuyn truyn bo v rng. V nhm cc hot ng c tc ng tch cc ln VQG, tr em xp hot ng ny l cp 5, trong khi ngi gi li cho rng y l hot ng c tc ng tch cc nht. Khi i n khuyn ngh hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc ln rng, tr em xp cc hot ng tuyn truyn v tr quan trng th hai, trong khi ngi gi ch xp v tr s 6. iu ny c th gii thch mt thc t rng cc hot ng gio dc v tuyn truyn hin nay khng hiu qu theo quan im ca tr em. Hot ng tuyn truyn hin nay cn cp nht tr nn hp dn hn vi th h tr. 2.4.3 S nhn thc khc nhau gia ph n v nam gii
Gia ph n v nam gii khng th hin s khc bit ln i vi nhng cu hi lin quan ti nhng ngi s dng VQG v cc tc ng. H lit k mt danh mc di nhng kin, v c nhiu cuc tho lun si ni. i vi cc hot ng to thu nhp trong VQG, danh mc v xp hng cc hot ng quan trng tng t nhau (Bng 25). Bng 25: Xp hng ca ph n v nam gii v tm quan trng ca cc hot ng18
Ch s
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Ph n
Nam gii
kin ny c cng c bi cc nghin c in hnh trong chuyn thc a. Trong cu hi, chng ti c gng thu thp d liu v vn ny lin quan n cc hot ng to thu nhp t rng v lm nghip (phn 3 - Ngun thu nhp; cu hi 30 v 31). Tuy nhin, d liu nh lng chi tit thu thp c t cc h gia nh phn ln b b qua v nhng ngi c phng vn khng th nh chnh xc chi tit tng hng mc.
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1 c xp l quan trng nht. Bng trn ch gm nhng hot ng quan trng nht c nhm ngi gi hoc tr nh gi. bit thm thng tin lin quan n cc cu tr li v xp hng ca tng nhm, xem Ph lc 3.
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1c xp l quan trng nht. Bng trn ch gm nhng hot ng quan trng nht do nhm ph n hoc nam gii nh gi. c thm thng tin v nhng cu tr li v xp hng ca tng nhm, xem Ph lc 3.
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Cc hot ng to thu nhp lin quan n VQG Thu hi ci Thu hi mng tre Khai thc cc lm sn khc (cy thuc, cy) Cc hot ng c tc ng tch cc ln VQG Trng nhiu cy trong rng Bo v rng, khng cho tru b vo rng Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn sng gn VQG v tm quan tron ca vic bo v VQG Cc hot ng c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG Chy rng, t rng lm nng ry Thu hi ci v mng tre Thu thp v sn bn ng vt rng (th ln, ong, v.v.) Nui gia sc trong rng Cc khuyn ngh hn ch nhng tc ng tiu cc To vic lm C thm cc hot ng tuyn truyn Cho vay vn i vi cc hot ng to thu nhp Ngn nga ngi dn gy chy rng v khai thc bt hp php
1 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 8 1
1 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 4 3 2
i vi cc hot ng c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG, nam gii v ph n u c kin ging nhau. Danh mc gm chy rng v khai thc cy v sn bn ng vt. H ch c khc bit nh v tm quan trng ca thu hi ci v mng tre (ph n xp l hot ng c tm quan trng th hai trong khi nam gii coi n l hot ng c tm quan trng th ba), v sn bn ng vt rng. H u cho rng nn c thm nhiu cc hot ng tuyn truyn l rt quan trng hn ch nhng tc ng tiu cc ln VQG. S khc bit gia hai nhm ny th hin trong vic xp hng cc hot ng c tc ng tch cc ln VQG v nhng khuyn ngh ca h i vi vic ci tin trong tng lai. iu th v y l nam gii ch yu tp trung vo nhng vn mang tnh v m trong khi ph n cp n nhng vn c th hn. Th nht, s khc bit gia ph n v nam gii th hin trong vic xp hng cc hot ng c tc ng tch cc ln VQG. Ph n xp hng trng cy l mt hot ng c tc ng tch cc nht cho VQG, trong khi nam gii ch ngh rng hot ng ny c tm quan trng th ba m thi. Nam gii rank khng co rng th tru b vo rng l quan trng nht, trong khi ph n ch xp n c tm quan trng th 4. Nam gii cho rng kin nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn sng gn VQG c tm quan trng i vi vic bo v ca VQG l hot ng c tm quan trng th hai trong khi ph n li xp n ng th ba. Th hai, vic xp hng cc khuyn ngh cng khc nhau. Nam gii gi rng to vic lm l mt hot ng quan trng nht hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc ln VQG, trong khi ph n cho rng ngn nga ngi dn gy chy rng v khai thc bt hp php c hiu qu hn. Nam gii xp
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hng cho vay vn h tr cc hot ng to thu nhp c tm quan trng th ba trong khi ph n ch xp n c tm quan trng th 8. khu vc nng thn Vit Nam, nhn chung ph n thng gii quyt nhng cng vic lin quan trc tip ti gia nh ca h, sinh hot hng ngy v cc hot ng thu nhp v do h c hiu bit v nhng nhu cu ca cng ng. iu ny gii thch ti sao nhiu d n pht trin c ti tr bi cc nh ti tr hay chnh ph Vit Nam, u chn Hi Ph n lm i tc v ph n l i tng hng li. Cc ghi chp ch ra cho thy nhiu d n ny thnh cng19. Tuy nhin, n c th to thm gnh nng cho ph n, v h c th phi lm thm nhiu hot ng to thu nhp hn bn cnh nhng cng vic gia nh theo tp qun khng c tr lng. y c th l l do ti sao ph n dng nh khng nh gi cao cc hot ng tn dng (h ch xp n c tm quan trng th 8) nh nam gii. 1.1.9. S nhn thc khc nhau gia nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn ca VQG Nhng ngi trng ch v cc cn b kim lm dng nh c chung nhn nh v cc hot ng to thu nhp lin quan ti VQG20 cng nh c cng mt s kin v nhng khuyn ngh hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc (Bng 26). Tuy nhin, nhng ngi trng ch tin rng hot ng c tc ng tch cc nht i vi VQG chnh l c nhng cn b kim lm tt, trong khi cc cn b kim lm cho rng nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn sng trong vng m quan trng hn. iu ny cng c lp li trong phn khuyn ngh i vi nhng ngi trng ch ngh rng s tt hn cho cng ng nu rng c qun l thng qua k hp ng. Cc cn b kim lm gi rng iu quan trng hn l gio dc ngi dn, giao thm t cho ngi dn sng trong vng m v pht tht nng nu h tin hnh cc hot ng ph rng.
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Nhiu d n pht trin, c bit cc chng trnh o to v tn dng tit kim, chn Hi Ph n l i tc a phng v ph n l i tng hng li chnh. Cc v d ny gm mt d n do DANIDA ti tr ti tnh Ngh An, H Tnh v c Lc, Ngn hng Nng nghip & Pht trin nng thn (VBARD) ang cho vay cc h gia nh thng qua Hi Ph n ti Nam nh, Care International ti Thanh Ho, v.v. (Rasmussen v L Thanh Tm, 2005)
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bit thm thng tin chi tit v cu hi tho lun nhm, xem Ph lc 2
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Bng 26: Phn ng khc nhau ca nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn rng t VQG
Cn b kim lm Cc hot ng to thu nhp chnh Trng ch Trng la Chn nui Cc hot ng to Trng ch trong VQG thu nhp lin quan khai thc ci v mng tre n VQG? Cc hot ng c Cc hot ng tuyn tc ng tch cc truyn bo v rng ln VQG? Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn sng trong vng m Trng rng trong vng m Qun l v bo v rng Cc hot ng c Khng c kin tc ng tiu cc ln VQG? Nhng ngi trng ch Trng ch Trng la Chn nui Trng ch trong VQG khai thc ci v mng tre Good rng ranger staff Cc hot ng tuyn truyn bo v rng Cam kt bo v rng Nhng ngi khai thc khong sn Chn nui Khai thc khong sn Thu hi mng tre Thu hi ci Khai thc khong sn Khng c kin
Khai thc g
Khai thc khong sn khng c k hoch
Thu hi ci Trng ch trong rng Cc khuyn ngh H tr tn dng cho cc H tr tn dng cho trng Chnh quyn cn hn ch nhng tc hot ng to thu nhp rng qun l nhiu hn i ng tiu cc ln vi hot ng khai VQG? thc khong sn To vic lm To vic lm To vic lm lm gim hot ng khai thc khong sn Gio dc ngi dn nhiu Cng ng qun l rng hn Tng din tch t sn ngi dn a phng xut nng nghip k hp ng bo v rng Pht v truy t mt cch y , ng n cc hot ng ph rng
Ngun: iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn 2005, Tho lun nhm tp trung
i vi cc hot ng c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG, cn b kim lm khng c bt k nhn xt no c, trong khi nhng ngi trng ch tha nhn rng trng ch trong rng c nh hng tiu cc ln VQG. iu ny tht th v, bi v y l vic ca cn b kim lm i hi h phi bit v hiu nhng nhn t c nh hng tiu cc ln VQG, nhng h khng mun tho lun ch ny hoc mun bit v n. ng thi n cng ch ra rng nhng ngi trng ch bit vic h lm ang ph hu VQG nhng h vn s tip tc. Dng nh h s tip tc hot ng ny bi v khng c nhiu c hi to thu nhp khc,21 v iu ny c th gii thch ti sao h cho rng to vic lm l mt gii php quan trng th hai cho bo v rng. Nhm nhng ngi khai thc khong sn rt c th, bi v n ch tn ti tnh Tuyn Quang. iu th v khi thy rng nhng ngi khai thc khong sn xp hng hot ng khai thc khong sn t rng ch l hot ng to thu nhp c tm quan trng th hai, v h bit rng hot ng ny
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Hot ng to thu nhp quan trng nht chnh l trng ch v sau h c cc hot ng trng trt v chn nui. Nhng nhng hot ng ny rt hn ch bi din tch t c hn. Ngun: Tho lun nhm tp trung.
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c tc ng tiu cc mnh m ti VQG. H ch cp ti hai hot ng c tc ng tiu cc ln VQG, v cc hot ng lin quan trc tip ti khai thc khong sn. Tt c cc khuyn ngh ca h cng lin quan ti vic qun l tt hn hot ng khai thc khong sn v to vic lm thay th cc hot ng hin nay. i vi nhng ngi trng ch, h bit rng hot ng ny khng tt i vi VQG, nhng h khng c cc hot ng thay th khc. iu ny ng rng bo v VQG mt cch bn vng, iu quan trng l gip ngi dn vng m tm kim cc hot ng to thu nhp khc.
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3. Cc khuyn ngh
Mc tiu ca iu tra c s l thit lp d liu c s v thc trng kinh t ca cc h gia nh sinh sng trong VQG v vng m thng qua c th tin hnh nh gi tc ng d n, xut cc sng kin sinh k v khuyn ngh cc bin php bo v rng. Trn c s cc kt qu iu tra v tho lun nhm tp trung, c th a ra mt s khuyn ngh sau y. Trc mi quan gia i ngho v s ph thuc ca sinh k ln ti nguyn rng c pht hin l cht ch, vic tp trung vo cc hot ng xo i gim ngho v to ra cc ngun thu nhp thay th c xem l ph hp. Cc chnh sch v chng trnh c th tc ng trc tip ln cc hot ng to thu nhp khng ph thuc vo rng bao gm cung cp o to k thut v o to dy ngh, pht trin lng ngh, ci to h thng thu li, cung cp dch v khuyn nng v h tr vt t u vo cho sn xut (hoc cung cp tn dng cho php mua vt t u vo cho sn xut). Rng trng c qun l v s dng bi cc h gia nh v vic khuyn khch s dng ngun cht t khng phi l g c th gim tc ng do ngi dn thu hi ci ln VQG Tam o. Cn c thm nghin cu v tnh bn vng ca nhng chnh sch ny nhng n li nm ngoi phm vi ca nghin cu ny. Cc hot ng du lch v c s h tng h tr cho du lch cn c qui hoch cn thn ngnh du lch c th gp phn nng cao ngun thu nhp trong khu vc Tam o. Hn na, cn m bo rng mi tng lp trong x hi u c hng li ch thu c t ngnh du lch ang ln mnh. Ngnh du lch chc chn khai thc ti nguyn rng hn nhng ngnh khc (v d: khai thc khong sn) v chng minh rng y l mt ngnh c ng gp quan trng trong vic bo v sinh thi cc VQG v khu bo tn trn th gii (du lch sinh thi). Ngnh du lch dng nh to mt c hi thc s nhm chuyn cc hot ng thu nhp khi nhng hot ng c tc ng tiu cc ln rng. C lp lun cho rng s phi hp thiu cht ch gia cc cp chnh quyn khc nhau v s thiu tham gia ca chnh quyn a phng v cc cng ng dn c dn n s qun l yu km VQG Tam o. Do , vic a ra nhng ch dn r rng cho cc k hoch qun l rng, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng cho ngi dn trong vng m v huy ng nhiu ch th a phng hn trong tham gia qun l l ht sc cn thit nhm theo ui vic qun l bn vng VQG. Cn c cc phng tin/ cng c trc quan v truyn thng thng tin nng cao nhn thc, gm TV v cc cuc hp cng ng. Cn ch hn ti vic k kt v t chc cc chin dch thng tin ch r ranh gii ca VQG. D liu c s thu thp c to c s cho nh gi tc ng ca TDMP trong tng lai v gip cho thit k v qun l d n. Trong phn tip theo, s tho lun nh gi tc ng.
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4. Tho lun v iu khon tham chiu nh gi tc ng sau ny

