-.-.

Corpar

Epofi 82

fiunrunr nbr
Qunoco$ran Hacne4Hrr

KbM ltcrnHara ua 6ar4ara Ha ApeBHorpbqKara

Ha eAHa

6orara Kynrypa

Excqeurpnuna flilLtHocr
Tlsyvaeane Ha qoBeKa

Benur MbApeq Mmcnrren il Cunpyrara

,4

narpyror
nocfleAoBarenilre na Corpar
Aa ce

':

[a npegnovereu cMbprra nperq roBa

orKaxeu or y6exgeHtlra cv

Cruluocrra Ha ApeBHorpbqKara eranocoQran "l4crnxcKoto no3HaHne,, cpeqy',Vnef,Ta,,

BrrgeuuJeHu yMoBe, KollTo AaBar HoB cMucbn Ha qoBeuKara

MbgpocT

ounocoQnrTa - BeqHoTo l,t3yqaBaHe Ha qoBeuKoTo crrt4ecrByBaHe

CoKpar
KarbB e xr4BoTbr HarpeBHorprqKnn

0"noco0?
AVI
B. np. Xp., ce onilrBar 4a par6epar il ono3Haffr cBera, B rorzro xilBefll pbKoBoAeht<u ce or florilKara n or y6exAeHilfl,
HAAXBbPNNUIA PAMKilTC HA TFXHATA MilTO NOfNfl
1A

IPEBHI4TE fbPUI4, xilreril Ha rpaAoBere AbpxaBil npe3

ilper ro3vr nepmoA npoqrQrflBa

PENNfVfr.

n3yqaBaHero Ha npilpoAo-

ecrecrBeHilTe HayvA,qvrfiro npeflMerca Boflara, orbHfll 3eMnra il Bb3Ayxbr.Toea ca il ocHoBHilTe ereMeHTn Ha npilpoAara, mo6ilKaflnu{a ApeBHvrre xopa. Toraea ce nonBrBar il nbpBr4Te yqilTe nu coQucrw,

Kol/To cxutailxu or rpaA Ha rpaA, npenoAaBar Ha xilreflilTe vM no3HaHilfl no peTopl4Ka, non[TnKa n ecTecTBeHw HayKvt. llpes V e. np.Xp.a ArilHa xilBee eAilH sa6enexilreneH Mbx. ToN norqflara Ha cbMHeHrrre o6qonpilerilF HaqnH Ha MilcneHe npe3 oHa3il enoxa n Bnil3a B cnop ctc co0vtcrnre, o6opeaurxrzr f tA erqil H cjreA Apyr. lzlnnero Ha ro314 Mbx e corpar. Tofi ce

onilTBa Aa HaMepil orroBop Ha BbnpocilTe: KaKBO O3HaqaBa Aa cu qoBeuKo cbu{ecrBo, 3au{o cbu{ecrByBar xopara n KaK rpn6ea Aa
n3)KtABeflT

Corpar

rexil

cBofl xrlBor. B ocHoeara Ha MnporfleAa Ha mAefiTa 3a nocrnraHe Ha qacrile qpe3 pa3Bnrve

tA ycbBbpueHcrBaHe Ha flilLtHOCTTa,

a He qpe3 TpynaHe Ha

Marepil anHw 6orarcrsa. lzlnneHHo Te3il HeroBil y6ex4eHrzrn 3anflrar B ocHoBl/re Ha [peBHorpbqKara Qnnoco$rrrn. Hape4 cbc cBofl yqeHilr flnaroH il HeroBiln yqeHnx Aprcroren, corpar e e,qilH or rpvrMara Hafi-BennrlA rpbqKil QurnocoQm. Karre e rorl Karo qoeer?

il {or I tort tor I

Vlll e. np.

E II

7lI

tat ;rt

/,l

Xp. ||

BrsHrKBaHe Ha rpagoBere.qbpxaBil s,Qpesna bpqran. Tanec or Muner cb3gaBa nbpBara B cBera $urnocoScxa cilcreMa.

iiitir.
OKono

np.

xp.
g

530 r. np. Xp. 469 r. np. Xp. 452 r. np. Xp. 449 r. np.
OKono

Ct:4ageHo e [l rraroperzrcroro 6parcreo.

Po4en e Corpar.

I I

Coxpar ce o6yuaea npu Apxenafi.

Xp. $
B

Corpar 3anoqBa Aa ce 3aHuMaea c narypSr,rnocoQrn. Xepo4or Corpar

Ha n

445 r. np. Xp. 432 r. np. Xp. 431 r. np. Xp. 429 r. np. Xp. 427 r.np.Xp. 424 r.np.Xp. 423 r. np.

ilcBa " lActopnna".

B3eMa

yqacrue e 6nrxara npn f1orn4en.

lAs6yxea flenononecxara eofr Ha.

fi

Corpar 3anoqBa Aa il3yqaBa LtoBeuKara npupo.qa.

llpopovecreoro
E

Ha

!en$rficrrn

opaKyn aa Coxpar.

Po4eH e flnaron.

Coxpar B3eMa yqacrre e 6ilrrara npr,r flenryu.

nurecara Ha Aprcro$an "O6naqrre"ce nrpae e ArilHa.

Xp. ff
g
E

419 r. np. Xp. 404 r. np. Xp. 399 r. np.

Coxpar ce xeHrt :a KcaHruna.

flo6egara
B 3arBopa

Ha

Cnapra uag Arnna.

tA3nvBa

Xp. B
0 $

Corpar

qauara c orpoBa u yMupa.

387 r. np. Xp. 385 r. np. Xp. 384 r. np. Xp.

347 r. np. Xp.

flnaroH cb3AaBa cBogra Aragemrn.

flnarou

Ha n

ucBa " Cuttnozny m".

Pogex e Aprcroren.

Yurpa flnaroH.
Haqano Ha nbryBaHilFTa Ha Apncroren,

343 r. np. Xp. 335 r. np. Xp. 334 r. np.

Apncroren craBa yqnren na Anercangtp Benrxn. Apncroren

cb3.qa Ba Il
ur

qen.

Xp. I

Havano Ha 3aBoeBareflHyrfl noxo! Ha Anexcauptp Benuxvr Ha il3roK.

322 r. np. Xp.

Apucroren yMnpa. BrgHrraa xpvrcn4rHcrBoro.

BtaH il rea HeonraroH r43Mbr.

le.
lll
e.

lV e.

XpncrrnHcreoro 3anoqBa Aa ce pa3npocrpaHRBa ns Eepona.

g

Ve.
529
lX

Csern Asrycn4H HanncBa "3a CBerata Tpouqa'i 3areopeua e fl naroHoeara Aragennrn.

XIV e.
B

Pa:eilrile

Ha

cxoracruKara.

XIV e.

Pa:qser na Penecaxca. BrspaxpaHe Ha ApeBHorpbqKara Kynrypa.

1438

Me4rvure cb3AaBar peHecaHcoBara flnaroHoea aKageMilff.

1687
XIX a.

$
l
g

HroroH nocraBn Haqafloro Ha cBoflra Teoprn sa eceo6qara rpaBilraqilt.

BrgHilxeaHe Ha eK3ilcreH Llnanv3wa.

1943

Caprup HanilcBa "6utve v

Hruqo".

ArrruflT rrbr KbM r,rcTuHaTa

$urocoQwn
3ana4uara $unocoSu fl
e TOBJII'IflHa

Ha darqara Ha ApenHorpbrlKaTa
- TaKaBa. KaKBaro r rro3HaBaMe AHec, B 3uarrr4TenHa
sa.{zfiro xrrBor o6aqe
crerreH
ca

or

kr4evrre Ha ApeBHorpbrlKr4fl Sr.rnocoS,

II3BecrHlI TBT,pAe MaJIKo uo4po6nocru. 3a JIVqHocTTa Ha Corpar MoxeM Aa npaBr4M nperllonoxelF.lzfl, noeoeasafiKl4 ce Ha AI4ano3I4Te Ha flratoH, "cnortequ,,-Te Ha

KoMeAvflTa*aApucro$aH "O6naqzre". lnec Hr4e MoxeM eAuHcrBeHo -la ce orll4raMe Aa orKpI{eM HtKor4 $axru or xlrBora Ha BeJrrlKr4r $unoco$ upe:
14

KceHo$oHr

Ha

-l)'\{I{Te Ha oHe3I4, KoI{To ca orrr4eaJtlr H-aKorr HeroBI4 rrocrbllKl4

ra

y6ex4enrzx.

HacneRHHK Ha eflHa
"florourx
T-PbUxl{-Sf

6orara Kynrypa
AocrurHanure Eo Hac cBeAeH,4R 6aqara Ha Coxpar e cxyrnrop tAnn KaMeHo4eneq/ Koero e npilqilHa SranocoQrr na uera Aa Hapuua ce6e cu "norombx xa fle4an', _ r. e. Ha "po4oHaqanHilKa Ha cKynnropl4re'l 3a uafirara na Coxpar ilMa cBegeHilfl, qe e 6Nna onnrHa aKyuepxa, no roru Qarr He e MHoro crlrypeH/ rrfi xaro 3a xilBora fi ce:nae rsrp4e uanxo. Cneg cMbprra ua Co$ponracx rn ce oMbxBa orHoBo ra Kepegervryc n or ro3tA 6pax ce paxga llarpoxta - nony6par na Corpar. Mra4nnr Coxpar e o6rpageH c MHoro rpl4xl4 or cBohre poAilTenil. Cnopeg peAhqa cBeAeHnfl HeroBrlflr 6aqa e ropeq npilBbpxeHriK Ha go6poro o6parosanue fi noflara BcvtyKn ycvnt fr cl4Hbr My Aa nonyqh Qyu4arraeuranxa ra oHa3n enoxa nolroroBKa/ BKnpqBau{a o6yvenrae no noe_
MbApocrra, narpoH il 3alqilrHfrK Ha rpag AruHa. Corpal craHal no-KtcHo t/3BecreH xaro 6aqara
Ha Ha

na fe4a,r"
fPA.4 ATI4HA Hocl4 l/Mero Ha eofiHcreeHa MbApocrra ArraHa flanaga

rara 6oruHn

3.aurlTHuK Ha rpaAa ri HeroBoTo HaceneHile npe3 BeKoBeTe.

- narpoH yt

6orrsn

Craryn

Ha ATnHa

goriHcreeHara

-l'rec ryK figBar nocerilTerru or qfln cBfll npuBreqeHil or -:;6por,rH nre apxeorornqecKLi naMerHllqu. fl pepra oxono

I 400 roArann qeHT-bpbr Ha ro3t4 BeflilK rpafl - raM, Kbgero :e HaMMpa na3apbl :ao6nronen oT BeruKorenHil Mpa_
',iopHr4 xpaMoBe

po,qeH B AnoneKa

ApeBHorpbqKara Quroco$rn, e - paraoH s il3ToqHnre

npeArpaAilfl Ha ATuHa.

il

BHyrrJilTenHw cfpapiu, e MFcToro, KbAeTo

enr4H AOCTa CTpaHeH Ha BilA

+rnr 6ypeH o6qecreeu xrsor. Tyx qecro Moxe Aa ce BhAr4 Mbxt xofiro eo4u pa3rope_

:oBa Aa HaKapa xopaTa Aa MilCnfT Kpt4Tt4LtHO Lt Aa noAjtaraT ra cbMHeHrF ceoure y6exge HIAA tA BflpBaHufr. Egea nu guec uua o6pa:oeaH voeex, rofiro 4a He e qyBan

uerir ge6aru c MecrHilTe xilTern. Toga e eeluxrnr Qrnocc$ Corpar, nocBeriln no Borflra na cu46ara xmBora cil Ha

B rpagoaere Ha flpeaHa

ltpqrr

xpaMoBeTe ca BaxHil AyxoBHl,l ff BoeHHil qeHTpoBe. Te o6tlxsoaeHo

ca n3rpax.qaHu Ha xbnMoBe rl ea

o6rpageuu or 3aulilTHil creHil.

/i',lero Ha Corpal Karo ce ilMa npeABuA orpoMHoro

AHr4.

ero

;HHe Ha HefoBilre peBonrcqiloHHt4 ilAeU Bbpxy Ha qoBeuKara qilBilnh3aqilF qaKAo Hauil

Bnu_

pa3BilTt4_

Tetp4e

',,anxo o6aqe ce 3Hae 3a xhBora Ha ApeBHorpbqxnn Qrano_ co$, xofiro, aKo ce cbAlt no Aocl4rHanilTe Ao Hac nereHAfi,

3tAA, nnreparypa n My3v<a. He e ilsaecrHo Aanfi coql4_ a'lHnFT CTaryC Ha CKynnTOpilTe il aKyuepKhTe no oHoBa BpeMe e AocralbrrHo encox. Bce naK MoxeM Aa npeAnonaraMe, qe npeABuA go6poro o6paroeanne, Koero ocrrypn_

Bar Ha cilHa cu, 6orarcreoro Ha poAureflhre ua Coxpar e

HaA cpeAHoro.

e Aocra AMHaMhqeH il il3nbrHeH c uHTepecHil ct1tttus.

3axno e B Ta3il Bpb3Ka 4a ce ot6enexu, ue ra roea rpn6ea
npeAh Bcl4r.iKoAa ce pa3q4Ta Ha npe4nonoxeHuF

rercrBa

Pa:qner na narypSu.uocoeunra
3a
rrllnagran

cBUAe_

HHrJ]O HanLtcaHo

rperil n!4rla, Tbri xaro cauunr CoKpar He ocraBfl - Aopu eAHa-eAilHCTBeHa KHUra. Curra ce, ve $ranocoQlr e poAeH nper 469 r. np. Xp.
Ha

TaBKU

Poqnoro My Mncro e B AeMa (naft-uanxara aAMuHt4crparflBHa eAilHllqa) Anonexa Ha repilTopt4fira ua Arrua.6aqa N1y ce Ka3Ba Co$poxrac6 a uarlxa rray - Oenapera. Cnopeg

pa3Bilrue. flpea ioru nepuoA s6nacrure AHatolun ra Irlonun s Mana Asus (Aneurra Typqran) u lOxra l|tanvra

Hnxonxo pecerfineriln npeAil HeroBoro paxAaHe flpeBHorpbrlKaTa Sranoco$ran e Bce ou.le B Haqaroro Ha cBoero

Coxpar cbulecrByBar BchrtKu npeAnoeycnoBnff Aa ce peanr43upa Karo QranocoQ.

. . ,- -::1ir_, !::. 'li:i ' ,'-!"ii*::"L

rr: : i:il:,]

ca MHoro no-pa3BilTvl
nuTe rpbqKil 3eMil.