nh gi tc ng c tin hnh nhm mc ch nh gi mc m d n to ra nhng tc ng mong mun ln cc c nhn, h gia nh, v c quan/th ch, v liu nhng tc ng c phi do can thip ca d n to ra khng. Mt nh gi tc ng khng phi l nh gi u vo hay u ra ca d n m l nh gi cc tc ng ca nhng yu t u vo v u ra ny. iu tra nh gi tc ng ch l giai on cui cng ca nh gi d n. N nhm thu thp d liu v thng tin v thc trng ca cng ng c la chn v so snh n vi thc trng ca chnh cng ng ny trc khi d n c tin hnh (o lng bng d liu c s) v thc trng ca cc cng ng dn c khc ni d n khng trin khai (i din bi nhm i chng). nh gi tc ng nn kho st c nhng h qu c d tnh cng nh khng c d tnh trc, d l tch cc hay tiu cc, ln cc i tng hng li v cc i tng khc. nh gi tc ng nn cung cp thng tin cho php d n v cc i tc ca n xc nh tnh bn vng trong hin ti v tng lai ca d n. Mt nh gi tc ng phi c lng c gi nh kim chng, l, ci s xy ra nu nh d n khng c trin khai. i vi D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m, gi nh kim chng c xem xt bng cch so snh nhm tc ng (nhng ngi nhn tip nhn can thip) v nhm i chng (nhng ngi khng tham gia d n). Vic s dng nhm i chng cng cho php nh gi ny c lp vi cc tc ng ca cc nhn t phi d n khc (cc tc ng ngoi lai). nh gi tc ng nn s dng c phng php nh tnh v nh lng. Thng tin c s trong bo co ny, c nh tnh v nh lng, l u vo quan trng cho nh gi tc ng cui cng ca D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m. Trong mi cng on chng ti lm u c tnh lp li. Ngha l nhng ngi s tip tc nghin ny s c th thu thp cng kt qu v n thm cng h gia nh. Ph lc 4 trnh by mt danh sch cc h gia nh gm nhm tc ng v nhm i chng. Tt yu, nh gi tc ng s lin quan n vic lp li cuc iu tra v phng vn c tin hnh trong nghin cu c s, v s so snh gia cc kt qu thu c vi nhng kt qu trnh by y. Vic so snh gia cc gi tr trung bnh, hi qui v cc cng c thng k khc nn c s dng nh gi tc ng ca D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m theo thi gian. V vy mt b c s d liu c cung cp cho TDMP vi mc ch ny. Thng tin nh tnh nn c thu thp nhm a vo trong nh gi tc ng v so snh vi thng tin trnh by trong bo co ny. Nhm nh gi tc ng d n gia k v cui k c th s dng c hai phng php l Phng php bin cng c v Phng php ghp cp im xu hng, hoc s dng chng c lp. Chi tit v phng php lun nh gi tc ng c trnh by trong Ph lc 1. Thng tin l thuyt ny nn c s dng a vo trong thit k bc nh gi tc ng ca D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m.
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Ph lc 1: Phng php lun nh gi tc ng lin quan ti nhm tc ng v nhm i chng