B KynTypHo

orHoueHile or ocraHa-

Hacenenuero sa Tlonun uMa Bb3MoxHocr Aa ono3Hae KynrypHoro HacneAcrBo Ha rl3ToqHilTe cil c-bceAn, KaKTo il fla pa3BilBa aKrrlBHa rbproBcKa gerlHocr e pataona na Cpeguremnomopuero. B cbu1oro BpeMe pegilqa yqeHil u MtAcnvrrentt ce crpeMffr ga o6ncunr HFKor4 or npnpo4nure QenomeHil no eAuH no-paquoHaneH HaqhH, HarqxBbpnFUl paMKilTe fi oFpaHil'leHr4FTa, HanoxeHu oT ToraBauHara penurnf n uuronornR. To3u HoB MLtporlle4 craBa n3BecreH Karo ecrecrBeHa QraaocoQnn, ilnil oule HarypQunocoQnn. E4nu or Hafi-aeropurerHure QranocoQra npe3 nepiloga oxono 580 r. np. Xp., HapuqaH "6ar4ara ua uayxara'i e Tanec

or Munel xoriro no-rrcno ce npeMecrBa el{oawa.Cnopeg

or eogara. or moxe Aa ce npueMe 3a ocHoBononoxH14K Ha flpeBHorpbqKara rpaflhuun ste QmoHeroBaTa Teopun cBerbr BoAil cBoeTo Haqano r4cropr4qecKa megHa roqKa Tanec

co$unra. Bce no-qecro QnnocoQnre cne4 Hero ce onurBar

Aa rbpcflT ,4crilHara il Aa AaBar o6ncnenne Ha npupo4Hilre

^ Aropara (na:aptr) e qeHrbp Ha o6qecrBeHtlfl u flKoHoMhqecx,' xueor e,lpeeHa fupqun r Mflcro 3a cpeqa Ha BcrqKn rpaxAaHil. Ti' CoKpar npoBexAa cBoilTe AilcKycht4 c ocraHanilTe xhrenu Ha rpa!4.
Bff BaT npooeciloHanHtlre yqfirenH. HapilqaHil co$r,rcrvr (rrltgpt4), Kor4ro o6yqaBar rpaxAaHhre Ha oparopcKo ,r3KycrBo. Te ca ugxroqurerHo nonynnpHt4 14 c non3BaT c ronffMo EoBepile.

BnaAeflr e3ilKa.TaKa ce noff

QenomeHra, oceo6ox4aearaKu
Aaprvr
14

ce or peJrilrilo3HilTe craH-

ABilxeHile cTaBa Bce no-ilonynFpHo. ca peEilqa aHrilqHh HarypSranoco0ra or oHa3il enoxa. Egrn or rfix e yqeHuKbr Ha Taaec AHaxcurrlaugtp. Tori :acrrnea reopufra, qe "ecexil o6exr BbB BcefleHara e il3rpaAeH or eAHa HeonpefleneHa nbpenvna cy6cranqux'i xonro rofi uapuva "anerapon" (6egToBa

lzlgeecrHil

Egr,rH or HatT-h3BecTH4re cooilcTl,'l no oHoBa BpeMe e llporarop, cnope4 rororo "qoeerur e MepKa 3a BcuqKrl Heqa': CnopeA peAilqa rBbpAeHilfl nporarop e ro:u, roino il3MeCTBa QOryCa na QranocoQnnra or ecTecTBoro Kbr,1 qoBeKa.

xpaeH, 6ernpegeren

rp.).

llporusononoxHara reopilR, qe "aceneHara HenpeKbcHaro ce npomenR", npilHa4nexil na Xepaxaur. Moxe 6ra Hari-ilseecrHLlRr narypQrnocoQ o6ave e llurarop, npoqyn ce cbc cBoflTa reopeMa. Ha gcuqrn re3r4 MllcnilTelru aHrilqHara r.rarypSranoco$ilF Abnxil cBoero pa3Bilrile ,4
BilLIFHME.

flpra nogo6Ho pa3Burr4e na Qranoco$cxara Mucbn B Aruna npel oHa3u enoxa, Coxpar c orpoMHo ycbppue
Taflec il3Ka3Ba npeAnonoxeHt4e, qe cBerbr

e Bb3HnKHan

or aoAara.
np. Xp.

Tota

uua so4eula

Cne4 rpan na flepcuricxure eoilHil (490 r. np. Xp.

479

r.

porn

raoHuicxara QurocoQrn e nepuo4a

np.Xp.) ltpqun, Koflro ycnflBa Aa npe4orBparu

oKono 580

3aBna-

AffBaHero na EanxancxnR nonyocrpoB or llepcuricxara ilMnepilfl/ HaBflil3a B enoxa Ha pa3qBeT il npocnepilTeT. Arnna e eAhH or rpafloBere c Harl-rorRu npuHoc ea no6eAara HaA nepcilTe. Heilnoro ilKoHoMr4qecKo, norhruqecKO, BOeHHO 14 KynTypHO pa3BUrUe

ce nocBeqaBa Ha cBoero o6pa3oBaHme. Tyx, par6upa ce, rpff6Ba HenpeMeHHo Aa ce or6erexil, qe He cbulecrByBar HilKaKBil nilCMeHil tlcTopr4rlecKil naMeTHtlqrl, cBfi Aerefi crBaulri 3a HeroBoro o6yvexre npr4 HrKorir or npoQechoHanHfiTe yqurenu ranur $nnocoQil npe3 AercKLrre My roAilHr. Beponuo BceKr4 Apyr Ha Mflcroro Ha CoKpar 6u v'zyuaean ApeBHorpbqKr4re ApaMaryp3m il 6h ce nocBert4r Ha roBa H
npe3 cneABaquTe roAHHr4 oT xkrBoTa cu.

e CBbp3aHO cbc crpe-

MilTeflHfi npoMeHil/ B p-a3ynTaT Ha KoilTo TF CTaBa npilBfleKarenHo Mncro 3a Hatl-aeropurerHilTe rpbqKu Mrlcar4Tenil il xopa Ha ,43KycrBoro npe3 oHa3il enoxa. lenruptr Ha Knact4qecKara rpbqKa qABt4nu3awfr ce npeMecTBa oT
lzloHun e ArnHa.

IK

ffiffi X'C

gPEBHOFPbqr(ATA M14TOIOrUf,
flpeAu Bb3H[KBarero na $rarocoShrra - raKaBa, fl no3HaBaMe AHeC, ApeBHr4re rbplllil ce OnnTBaT Aa HaMepRr orroBop Ha cBohre Bbnpocil qpe3 Mr4Torornrra, BcnqKn FBneHhn g :ao6uxannqnR rn cenr re o6ncnsgal no3oBaBafiKil ce Ha MilToBere,
KaKBaTO

OU'!.OCOO14fi TA

rpa4a e ycraHoBeHa AeMoKparrirrHa cilcreMa Ha ynpaBneHne, oc14rypflBaula Bb3MoxHocr 3a npoBexAaHe Ha ceo6opnu AtAcKycnA. Toea or cBoF crpaHa npegnonara 6o6pa nogroroBKa Ha rpaxflaHuTe e o6nacrra Ha perophKara,3a Aa ca B cbcroflHile Aa o6opsar ceoure onoHeHTr4 c nomoqra na y6egilrenHil apryMeHril, AoKa3Bau.14, qe ornhqHo
B

flpe: V e. np. Xp.

npeAaBaHu or noKojreH4e Ha noKoneHue.

flpe: Vl a. np. Xp. e qrna ftpqun e uhpoKo pa3npocrpaHeHo Op$r,rvecroro MhcrhqHo yqeHre 3a crpoexa Ha BceneHara, uunro QlurocoQtaff cbuo e cBbp3aHa ApeBHorpbr-lKara vrrronorun. Ectecr-

Te npra4o6rasar cnasa n 6orarcreo, raro o6yrasar Ha KpacHopeqile Aeqara Ha 6orarure rptqru $at*uruu, CauuRr Corpar ce nphcMuBa Ha nogo6Ho c<eaqane, rtil xaro e y6egeu, qe ie3r Heqa He Morar Aa ce npenogaBar. Cnopeg Hero r4cruHara cbc criryp HocT cbulecrByBa HflKbAe ,4 Tor4 ce onflTBa Aa ooe AuHH B enHa qf,nocrHa Qunoco$r,rn uAeilre 14 KoHqenqrar,rre

ua naryp$rnocoQure n co$ncrrre.

BeHO, KOTaTO Ce

npaBu OnUT Aa Ce AOCTilfHe AO fiCTr4-

Hara '{pe3 MhronofHgTa/ fiaBa oqeBuAHa nnncaTa Ha rorhqecKn o6ncnesun. HarypQlrnocoQranra, nonBhna ce no oHoBa BpeMe, ce onhTBa Aa AaAe onpeAeireHue Ha BceneHara, ngnor:eafiKu o6eKrhBHl/Te npupoAHh 3aKoH14.

Cpeg npegcraanrenr.rre Ha uaryp$r,rnocoQunra ca

Tanec, cnopeg Kororo BcuqKo B To3H cBflT BoAs{ Haqa-

noro

cr4

or

BoAara, u Xepaxnnl

roriro

enpaa, ve no-

cKopo orbHnr e ocHoBHr4ffT eteMexr. Ta:u gorrpuua o6ave *nua qRnocrNo r4po, a $r,rnoco$ure pasrnexAaT yHHBepcaflHhTe ucTHHr4 cnopeA cBoHTe npeAnoqilTaHMf, h aplyMeHTilTe MM He ca cbrnacyBaH!4.

ApeBHorpbqKnflrnupuvecxn noer Arxeft (enseo), xtiesn npe:Vll a. np. r n:eecruata noereca CaOo. Te n ABaMara ca or ocrpoe .[1ec6oc. flpe3 oHa3n enoxa My3rKara e e4ra or QyugaveHranHL4Te HayKu,

Xp.,

Ctqecreysar L4 Mlcntlrenn, Konro lbpcflT t4cruHaTa eAhHcTBeHo B Heqa, cB'bp3aHh c qoBeuKaTa npnpoAa. Taxhea ca co$ucl,rre l'lporarop n loprrati.

npe3 oHa3u enoxa ApesHnre ftpqn ce onnrBar,qa oTfo8oplr Ha B-bnpocnTe, (ot4To ril BtnHyBaT, qpe3 cBoiTa MuTonornf,, B KoiTo ce pa3Ka38aT npeAu BchqKo Mcropvlh 3a 6oroae n 6orHHaa Karo 3eBc h

HaMepnT

cbnpyrara My Xepa.

HapeA c noe3l/flTa u nilTepaTypaTa.

ErcqeHTpyrqHa nHqHocr
KOfaTO BbpByt,

ce KnaTyuKa HanflBo_HaEFCHO KaTO

narilLla. lloReara Ha crpaHHara vty Surypa o6nrHo_

BeHo npilBnt4qa np6onrrsilTe h r3yMeHrA norne1rl
HA OKOIIHilTE,

:3

.,..":*

Cr4donocHara cpeqa
He moxe ga ce Kaxe cbc cilrypHocr Kora roqHo

.JI -.:.

,*d
;]:

ce cpeular Corpar r Apxenarl. Cnope4 Hnror t43TOL|Ht4t_|4, KOfaTO e Ha 17 rogvtuttt, MnaAilflT Coxpar yqtl nptl Apxenafi - eAilH or yqeHuqilre Ha
Auaxcarop.
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Aa noroca':

npeHacoqBa cBoero BHilMaHne KbM "vl3yqaBaHero Ha qoBeKa':

Corpar or4enr oco6eHo BHilMaHue

Ha

,( BbHuHocrra Ha CoKpar BilHaru npilBrffqa BHt,lMaHrero sa oxolHure. Toti ce pa3xoxga n3 rpaAa 6oc, ysnr caMo napce nlar oKouo rfnoro cll.

EnwH BefimK Mbfrpeq

,]e,rQrafi

cxunr

opaKyJr
roneMil no3HaHilfl u go6po o6pa:oeaHre. B ArlrHa
ilMa MHo3ilHa Epytvt, KotAro ca no-yMHr/ or uen. Bce na6 npol4BoecrecrBeHo e 6oroeere 4a ntxar... 3a 4a paa6epa 3HaqeHilero Ha EyMr/re na AnonoH, as rpn6ea Aa orKprin Aanvt vMa usxorZ, xofiro e no-yMeH or MeH. Axo orrprR raKbB qoBe6 6ux morun 4a o6opn npopovecreoroJ' 3aena4nH or re3il Mucnv, Coxpar 3anoqBa Aa o6vxann v3 4frna AruHa, ragaeafiru etnpocn ua nonvrnqv, xopa Ha il3KycTBOTO, My3ilKaHTil, nUCaTentA, KaKTO yt Ha BcilqKr4 il3BecTHr4 n yyeHt xopa, KaTO BHilMaTenHo cIeAu TexHilTe OTrOBOpr4.
flocreneHHo rofi octsHaea Heulo MHoro BaxHo: "Bcvuxn re Har{crrHa uvar ra4un6oqeHr no3HaHrfl, Ho MaKap qe ce cMFTar 3a MbApr, He par6rapar c"bu_lHocrra Ha roBa noHFTue. Oveen4Ho a3 cbM no-MbAbp orrRxl' luec e u3BecrHa MucbflTa na Corpar ,'He sF{aA HulJ-lo, ocBeH Qar<ra aa co6creeHoro cil Heeexecreo,l

ce BoAFr Ha rpaAcKr4fl nnoulaA e ArnHa, uo roraro Corpar craBa Ha 40 rogvan, c Hero ce cnyqBa Her{o, Koero

@tr:rocoocrr.{TE ArrcKycr4l4 npoAbnxaBar Aa

h3firpaBa ponflTa Ha noBpaTHa TOqKa B XilBOTa My. llpnnrennr vry Xepe$oH noceulaBa opaKyna e,[enSlr ra

nrra 6or AnonoH: "Korl e no-MbAbp or Coxpar?,,. 3a 4peeHrare rbpqu e neqo o6ravafiHo .qa rt pcflr
c'bBera Ha opaKyna/ Koraro ilMar HFKaKBil npo6neivrur hr.rh Bbnpocr4/ cBbp3aHil c nlu,.rHt A l4M xt4Bor. Xopara

noceulaBaT xpaMa il HanilcBaT Ha napqe nepraMeHT B'bnpocilTe ct,t, cneA Koero ro AaBar Ha xperla. TorZ or cBoF crpaHa npenpe4aBa mon6ara vnt ua fltnraa, a rF uM AaBa orroBop BbB Br4A Ha ',npopovecreo, HanpaBeHo or 6or AnonoH'i Herlnrare npopoqecKn

ayur o6ave o6ilxHoeeHo ca Aocra rqBycMilcneHh 1/ tAcrr HcKoro uM 3Haqenue rpn6ea ga 6t4e
pa :
u.r

r:o6pa:er Coxpal goxaro

Atusa u snuza
B

KapruHa or XIX 8., Ha Koero e

o6vtKan+
tA3

AttcKycw c rpaxAaHilTe.

raQpoea

o vH

EtABtA

AyanHo 3a BceKil.