1. Cc khi nim chung v nhng vn trong nh gi tc ng d n Mc tiu chnh ca nh gi tc ng mt chng trnh l nh gi mc m chng trnh thay i cc kt qu ca cc i tng ca chng trnh. Hay ni cch khc, tc ng ca chng trnh ln cc i tng c o lng bng s thay i trong cc kt qu v mt phc li ch do chng trnh to nn. Gi s rng c mt chng trnh c gn cho c nhn i trong qun th. Gn Pi l bin nh phn v s tham gia ca c nhn i trong chng trnh, v d: Pi bng 1 (hoc 0) nu c nhn i tham gia (hoc khng tham gia) chng trnh. Hn na gn S i1 l gi tr ca mt kt qu c quan tm khi c nhn i tham gia chng trnh, v gn S i 0 l gi tr ca cng mt bin kt qu khi c nhn i khng tham gia chng trnh. Tc ng c mong i ca chng trnh ln kt qu ca i tng c o lng nh sau: G = E ( S i1 Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 Pi = 1) (1) Tc ng ca chng trnh chnh l hiu ca kt qu trung bnh khi i tng tham gia chng trnh v kt qu trung bnh ca chnh i tng khi khng tham gia chng trnh. Trong cc ti liu nh gi G i khi c gi l tc ng can thip trung bnh ln nhm tc ng. Vn khng quan st thy c tm tt bi mt thc t rng chng ta khng th o lng kt qu ca i tng nu i tng khng tham gia. y chnh l gi nh kim chng cn phi c lng. Nu chng trnh c gn mt cch ngu nhin cho c nhn trong qun th, cc kt qu tim nng S i 0 , S i1 c lp vi can thip ca chng trnh. Kt qu ca i tng khng tham gia E ( S io Pi = 0) c th c s dng c on E ( S i 0 Pi = 1) , v tc ng ca chng trnh ln i tng c o lng bng hiu gia cc kt qu trung bnh gia i tng tham gia v i tng khng tham gia chng trnh: G = E ( S i1 Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 Pi = 1) = E ( S i1 Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 Pi = 0) (2) Trong nh gi tc ng d n lun lun gi s rng kt qu ca c nhn i khng ph thuc vo s tham gia ca cc c nhn khc trong chng trnh. Hay ni mt cch khc chng trnh khng c hiu ng trn hoc c tc ng cn bng trung. Hin nhin nu c hiu ng tc ng trn, kt qu E ( S io Pi = 0) khng th m bo kt qu gi nh kim chng ca i tng khng tham gia chng trnh v n b chng trnh lm hng. 2. Mt s phng php lun nh gi tc ng 2.1. Phng php bin cng c Gi s rng kt qu S l mt hm ca cc bin tng minh Xs v s tham gia trong chng trnh P nh sau: Si = + i + a b P c i +i X (3) l sai s ngu nhin v khng tng quan vi X Trong
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Do , b, kt qu t chng trnh. Bi v s tham gia trong chng trnh c t mc tiu mt cch c dng , v d:, cc i tng c la chn tham gia vo chng trnh thng da trn mt vi tiu ch v d mc thu nhp, hoc chi tiu, v v tr a l, P l mt bin ni sinh. Nu ch da trn phng trnh kt qu (2) c lng tc ng chng trnh, c lng s b sai lc, P l hm ca cc bin quan st c Z: Pi = d + eZ i + vi (4) gii quyt vn v s ni sinh, nn s dng cc bin cng c. Mt bin cng c l mt ngun quan st c s bin i ngoi sinh v s tham gia trong chng trnh. Hay ni mt cch khc, n c tng quan vi P nhng khng phi hi qui v khng tng quan vi sai s trong phng trnh kt qu, . Do chng ta phi c t nht mt bin Z khng phi trong Z v khng c tng quan vi . Sau cc bin cng c c lng tc ng ca chng trnh thu c bng cch thay th P vi gi tr c on c ca n nm trong Z. Bi v gi tr c on c ny ch ph thuc vo X (l bin ngoi lai) v X khng tng quan vi , by gi l hp l khi p dng OLS cho hi qui mi ny. Bin cng c cng c th gip nu c sai s o lng ng k trong d liu v s tham gia trong chng trnh, mt ngun sai lc c th. Sai s o lng ngha l c kh nng s tham gia trong chng trnh bin thin nhiu hn n thc s xy ra. Vic nh gi qu cao s bin thin ca P v mt bn cht dn n c lng thp gi tr h s ca n b. iu ny c gi l sai lch suy gim bi v sai lch ny lm gim h s hi qui c lng c. Mc d phng php bin cng c rt hu ch trong vic c on cc tc ng ca d n, vic xc nh bin cng c khng phi l mt qu trnh d dng. Mt khc, tng bin kt qu cn mt bin cng c khc nhau. Ngoi ra cc m hnh kinh t lng phi to ra nhiu gi nh v mi quan h hm s gia cc kt qu, bin s tc ng, v bin tng minh. Do , vic vi phm gim nh OLS v d a tuyn tnh lm cho c lng khng . 2.2. Phng php ghp cp im xu hng Ghp cp chnh xc bng cc ng bin xc nh tc ng ca chng trnh Rubin (1977) xut mt gi nh gi l gi nh v s c lp c iu kin. Gi nh ny ch ra rng vi mt tp hp cc bin quan st c X cc kt qu tim nng S i 0 , S i1 c lp vi can thip ca chng trnh ca d n: S i 0 , S i1 Pi X i (5) Nu gi nh c tho mn, chng trnh c th c coi l gn ngu nhin cho mt tp hp cho trc cc bin X. Kt qu ca i tng khng tham gia d n c th c s dng m bo kt qu gi nh kim chng ca s khng tham gia ca i tng sau khi t iu kin ln tp hp cc bin X G = E ( S i1 Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 Pi = 1) = E ( S i1 X i , Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 X i , Pi = 1) (6) = E ( S i1 X i , Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 X i , Pi = 0) Do , nu tp hp cc bin X c th quan st c, mt nhm so snh (cng c gi l nhm i chng) c xy dng theo cc c im ca chng tng t nh i vi nhng i tng trong chng trnh (c gi l nhm tc ng). S khc bit gia nhm tc ng v nhm so snh chnh
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l nhm tc ng tham gia trong cc chng trnh trong khi nhm so snh khng tham gia. Nu mt nhm so snh c tm thy, tc ng ca chng trnh ln i tng c th c tnh ton n gin chnh l s khc bit trung bnh trong cc kt qu gia nhm tc ng v nhm so snh. i vi nhm so snh s c tm thy, gi s rng tn ti mt vng h tr chung nm gia cc i tng tham gia v i tng khng tham gia d n. iu c ngha l vn c nhng c nhn khng tham gia trong chng trnh nhng c nhng c im tng t nh nhng i tng . Nhm so snh c xy dng bng cch ghp cp tng i tng tham gia vi nhm i tng khng tham gia da trn cc bin tng t X. Phng php ghp cp ny, tuy nhin, rt kh thc hin. V s lng c im c s dng trong ghp cp tng, v cc c hi tm cp cho i tng gim i. Khi cc c im gm nhiu bin lin tc, hu nh khng th tm thy mt cp ng nht. Thm ch nu mt cp c tm thy da trn gi tr c im xp x th cng khng bit r t trng ca nhng c im ny nn l bao nhiu. im xu hng v Gim s a din Tht may mn s a din vn trong ghp cp c Rosenbaum v Rubin (1983) gii quyt. H ch ra rng nu cc kt qu S i 0 , S i1 c lp vi cc tc ng ca chng trnh trc mt tp hp cc bin cho trc X, sau chng c lp vi cc tc ng ca chng trnh trc mt xc sut cho trc c gn cho chng trnh p(Xi) (c gi l im xu hng): ( S i 0 , S i1 ) Pi X i ( S i 0 , S i1 ) Pi p ( X i ) (7) Tc ng ca chng trnh ln i tng c th c c lng theo iu kin v im xu hng: G = E ( S i1 p( X i ), Pi = 1) E ( S i 0 p ( X i ), Pi = 0) (8) c lng im xu hng v tc ng ca chng trnh Trong nghin cu ny, vic c lng tc ng ca chng trnh ln i tng c chia thnh hai bc. Bc th nht l xy dng nhm so snh bng cch ghp cp tng i tng tham gia vi i tng khng tham gia d n da trn s gn gi v xu hng im. Bc th hai l vit chng trnh trn my tnh tnh ton tc ng ca chng trnh s dng cc gi tr kt qu ca nhm tc ng v nhm so snh. Vic xy dng nhm so snh c bt u vi s c on im xu hng bng m hnh logit. Xc sut c la chn tham gia vo chng trnh c th c th hin l mt hm logit ca cc ng bin X: Pi = F( + X i ) (9) y Pi l xc sut c la chn tham gia trong chng trnh ca c nhn i , Pi = 1 i vi cc i tng tham gia, v Pi = 0 i vi cc i tng khng tham gia X i l mt tp hp cc bin c im. L tng nht l tt c cc bin c hi vng l c nh hng ti s tham gia trong chng trnh v kt qu nn c a vo trong hi qui logit. iu c ngha l tt c cc thng tin v c ch tc ng ca chng trnh cn phi quan st c. ng lu l trong trng hp nh gi sau tc
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ng s dng d liu lin h cho n, cc bin tng minh cn phi khng b nh hng bi qu trnh ca chng trnh.
Khi cc im xu hng, Pi c c on trc cho tt c cc c nhn, nhm so snh c th c xy dng bng cch ghp cp cc i tng tham gia vi cc i tng khng tham gia trong d n da trn xu hng im ca chng. Tng i tng c th c ghp cp vi mt hoc mt vi i tng khng tham gia trong d n cch c lng ca tc ng chng trnh. Trong nghin cu ny xem xt hai cch thit lp nhm so snh. Cch th nht tng i tng tham gia d n c ghp cp vi i tng ln cn gn nht khng tham gia trong d n. i tng gn nht i vi i tng i c nh ngha l i tng khng tham gia trong d n j c gi tr xu hng im gn nht. Hay ni mt cch khc ghp cp gn nht c tm thy bng cch tm gi tr nh nht ca gi tr tuyt i Pi Pj trong tt c j trong tp hp cc i tng khng tham gia trong d n. Trong cch th hai nhm so snh c xy dng bng cch ghp cp tng i tng tham gia trong d n vi 3 i tng khng tham gia trong d n ln cn nht.
Cn lu rng vic s dng xu hng im ch yu nhm mc ch gii quyt s a din vn khi ghp cp bi cc ng bin. Nhm so snh cn c nhng c im ng bin, khng c xu hng im, tng t nh nhng i tng ca nhm i tng tham gia d n. Cht lng ca nhm so snh c xy dng nn c nh gi bng cch th xem liu s phn b ca cc ng bin c im c tng t gia nhm so snh v nhm tc ng vi xu hng im on trc. Trong nghin cu cu ny, hai loi php th c dng kho st tnh tng ng ca cc ng bin gia cc i tng khng tham gia trong d n v i tng tham gia trong d n c ghp cp. Php th nht n gin l php th bng nhau cng gi tr ca cc ng bin gia nhm tc ng v nhm so snh. Nu mt nhm so snh c xy dng tt, gi thuyt ng thc thng k c th khng b bc b mt cch c ngha thng k i vi tt c cc ng bin. Php th hai l php th bng nhau cng gi tr vi cc ng bin trong tng. N c th c m t nh sau. Th nht cc i tng c xp theo chiu tng dn theo xu hng im c d on trc, sau c chia thnh 10 tng. Th hai cc i tng khng tham gia trong d n c ghp cp c phn b trong 10 tng tng ng vi cc i tng tham gia trong d n c ghp cp. Th ba, php th t-test c thc hin vi tng tng kho st xem liu c s khc bit c ngha thng k trong gi tr trung bnh ca cc ng bin gia nhng i tng tham gia trong d n v so snh vi nhng i tng khng tham gia trong d n. L tng nht l tt c cc ng bin nn cn bng trong mi tng.22 Nu c mt ng bin khng cn bng nhiu tng, v d: 3 tng, nhm so snh nn c xy dng li bng cch sa li m hnh logit im xu hng. Cc bin do c xem l km quan trng trong vic quyt nh s tham gia chng trnh v cc kt qu c th c b ra khi m hnh. Cch khc l a thm mt s khi nim tng quan hoc khi nim c trt t cao hn ca cc bin c im. Sau khi mt nhm so snh c cc c im c tnh ng bin tng t nh nhng i tng ca nhm tc ng c xy dng, tc ng trung bnh ca chng trnh ln nhm tc ng c c lng nh sau: N 1 1 G = S i1 (10) S j0 N i =1 M jM j
22
Phng php th ng thc tnh ton gi tr trung bnh ca cc ng bin trong tp hp do Dehejia v Wahba xut (2002). H th tt cc i tng tham gia v khng tham gia sau khi c on im xu hng. Trong nghin cu ny th nghim c p dng cho cc nhm tc ng v nhm so snh sau khi ghp cp. Bi v ci m chng ta cn chnh l s tng ng ca cc ng bin gia nhm tc ng v nhm i chng.
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Trong S i1 l kt qu sau khi c tc ng ca chng trnh ca i tng c ghp cp i , S j 0 l kt qu ca i tng khng tham gia trong d n j c ghp cp vi i tng i . N l tng s i tng c ghp cp. M j l tp hp cc i tng khng tham gia trong d n j' s c ghp cp vi i tng i , v M l tng s i tng khng tham gia trong d n nm trong tp hp. Trong nghin cu ny gi tr ca M bng 1 hoc 3, ph thuc vo nhm so snh c xy dng bng cch ghp cp ln cn gn nht hoc bng cch ghp cp 3 ln cn gn nht.23
23
i vi cc phng trnh nh t trng kt qu ca cc i tng khng tham gia c ghp cp trong c on tc ng ca chng trnh, xem Rosenbaum v Rubin (1985), v Heckman cng cng s (1997)
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Ph lc 2: Cc ch dn cho vic iu tra