Toi ce pa4ea

Koraro xpellbr rqaBa B-bnpocvte na flutvta, KoflTo

oqaKBan/ toit otwea nprrr Coxpar. Cne4 raro vyea pa3Ka3a uy, $r,rnoco$br e no-cKopo pa3crpoeH. 3aBraAFHO eAnHCTBeHO OT Mt4cbflTa KaKBO TOqHO
03HaL{aBar AyMmre Ha

ceAil B'bB B'bTpeuHocTTa Ha xpaMa, Tfr n3naha B rpaHc il TaKa HayqaBa orroBopa ua Anonos. Ha Xepe$on xpeqbr npenpe4aBa cneAHilre AyMr Ha ftwtaa'. "HuxorZ ue e no-yMeH or Coxparl,,Qrn6oxo pa3B-bnHyBaH, qe e nonyqiln orroBopa, xofiro e

Ha Bb3xr4qeHuero Ha MnaA[Te xopar Ho B cbt4oTo BpeMe HflKOff uHTeneKTyanqil, qIeto xeeexecreo roi
HeTo.

pa:o6nrvaaa, crpaHgT or

llo-rucHo HeroBl4FT rzr:pas "A: 3HaM, qe Hilulo He :uau" no egraH 6eecnopeH HaqilH AoKa3Ba, qe BbB
BCeneHaTa ilMa MHOrO noBeqe Heula, oTKonKOTO MOXe Aa cb3pe qoBeuKoTo oKo/ 14 qe He BCL|[{KO MOXe Aa 6u4e o6ncHeHo. Taxa Coxparcrilra Ao 3aKrtoqeHilero, qe e,qfiHcrBeHo 6oroeere npurexaBar Mbgpocr 14 qe B cpaBHeHile c rffx qoBeulKilre cbqecrBa ca HiluloxHyt, 4pe6Hu Qvrypxu, Han'bflHo nnuleHlr or ueR. flo-eaxHo o6aqe e, qe xopara Morar Aa o6wqat v Aa lbpcflr M-b4pocrra.

Cneg npopovecrBoro or lenQlr cb3HaHilero My e

Xpantr ra AnonoH r{rpae

ponfl
Ha
B

BaxHa
B3eMaHeTO

Coxpar pa3c-bxAaBa rara: ,,AE He npnrexaBaM

Anonon.

rpbqKoro o5uleclao no ouosa

BpeMe, BKINCChTenHO

il npI

nonrTtrqecKil peueHng.

b,

F. t
F

E
r

k,
F

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o6acun cMeflocrra Karo rBbp,qocr Ha Ayxa. Ha roaa Corpar orroBapF, qe noBeqero BepoFTHo npfieMa-

xpa6pocrra raro go6po4eren, Ho Koraro rF He

ocb3HaTa

il

He il3Bilpa oT Eyuara, ToBa He e raKa

Yveuuqure ce c"brnacflBar c Hero n Coxpar npoAbnxaBa c pa3cbxAeHVAra cv, relp4eixm qe cN.e,rocTTa He e TB-bpAocT Ha AyuaTa, c KoeTo AoKa3Ba

norpeuHocrra Ha n'bpBoHaqanHilfl orroeop. B rpar Ha noAo6Hil At ano3vt yr{eHilqilTe 06nKHoBeHo ca

Il14trleHil OT BCFKaKBa B-b3MOXHOCT Aa Ce npOThBCnocTaBfr Ha HefoBaTa florilKa.

Pa:crx4ennRra Ha Corpar qecro ce orpaHh!:Bar B paMKilTe Ha noHflTvlf xaro go6po4eren h Lle!-

uocr. Heqo noBeqe, Bbnpoc'br "Kaxeo e xpacora.

He o3HaqaBa npocro "Kom ueqa ca rpacralr? a "Karea e c-bll.1Hocrra Ha Kpacorara?". lzl axo e Haqanoro yqeHilK-br Moxe Aa AaAe ori.BOp Ha nocTaBeHilf Bbnpoc, no BpeMe Ha Aharo-: mHoro 6tpro Bb3Hr4KBaT HoBt'l B-bnpocil, a nocf e -BanilTe oTroBopr4 ctlcTeMaTilqHo ca noflnaFaHl,l
CbMHCHilC.

(Dnrocotfr,r, rcofiro 3Hae, qe Hl{rqo He 3Hae

Coxpal xorZro ocrsHaBa cMnc-bla Ha npopoqecrBoro, ce onurBa Aa HaKapa arL4HFHilTe 4a pa:6epa1
qe B-bnpeKil caMo\-ryBcrBrlero cu Ha M-bApvl xopa, Te Bc-br{Hocr ca nilueHil or M'bgpocr. HeroeraRr nogxoA BKnoqBa o6qyeanero qpe3 Ailanor, no3Haro AHec Karo Corparoe Mero4. Tofi ilsnon:ea pa3ntAvHtA, npocTr4 Ha np'bB norneA Bbnpocvr oT poAa Ha: "Kareo

Pene0 or XIX e., r:o6pa:naaq nponoBsABa ilAehre ch cpeA xopara na nnoulaga. E4no npopoqecTBo e npilqilHa Aa 3anoqHe Aa npaBn roBa.

Corpal xoirro

-:

e rpacorara?" vnu "Kaxeo e cMenocl

M'bApocr rrr 4o6pogeren?" YveHnqrire My, or cBoff cTpaHa, ce onr{TBaT Aa oTroBopflT no HflKaKbB HaqilH. Taxa Hanpuuep, unxorir or rffx Moxe [a

Haxpar yqacrHr4qnre ca JInueHil or BcFKaK:,' apryMeHTil. CnoMeHaea ce cbulo/ \le no BpeNae -: re3il pa3roBopu Coxpar LleneHacoqeHo ce crpe''',' Aa il3onilpa ct6ecegnnra ctA v Ea ro HaKapa -: 3acraHe B HFKotZ rrtn. OrnacRitxtt ce K-bM crtyL!;TenilTe cu no ro3r4 Ha'{uH, QranocoSrrr ce onrrBa -. ilM noKaxe KaKBo ilMar npeABilA 6oroeere, xora-: rBbpAflT, qe xopara ca nilueHil or M-bApocr. l4tnvtwno e Aa ce Ka3Ba, qe roBa noBeAeH;': ua Coxpar My cneqenBa HenpilF3bHTa h Bpax4e6uocrra Ha
HFKoro
m

MHo3NHa. TorZ

ce npr6nilxaea

<"r','

Elrdrrurorexa rxa crromemmre

xPAMbr HA AnOflOH B [EnOn
Aenou, n3BecreH c-bc cBe[ueHur xpaM
AnonoH,
Ha

cnKau My Ka3Ba: "Tv cu nvueu or KaKBa-: il Aa e M-bApocr." EcrecrgeHo e xopara Aa ce o6l,t-

Ear or nopo6no orHor.ueHile. B pe:ynrar Ha ro3: Coxpar il3naga BV3onaqtAn il e or6FrBaH ta Mpa3=oT cbrpaxAaHVre cv, a B HFKot4 cnyqav 4opur e 5,'14

ocMl4BaH.

Bupexn roea

rotZ npoAbr]xaBa

r-bp.:-

HaMnpa B toxHoro noAHoxile Ha nnaHtaHara llapnac a qeHrpanHara qacr Ha

ce

cBerhnuulero a flenQr,r nocreneHHo 3anoqBa ry6n caonra cnaea. popnhcxu

ocTaHan!4

Aa

nmBo Aa nponoBflABa cBoero

Xpamlr e nocrpoeH nper lV e. np. Xp.

Itpqun. lnec rori e Heronnm apxeonorhqecKil

o6err
B

na oKono
rvry,

qenrupa

1 80 KM ceBepor43ToqHo or ArrHa. xrAero cnopeA ApeBHnre BspBaHilr

crrn. B'unpexn qe AHec or Hero ca caMo HnKonKo KonoHL4, ToBa e e[4H

apxeonoril'{ecKu o6exru

or uai-gaxnnre
or

y6ex4eure "A: :ra'.' ile Hnulo ue lHav" cpeA fpaxAaHnre Ha Atr',-:. B xpafiua cMerKa roBa ro npaBil npottyr t1 t.1F: 3ilHa oqeHflBar BilcoKo noyqeHilfra vy. lzllaa 4oc,' v raKVBa, Kokrro 3anoqBaT Aa B-b3xBannBar coKp-KaTO

ce HaMnpa u

"leurtplr

Ha caera'i e pa3nonoxeH

xpaM'br Ha Anonor,

s xorlro usxora npo3ByLraBa npopoqecrBoro na flnrrs: "Hnxoi ne e no-vr-uglp or Coxpar1 Cnopeg 4peaxorp'bqKara Mnronornn e flenQra B ApeBHh BpeMeHa ce e HaMr]pano

ApeBHorp'br.lKara enoxa. Tofi e crvnras :a TonKoBa 3Ha'1ilM, KonKoro e r Onrunnn, xtgero

e nocraBeHo Haqanoro ua Onulttnnncrnre

yqilTefi.

rrpr.

na les - 6orrnsra Ha 3eMrra. Sorrr xa cnbHqero - AnonoH, r3rpaxga ryx caori onrap, cneA xaro y6lrea c nbKa r crpenilTe crl 'ryAoBr4u.lHr4fl Apaxon na lenSn - llrroH. B Haqaloro Ha cBoflTa ilcropmr ro e r3BecrHo eAIHcrBeHo Ha MecrHure xrrenn. Koraro ApeBHL4Te rbpqn ce 3acerBar no Te3r 3eMil npe3 Vlll-Vll s. np. Xp., cBerilnhulero nocreneHHo
cBerulnnu.lero
cTaBa il3KnloqnTenHo nonynrpHo h noceLqaBaHo

or ronflM 6porl noxnoHuvrqr. B nepuropa oxono

Vl a. np. Xp. nano:rHa or

BnaAerenilTe ce
Ha

) llporarop ApeBHOrpbLlKil

AonL4rBar Ao opaKyna a !enSr,r, npeAh Aa B3eMar

BaxHo nonilTilqecKo peueHre. B Ha*ranoro

MucnilTen

r egrH or uai-

V a. np. Xp. npepcxaranilero My 3a rbpllrlre

npegu sorirxara c flepcmr ue e 6naronprnrHo u

^ PilcyHKa Bbpxy rnrHeH c-u6, r:o6pa:neaqa flurfffl, AoKaro noffyqaBa npopoqeclso ot Anonos.

r:secrnrre co$ucrr.
Tot4 Ha

nocraBr ocHoBilTe

coQr:ua xaro

ilaeoflorilF.

Mmcrr/{Ten

,A

narp noT
3a

flnecara Ha ApucroQau "O6,raqr,rre" IT -r\oMEAr4rTA "OEJIATII{TE" E IPEICTABEHA

n-bpBta

nbr no BpeMe Ha,QroHncueailre npa3HeHcrBa 3aeMa nocfleAHo Mfcro or rpt4 cbcTe3aBaqn ce

nurecu. B Hefl
npr4Hqfi

aBropbl xome4uorpaQur Apucro$an,

il Corpar noATr4KBa an4HflHilTe Aa nognarar Ha cbMHeHile cBoure BrpBaHrfl. Cnopep Hero, aKo xopaTa He ocb3HaFT HeBeXeCTBOTO Ct4, TOBa MOXe Aa
TaKa
ce oKaxe nary6Ho sa ArrHa.

relh
B

nHo carvpvaupa coQracrrare - npenoAaBano peropilKa, a Coxpar e ocHoBHara qen Ha

He no-uanro 3HaqeHile ilMa il npopo'tecrBoro, ve Coxpar e rafi-vrr4pnnr Mbx B Arnna, cuo6qeuo

Ha eAilH or npilflTenilTe Ha $ranoco$a. HayvaearZrr 3a roBa, Corpar ce onilrBa Aa onpoBeprae Ka3aHoro or opaKyna. C ra:r qen roil ornpaen pa3nilqHn Bbnpoct4 KbM oHe3il arrHflHl4, Kor4To cnope4 Hero ca uati-rraupprare A<tArentA Ha rpa6a. Orasea ce, Lte BcilrlKrt re ca y6egeuu, ve 4e/rcrerrenuo ca raKrBa. B xpafina cMerKa Coxpar ocb3HaBa, qe opaKyn-br e npaB. foil ctvtra Ao 3aKnoqeHue, KoeTo BCn+,rlA Te3il M'bXe He npileMaT:a ce6e
cl4

HeroBaTa RpvtTVKa.

nrecara Corpar pbKoBoAr4 Mwcnntenuu4a, unn

TorZ

or ,fen$nrlcrv+ opaKyn

OporlrrcrepraoH.

e onhcaH Karo onaceH coSracr,

n3Kyc-

xoiro o6yvaea cBoilre yqeH vllv Aa tenon3Bar

rBoro Ha peropnKara/ 3a Aa npeBbpHar eAilH Hey6e_ ArreneH apryMeHr B cbulecrBeH. OceeH roea, s nuecara $lrnoco$br no4rara Ha cbMHeHre penvruflra vt npaBh HsKoLt HayqHil n3cneEBaHVA, utnarahKA ceo_ Fra Teoprlfl, qe AbxAoBHt4Te KanKil BCbUIHOCT r4ABaT or o6laqure, a He ca Aeno Ha 3eec. B xpan na nilecara eAhH oT yqeHrllilTe, pa3rHeBeH OT nocneAilqilTe, AO Ko!4To BoAr4 yqeHilero na Corpal 3anarBa HeroBara
MucnurenHuqa. O6parur ua Coxpar e "O6naqr,lre" e Ao rorflMa creneH nporr4BopeqnB il cnopeH. Cnope4 MHo3ilHa roBa !opr4 AonpilHacfl 3a HeroBoTo no-KbcHo ocbxAaHe t/t erceKyLl/flra uy. Cnope4 Apyra reopufl o6aqe roea e carhpa no-cKopo Ha yqeHilLlrre Ha Qnnoco$a, a ne Ha camrn uero. Axo cbgr4M no AyMilre na Corpar no epeme Ha npoqeca cpeu{y Hero, roir ne ce qyBcrBa 3acerHar or HaLrHHa, no rofiro e npe4craBeH B nilecara. B npaecreeno, nHTeJleKTyanHo u norrrilqecKo orHouenre Coxpar HanbrHo ce ornt4qaBa or cBorre cbBpeMeHH14qu. Herosara qen e Aa HaKapa cbrpaxAaH.4re cH Aa "ocb3HaflT cBoero Hegexecreo,:3au1o rcxa roea? flpegr ecuvxo rpn6ea 4a ce or6enexr grn6oxara
N4ara

- cb3HaHuero:a

co6creeHoro ct4 HeBexecrBo.

Ilarpr.ror r{ BofiHrrK

flenonouecrara eofiHa (431

xoHQnrarr MexAy ArrHa, or eAHa crpaHa, il flenonoHecrilfl cbto3 Haqeno crc Cnapra, or
4pyra. Coxpar ce cpaxaBa xpa6po cpeuly Cnapra e 6ilrrara npra floru4en npe3 432 r. np. Xp., Koraro e Ha 37 roAtAHtA.llo-rucHo, Ha 45-ro4uuHa Bb3pacr, npez 424 r. np. Xp., yqacrBa e 6ilrxara npv fientw, a npe3 422 r. np. Xp., Ha 47 ro1uuu, ce cpaxaBa npu ArvrSranonrac.

onycTotu14TeneH 14 npoAbnx14TeneH BoeHeH

404 r. np.

Xp.)

- Kapruna or XIX 8., u:o6pa:reaula il3naAHanara e rpaHc.QenQrucxa

npophqaTenKa.

npuBbp3aHocr ta Corpar KbM rpaga Atnaa u rona_ rpeBora, KoFTo venrtrBa 3a HeroBoro 6t4eL4e.

B 6r,rrxara npra [1orra4en Coxpar cnacrBa paHeHufl cil npilflTen Anxuewap, npu Aenvtil cnacnBa xnBora Ha
yqeHilKa

llnarou onpilnflqaBa Coxpar Ha AocaAHa KoHcKa

uyxa. Karro ra3il Hanacr HapyuaBa noKoff Ha KoHere,

cv

Kceno$onr,

ttgtrrtuxeafixu

To

u3noA

naAHanilfl My KoH. B roea

Knreqoaa fluqHoctn
XEPEOOH
err,tecro ga pa6oru, o6uranavo Aruna u pa3roBapn c xl/Tenr4Te Ha rpaAa, He3aBilcl4Mo ve rpn6aa,qa ce rphxh 3a cbnpyraTa n AeqaTa cu. Tou nocrtnea raKa He 3aqoro e BficoKoMepeH r xenae Aa H3T-bKHe cBoRTa MbApocI KaTO 3aAaBa Bbnpocl4 Ha hHTeflHfeHTH'4 XOpa il HaKbpHfBa,rr"uru ropAocl, parxplreafirra no BpeMe Ha Ailanora HeBexecrBoro ulr. Corpar e eo4en

Ctqecreyea nphquHa, nopa4u Koflro Coxpal

e Aocra ocKb.qHo Karo cBeAeHun. Tofi e onucaH Karo y,{eHuK Ha Co<pa1 xoriro u3rnexga xaro ?egoxpaneH rpyn I qecro e o6exr ua npracrr,tex, mfi *uro *opur"
He Morar Aa paa6epar 4arr e xnB unil Mbprba,i XepeQon gerlcrBr4renHo e Aocra MbpuJaB n uva 6onnas eug.

Corpar or6enntBa cbu-lo, qe "rofi recuo ce 3axBaqa c pa3nilqHil neqa,i Axo

B3eMeM npeABnA roBar Koero ca Hanhcarrl 3a Hero Apracro$aH, KcenoQoxr rrt lharoH, XepeQoH eepoRrno e 6un eHeprTlqHa il il3BecrHa flhqHocr c xapaKrepHa

eAhHcrBeHo or xeraHuero Aa norBbpAr4 flyMr4Te Ha cBoR npilffrer xepe6o"lE4rax 4en rori cro6qaaa na Qranoco$a Heulo HeBepoffrHo, Oxagaa ce, qe

ernLuHocl

XepeQon noceqaBa opaKyna e.{ea$u, 3a Aa nilra Anonon Aanil ilMa noMbAbp Mbx or Coxpar. Cnopeg noryqeHoro npopoqecrBo Corpar e narifoneMfiflr MbApeq.
Toea,

406pil

Bpb3Kl4 CpeA ilHTeneKryanHMre h cBercKr4

xprrose'na

ATtaHa

xoerc HayqaBaMe sa XepeQou or nuecara ua ApracroQan ,,O6naqr,rre,i

u yBaxaBaH or Corpar. Karo eepen yqeHu& rorl oruea e flenfra, :a,qa par6epe Aanu yqurerrr my Coxpar e rari-utppmnr qoBeK B caera. 3a ga noruopg, orioBopa Ha AnonoH, nonyqeH or XepeQon fipn roBa HeroBo nocet4euue, Corpar ce onilrBa Aa HaMepfi uoae6 xoriro e no-yMeH or Hero.

Cqena or rprqxa xoue4nr. XepeQoH,

cnaceH or AnoroH. CoKpar cbulo cnacnBa KceroQorl rorZro no-xrcuo sanncea ceorre "Cnomesu".

flarprorrruul

KorZro npoFBFBa Ha 6otZHoro nore.

cpaxeHile arilHFHhre ca no6e.qeHil, Ho ABaMa Ayuv - Coxpar ,4 reHepan laxel npo4urxaBar 6urxara AoptA tA npeA 3annaxara or nopaxeHile. @unoco$ur or Aruna e cMer il xnaAHoKpbBeH
6oerl ra nonyqaBa Harpa4a 3a cBorra xpa6pocr. Corpar ce cpaxaBa no cbu.lLln HaqilH r no BpeMe
Ha BOeHHaTa eKCneAilqilR e ArraQranonnc, e Tpaxun.
AplrcroSau - aBropbr Ha nilecara Cpe4 reroeure reop6u e L4 KoMeAhrra "O6naqrre'l a xonro ocuuaa Coxpar

3a Aa 3aulilTr4 poAilHara cil, e ABilxeula cvna t E 6urmero My Ha yquiren no $ilnocoQiln. Oranoco$tr Coxpal, rbpceul ilcrilHara B pa3roBopt4 cbc cBo/re cbrpaxAaHil Ha aropara, il BotlHt4K-br coKpar, cpaxaBaul ce 3a poAHiln rpaA, He ce il3KnlotlBaT B3ailN4H0. Te ca carp:aHil or eAHa o6ula LleHHocr - nto6oBra ,l npuBbp3aHocrra KbM poAHaTa ArilHa. Totl qecro e Kpvrl4KyBaH Karo areilcl r-bit Karc orpr4qa ApeBHofp-brlKaTa Milronofilfl. oilfiocoobr o6aqe e rBbpgo y6e4eH B Heo6xoAt4Mocrra Aa ce Bb3nilTaBa u o6pa3oBa MnaAoro noKonoHHe, TaK3 qe 6bAeqilre QrrrnocoQn uyqeH4 Aa ca B cbcroFHtle
Aa 3aulilTFT

r ona3flT ArnHa. Toea HecbMHeHo e ou.le eAHO AOKa3aTeflCTBO n npoflBa Ha naTptloTl43bl". Ha4exgara cn 3a 6-bgeulero Ha pogr/Hara roi Bb3Kot4To

nara u3qFno Ha MflaAilTe yqeHilLlil,

paT B HeroBaTa MilcnilTenHilqa.

ce c-b6,'-

"Iu:rcrpara'i

Kaprnua or Puucxara enoxa, Ha KoflTo ca rro6pa:eHr rptqrr Sunoco$r no BpeMe Ha AucKyctlA. B xovepunra "O6naqrre" AprcroQau onucaa xax Coxpar o6yvaea e ceonta Mucnnrenrltua yqeHrllhre cil Ha yMeHnero Aa no6expaear no BpeMe Ha cnop.

*e :: r' tr:": i6..*',8'j.*

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HA

pyrara Coxpar
B

w nocnefloBaren y{re

Fpamrr c Kcanrnna I!\K @I4IOCOObT yCIIfBA

cemeficreo, 6ea 4a pa6orui

AA CE fpI4)I(Lj 3a cBoero
Ha

npoflbnxeHre

ABaAecer

llper ona:u enoxa Mbxere B Itpqun nporBflBar poMaHrilqeH

rHTepec KbM KpacilBl4 MnaAexu,
a He KbM xeHu. E4uncreeuara qen
Ha 6paxa e Aa ce cb34ane noroMcreo. MHoro qecro Mexfly c-bnpy-

toAVtHU H14t{O Apyro, ocBeH Ea AeMOHCrpt/pa "oclgna_ BaHero Ha co6creeHoro cil Heeexecreo,,?

Coxpar e cilH Ha CoQponracx, arilHcKlt KaMeHoAe.rreq h cKynnrop. Crulecreyea npe4nonoxeHne, qe rora cbu.lo r43yqaBa 3aHaflTa na 6ar4a cvr tA ro npaKThKyBa Jbrrro BpeMe, npeA,4 Aa Ce nOcBeTu noqTu n3qflIo Ha aBo/re ilHrereKryanHr ilHrepecri. Cnope4 flpyra reo_
HacneAflBa AocrarbLtHo napu or 6at4a cn, 3a Aa Moxe Aa il34bpxa ce6e cr il ceAreficreoro ch, 6es -a pa6oru. lulrvra u rerp4eHilfl, qe HeroBure npvlrenv v
r '.reHHrlr4

3ilTe rMa pa3fl/rKa BbB Bb3pacTTa oT neTHaAeCeT rOArlHt4, KOTaTO

TpuAeceTroArluleH

Mbx, Hanpilra Corpal

crn Coxpar

Mep, ce oxeHBa 3a neTHaleceTroAr4lxHo MoMilqe. Koraro Kcatrnna ce oMbxBa

Tfl e Ha Bb3pacT MexAy neTHaAeceT r/,qBaAeceT roAuHri.

ro noAnoMarar Qunaxcoeo, a tofi egilMa or rRx

ro,,lKoBa

napil, KonKoro ca rvry ueo6xoguttiv, epulailxn 3craHarure. Konro n or re3il t croprAu Aa ce oKaxe

He e nleecrxo KbAe roqHo e po4eHa rF, Ho ce cMflra, qe npoil3xox4a or 3aMoxHa Qalvnun, rtri xaro rmero Kcanruna o3HaqaBa "xtlt ron'l ,lpeenorptrlxoro ,tMe "xunoc" qecro npeflnonara apilcroKparilqeH npoyt3xog.
OcgeH roea, TexHutr nbpBh cl4H

r B flpeaua lbpqilff Mbxere npoFBfrBanr poMaHTrqeH ilHTepec KbM KpacilBt4 Mnagexil. Coxpar uma 6nu:xa
Bpb3Ka/ KOffTO OCTaBa HenOp.OrlHa, c

xpacnenn AnxveuaA. Toi npeAnocilra B3ailMoorHoueHilFra utt ga 6r4ar Ha

cucTo AyxoBHa ocHoBa.

3FpHa, exenHeBilero Ha Qnnoco$a e Aocra cKpoMHo ri aKo He e xuBnl B pa3Korx, Coxpar e ilMafl AocrarbLtHo

.peAcrBa, 3a Aa oqenFBa.
Tola ce
KaKBa

fiaunpoxut, Hocl4 hMero ua 6aulara na Kcanruna, cnopeA o6n\aa nbpBuflr cLlH

oxeHaa KbcHo, MaKap qe He e u3BecrHo

Ha

roqHo B'b3pacr e HanpaBnn roga. Ctc cbnpyrara lr Kcarrnna nMar rpl/Ma cuna. Koraro Coxpar yrvrrapa Fe ceAeMgecerro4uuHa Bb3pacl uait-roleuunr uy cuu

4a 6rge HapeqeH na no-6oraruR or gngoeqnre. fharoH ere "OegoH" ra KceroQoHr e "CnoMeHh" nro6parrear
KcaHruna raro 4o6pa il BFpHa c-bnpyra.3a onrpnuuaeuR xapaKrep Ha cbnpyrara cil roBopl4 Corpar e',Curr,rnoruyn,t,,
ua KceuoSour. AenilaH F onilcBa Karo peBHilBa il 3ra xeHa
O6yueure no BoeHHa noAroroBKa
B ApeBHOrpbLlKrr rpaA AbpxaBa Cnapra, y4tpxan no6epa cag ArrHa

Ha oKorro oceMHaAecer roAtAHu. Ct4erirra no re3yl :aKTh, MoxeM Aa HanpaBilM 3aKnrcqeHhe, ,le rotl ce sxeHBa/ KoraTo e Ha oKolo 50 roptttuw.

h Moxe 6u orrau mlaero

cBaAnilBa cbnpyra.

rir

craBa chHoHt4M Ha 3an1rnBa

no BpeMe Ha llenononecxara eorlsa. TlcropucecKfi Qarr e, ve cnapraucxara cucreMa Ha o6yvenue npe3 oHa3il enoxa e n3utno Ha BoeHHa ocHoBd-

tA

ii ;*'{i

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ii :'8 _:rll

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Ctqecreyea npegnonoxeHile, ue Coxpar ilMa il Apyra c'bnpyra Ha nme Mrpro. flo-sepoRrna o6aqe e reopilflra, qe Toti ce 3aHilMaBa eAilHcTBeHo c or4HaHcoBr,rre Aena Ha
Ta3il XeHa, KOflTO e BAOBr,4qa,
tA

ueHilF, Ho re Ao KpaR ocraBar HenopoqHr4.

llo

epervre

ra llenononecrara

eoriHa Arxuemag yqacrBa e 6urrara

npu llorn4en npez432 r. np. Xp., roraro Corpar cnacffBa xuBora Ha MnaAexa. Koraro QurocoQtre na 57 rogwnrtt, yqeHilKbr ruy Anxueuag craBa KoMaHAup na Aruncxnn

HtAKOfa He Ce OXeHBa 3a Hefl.

HeAocrofinu yqeHurlu
Oqe or 4ercxure My roArlHrl ctc Coxpar ce cnyqBa Heulo
crpaHHo
eKcra3

noHrKom il3na4a B rpaHc.