Cc ch dn cho iu tra sau y c trnh by trong phn ny: Cu hi phng vn h gia nh Cu hi phng vn nhm chnh Hng dn phng vn x v thn
1. 2. 3.
1. Cu hi phng vn h gia nh
iu tra c s kinh t h nng thn
Rural Household Economics Baseline Survey Tam Dao National Park and Buffer Zone
Vn quc gia v vng m Tam o Bng hi h gia nh

Household Questionnaire
Phn 1: Thng tin xc nh h gia nh

Section 1: Defined Household
Ngy Phng vn (ngy/thng/nm): _____________________________

Date of Interview (day/month/year):
Tnh (Province):
[__] 1. Vnh Phc [__] 2. Thi Nguyn [__] 3. Tuyn Quang
Huyn /M s (District/Code):
_____________________________
X/M s (Commune/Code):
_____________________________
X/M s (Village/Code):
_____________________________
M h gia nh (Household Code):

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Thuc d n /khng thuc d n Project/Non-project group:
[__] Thuc d n (Project) [__] Khng thuc d n (Non-project)
Tn ngi c phng vn: _____________________________________

Interviewee Name:
iu tra vin:
Interviewer:
_____________________________________
Ngy Gim st kim tra:

Date of supervising:
_____________________________________
Gim st k tn:
Signature of supervisor:
_____________________________________
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Phn 2: Cc c im v nhn khu

Section 2: Demographic Characteristics
STT QNo.
Cu hi /Question
Tr li /Responses
Chuy n ti/Skip to
Nu c, chuy n cu 3(If Yes, Go to Q3)
01
ng/b c phi l ch h khng? Are you the head of the household?
[__] 1. C/Yes >>> [__] 2. Khng/No
02
Nu khng, ng/b c quan h nh th no vi ch h? If no, what is your relationship with the head of household
[__] 1. Chng hoc v/Spouse [__] 2. ng b/Grandparent [__] 3. Cha m/Parent [__] 4. Con ci/Child [__] 5. H hng thn thuc/Close relative [__] 6. Khng h hng /Non relative
03
Tnh trng hn nhn ca ch h What is the head of households current marital status?
[__] 1. c thn /Single [__] 2. Kt hn/Married >>> [__] 3. Ly thn/Separated [__] 4. Ly d/Divorced [__] 5. Go ba/Widowed
Nu ko chn 2, chuy n c 8,9,11 (If not choos e 2, skip Q 8, 9 and 11
04
Ch h sinh nm no? When was he/she born?
05
Ch h hc ht lp my? What grade did he/she attain?
06
C ngha l, ch h tt nghip cp my? What is the highest level of education he/she attained?
[__] 1. Cha tt hc /None >>>
nghip
tiu
[__] 2. Tiu hc/Primary >>>

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Nu ko chn 1,
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[__] 3. Trung Secondary
hc
s/Lower
[__] 4. Trung hc ph thng /Upper Secondary [__] 5. Trung hc dy ngh/Middle Vocational Training [__] 6. Cao ng/College [__] 7. i hc /University
chuy n c 7(If not choos e 1, 2 skip Q7)
07
Ch h c th c hiu bo ch hay th t mt cch d dng, kh khn hay khng c kh khn g? Can he/she read and understand a newspaper or letter easily, with difficulty or not at all?
[__] 1. D dng/Easily [__] 2. C kh khn /With difficulty [__] 3. Khng c c/Cannot read at all
08
V/chng ch h hc ht lp my? What grade did his/her spouse attain?
09
C ngha l, v/chng ch h tt nghip cp my? What is the highest level of education the spouse attained?
[__] 1. Cha tt hc /None >>> [__] 3. Trung Secondary hc
nghip
tiu
[__] 2. Tiu hc/Primary >>> c s/Lower
[__] 4. Trung hc ph thng /Upper Secondary [__] 5. Trung hc dy ngh/Middle Vocational Training [__] 6. Cao ng/College [__] 7. i hc/University
10
Ch h thuc dn tc g? What is the head of households ethnicity?
[__] 1. Kinh [__] 2. Sn Du/San Diu [__] 3. Dao [__] 4. Khc/Other (lit k r/specify)
11
Tng s nhn khu trong h l bao nhiu? How many people are there in your family?
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12
Ngh nghip ca ch h l g? What is the occupation? head of households
[__] 1. Trng ch /Tea growing [__] 2. Trng trt khc (ngoI trng ch)/Farming (other than tea growing) [__] 3. Chn nui/Animal Husbandry [__] 4. Nui c/Aquaculture [__] 5. Nht ci/Firewood extraction [__] 6. Khai thc qung/Mining [__] 7. Dch v du lch/Tourism [__] 8. Sn bt/Hunter [__] 9. Lm cng n lng/Wage employment (c th ho/specify) [__] 10. Cc cng vic khng thng xuyn/Casual work (c th ho/specify) [__] 11. Lm ngh t do/Selfemployment (c th ho/specify) [__] 12.Tht nghip/Unemployment [__] 13. Cc cng vic khc/Other job (c th ho/specify)
Lu i vi iu tra vin: Interviewers Note: C th chn nhiu tr li Multiple responses are possible here. Cn chi tit ho vi ngh nghip t mc 9 n mc 12 Details of jobs should be listed if choose from 9 to 12.
13
Ngh nghip ca v/chng ch h l g? What is the occupation? head of households
Lu i vi iu tra vin: Interviewers Note: C th chn nhiu tr li Multiple responses are possible here. Cn chi tit ho vi ngh nghip t mc 9 n mc 12 Details of jobs should be listed if choose from 9 to 12.
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14
Ngh nghip ca cc thnh vin khc trong gia nh l g? What are the occupations of other familys members? Lu i vi iu tra vin: Interviewers Note: C th chn nhiu tr li Multiple responses are possible here. Cn chi tit ho vi ngh nghip t mc 9 n mc 12 Details of jobs should be listed if choose from 9 to 12.
15
Gia nh anh ch c ch h l n khng? Are you living in a female-headed household (FHH)? Lu i vi iu tra vin Interviewers Note: T nh gi nu ngi c phng vn sng trong gia nh c ch h n. Assess by yourself if the respondent lives in a FHH. G c ch h n l G c rh h l n nhng trong gia nh khng c nam gii l lao ng chnh. A FHH is household with a female head but without productive men Theo nh h khu, ch h c phi l n khng? According to the permanent registration book, is the head of your household female? ng/b nh gi nh th no v iu kin kinh t ca gia nh? How do you assess your households
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
16
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
17
[__] 1. Giu c/Rich [__] 2. Kh gi/Better off