!o6pe

u3BecrHo e,

qe roir e npeApa3nonoxeH KbM HffKaKbB ceoeo6pa:en

il BflpBa, qe Koraro e e nogo6no cbcronHr4e, nonyqaea 6oxecreeHo Han'brcrBue ceilue. Tofi ocraBa B ToBa

ercnegilqilflra cpeujy Cu4vtnvrn. B Haee6rrxara xepMililTe (uel,rpracrpanr.rv KonoHu cbc cKynnrypnu nro6paxenvfl Ha rnaBr arpxy rnx), HapuqaHil oqe rnaBilre na 6or Xepuec, ca noBpegeHfi. Toea npe4uaeilKBa penilrilo3eH cKaHAan il ce npileMa
BoeHeH Qnor e
Ha

qepilero

KaTO

nOUO npeA3HaMeHOBaHile 3a il3XOAa Ha MVCtAflTa.

cTpaHHo cbcToflHile B npoEbnxeHile Ha 'racoBe il npilfTearire My 3HaFI qe e no-4o6pe roraBa Aa ne ro 6egnoxoRr. l1o epeue Ha BoeHHure onepaqhh Ha arilHrHilre cpeqy llorugen, xoraro Coxpar e Ha oKoro qerilpilAecer toAtAHtA,

Anxneuag e o6eilHeH B vr3BbpuBaHe Ha npeclbnneHile

n ocbgeH npra 6-up:o cbgonpou3Bogcreo. Ocrenaeafrru,

qe HfMa Aa rE6erne cMbprHoro HaKa3aHile, aKo ce BbpHe
e ArilHa,

ArxileilaA craBa il3MeHHuK

r'r

uz6nrea e Cnapra.

rori ocraea HenogBhxeH

Ha

Ha eAHo Mflcro
Ha

or

paHHoro

yrpo

3apa4n nocrunKara Ha cBofl yqeHilK, Coxpar

novrr

e4nHilr AeH Ao 3ane3a

cnegBaqilF.

lopn crpauHnnr
ro il3BaAn

cryfl, HacTbnt/ln npe3 Hoqra, or rpauca.

He e B cbcrofHr4e Aa

npilHygeH Aa noeMe BilHara Bbpxy ce6e cu. llo-xrcno Anxusrag ce 3aBpbula e ArilHa, Ho orHoBo My ce

loraro

ce pa3xoxAa 6oc rs Arilua n no qfln AeH

pa3ilcKBa QnnocoQcrrare Bbnpocvr, Kol4ro 3aHuMaBar cb3-

ra pa rr6erne yqilTer orHoBo B HaKa3aHmero, nocraeRfirn cBofl

Hanara Aa rupcra y6exur4e e Cnapra, rpyAHo nonoxeHue.

g._.*"-l:

HaHilero my, ua Coxpar qecro My ce cnyqBa Aa u3na4a

*+

no4o6rlr BqeneHeHilF n Aa ocraBa raKa B npo4bnxeHile

Ha qacoBe. OrzrnocoQtr cne4Ba 3anoBegilTe Ha HflKaKbB
eAnHcTBeHO CbBeril

,!pyr yvenrax na Coxpar - Kpralari, ctr4o npor3xox4a or 6naropognnqecKo arnHcKo ceMeficreo. Torir e quqo
na flnarox u e BoAeqa Qilrypa cpeg TpnAecerre rupaHil,

etrpeuen "rnac"mu peuon. Cnope4 llnaron 4eMoHbrAaBa il npeAynpexAeHilfl, Ho HFKoil aBropr,4

npileMar roBa xaro "rnaca"
Ha HefoBara cbBecr.

orrsx. L4aeecren e c Macoerre y6ur,rcrea na 6ellaqurnu rpaxgauu. Kpururi

Karo e cMFTaH 3a narTr-xectoxuR

fharou e ro3u, xotito ganucga 3a noKoreHuflTa reoHa Coxpar. Koraro arnHcxurnr QurocoQ Ha6nraxaBa uecr4ecer roAuHu, lharou e Ha oKoto ABapecer.

e cBbp3aH c uKonara na Coxpar il ToBa craBa

pilqilHa arilHcxara o6qecreeuocr Aa nogroxr4 Ha ocrpa KpurtlKa ilAeilre Ha Qnnoco$a, onern

pilnre
floqril

He e 3ana3eHa rauQopmarlrn 3a

ucropl4flra

Ha

rex-

uneahxu cbqeBpeMeHHo penyraqilflra My Karo

HilTe B3ailMoorHoueHilff. Coxpar ilMa MHoro yqeHilqLl raro llnarou, MaKap tre HflKoyr or rflx ce oKa3Bar HeAocrorTrHu ga cBoF

yvuren. Xreorur n ct46ara Ha Coxpar nper"bpnrBar Heoqaxean o6par rapa4ra negocroriHOTO

yqhren. lzl:eecrHo e, ve c Arxueuag, xoitro

esailA oorHo-

.: I
3ana3BariKu rn no ro3tr Ha'rnH 3a noKoneHrffra

nOBeEeHile Ha Te3il MnaAexil/ Ha

KOT]TO

or crpaHa na uarira cil npon3xoxAa or 6laropo4nnuec-

npegu roea QunocoQtr etrnara HaAexAilTe

aa

cil

ra Qauurun, Coxpar uMa rBbpge 6nilarh

6tAeUefO na

AfnUa.

^ lnaror 3anilcBa Arano3trre

Ha

coKpat

/,
A'AHTUNA?

'so('R'\'l'E F;T sA Fl'^ltl

ufu

" ; gil;

'J::Tffi:il:::H:ffi::x::il:'ffi;ffiffi;:ilffzff#1'j#il.j:H:@gG
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uilu'*;ffi*Hmffi*
:?ff iff: Jff l5J.ffi'::q: ?illffi -,::? e 3Haefl e4hHcrBeHo Corpar. Or rcropnnra ua

ffi
llfiliffiflIfiffilllill11ll1lllllill

JJJ

[5"3a 6uorpa-

HerlHun xaparrep HayqaBaMe u or

laeprcxr'Xuso- lhatoHcraeascHo,qerteo6uqanacbnpyracil $ l,J rtrmBb3rreAilreHarptqxrreQurocoQu'juanra- we6vtnanoKpyceHaorcMbprraMy.

$uvuara reop6a Ha.fluoreH

^KaprnHaorXVlll e.,HaKoflrocar:o6pa:eHncoxpar
nKcaurnna.

na ce orKaxeu or y6exfle H.Anra cvt

fIo creAno r{3BrrHenr{e

!a npegnoqereuJ cMbprra npefl roBa

B cBof xllrgfrcxra

rbr

coxpar HeBeAHbx

flpuvrHa 3a roBa e npeAu Bcr4qKo HefoBoro ynopcrBo il HexeraHrero My Aa HanpaBu KoMnpoMytc c y6ex4eurrra cu. ArnnnHure y4bpxar no6e4a HaA cnapraHqilre B 6urxara npn ApreuysKilre ocrpoBr4 no BpeMe Ha Ierononecrara eorZHa. (Darrur o6ave, ve noBeqe or 4 000 Ayuril 3arrBar B roBa cpaxeHile, nopaxAa
!43npaBeH npe4 cMbprHa 3anflaxa.
;43BeCTH14

"HenoropHa nuqHocr'i E4uH orrnx e Kpwnh,6paroeueg Ha uarlxara Ha llnaroH. Karo qneH Ha cbBera Ha Tpmgecerre rrpaHr, rorl ce rryBcrBa 4un6oro 3acerHar or Coxpar h rau Henpnfl3bH 14 oMpa3a KbM Hero. Tpu4ecerre rhpaHil ApacTr4qHo HaManflBar rpaxAaHcKure npaBa Ha aTUHFuure. llpaaoro Aa yqacrBar B ynpaBneHuero il Aa rna-

cyBal

CbMHeHnF nO OTHOUeHile OTTOBOpHOCTTa

LtrreH Ha cbBeTa, HacToFBa,

6rgar

o6eraHneaHr. lopra il npeA onacHocrra rorl caMuflr ga 6tge apecryBaH il eK3eKyrupaH, Corpar npeAnoqilra Aa ocraHe BepeH Ha y6exgeurnra cu ,.1 Aa B3eMe cTpaHaTa Ha 3aKOHa h cnpaBeflnilBOCTTa BMecro, o6erAHneafAKA BoAaqhre, Aa 3aulurr4 ce6e cu.

Ha BoeHaqarHnqrre. E4mucraeHo Coxpal xofrro e qe BoAaqilTe He MoraT Aa

KoeTo AororaBa e AocTbnHo 3a BcvrLrKvr HaB'bpuJt4ru nbflHonerile ceo6oAnt4 Mbxe e ArnHa, cera Moxe Aa 6r4e ynpaxHflBaHo caMo or eAHa enilTHa rpyna arilHrHn. l1o epeme Ha roBa ynpaBrreHile, KOTaTO BIaCTBaT Hacil,nileTo il OrpaHilLtaBaHeTO Ha ceo6o4ara Ha rpaxAaHilre, Corpar rBbp4o ce o6qBrBa npol4B Tpu4ecerre rvpaHn,

Koraro Coxpar e na 65 roAtAHtA, AruHa oroHqarenHo npr3Haea 6e:ycloeHoro cu nopaxeHue or Cnapra, cneA Koero B rpaAa ce Hanara AuKTaropcKo ynpaBneHne. llper ro3n nepuo4 Corpar il qerr0hMa Apyril rpaxgaHil ca npil3oBaHu or Tpugecerre
rhpaHh (ynpaannear4ra AlaHa) il nonyqaBar 3anoBe,q rta apecryBar leonr or Canaurc, sa 4a 6t4e eK3eKyrrpau. Corpar orKa3Ba Aa n3nbnHil rarm uegocrotitHa cnopeA Hero 3anoBerq n ce npra6rapa y AoMa cil.

Koraro Qranoco$rr e Ha oKono 70 rogunw, tpwaa HeroBu c-brpaxAaHu - Anrl Mener n Inron, ornpaBfr cpeqy Hero o6ehHeHilfl, qe pa3Bpau.laBa u yltr4 ua 6e:6oxre Mflagexilre. Te HacroRear 3a cMbprHo HaKa3aHile Ha Coxpar. flprvuHrrrre 3a rFXHoro HeAoBoncrBo ca Aocra Hecepuo3H14. Corpar e yBaxaBaH il MbA-bp tloBeK u eArHcTBeHo HflKor,4 HeroBil t43Ka3BaHuR, nocrbnKv vy6exgenuff ca noBoA Ea regr o6euHeHufl. 5e3 ctruueuue, HFKol4 xopa ca oropqeHu or
Auano3ilTe My, B Kor4To ca noAnaraHu Ha nphcMex. llper oHarr enoxa ocHoBHa ponfl B arilHcKoro cbAonpoil3BoAcrBo r4Mar cu4e6Hrare 3aceAarenu. flo apeue Ha npolleca cpeuly Coxpar 500 rpaxganra

: fltpeope:6a or XIX a. - llnaroH npe4 rpo6ruqara Ha CoKpal rrrfTo cMbpT e ronflM yflap 3a Hero.
fltpaouauanroro xenaH,4e
Ha

nnaroH e Aa craHe norurrlK, Ho cneA cvrprra ua Coxpar rofi peulaBa Aa ce

3aHilMaBa c dunoco$rrrs.

Bpax4ara MexAy Corpar ra Tplrgecerre rupaHyl craBa cepro3Ha ,4 onacHa. Muoanua, Aopt vt HflKotA or nphnrenilre My/ 3anoqBar Aa Haprqar QranocoSa

rpn6aa Aa rnacyBar il Aa ro o6seqr 3a BilHoBeH ilnl4

) Opencxo n:gaHre
"nupbr" or Xvlll

ua
B.

nPoU3BEAEHI4RTA HA nrATOH, KOI4TO OTPA3f,BAT OUnOCOOI4f,TA HA COKPAT

Coxpar xe ocraBfl cneA ce6e cu Qunoco$cxn rexcrose B nilcMeHa $oprraa. llpe4craBa 3a uryevrev y6ex4enranra My nonyqaBaMe or npou3BeAeHnf,Ta Ha HeroBhre

Ct:ga4enure noroBa BpeMe npou3Be4eHhR ca u3eecrxu raro "Eprr,r$pou'j "Anonorun" u "Kpwon". "Eerufpon" e eto6paxaeu guanor uexgy Corpar r,r Eerr,rQpon :a
6naroqecrnero. "Anonorun" e npeAcraBeHa Karo peq, npou3HeceHa or Coxpar no BpeMe Ha crge6Hun npoqec cpeqy nero. B "Kpnron" arutcntnr yurrer n Quno. coQ rorvenrnpa 3apbnxeHhero cil .qa npueMe cMbprHara npucbAa, He3aBilct4Mo ge rofi u HeroBilTe noAApbxHr4qu F cMf,Tar 3a HecnpaBepuea. Bte "Oe4ox" Haunpar orpaxeHfie pa3cbxAeHnfra Ha Coxpar ra cutprra u pa3nur.tH14 Apyrh Bbnpocu,

y'reHrqu

t4 cbBpeMeHHuUr.

Hafi-uggecrnurr cpe4 Tflx 6eacnopuo e llnarou. llogena

'lero or HeroBilTe KHilru cbAbpxar Anano3v na Corpar, HanucaHil nop Qoprvra

At cKycttv Mex{Ay arilHcKr4fl Qranoco$ il yqeHuqnre My hnil caMo pa3roBopu Mex(Ay HeroBil nocneAoBaren!4, npepMer Ha rouro e SulocoSrrra Ha rexnuR yvnrel. B re:ll npou3BerqeHun Corpar ce norBffBa Karo KnoqoBa flilqHoc1 l43Ka3Baqa MHeHuero cu no pa3nuqHu Bbnpocr4. flo ctqecreo roBa He ca ncropl4qecKn noKyMeHTu, a nocKopo ilMar ApaMaryprhqeH ranr,r QranocoQcxra xapaKrep. Oarrure e rnx, cBbp3aHu c xueora ra Coxpar, He ca ilcropt4qecKu AoKa3aHil, MaKap r{e u3mexAar AocroBepHu. Teop6ure na llnaroH ca pa3geneHil Ha rpll ocHoBHll rpynra: "Coxparoeu" 1uanotu,

npegil Aa h3nne cMbproHocHara orBapa or 6yvnnuu.r. Toaa npoil3BegeHue,

Hape.q

c "frpxaaara" u "fluptr", ce orHacr ruu "npexo4nure" Auano3w na flnaron. B Hero MHoro 4o6pe ca onhcaHh rilqHocrra n Qr,rnocoQranra ra Coxpar. B 4nano3r4Te HaMilpa orpaxeHhe u flnaronogara Teopr,rn ra foprrarare'l B KoffTo HaMilpar
Mffcro HeroBhre Bb3flreAu 3a BceneHara u 3a Bb3Hl4KBaHero na aao6uxalRuqara uu geficreurenHocr.
B no-useecrxilre cu rsop6u "flvtpw" u "Oe4tp" flnarou gaea u3pa3 Ha yHilKanHrre ch pa3MiluneHu+ v u1etA, cBbp3aHil c nn6oara u Kpacorara, KaKTo Moxe Aa ce 3aKntoqu u or rexHure nogramaaran - "3a no6oera" u "3a rpacorara'i 3a npou:ee4euuflTa, BKflroqBaqu raKa HapeveHilTe "3penh"Aualo3l4, or noKbcHilR nepiloA Ha HefoBoTo TBopqecTBo ca xapaKTepHu ABe ocHoBHil TeMil: e4Hara - pa3rnexpaHa e "Co$racr'i racae npo6nemilre, cBbp3aHu c no3HaHilero 3a cBera, a Apyrara - e "3aroHrr'i orpa3nBa npo6nenirn, orHacfl4r/ ce Ao nonuT!4qecKhTe ilAeil.

go 366

HanucaHu e nepno4a or 399 4o 387 r. np. Xp.; "l1pexo,quu"4r,rano:u, uanucanu or 386 r. np. Xp.. cneA ocHoBaBaHero Ha Herosara AKageMilr a Aruna u "3peru"gua-

no3il/ orHaclr4l4 ce KbM nep!4oAa Mex4y 365 u 347 r. np. Xp., roraro [lnaron yuupa.

Hara-panree"ry:Itr
386 r.

i::lAl!q'9i!4ir,lilXartunAl:11{0iit0!it1l4eii1:1illr,te-allMarxri,itrir.r.l..il

HUflT nepuoA

ii:i:XirniiitililllPOfArOiil:llEriritiri{$dpn
trp::Xtj
rir

ill:lii:Ait::::::lri::r::::::,rr,rrrr::.r,r.'
r::ui::

oT c

TBOpqecT-

r'lod,ia!I gpailrrii:$-eA1'r,ij: nNtitilrmtiEa g&iii,tr

:Ip:
iti::u:rtr:r:rrrr:uri::.ri:,r.i:::i::ir

aoro Ha fLraTOH e CBbp3aH

lrtltTeei,a.i1t

tut'"0:'1i:,1

,',:cq$rcilil&KotU,1;:$0nririr'ililt!'.!4diilir1lQriiirf1,ii,,:,,:,:i:i "Or.rne6" n gp.

nooreAHilTe

AnrsaCoxpar.

3a3opflBaHe yqeHilqilTe

u npilflTer[re ua QrlocoSa

ilABar B 3arBopa, a r"bMHltqapflr r4M Ka3Ba: ",{orZ4oxa

cltyxvrenv

o6aevxa, ve Corpar rpn6ea Aa il3nne

orpoBara 4uec, npe4u aanes." llo oHoea BpeMe erceKyqrnre ca r3nbrHnBaHr,l, Karo oc-bAeHilrrr e npilHyxAaBaH Aa il3nile orBapa or oTpoBHoTo pacTeHlle 6yuvtnvw, HanilBaHa B cneqr4anHa qaua. Koraro yveuuqilTe My ilABar, Corpar xa:ea ua KcaHrrna n Aeqara cv,KotAro ca npeKapanr4 Hoqra B 3arBopa npil Hero, Aa cil orilAar y AoMa. B nocne4HilF AeH or xr4Bora cu roh o6nuqa HoBara Epexa, npurorBeHa 3a Hero or Kcaurmna, KoflTo ro npaBil Aa il3rnexAa no-AocToneneH/ MaKap qe HilKora npeAil He e o6pur4an BHhMaHile Ha BbHulHr4fl ctA BIAE. B rareopa e opraHil3ilpaH npoulaneH nurp. llpe4ra 3are3a Ha cn-bHqero Coxpar rpn6ea Aa u3nile qauara

HeBilHeH. Brnpexu npn3ilBilre Ha $rrrnocoSa 3a cnpaBeEnrBoc1, rorZ e o6grHeH

c oTpoBHaTa oTBapa, 3a Aa il3nbnHil npoil3HeceHaTa npilcbAa. ,[oxaro ce HacnaxgaBar Ha BilHoro no BpeMe Ha nmpa, Corpar u yqeHilqilre My pa3roBapflr sa SlrnocoSran.Tatvt clleHa e onhcaHa B npoqyroro npon3Be4eHile Ha llnaroH "OeAoH'i

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or llnaroH. flpr6nn:rarenHo oKono 387 r. np. Xp., cneA KaTo ce 3aBpbqa oT nbryBaHrflra, KOilTO npeEnpreMa nperqil ToBa, oKoro
Mv+:ra, ocHoBaHa

MexAy Tflx Bb3Hr/KBaT cbqecTBeHr pa3-

nvgvfl no orHouJeHile na

QyH4arvren-

ranun QmocoQcxrrr Btrnpocn.

qerrprgecerroAilurHrinT flnaron ctsAaBa cBoffTa Axageuun. Toea e nbpBara

Axa4eurRra npocbulecrByBa .qbnro cnefl cMbprra Ha flnaroH, qaK Ao ynpaBreHrero

Hunn,
Ha pfiMcKr4fl raruneparop

lOcrr-

nlcrvry.ItAfl e 3ana4Hra cBflI rqaBau.la o6pa:oeanne Ha no-Br4coKo paBHru.le, n

MOXe Aa Ce Hapeqe npeAurecTBeHuK Ha cbBpeMeHHaTa yHilBepB ro314 CMr4Cbn

My e Aa cb3AaAe oT rRX nornTuqecKil nv1epv, Or rasr rne4Ha roqKa MexAy

ABere uKonr cbr4ecrByBar peAhqa nprnurca. B cpaBHeHue c KoHcepBarilBHr4ff Ayx Ha nnraropeficreoro o6aqe, sa AxaAeMnFra Ha llnaroH e xapaKTepHa Aaneq

rofiro fl 3aKpilBa npe: 529 r. 3a

cBofTa noqTil AeBeTBeKoBHa wcTopvn roaa yve6no 3aBegeHue e cBbp3aHo c

ilMeHaTa Ha 29 HeroBt4 rlraBHn yv.urenn,

crrercKa c!4creMa na o6yveHne. flrpeonavanno roea e o6qecrBeH n4MHa3roH, HapeqeH Ha rMeTo Ha ApeBHorpbllKlls reporl or Vl e. np. Xp. Arageu u ce HaMilpa xa 1,5 ru ceBepo3ana4Ho or ArrHa. flnaroH KynyBa cbceAHnn yqacrbK
3eMff n nocTpoflBa TaM qacTHra cu AoMtA Apyru noMorqHu crpaAu, cuagaeaftrr no To3u HaqrH 6asara sa Aragemrnra. cBeAeHhf, HaA BXOAa Ha UKOnaTa e ilManO HaA-

or

no-aonflMa orKpr4Tocr. Karo ce g:eme npegBilA, qe Coxpar, yqilrenf,r na flnaToH,

il3BecrHu xaro "grarHara eepura'j vacr KoFTo e r cauuRr flnaroH.

B

gpeerocrra

ro3r4 cBelt4eH xpaM Ha Hay-

u3rpaxAa il pa3BuBa csonra $rno-

coSnn Ha ocHoBara Ha Auaflora, He e qyAHo, qe Ta3u TeHEeHLll4ff e npo.qbnxeHa B llnaroHoeara Aragervu,rn.

e cMflTaH 3a naMeTHt4K C rOnflMO ilcropfl'.{ecKo 3HarleHue, Ho fiMeHHo ryK ce noflarar ocHoBure Ha eBponeficKa'r?t HayKa, KoeTo ro npaBr FianbnHo AocroeH
KaTa He 3a HeyBfxBau{aTa My cna&r.

Cnope4 HfKot4 ytcropl4qecKr

Exe4xeenero e AxageMnrra
,[Hec nnua nHsopuaqnn Aan4 npvt
nocr-bnBaHero e Axa4erurnra e rMafio

nuc: "3a6paneHo e B,nr3aHero 3a re3il, Kofiro He pas6upar reouerprRl'Toea e ceoeo6pasHo Bbnnblt.1eHue na y6exAeHnero Ha llnaroH, qe no3HaHrRTa no
MareMarnKa ca BaxeH Qarcrop n za o6y-

- B AxaAemunra, ocHogaHa or flnaroH, yqeHnql4Te, cpeA KoilTo e il Apucroren, tr3yqaBar MareMaruKa, anre6pa I uy:uxa. 9ax cneg eaelpureaHero Ha re3il
KypcoBe re 3anoqBarga yvar QnnocoQra

npreMeH

VZrrVT VtnV HflKaKBrl B'lr3paC-

:agtn6orexo.

ToBh orpaHrqeHilF. Cnopeg onvtcaltA-

KpatlHaTa qen Ha o6yienuero um e ga rx u3rpaAr4 Karo

ero

Ha xnBoTa B ToBa

yqrfi4qe,

ocTa-

6tgeqn roneuu nonuiuqm

ua ,flpeexa

lrpqun.

r{eHrero no QrnocoQnn.

Cr:epervreHHrr Ha flnaroH e Apxnr

or

BeHO OT ApeBHofpbqKnf KOMeAneH ApaMarypr Enuxpal ryK rABar ronflM 6pofi uovrvera B toHouecKa Bb3pacr,
KOI4TO

TapeHl rofiro e nocne4HytflT

t4

xafi-genn-

Ce nOCBeLqaBaT Ha n3yqaBaHeTo

RvtflT Mncnvrer or luKonara Ha nnrarop. Cunra ce, qe rofi e eArH or yl{]4Te-

,lrre Ha

arvtlcKtAr $ranocoQ no BpeMe na npe6reaeaHero My e TlranrR. OceeH roea Apxrr e BepeH npr"t"n Ha ilnaroH
tA AOpVt CnacflBa

na $unocoQrnra. lzl:rnexga B uJKonara He cbqecTByBa pa3AeneHile no Bb3pacT r re o6rrHoeeHo ce o6prr4ar eArH KbM Apyr cbBceM npunrencK[, KaTo Te3u B3a-

xuBora My, 3annauJeH

or no-MnaAur fivonucviil. Cnope4 egHa or reopyrilTe Axa4erurnra e cb3AaAeHa

no Mogen na lluraropoeara uixona. BtsMoxHo e llnaron Aa e cneABan cbBerrre Ha Apxrl KotZro Karo BoAeu.la $yrrypa

Abnfo. He ca crxpaHeHil nficMeHil cBrAerencrBa 3a exeAHeBrero e AxagemrRra, xo

e r3BecTHo, qe ocHoBHaTa 3arqaqa TyK e o6yvenrero no $r,rnocoQrt; MareMaTUKaTa, reoMeTprFTa n My3hKaTa cbqo ce u3yqaBar 3aAbrxxreltHo, rurl. raro npe3 oHa3il enoxa ce cMFTa, qe Te flaBaT ocHoBara 3a r3rpaxAaHe Ha $rnocoScKara Milcbn. Tpygoeere na flnaroH r

I4MOOTHOUeHHfl Ce 3ana3BaT 3a

e nrraropeficrBoro e 6iln e ctcroRHue

Aa My noBnnne, oqe noBeqe qe AKaAeMnflTa e ocHoBaHa cbBceM cKopo cneA 3aBpbu{aHero Ha flnaron or Cvt4vnua. fluraroperZcrBoro e Hocilren Ha ilAe-

nre na Qrnoco$cxara ulKo.na, ocHoBaHa or flrrarop e KporoHe - rpbqKa Kono-

Apracroren cB[AerencrBar n 3a oxrleeHr 4e6arn cpeA Bb3nrraHuqrre Ha AxagemnRra no Bbnpocfi, cBbp3aHr c

Bb3ffeAnTe 3a BCeneHaTa

g !* .!:

BrgBrrrueHrr yMoB, Kouro AaBaT HOB CMrrCbJr Ha qoBeruKaTa MbApocT

crr HeBe}KecrBo" Corpar pa3KJraqa ocHoBI4Te Ha qoBeuKara Mrrcbn npe3 oHa3rr enoxa. Herosara SranocoSnr oKa3Ba orpoMHo rr:4efrcrBue Bbpxy no-MnaAoro rloKoJreHue Lr ce npeBpbrrla B KaraJrr43arop 3a Bb3HrrKBaHe Ha HOBI{ $lrnoco$cKl4 reopl4vrvrkrileonorlrI4. OunocoQr4Te or erroxara cnea Cbxpar ce onr4TBar Aa orfoBoptr Ha BbrlpockI or poAa ua "Karno npeAcraBJlfBa qoBerlrKoro cbrrlecrno?", "KaK MolKe qoBeK Aa ce cM-flTa 3a cbMlIIuJreHIrK na Corpar, Koraro e r43rrpaBeH rrpeA Bbrrpocn, rr3r4cKBarrl7 or Hero Aa za1payu BcrrqKo, Koero 3Hae?".

Crc ceoqra reopl{t ga'bcrgnaBaHero na co6crneHoro

l4ureneKTyane{br or xx 8., KofiTo cnegBa ennocoSranra Ha Corpar 3a flo6pnn xnBor

Xan-flon Caprup
flo-ructo rofi

(1

905-t 980)

Caprup e poAeH npea 1905 r. o llapux' 6ar4a rvry XaH-Sarncr Caprup, rofiro e MopcKr4 oSraqep, yMilpa, Koraro XaH-flon e eABa Ha 15 ueceqa. HLtKora He nilue MHoro 3a 6uonoru\Hvncn 6aqa. Hari-eaxuara nuqHocr B xilBora My e HeroBara uafira Au-Mapra uJearirlep,6paroeve4xa na Aa6epr LJJearlqep (Hocurea Ha Ho6enoaa HarpaAa 3a Milp npe3 1952 r.l.Caprup u3pacrBa , l-lupr* u e orrneAaH or marira cvt u leimvn6ar4a (r,,, Heroe 4n4o) llJapn Lllsarlqep' Ho Koraro rF ce oMbxBa 3a Bropvl nbr npe3 191 7 r., ceuerlcrBoro ce npeMecrBa e Jla pou1en. llpes 1 929 r. Caprup ,uerpusa Exott Hoprvran Cnrnepuop. Or 1 931 4o 1945 r. pa6oru Karo yqilren. flpe: roau nepuo4 rorl noceqaea Erunel l-rpqrn w wtanua.,Qoxaro npe6neaea s Sepnun npes 1 933-34 r., roft uua Bb3MoxHocr Aa ce 3ano3Hae c npoil3BeAeHurrra Ha repMaHcKure $nrocoSu E4rr,tyH4 Xycepn r MapruH Xarlgerep. flpea TpuAecerre roAl4Hll ua XX e' Caprup e nocroffHeH nocerilTen Ha npoLryrnre xa$euera no neBufl 6pnr Ha CeHa, xr4ero o6clx4a pa3nuqHu norhrr4qecK,
u HayqHH Bbnpocyt cbc cBor4 np[flrenu uHTeneKryanLryl. Ilper 1939 r., no BpeMe na Bropara cBeroBHa eotlHa,

oceo6ogeH. Koraro

HeroB naprHbop B xnBora. Te ce cpeqar B yHnBepcrrera u BeAHara Mexgy MaKap tle ca aKaAeMuqHil cbnepHhr.ll4.3a ilseecrHo eperue Eoeoap HanycKa

roli e npr3oBaH B apMunra, a rognHa no-KbcHo e nreHeH or repMaHqure, e ua24 roguuu, Caprup ce 3ano3HaBa cuc CunoH 4uo 6oeoap, KoFTo no-KlcHo craBa
rflx Bb3HrrKBar Ebn6oru vyecraa, ge,l Caprtp, rrfi xaro ce crpaxyBa Aa t . jl'

Ho npe3

l94l

r. e

He ce o6egnu'{tL noBnulHa or AoMt4Ht4paqara ruqHocr Ha cBofl naprHbop. flo-rlcto, npngo6nna no-ronffMa yBepeHocr e ce6e cu, curvroH ce Bpbqa npil Hero il re ocraBar 3aeAHo Ao Kpafl Ha xuBora cil.