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economic condition? Lu i vi iu tra vin Interviewers Note: nh gi ca ngi c phng vn so vi hng xm/dn lng Assess by the interviewee as compared to their neighbors/villagers 18 Gia nh ng/b c thuc danh sch h ngho ca a phng khng? Is your household classified as poor by local authorities?
[__] 3. Trung bnh/Medium [__] 4. Ngho/Poor [__] 5. Rt ngho/Very poor
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
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Phn 3: Cc ngun thu nhp ca h Section 3: Source of Income - Household
19
Loi mi nh ca ng/b? What kind of roof of the house you live in?
[__] 1. Mi bng/Concrete [__] 2. Mi ngi/Tile [__] 3. Mi tranh/Thatched roof
20
Trong nh ng/b c bao nhiu phng How many of rooms are there in your house?
21
Gia nh ng/b c in khng? Does your family have access to electricity?
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
Nu khng, chuyn cu 23/If no, skip questio n 23
22
Nu c, ngun in t u? If yes, where electricity? did you get the
[__] 1. in li quc gia/National Network [__] 2. My pht in ca gia nh/ Generator of the family [__] 3. Mua in t my pht in nh hng xm Buying from neighbors generator
23
Xin hy k tn cc ti sn chnh gia nh ng/b c? (ti sn ca gia nh + ti sn kinh doanh) Kindly tell us the major assets owned by your household (household + business)
Ti sn/ASSETS
S lng Number of items (nu khng c, in 0) (If not available write 0)
Gia sc/Gia cm Cattle/Poultry
S lng Number of items (nu khng c, in 0) (If not available write 0)
1. Ti vi mu/Color Television
1. Tru/Buffalo
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2. Ti vi en trng/ Black and white Television 3. Tu, thuyn/Boat 4. u my video/ Video cassette recorder 5. T lnh Fridge 6. Bp in/Electric cooker 7. i/Radio
2. Ngh/Small buffalo
3. B/Cow
4. B/Calf
5. Ln/Pig
6. Ln con/Small pig 7. Nga/Horse
8. Bp ga/Gas cooker 9. Xe p/Bicycle 10. Xe my/Motorcycl es 11. Bnh nc nng/Water heater 12. My bm nc/Mechanical pump 13. My khu/Sewing machine 14. Qut/Fan
8. D/Goat
9. G/Chicken
10. Vt/Duck
11.
12.
15. Ca hng/Shop 16. My cy/Plough 17. My ko/Tiller
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18. My tut la/Threshing machine 19. My pht in/Electrici ty generator 20.
21.
22.
24
Ngun nc s dng cho sinh hot chnh ca gia nh? What is the main source of your water use?
[__] 1. Nc my (lp n nh/cng cng) Tap (individual, public tap) [__] 2. Nc ging su c dng bm Deep drill well with pump [__] 3. Nc ging o, ging xy Hand dug well, constructed well [__] 4. Nc sng/sui Stream/river water [__] 5. Nc ma Rain water [__] 6. Nc h, ao Lake, pond water [__] 7. Khc (lit k c th) Others (specify)
25
Gia nh ng/b c s dng thng lc hay cc ho cht lc nc sinh hot khng? Do your household use purifying tank or mechanical to purify this drinking water
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
26
Gia nh ng/b ang s dng loi h x no? What type of toilet do your household have?
[__] 1. Nh x t hoi/ Flush toilet with tank/sewage pipes septic
[__] 2. H x hai ngn/double vault compost latrine [__] 3. H x mt ngn/one vault
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compost latrine [__] 4. Cu kh/Toilet directly over the water [__] 5. Khc/Other [__] 6. No toilet
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27. Gia nh ng/b c bao nhiu t (s hu, thu, cho thu), v tnh hp php ca cc loi t ny nh th no? How much land do you have (owned, rent-in, rent-out) and what are the legality of these land? Lu i vi phng vn vin: Xin hy lit k c th tng din tch v n v. Chuyn thnh m2. Nu khng nh chi tit, ghi tng Interviewers Note: Please specify the total area and the local unit. Change it into m2. If not remembered in detailed, put total)
Loi t Kind of land
S hu (bao gm c t c cho, tng) Owned (including heritage) (m2)
i thu Rent-in (m2)
Cho thu Rent-out (m2)
C giy chng nhn quyn s dng t? Having LURC? (1=s /red book, 2 = cc giy t khc ngoi s chng mnh quyn s dng t/papers verifying land use rights trather than red book, 3 = Khng c GCN/no LURC)
t th c/ Residental land t nng nghip/ Agricultural land t rng Forestry land Trong /Of which: Rng t nhin/ Natural forestry Rng trng/Planted forestry t i/Hilly land Mt nc nui thu sn/Aquacultural water t cha s
dng/Unused land Khc (lit k)/ Other (specify) Tng/Total
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Xin vui lng cung cp cho chng ti nhng thng tin v hot ng to thu nhp ca ng/b v cc thnh vin trong gia nh. Cc ngun thu nhp ca gia nh l g? Thu nhp t tng ngun? Tng thu nhp trung bnh ca gia nh? Please provide us with some information on what you and your family members do to earn a living. What are your sources of household income? How much do you earn from each of the different income sources? What is the total annual average income of your family? Lu i vi phng vn vin/Interviewers Note: Tnh tng tt c cc khon thu nhp, nh thu nhp ca ngi c phng vn, v/chng, ngi ln/tr em sng trong gia nh, ti tr t bn ngoi trong nm ngoi (t thng 12/2003 n nay). Cn thit thu thp thng tin v thu nhp t vic s dng rng quc gia. Please include all the sources of household income, such as those from the respondent, spouse, adults/children still living at home, remittances etc. from the last year (Dec 2003 to now). It is necessary to have information on income from the use of the National Park.
28
Doanh thu t cc hot ng nng ng nghip v thi gian hot ng trong 12 thng qua/Turnover from and time spent for agricultural and aquacultural activities in the last 12 months (Cho c cy trng hng nm v di hn, cy cng nghip, chn nui, thu sn, cc sn phm ph) (Both annual and perennial crops, industrial crops, livestock, fishery and their bi-products)
Cy trng/con Crop /Livestock / Fishery/
u? Where ? (trong rng = 1; ngoi rng = 2) (in NP = 1; out NP=2)
S thn g lm vic/ Mont hs spen t
Thi gian thc t lm/ Real time spent (Ngy /days)
Din tch/ Area
Sn lng Outp ut
Bn/Sold
tiu dng Self consumed Sn lng Quanti ty Gi tr th trng cho mt n v Market value for one unit Gi tr Cash value (1000 VND)
u t cho sn xut Self- kept for production purpose Sn lng Quanti ty Gi tr th trng cho mt n v Market value for one unit Gi tr Cash value (1000 VND)
Tng gi tr Total cash value (1000VND)
Sn lng Quantit y
Gi tr Cash value (1000 VND)
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La ng xun/Sprin g paddy La h thu/Summe r paddy La nng/Hilly paddy
Tng/Total (A) (VND 1000)
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29
Chi ph sn xut t cc hot ng nng ng nghip trong 12 thng qua. Production cost from agricultural and aquacultural activities in the last 12 months (in VND thousand) Bao gm c mua, trao i trc tip, t lm, c cho biu tng. Vit tng nu khng nh c th. /Incl. Purchase, barter, self-made, given for free. Write total if not remembered in detailed (Cho c cy trng hng nm v di hn, cy cng nghip, chn nui, thu sn, cc sn phm ph) (Both annual and perennial crops, industrial crops, livestock, fishery and their bi-products) Thuc tr su, thuc cho chn nui/thu sn (Pesticid es, medicine for livestock / fishery) Chi ph thu (t ai, ti sn, cng c.) Rent (land, assets, equipme nt, etc)
Cy trng/con Crop /Livestoc k /Fishery/
Cy con ging/ Seed breedi ng
Phn bn/Fertilizer Ho hc / Chem ical
Thc n Food
Chi ph lao ng ngoi Outsi de labor cost
T nhin / Organic
Thu, ph thu li/Tax, irrigatio n fees
Ph tr li vay/ Loan interes t payme nt
Cng c sn xut khng bn (Nondurable productio n tools)
Nng lng/ xng du Energy/ fuel
Sa cha, bo dng/ Repair, maintenanc e
Cc chi ph khc Other costs (Lit k specify) Tng Total
La ng xun/Spr ing paddy La h thu/Sum mer paddy La nng/Hilly paddy
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Total (B)
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30
Doanh thu t rng v cc hot ng lin quan n rng trong 12 thng qua (VND 1000) Turnover from forestry and forest based activities in the last 12 months (VND 1000) Ch : Bao gm c cc hot ng bn trong v ngoi khu vc bo v ca rng quc gia Note: This would include activities in and outside of the protected area of the National Park Sn phm/hot ng Sn lng/ Thi gian lm vic thc t/ Real time spent (ngy /days) Outpu t Gi tr th trng cho mt n v Market value for one unit tiu dng Self consumed u t cho sn xut Self- kept for production purpose Gi tr th trng cho mt n v Marke t value for one unit Tng gi tr Total cash value (1000VN D)
Bn/Sold
Product/activity S thng lm vic/ Month s spent
Sn lng Quantit y
Gi tr Cash value (100 0 VND) Sn lng Quantit y
Gi tr Cash value (1000 VND)
Sn lng Qua ntit y
Gi tr Cash valu e (100 0 VND )
Qun l rng/Forest management Bo v rng/Forest Protection Trng cy/Tree planting (hot ng ca chng trnh 661/program 661 activities)
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Trng cy ging/Plant breeding activities Nht ci (di mt t)/ Fuelwood extraction (on the ground) Nht ci (trn cy) Fuelwood extraction (on the tree) Khai thc qung Mining (mineral extraction) Kinh doanh du lch Tourism Bn g trng t rng
Plantation Timber (sale of timber) Bn cc khc t (qu, l, cc sn g khc) sn phm rng trng nha hoc phm phi
Plantation Timber (sale of fruits, leaves, resins or other non-timber products)
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Khai thc g rng t nhin) Timber (from forest)
(t
extraction natural
Thu nht ht Seed collection Cy thuc Medicinal plants Nm Mushrooms Mng Bamboo Shoots Cy lung/tre Bamboo poles Cc sn phm khc t lung,tre, na/Rattan and other fiber products Cy cnh v hoa (phong lan,hoa tr)/Ornamental plants and flowers (Orchids, Camellia etc) Nui gi ong Bee keeping
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Thc n t (qu, r, ht)
rng
Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds) Thu lm trng/Insect collecting cn
Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/Hunting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/Collection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamander, frogs, birds etc). Nc Water Khai thc t, ct, si, / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction Khc (c th ho) Others specify) (please
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Tng /Total (C) (1000 VND)
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31
Chi ph t rng v cc hot ng lin quan n rng trong 12 thng qua (VND 1000) Expenditure from forestry and forest based activities in the last 12 months (VND 1000) Ch : Bao gm c cc hot ng bn trong v ngoi khu vc bo v ca rng quc gia Note: This would include activities in and outside of the protected area of the National Park Lao ng thu ngoi/ Outsid e labor cost Thu (t, ti sn, cng c)/ Rent (land, assets, equipmen t, etc) Cng c sn xut khng lu bn/ Nondurable producti on tools
Sn phm/hot ng Product/a ctivity
Cy con ging/ Seed, tree for breedi ngs
Phn bn/Fertilizer Ho hc/ Chemi cal T nhin / Orga nic
Thu , ph Tax & fees
Ph tr li/ Loan intere st paym ent
Nng lng/ xng du (Energy/ fuel)
Sa cha, bo dng (Repair, maintena nce)
Cc chi ph khc (Other costs) (c th ho/specify )
Tng Total
Qun l rng/Fore st managem ent Bo v rng/Fore st Protection Trng cy/Tree planting (hot ng ca chng trnh 661/progr am 661 activities)
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Trng cy ging/Plan t breeding activities Nht ci (di mt t)/ Fuelwood extraction (on the ground) Nht ci (trn cy) Fuelwood extraction (on the tree) Khai thc qung Mining (mineral extraction ) Kinh doanh du lch Tourism
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Bn g t rng trng Plantation Timber (sale of timber) Bn cc sn phm khc t rng trng (qu, l, nha hoc cc sn phm phi g khc) Plantation Timber (sale of fruits, leaves, resins or other nontimber products) Khai thc g (t rng t nhin) Timber extraction (from natural forest)
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Thu nht ht Seed collection Cy thuc Medicinal plants Nm Mushroom s Mng Bamboo Shoots Cy lung/tre Bamboo poles Cc sn phm khc t lung,tre, na/Ratta n and other fiber products
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Cy cnh v hoa (phong lan,hoa tr)/Orna mental plants and flowers (Orchids, Camellia etc) Nui ong gi
Bee keeping Thc n t rng (qu, r, ht) Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds) Thu lm cn trng/Insec t collecting
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Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/H unting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/C ollection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamand er, frogs, birds etc). Nc Water
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Khai thc t, ct, si, / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction Khc (c th ho) Others (please specify)
Tng /Total (VND 1000)
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32
Thu nhp t ngh t do, lm cng n lng, cng vic khng thng xuyn trong 12 thng qua? Income from self-employment, wage employment or casual work in the last 12 months M t cng vic/Job description Lu i vi phng vin/Interviewers Note: vn ng/b lm vic cho ai? Who do you work for? 1=state agency/company (cng ty/t chc nh nc) 2=cooperative/hp tc x 3=private company/DNTN 4=other individual/household (cc c nhn/h khc) 5=self-employed (t lm) 6=other, specify (khc, c th ho) Thanh ton da trn (Paid on) 1=theo thi gian/tim e-base 2=Theo sn phm/pr oductbase Thi gian lm vic Time spent (S ngy/tu n/thn g) # of days/we eks/mon ths) Tng thi gian lm vic trong nm (Total time spent for the whole year) Mc lng (cho gi/ngy/tu n/thng) Wage rate (per hour/day/we ek /month/etc) Thng Bonus (Bao nhiu, khi no, ti sao) (how much, when, for what reason) Tng /Total (T 12/2003 n nay) (from Dec 2003 to now)
Loi cn g vic Job #
M t cng vic c th nht/Describe job as detailed as possible
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Tng /Total (E) (VND 1000)
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33
Cc ngun thu nhp hng nm khc, nh tr cp, biu tng t bn ngoi/Other sources of annual income, such as remittances) (F) Cc khon thu nhp c bit (VD: bn t, x s)/ Special earnings (eg. selling land, lottery etc.) (G) Tng thu nhp ca h trong nm /Total income of household by year (VND) (A) - (B) + (C) - (D) + (E) + (F) + (G)
34
35
Phn 4: S dng ngun lc