I'lpea'1938 r. HanilcBa uny6nnrcyea nbpBoro cil npou3BeAeHue "llorHycara"(La Naus6e). l-lper 1943 r. x3nr3a Apyra Heroea reop6a - "6wrae v Hnqo: Ece etpxy QeHomeHonon4'{Hara oHronorran" (l- Etre et le N6ant). B Hen Caprup Qoprvrynrapa ocHoBilre Ha cBonra $ranocoScra cncreMa, cnope4 xonro "crqecrByBaHero npeguecrBa cbqHocrra'i Cneg eoftHara rofi HanuHo ce nocBeqaBa Ha norun4qecKa gefrHocr, ctrgaeafrxr npea oKroMBpl4 1945 r' "Mo4epur epeueHa" (Les Temps Modernes) - noflun4qecKo, JrureparypHo u Qrrrnoco$cro QpeHcxo cnucaHile, Hoceqo ilMero Ha $rrua Ha gapru gannnH. B roea nt4aHre Capmp npuBfluqa BHuMaHileTo Ha MacMeAnilTe c eK3ncTeHquanHaTa
crrr

Qnnoco$nn.

xusee qoeex'i fllpnure,

KopeHrare Ha ercucreHqilaflu3Ma Morar Aa ce orKpr4FT oLqe e ,{peeHocrra, BbB $nnocoQrnra Ha Coxpar, [1o4o6ro Ha cBoff 3HaMeHur npeAuecrBeHurl Caprup cbqo pa3MuurnflBa Bbpxy Bbnpoca "rar rpr6aa 4a

Kol4To u3noll3Bar repMuHa "existence"

e.

*mrummru K

crara Snroco$un nper 20-re ro4nHu na XX

- Kupxerop

(ctulecreyaaHe), ca nroHepnre Ha eaponefi,,rtoBeK ra KaQxa. CnopeA cb3AaAeHara or rflx reopnr *

YceHrK Ha nnaroH. Tofi 3a,4bn6oqeHo u3yqaBa

Toi ocb3HaBa Offnoco0trrra

Ha Ha

Onnoco0rflra
noKoneHrS.

Ha

coKpar

"ucrBHara"cneA cMbprra
CoKpar ff orpa3qBa

Tanec (635 r.

np,Xp,-543 n np.Xp.)

*-*"**-ffi --------{ --------{

HacraEHrqr/nocneAoBarenl

llprnreru
Kpurnqr
BntrrHue

tr oKa3Ba orpoMHo BnuFHXe Bbpxy 6b,qeqilre

flAerre
Ha

Ha HacTaBHUKa Ch AKaAeMxffTa.

CBOilTe

fltpenar $uroco$, xoriro

B8pBa, Ce BCilqKO npou3lx3a oT BoAaTa.

npoil3BeaeHufl. cb3Aarer

alo-3HaqrMtrre cil Teopilr roir cb3AaBa B nepiloAa

xuBee

oKono 580 f, np. Xp., AoKaro / pa6o1n B_ poAHflF cu rpaA Milner B l4oHhff.

AtreKcaHAbp BeruKu (356 i np.Xp.-323 r. np. Xp.)

Y6eAeH nocneAoBaren Ha Oilnocooxflra Ha CoKpaa Toi eyqeHilK Ha Apucroren, npe,qh Aa craHe qap Ha MaKeAoHuF.

F-.-"*-J-Tl

AHaKcarop (500 r. np. Xp.-428 r. np. Xp.)

HeroBara OilrocoOilF oKa3Ba orpoMHo BnurHffe Bbpxy ooopMiHero Ha MtrporneAa Ha CoKpar YqeHffKbr Ha AHaKcarop, Apxenai, e HacraBHxK Ha arrHcKrr OtrnocoO. t--------------I l4@K HproH
I

tr6":-'[l
XepeOoH (470 r. np. Xp.-399 r. np. Xp.) Tarqxr,iKo lrlr,i6yeBa
CnopeA

lEeHAxaMtrHOpaHKRux

Hero H/Koli B cBera retraeroaeqeorCoKpdt':

Xepe$on e u repon e epna ot nnecrre ra AprcroSar.

ArKtrBuaA (450 r. np. Xp.-404 r. np. xp.) llphBbpxeHxK Ha "nnaroHtrqHara np6oB'i

CoKpar cnacFBa xilBora My ra 6oisoro none.

Wa[-rtr:-J--iGtrl

^ IuqHocrilTe

cilBilTe Kapera ca npeAcraBeHu

Ta3l/ rraBa.

CgeroeHom3BecrHmf,T ceMuorvtK, aBTop Ha "l4mero Ha po3ara"

Yrvr6epro Exo
roi

(1

932 - |

lzleeecfiusr aBTop Ha pouaua "lrluero na po:ara" Ym6epro Ero e il il3KnoqilretHo yBaxaBaH ceMuort4K. l-lpea 1954 rauluraea AoKropar no QranocoSvrn, Karo npeAMer Ha HayqHure My n3cneABaHilfl e cpegHoBeKoeHrnr $nnocoQ
Ym6epro Ero e popeH e rpag ArecaHgpwa,lhanna,nper 1932 r. lllpeoHavaruoro My HaMepeHile, noBniltHoAo

r. ffi Toma

d
',

ronnMa
Ha -ffi,,,
tr

creneH or xeraHuero Ha 6au1a My, e Aa cmHe aflaorar. ,lorocnairKil ce Ao ilcropt/nra ua CpegHoaexoeilero, Exo peuaBa Aa ce orKaxe or npaBoro r Aa ce nocBeru Ha ,43yqaBaHero Ha ro3u nepuoE oT goBeuKara ilcropnF. creg raro raerpuBa yHilBep-

cilTercKolo cn o6parcnaHre,3anoqBa pa6ora a uraruaHcKara megrriua KoMnaHilF RAl.

lee

rogtlrHn no-KbcHo, npea 1956

r., ,$

:'
'

rori urgaea

KHr4m, B Ltr4rro ocHoBa e Aficeprcr.l4oHHr/flT My

rpy6

s-upxy lbrvra Axauncru. Exo Hanycxa pa6ora

il ce nocBeu.FBa

rccnenoBarencKa perirHoq cetpraHa c ilcropuffTa u Qmoco$vrnra, a 3a Aa ce il3Abpxa SnHaucoeo, nilue crawil 3a cnucaHun. flper cenrervrepu 1 962 r. ce oxeHea 3a npenoflaBarenKara no il3KycrBo3HaHr4e or [epmaHuR PeHare Palare, c xoFTo ilMar cilH 14

grqepn.Tofi pa3gerrfl BpeMero cil Mex4y anapraMeHra ci e MiraHo i eurara cm 6nu:o 4o PnmrHu. Ilpe 1971 r.Yu6epro Exo craBa nbpBr4freeponefcxn npo$ecop no ceMuoruKa B yHilBepcilTera s SonoHR, nnoqsa npo$ecnoHanHil npoyirBaHfin e o6nacna Ha ceMilorv]Kara M nocraBn Haqanoro Ha Kapuepara cil Karo nilcarer. Bupxy "l4mero Ha porara" Exo ranoqBa Aa pa6orrn npe: 1 978 r. Cneg ny6nilKyBaHero na rHurara rorir cnoflenn, qe ugeffra 3a Heff ilABa or cnyuaft, npu rotiro e
orpoBeH e4uH ruoHax. OrHaqano aBTopbr Bb3HaMepffBa Aa cb3fla4e eAHa cbBpeMeHHa KpvrMhHaflHa vcropttn, Ho npo$ecraonanHnFT My vlHrepec KbM cpeAHoBe KoBHoro xpt4cl4flHcrBo e npilrliHa Aa pa3rbpHe coxera ua reop6ara cn Ha $oHa Ha upavHoro Cpe4Hoeeroeue. "lzlmero Ha porara"e rcropuqecKi AereKriBcKh poMaH, quero Aericrsue ce pa3BilBa I MaHacrilp e CeaepHa Tlranrn npea XIV e, Mouarur QpaHqucraHeq Yurnu or bacrepeull, npuApyxeH or nocnyunuxa 6eneAerrrr}req AgcoH, pa3cfleABa cepnn or y6nr,tcrBa B MaHacrilpa, e xorTro rpn6na Aa ce opraHu3ilpa cpeqa Ha BucoKo paBHvrqe MexAy npeAcTanurenu Ha flanam yt nMneparopa. Exo ugsoqnrenHo matlcropcrr npecrr36aBa Ha cbBpeMeHeH noniTfqecKu t4 vlKoHoMt4qecKi e3iK cpegHoBeKoBHnre cnopoBe epeci, TaKa qe qilTarensr Aa Moxe Aa pa36epe rflxHara clutHocl 6er Aa e reonor. YnaeHuero Ha EKo Aa il3non3Ba 3aAbr6oveHilre cil no3HaHilfl no reMara, cBbp3aHa c KoHTpona,

xorlro ruar cpegHoBeKoBHure MoHacil HaA no3HaHrrra, KaKro yr c ynpaBneHuero Ha penvrr4o3Hvrre fiHcrilryqill4, ocurpnBa cBeroBHt4f ycnex Ha rBop6ara My. Clr4o raro Coxpal qt4ero ocHoBHo 3aHnMaHile e Aa BoAyl Ailano3il il no ro3r4 HaqilH Aa pa3npocrpaHflBa cBoflTa SnnocoQnn, Ero, Kotlro e npil3Har aBTopurer B o6nacrra Ha cBeroBHara ilcropl4ff, He e npnHy4eH Aa pa6oru, ruvr Karo ce u3gbpxa or npogax6ara Ha cBoilTe npoil3BegeH[ff. Tota ece ou]e e npenogaBaren B yHilBepcurera a Eonous yr xngee cnoxorlHo, pagearixm ce ua o6uqra Ha cBoure 6nn3xr. Exo ycneuuo pa3npenetfl BpeMero cH Mex4y EoMa ct4 s MilnaHo, e roitro cbxpaHffBa noeeqe or 30 000 rnnru B lylrtHara cw 6u6nworexa, il cBonra auna na AgpuarttqecKoro rpari6pexrae.

ounoco$rru xofrro npnema qucnara Karo Hocnrenn

ua a6conrrrHara ucrtdHa
Ilurarop (582 r. np. Xp. - 497 r, rtp. Xp.]
flrrarop
Ha

e ceeroBHol43BecreH

c HapeqeHara Ha HeroBo hMe reopeMa, Ho ManKo xopa 3HaRT, qe

rofi cuulo rara

ocHoBaBa penuru03-

opraHil3aqnF il e

eA!4H oT nbpBLlTe, KOT1TO Ce Onr4TBaT Aa neKyBaT c My3ilKa.

xpaMa na Anonou

IlereHgara pa3Ka3Ba, ve llnrarop e 3aqeHar, cneA Karo 6aLqa my Mnecapx, $nuuxr,tficxu rbproBer.l or ocrpoB Cauoc, noceqaea a [en$n, npragpyxeH orcbnpyrara cr,r, 6rger4unr Sranoco$ ce ranolxaea c fioH14ficrara QrarocoQcxa uKona, AoKaro xugee ua Cauoc il 3aeAHo cbc cBon Harl-go6up npranren flonurpar ce onilTBa Aa il3Bbpru14 HffKoil nonHrr,ruecxn pe$opmu. fio-rucHo
o6aqe, xoraro flonilKpar ce npeBpbqa
e grarrarop, flnrarop, rofiro no roBa BpeMe e Ha orono 30 rograHra, e npilHyAeH fla HanycHe ocrpoBa, 3a fla ce cnacil or ycraHoB!4nilF ce rilpaH[qeH pexuM Ha ynpaaneure. B npo4bnxeHile Ha rpl4gecer ro4uHll ror)r ntry-

Ba no cBera, noceqaeatixu orHaqano crpaHure no Erericxoro xpafi6pexvre, Karo no-KbcHo crhra qaK Ao 3eMilre Ha flHeuJHa Opalqnn uEenrua, il Aoph Ao l4Hgr,rn. flo BpeMe Ha cBoero nbreuecrane llurarop ce 3ano3HaBa c pa3nuqHil Qr,rnocoQrar,r

u yvenun. Ha oKono urecrflecerroAvltlHa etrpacr rorl ce ycraHoBnBa e loxHa Tlraniln il cb3AaBa Heulo Karo pennrilo3Ha ceKra, B qilffTo ocHoea e co6crgeHoro My yqeH!4e, no3Haro Karo nilraroperacreo.
B

raan opraxu:aqun Mbxere u xeHure

14Mar

paBHu npaea. Ha

yvetuqrre

um e u6paneHo Aa RAar Meco.

Xilsorbr

il1r

nponoBffABa, qe cTpeMeXbT

nnmropeficreoro u re npeKapBar Abnro BpeMe B MbnqanilBo cb3epqaHile, onrrearixn ce Aa npoHhKHar a nafi-ctxpoeeHnre KbTqera Ha Ayuara cu. OcHogeH chMBon Ha yqeHilero e neHTarpaMbr. flrararop KbM MbApoCrra e il Kn}oqbT3a cKbcBaHe Ha BepiriTe Ha npepaxganerO (pennxapxaqranra). Tori gaea ua ceoiTe ng6nefoBaTeni no3HaHif 3a

e noAqilHeH ua $ranocoQnnra ua

egra no-go6pa

rrily3ilKa or ra3il, Korro cbqecrByBa no roBa BpeMe, Tbri xaro cnope4 uero rfl e MHoro llyMHa 14 flilueHa or MenoAuqHocr. Cnope4 nerengara flrararop orrpiBa, qe My3l,lKanHhre Hort4 Morar Aa ce f3pa3nT qpe3 MareMariqecru ypaeHennn. Ta3h uAef My xpyMBa, Koraro MrHaBa xpaf e4na

rlfiHa 3a roBa flBnenug

roti cbc cilrypHocr

e cBbp3aH c MareMarilKara

14

Moxe Aa HaMepil npilnoxeH[e il

My3ilKara.