Section 4: Use of Resources
36
ng/b (hay gia nh ng/b) c s dng/khai thc g t rng quc gia khng? Do you (or your family) use/exploit/extract any materials from the National Park? Nu c, ng/b s dng/khai thc g t rng quc gia If yes, what do you use/exploit/extract from within the National Park? (Lu i vi phng vn vin: Kim tra vi cu 30) (Interviewers Note: Check the answer with Q. 30)
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
If no, Skip Q 39
37
[__] 1. Nht ci (trn mt t) Fuelwood extraction (on the ground) [__] 2. Nht ci (trn cy) Fuelwood extraction (on the tree) [__] 3. Tea growing /trng ch [__] 4. Trng cc loi cy khc (la, rau, cy) Other planting vegetable, trees) [__] 6. Nui keeping/raising [__] 7. Kinh lch/Tourism (paddy,
[__] 5. Nui gia sc /Cattle raising ong/Bee doanh du
[__] 8. Khai thc qung/Mining
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(mineral extraction) [__] 9. Khai thc t, ct, si / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction [__] 10. Thu nht ht /Seed collection [__] 11. Cy thuc /Medicinal plants [__] 12. Nm/Mushrooms [__] 13. Mng/Bamboo Shoots [__] 14. Cy tre lung/Bamboo poles [__] 15. Cc sn phm khc t tre lung na/Rattan and other fiber products [__] 16. Cy hoa cnh (phong lan, hoa tr) /Ornamental plants and flowers(Orchids, Camellia etc) [__] 17. Khai thc mt ong (t nhin)/ Honey extraction (naturally) [__] 18. Thc n t rng (qu, r, ht) Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds). [__] 19. Thu lm cn trng/Insect collecting [__] 20. Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/ Hunting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) [__] 21. Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/Collection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamander, frogs, birds etc). [__] 22. Khai thc g t rng t nhin/ Timber extraction (from natural forest) [__] 23. Nc/Water [__] 24. Khc /Others (C th
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ho /please specify). Khi nh nc chuyn Tam o thnh rng quc gia, thu nhp ca gia nh ng/b chu nh hng nh th no? When the government converted Tam Dao to a National Park, how was your familys income affected?
38
[__] 1. Tng ln/Increased [__] 2. Khng i/Unchanged [__] 3. Gim i/Decreased Ti sao? Why? thay
39
Cuc sng ca gia nh ng b thay i nh th no? How have your living conditions been changed?
[__] 1. Tt hn/Better off [__] 2. Khng i/Unchanged [__] 3. Xu i Worse off Ti sao? Why?
46
Rng quc gia ng vai tr quan trng nh th no i vi cuc sng ca ng/b? Does the park play an important role in your life?
[__] 1. Rt important
quan
trng/Very
[__] 2. Quan trng/Important [__] 3. Khng thc s trng/Not really important quan
[__] 4. Khng h quan trng /Not important at all Ti sao? Why?
40
Theo kin ca ng/b, cc hot ng no di dy c nh hng tch cc n rng quc gia? In your opinion, what activities have a positive affect to the
[__] 1. Nht ci (trn mt t) Fuelwood extraction (on the ground) [__] 2. Nht ci (trn cy) Fuelwood extraction (on the
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National Park?
tree) [__] 3. Tea growing /trng ch [__] 4. Trng cc loi cy khc (la, rau, cy) Other planting vegetable, trees) [__] 6. Nui keeping/raising [__] 7. Kinh lch/Tourism (paddy,
[__] 8. Khai thc qung/Mining (mineral extraction) [__] 9. Khai thc t, ct, si / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction [__] 10. Thu nht ht /Seed collection [__] 11. Cy thuc /Medicinal plants [__] 12. Nm/Mushrooms [__] 13. Mng/Bamboo Shoots [__] 14. Cy tre lung/Bamboo poles [__] 15. Cc sn phm khc t tre lung na/Rattan and other fiber products [__] 16. Cy hoa cnh (phong lan, hoa tr) /Ornamental plants and flowers(Orchids, Camellia etc) [__] 17. Khai thc mt ong (t nhin)/ Honey extraction (naturally) [__] 18. Thc n t rng (qu, r, ht) Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds). [__] 19. Thu lm cn trng/Insect collecting [__] 20. Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/
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Hunting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) [__] 21. Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/Collection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamander, frogs, birds etc). [__] 22. Khai thc g t rng t nhin/ Timber extraction (from natural forest) [__] 23. Nc/Water [__] 24. Dn rng sn xut nng nghip/ Forest clearance for agriculture [__] 25. Dn rng Forest clearance for house sites. [__] 26. t ry/Forest fires [__] 27. Cc khc /Others hot ng
(C th ho /please specify). Ti sao? Why?
41
Theo kin ca ng/b, cc hot ng no di dy c nh hng tiu cc n rng quc gia? In your opinion, what activities have a negative effect to the National Park?
[__] 1. Nht ci (trn mt t) Fuelwood extraction (on the ground) [__] 2. Nht ci (trn cy) Fuelwood extraction (on the tree) [__] 3. Tea growing /trng ch [__] 4. Trng cc loi cy khc (la, rau, cy) Other planting vegetable, trees) (paddy,
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[__] 5. Nui gia sc /Cattle raising [__] 6. Nui keeping/raising [__] 7. Kinh lch/Tourism ong/Bee doanh du
[__] 8. Khai thc qung/Mining (mineral extraction) [__] 9. Khai thc t, ct, si / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction [__] 10. Thu nht ht /Seed collection [__] 11. Cy thuc /Medicinal plants [__] 12. Nm/Mushrooms [__] 13. Mng/Bamboo Shoots [__] 14. Cy tre lung/Bamboo poles [__] 15. Cc sn phm khc t tre lung na/Rattan and other fiber products [__] 16. Cy hoa cnh (phong lan, hoa tr) /Ornamental plants and flowers(Orchids, Camellia etc) [__] 17. Khai thc mt ong (t nhin)/ Honey extraction (naturally) [__] 18. Thc n t rng (qu, r, ht) Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds). [__] 19. Thu lm cn trng/Insect collecting [__] 20. Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/ Hunting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) [__] 21. Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/Collection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamander, frogs, birds etc).
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[__] 22. Khai thc g t rng t nhin/ Timber extraction (from natural forest) [__] 23. Nc/Water [__] 24. Dn rng sn xut nng nghip/ Forest clearance for agriculture [__] 25. Dn rng sites. Forest clearance for house
[__] 26. t ry/Forest fires [__] 27. Cc khc /Others hot ng
42
Theo kin ca ng/b, cc hot ng no di y c nh nc cho php thc hin trong rng quc gia? In your opinion, what activities are allowed (by the Govt) in the National Park?
[__] 8. Khai thc qung/Mining
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(mineral extraction) [__] 9. Khai thc t, ct, si / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction [__] 10. Thu nht ht /Seed collection [__] 11. Cy thuc /Medicinal plants [__] 12. Nm/Mushrooms [__] 13. Mng/Bamboo Shoots [__] 14. Cy tre lung/Bamboo poles [__] 15. Cc sn phm khc t tre lung na/Rattan and other fiber products [__] 16. Cy hoa cnh (phong lan, hoa tr) /Ornamental plants and flowers(Orchids, Camellia etc) [__] 17. Khai thc mt ong (t nhin)/ Honey extraction (naturally) [__] 18. Thc n t rng (qu, r, ht) Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds). [__] 19. Thu lm cn trng/Insect collecting [__] 20. Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/ Hunting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) [__] 21. Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/Collection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamander, frogs, birds etc). [__] 22. Khai thc g t rng t nhin/ Timber extraction (from natural forest) [__] 23. Nc/Water [__] 24. Dn rng sn xut
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nng nghip/ Forest clearance for agriculture [__] 25. Dn rng sites. Forest clearance for house
[__] 26. t ry/Forest fires [__] 27. Cc khc /Others hot ng
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Theo kin ca ng/b, cc hot ng no di y khng c nh nc cho php thc hin trong rng quc gia? In your opinion, what activities are not allowed (by Govt) in the National Park?
[__] 8. Khai thc qung/Mining (mineral extraction) [__] 9. Khai thc t, ct, si / Soil, sand, gravel or stone extraction [__] 10. Thu nht ht /Seed collection
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[__] 11. Cy thuc /Medicinal plants [__] 12. Nm/Mushrooms [__] 13. Mng/Bamboo Shoots [__] 14. Cy tre lung/Bamboo poles [__] 15. Cc sn phm khc t tre lung na/Rattan and other fiber products [__] 16. Cy hoa cnh (phong lan, hoa tr) /Ornamental plants and flowers(Orchids, Camellia etc) [__] 17. Khai thc mt ong (t nhin)/ Honey extraction (naturally) [__] 18. Thc n t rng (qu, r, ht) Forest foods (fruits, roots, seeds). [__] 19. Thu lm cn trng/Insect collecting [__] 20. Sn bt th ln (gu, hu, kh, cy hng.)/ Hunting large wild animals (Bear, deer, monkey, civet etc) [__] 21. Sn bt cc loi ng vt nh hn (ra, k nhng, ch, chim)/Collection of other smaller wild animals (turtle, salamander, frogs, birds etc). [__] 22. Khai thc g t rng t nhin/ Timber extraction (from natural forest) [__] 23. Nc/Water [__] 24. Dn rng sn xut nng nghip/ Forest clearance for agriculture [__] 25. Dn rng Forest clearance for house sites. [__] 26. t ry/Forest fires
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[__] 27. Cc khc /Others
hot
ng
47
ng/b c they cn thit phi bo v rng cho con chu mai sau khng? Do you feel it necessary to preserve the National Park for your children and future generations? ng/b c th k tn ba loi him trong rng quc gia khng? Can you name three rare species (flora or fauna) of the National Park?
[__] 1. C /Yes [__] 2. Khng /No [__] 3. Khng kin /No idea
48
1. 2. 3.
49
ng/b c th k tn ba loi trong rng quc gia c Nh nc bo v khng? Can you name three species which are protected by the State in the National Park?
1. 2. 3.
51
So vi 10 nm trc y, vic tm kim cc loi/ngun ti nguyn trong rng hin c kh hn khng? Is it more difficult to find some species/resources as 10 years before? ng/b ngh nh th no v tng lai ca rng quc gia sau 10 nm
50
[__] 1. Tt hn/Better off
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na? How do you think about the National Park situation after 10 years?
[__] 2. Khng thay i /No change [__] 3. Xu i/Worse off [__] 4. Khng kin No idea
51
ng/b c bit ng ranh gii lng mnh vi rng quc gia khng? Do you know where the physical borders of the National Park are in your village?
52
ng/b c bit d n no lin quan n bo v rng/mi trng trong x? Do you know of any project related to forestry /environmental protection in your commune?
[__] 1. C/Yes [__] 2. Khng/No
53
Nu c, tn cc d n? If yes, what are the names of projects?
54
Nu c, cc hot ng chnh ca h? If yes, what are their activities?
55
Nu c, ai l nh ti tr? c thc hin t bao gi? Khi no kt thc? If yes, who are the donors? When have they been implemented? When will they finish?
56
Cc phng tin/hot ng no a thng tin v bo v rng ti vi ng/b?
[__] 1. Ti vi/TV [__] 2. i /Radio
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What media/activities have you come across that promote forestry protection?
[__] 3. Bo /Newspaper [__] 4. Bng thng tin /Billboard [__] 5. T ri/Leaflets [__] 6. Hp vi cc cp chnh quyn /dn bn . Meetings authorities/people [__] 7. Phi hp vi kim lm Cooperation with Forest rangers [__] 8. Ni chuyn/tho lun vi hng xm Chatting villagers/neighbors with with
[__] 9. Khc /Others (C th ho /specify)
57
Theo kin ca ng/b, phng tin/hot ng no a thng tin v bo v rng ti vi ng/b hiu qu nht? (xp hng 1,2,3,) In your opinion, which are the most effective media/activities for forestry protection? (ranking 1,2,3.)
[__] 1. Ti vi/TV [__] 2. i /Radio [__] 3. Bo /Newspaper [__] 4. Bng thng tin /Billboard [__] 5. T ri/Leaflets [__] 6. Hp vi cc cp chnh quyn /dn bn . Meetings authorities/people [__] 7. Phi hp vi kim lm Cooperation with Forest rangers [__] 8. Ni chuyn/tho lun vi hng xm Chatting villagers/neighbors with with
[__] 9. Khc /Others (C th ho /specify)
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58
ng/b c gi g i vi vn bo v rng? What are your suggestions for forestry protection?
36
Cc hot ng no lm nhim mi trng trong lng x? What are activities that pollute the environment in your community?
[__] 1. Dn clearance
ph
rng/Forest
[__] 2. rc ra sng, sui /Leave waste in stream,rivers [__] 3. Du lch/Tourism [__] 4. Phn bn, thuc tr su ho hc Chemical fertilizer/pesticides [__] 5. Chn nui quanh nh Raising livestock around your house [__] 6. Chn nui trong rng Raising livestock in the forest [__] 7. Khai thc qung /Mining [__] 8. Khc /Others (c th ho /specify)
37
Mi trng trong lng x thay i nh th no trong vng 10 nm gn y? How is the environment in your community within 10 years?
[__] 1. Tt hn/Better-off [__] 2. Khng /Unchanged Ti sao? Why? thay i
[__] 3. Xu hn/Worse-off
What are your recommendations to protect the environment in your community?
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2. Cu hi tho lun nhm tp chung

Danh sch nhm Ph n Nam gii Ngi gi Gio vin Tr em Cn b kim lm VQG Cng nhn khai thc m Nhng ngi trng ch Kinh doanh du lch Cc nhm dn tc thiu s
1. Gii thiu mc ch ca cuc iu tra Mc ch ca cuc iu tra m bo rng thng tin ch c dng cho nghin cu ny m thi 2. M t cc thnh vin ca nhm a im S thnh vin nhm Cc c im chnh ca thnh vin (nam gii/ph n; ngh nghip chnh; gi/tr, v.v.) 3. Nhng ngun thu nhp chnh? 4. Cc hot ng to thu nhp lin quan n VQG? Lit k Mc thng xuyn? Cc hot ng quan trng nht (xp hng) 5. Nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn t VQG thng xuyn nht? (ngi ngho/ngi giu? nhm dn tc thiu s? Nam gii/ph n? Khc?) Ti sao? Lit k Xp hng 6. Cc hot ng c tc ng tch cc i vi VQG? Lit k C tc ng nht? (xp hng) 7. Cc hot ng c tc ng tiu cc i vi VQG? Lit k C tc ng nht? (xp hng) 8. Nhng khuyn ngh gim thiu tc ng tiu cc i vi VQG? Lit k Cc gii php hiu qu nht? (xp hng) Cn thc hin gii php no trc? (xp hng)
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3. Hng dn phng vn x v thn

Hng dn phng vn x Cho v gii thiu mc ch iu tra ngh cn b x h tr trong qu trnh iu tra Sp xp/b tr cc thn s tin hnh phng vn (4 thn/x) H tr thu xp ch n ngh cho nhm iu tra. M t ngi c phng vn cp x

a im H v tn v tr cng tc
Hi v nhn thc ca h v VQG: 1. Ngun thu nhp chnh ca ngi dn trong x ca bn l t nhng ngun no? 2. Trong x ca bn c bao nhiu thn c ranh gii vi VQG? 3. Ngi dn thng tin hnh nhng hot ng g trong rng? mc thng xuyn? 4. Ai l nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn ca VQG thng xuyn nht? (ngi ngho/ngi giu? Nhm dn tc thiu s? nam gii/ph n? khc?) Ti sao? 5. VQG c ngha quan trng i vi sinh k ca ngi dn ti trong x ca bn ng khng? Ti sao/Ti sao khng? 6. Bn c suy ngh g v VQG 10 nm trc y? Ti sao? 7. Bn c suy ngh g v VQG 10 nm sau ny? Ti sao? 8. VQG c th c s dng mt cch bn vng theo nhng cch nh th no? 9. Theo bn, u l nguyn nhn chnh dn n vic ph hu mi trng ca VQG? 10. Nhng vn no ang ni cm trong x bn? 11. Bn c gi g cho tong lai ca VQG?
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Hng dn phng vn ti thn bn
Cho v gii thiu mc ch ca nghin cu Yu cu h ng h v h tr trong qu trnh iu tra Sp xp/b tr tho lun nhm chnh (1 nhm gm 7 ngi dn) Sp xp/b tr phng vn tng c nhn (25 ngi/thn) M t ngi c phng vn ca thn

a im H v tn - v tr cng tc
Hi v nhn thc ca h v VQG: 1. Ngun thu nhp chnh ca ngi dn trong thn bn l nhng ngun no? 2. Thn ca bn c ranh gii vi VQG khng? 3. Bn c bit ranh gii trn thc a gia thn ca bn vi VQG khng? Bn c ngh rng nhng ngi dn khc cng bit khng? Ti sao? 4. Ngi dn thng tin hnh nhng hot ng g trong rng? Mc th no? 5. Ai l nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn ca VQG thng xuyn nht? (ngi ngho/ngi giu? Nhm dn tc thiu s? nam gii/ph n? khc?) Ti sao? 6. VQG c ngha quan trng i vi sinh k ca ngi dn ti thn bn ng khng? Ti sao/Ti sao khng? 7. Bn c suy ngh g v VQG 10 nm trc y? Ti sao? 8. Bn c suy ngh g v VQG 10 nm sau ny? Ti sao? 9. VQG c th c s dng mt cch bn vng theo nhng cch nh th no? 10. Theo bn, u l nguyn nhn chnh dn n vic ph hu mi trng ca VQG? 11. Nhng vn no ang ni cm trong thn bn? 12. Bn c gi g cho tong lai ca VQG?
Bo co cui cng
104
Ph lc 3: Cc kt qu tho lun nhm chnh

D liu c cung cp trong mt file Excel Ph lc 3 Cc kt qu tho lun nhm chnh.xls.
Bo co cui cng
105
Ph lc 4: Chi tit nhng ngi c phng vn

Chi tit nhng ngi c phng vn l mt phn trong iu tra c s c ghi trong mt file Excel Ph lc 4 Chi tit nhng ngi c phng vn.xls. Nhng ngi ny nn c chn phng vn li vo thi im nh gi tc ng ca d n.
Bo co cui cng
106
Ti liu tham kho

Birdlife. 2001. Nhng loi chim Chu b e da: Sch ca t chc Birdlife International. Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK. Dehejia, R. H. v S. Wahba. 2002. Cc phng php ghp cp im xu hng i vi cc nghin cu nhn qu khng thc nghim Tp ch kinh t v thng k, 84:1, trang 151-61. Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., v Todd, P. E. 1997. Ghp cp l mt c lng nh gi kinh t lng: Bng chng t vic nh gi mt chng trnh o to ngh. Tp ch nghin cu kinh t, 64, 605-654. Rosenbaum, P., v Rubin, D. B. 1985. Xy dng Nhm i chng s dng cc phng php ly mu ghp cp c tnh n xu hng. Tp san thng k M, 39, 33-38. Rasmussen, V. v L Thanh Tm, 2005, Nghin cu ti chnh vi m ti Vit Nam, Bo co cho Hp phn Ti chnh vi m ca Danida. TDMP. 2003. nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b. TDMP. 2004. nh gi s dng ti nguyn s b.
Bo co cui cng
107

Dieu Tra Co So Kinh Te Ho Gia Dinh Nong Thon - Mekong - 11.2005 - V

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iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn

D n Qun l Vn Quc Gia Tam o v vng m

Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong

Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong

iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m

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Cng ty TNHH kinh t Mekong

iu tra c s kinh t h gia nh nng thn D n qun l VQG Tam o v vng m

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