KoHqenqilF 3a xapMoHt4ffTa. Koraro

flrrarop

e na oxono 90 rognHu, HeroBara rpyna e noAnoxeHa Ha xecroKo npecne4BaHe

Bcr4'rKure rl qneHoee Harr,1npary6exrar4e e

MeranoHr-

,'/EnKo rpaAqe

cnequrarncrbr no 0peHcKa rureparypa, KofiTo nognara KpnTnKa aHTyten u xypefi creoro

Taqyxuxo UJn6ycaBa
(1

Ha

929-1 987)
Ha ApeBHuF Qranoco$, xr4Bnn npe4r4

Eprn nnoHeq noAnara Ha ocrpa KpurhKa ilAeure

2 afi} ropulu.Toea e cnequanhcrbr no Qpericra nilTeparypa

Taqyxraro

ce6e cn, BcbtqHocr e nponBa Ha npe4na3nuBocr n xurpocr. A: ao,a1o aa

orruarr a*an-uro

cnope4reopranraa xa lJ.lra6ycaea caMorocraHoBt4u]e3a cb3HaBaHero xa co6creeHorocu npequ Ha qoBeKAa ce pa3BfiBa uHTeneKryanHo,Aa npeoAon'Ba cBoure ofpaHiqeHhf ,l Aa 3aeMe no3r4qhf, Kofro qe My Hoct4 yAoBneBopeHue. Tori e y6egen, qe 3a Aa ce pa3BiBa, vOeex rpn6ea 4a ce ocao6o4u o, orpurru"rrriu , aa T'bpcl4 HoBt4 Bb3MoxHocrl4' Hnxotl moxe4a npeAnpueMe prcroeauo4efioeue,Tbri Karo He no3HaBa rpaHl4qrTTe rr arorra ro4o*nocrra ra gra6ycaBa rneAa ra ror,

,rprru "tiotrul ^or HeBexecrBo

laOa

arl

'

*#

npocro ce orAaBa Ha yAoBoncrBrlero 4a o6tpxea xopara, noxaraailxu

HIit co6crgexoro r4M HeBexecrBo. Konxo nra yvypex u6nxa6wunnarou , oirananilTe BepHi noole4oaarenn ua Corpal aKo Moxexa Aa qyRT ToBa MHeHile na Ura6ycaea! Taqp<raxo uJra6ycaea e poAeH e Toxt'to nper 1928 r. Karo cryEeHr no Spencxa fireparpa a Toxr4fcxr4R yH!4Bepcurerrori raayuaaa ra4tn6o,lexo qrcppeanr:rr,ra. llpee 1 954 r' npaar,r caon ge6or xaro npeBoAa'{ Ha npor3BeAeHun xa Xau Korro. Oco6exo ,or4.fiarrr. ,op*y r*ro o*ule. oOpuror ru Nup*rlaoo

l.n ,

UrbV..Ba npeBexAa

lOnapa. HeuavurenHocrra Hara3r4 cyMa npeAil3Bl4*r.

roAnH!4, c Aecer rogr4Hil no-MnaA

r.rororo *MyqeHhe,

Karoce

rarr,'a

npe4eragQu*ru, u.

npoq..ototr.";;;il;;;;;;;;;;;Jt;.il;;;;;;

or Bb3pacrra, xa roRro Coxpar il3nuBa qauara

c orpoBa.

Sanlara Ha crrBpeMeHHara HayKa, xofiro go6pe pas6rapa KaKBo o3HaqaBa "Aa ocb3HaBaul co6creeHoro cu HeBe)KecrBo"
Cup l4cax Hpron (1642-17271
flpegn roBa rfl ce pa3lnexAa Karo flp,rara "r.rayra"eanoqBa Aa ce ynorpe6naa a cmuctla, xorirro snara^ne B Hen ti AHec, nper XIX a. vacr or uaryp$unoco$ranra, a HayqH/Te aBropl4reril Karo npaBilno ca ra QranocoQn. Clp lzlcar Horon e il3BecTeH ctc 3aroHa sa aceo6qoro npilBflilqaHe, oTKptlr or Hero, cfleg raro na6nngaaa na4aueto na R6tnxa

orglpeoro.

Torl e pogen

npe: 1 642

r. e

Yncropn - cerqe

rpaQcreolhanxtnHuup,

AHrnun. 5au1a r,ty ytvttrtpa npeAil HeroBoro paxAaHe !l

qacoBHtlr, r:uaticropen or camrR Hero, HtotoH cflKau yceula MoMqero ilMa Aocra caMorHo Aercrao. E4un pen, poKaro cfleAh cnbHqeBilfl na6nrogaeariru ABilxeHuero Ha clrbHllero npe3 AeHn il Ha 3Be3AilTe npea noqra. Toaa e nbpBoro My rafiHcreeHnR 3aKoH Ha BcereHara, cb3HarenHo AoKocBaHe Ao npilpoAHafa HayKa.

llper 1661 r. Horon nocrbnBa

e Tputnurn

oHoBa Bpe[4e, B Koero ce il3yqaBar ecrecrBeHil nayrra. Tyr ror,r

fll4cqilnnuHul u pa3BnBa cBortTe Teoput4 687

Konngx a Keran6pragxxran yHilBepcilrer - eAHo or ManKoro yve6uu raeegeHun e Eepona no yvil MareMarilKa, onrilKa il AilHaMilra. Hpron HanpeflBa uarnnqmtenuo 6bp3o B Te3tl 3a 3aKoHilTe 3a ABilxeHileTo il :a eceo6qoro npilBnilqaHe.

Toea HeroBo npoil3Begenue o6ave craBa npuqilHa 3a Bb3Ht4KBaHero Ha cnopoBe B nayvuara o6qnocr. Trxuoro My il caMorHo EercrBo BepoflTHo e npilqilHa 3a 3arBopeHyrfl My xapaKTep il 3a roBa, qe ne o6nqa ga o6qyaa c oKonHure. HoroH ocrasa flucraHqilpaH
r.

or

Konerure cil u Koraro pa6orra atpxy HfKoe or

ctoire roreMi orKpr4rr4n. llopagu roea,

cneg raro o6nenea reopurra cn sa aceo6qoro npuBniqaHe, Po6tpr Xyr:anovaa

TeopnflTa Ha MareMarilqecKuf aHanil3, npoAbnxaBar noeeve or 25 ropnHu.

Corpar sa "oclgriaaaHeto

Ha

co6crgeHoro negexecrgo'1

AnnepnKaHcKvtf,T nonvtrnn, B KofiTo x(lrBee gyxlrr Ha coKpar

SexgxarunH OpaHKnl/tH (17 06-17 9Ol
6engxaunH Opanxnrr ocraBfl eAHo 3HaquretrHo HacflegcrBo or aQopnamm. llpuvnuara xopara il Ao AHec Aa cil cnoMHrr 3a roBa HeroBo HacneAcrBo e ycnexbr Ha npou3BeAeHuero uy "Aruanax Ha 6egnnR PraqapA" (Poor Richard's Almanac), ny6nraxysaHo npes 1 732 r. Taar xr.tnra e noAo6Ha ra ctepeueHHilre KaneHAapil, B Kor/lro 3a BceKu AeH ilMa onpegeleu aQoprt3bm, Karo cpeA rrx MoxeM Aa HaMepilM
n MHoxecrBo no3Haril noroBopKyt or poAa na "He ocraanfi greuLHara pa6ora sa yrpe'1 Tn KHt4fil no cBeTa.

6tpao

ce npeBpbqa B egna

or Hatl-npogaeanure

E*" 4

Opanxnun ce onurBa fla u3rpaAil cBor xapaKTep, r,rapa6orearaxn cil ct/creMa, Konro cbAbpxa rpilHagecer go6poperenu. lloclegnara or rRx rorl orpa3nBa flo cne,qHilr navuu: "Crvrupenue - nocrtnsafi xaro lrlcyc n CorparJ'llo-xtcHo Opanrnun npfl3HaBa: "l4cxax pa n3rpaAfl cBofl xapaKrep cnopeg re3il go6pogerenra. TaKa \ie a3 cu u:pa6orux nnaH Aa pa3Brln BcffKa eEHa or rRX B onpego6pogerenu cflKau ee oTHacflr 3a BcilqKn xopa, AeneH nopffAbK u cneg Karo nocrnrHa eAHara, Aa ce crpeMfl KbM cnegBaqaral'Terr qoBeuKo cbuecrBo' B octiogara Ho nbpBoHaqanHoro HaMepeHue xa Opaurnrar e [a ycbebpueHcrea co6crseHara cu nnqHocr Karo
Ha

ra3il HeroBa $ranoco$ran

rpygorro6nero il Bb3lbpxaHuero.

Te ca n

Brnpexn ve unua Bb3MoxHocrAa nonyvur go6po o6pa:oaaHue, beHAXaMr4H ycnnBa Aa ce npeBbpHe B eAHa epyEupaHa nuvnoo 6narogapenre Ha no6oBTa cil KbM KHurHre. rcroqnrarbT Ha 3aBulHure My no3HaHuR e o6nacrra Ha HayKara. Koraro e Ha 12 rogvtuu,toit zanovea pa6ota Karo oneparop Ha npeca B neqarHara pa6ormxrqa Ha

6aquTe = ocHoeareJlr/

Ha He3aBncuMara aMepilKaHcKa

flbpxaBa.

crpeMexa My KbM HpaBcrBeHo H14Te My 3acnyr!4 ruu o6uiecreoro, HeroBoro xelaHue e Aa cu ocraHe carlo eAMu o6nxuoaen rpaxgannn. Toea HecbMHeHo e cBbp3aHo cbc ycbBbpuJeHcrBaHe qpe3 cucreMara or rpLrHaAecerre go6pogerenra.

OI{.IIocoQrnflTa BeqHoTo H3yrr aBa

Ha qoBeruKoTo cbrrlecTB $aHe
TeoprEure Ha ApeBHorpbIIKVre Qnnoco$u ca ce AoKa3arrrr c npeuero:u cbBpeMeHHara eloxa. Kar ce pa3Br4Ba Sranoco$u.rrra cJreA curprra na

ca$l.uoxr4Mr

nbpBouaqalna qel? Hexa Aa pa3rneAaMe xpouonotvflTaHa pa3Br4Tr4ero Hil Sluroco$ @u"rocoQuqra BbB BpeMeHa rroJrrrr{qecrca necra6rrJrHocr
1--.l

Ha
Bropara
v
3eHoH,

l
:

OKPAT I{EHI4 ATLIHA noBeqe or cBoff xueor.

r.ra

ocHoBarenrr

,1.,1

\rnonog/Ha

.a Hecra6rrnocr

lV e. np. Xp. e BpeMe Ha norLtTt4qeccnapra w

Tvtea,

Hacrorqn3Ma

3a BcrLrKr4 rpbqKu noryrcr4. 6op6ara

HaAMor4ile rvrexgy

u no-cneqranHo

Kara nph Manrunen npea 362 r. np. Xp., BoAl4 Eo orcla6BaHe Ha curtlTe Ha noBeqero or rpbqKure rpaAoBe AbpTerflT Ha Maxegonun Onnlrn ll ycnnBa Aa yBen,4LtLt Mou.lra cr. iloqru ,4ecer ro4uHl4 cnep cMbprra ra fharoH, nper

ea ]1':y::::.9::^6ur- ;3:ffr-il:'Jff"";
enoxara
Ha PeHecaHca,

,I
...,......,.

KoraroBceor4eilMu

..+

xagr.Te:rcl6ntnacbBnaAaTcMoMeHTa,KoraToBnaAe-3HaquTenHoBnVAHVe'

338 r. np. Xp., tDunun ll pasrporvrnea o6e4unenure eorTrcxr,t Ha Trga n Aruna e 6tarxara npra Xeponen ,4 ocurypnBa rocroAcrBau.lo nofloxeHile na Maxeponun HaA qflna lrpqran.
Tor.r

(opurrcxun cbn3

:acraen noBeqero nonilcil Aa ce npilcbeAuHflT KbM il rr4 o6e4runaa noA cBofl Bnacl cna-

':','.,*'
j:i."4,

-ararr no togn navuH xparir ua xonQnuxrure noMexgy t4M. 3e4 cutprra na Onnnn MaKeAoHcKara apMilff, npeA- , 3oxiqaHa or cilHa rvy Anercangup Bennxn, no6ex4aaa 3ragerenfl na llepcun flapr,rr;r lll u crara rpari Ha ynpaB-

t'

reHhero na Axemexugcxara AilHacryln. l1o epemero, xoraro Arexcangrp Benr,rrr yMhpa, npe3 323 r. np. Xp., nrorqra t4Bnvr,HtAefo na ltpqran ca B cBoF anorefi. Hanrqe e o6a,le fonflMa npoMFHa ,& B pa3Burilero - or KlacuqecKara Kynrypa
Ha He3aBilcuMl4re

u eoilncreaullt nontlcn Ao

Ernnrcruqnara Kynrypa.
uhanHo 3HaqeHile.

3a rrpqrare AyMara nonuc uMa cnelpagtr gtpxaea e e

#u*f

**+l s":'* F # #, s #

ocHoBaTa Ha TflXHaTa ilEeHTUqHOCT

Aa

xrlBeeu il yMpeu 3a rpaAa cn e Bbnpoc Ha qecr. flopagu roBa, Koraro pyxBa

"ro|i4Tr4qecKaTa cucTeMa Ha nonilcilTe,

<opara :ary6ear cMl4cbna

rxr41ora aA. Taxa

il qenra

ce nosnsca rhunory coQnnra, Konro Aa cnacil xopara _f or rary6ara Ha qeHHocru v nAeH- T Tr4LrHocr. B nen rtpqure HaMilpar HaAeMa ea 6rAeqero cil. lper raru enoxa ca ocHoBaHu MHoxecrBo QurnocoQcxra uKonri Karo cror4tll43bM, enhKype/crao, L14Hr43bM (rocuononnruerm) u neontaroHu3bM. Crouqn:ur1 ocHoBaH or 3egon (334-262 r. np. Xp.), yvu Ha po6po4erenrre Ha
acKeruqHhn xueor. OrnTx npoil3nil3a fi AyMara "ctovtxl'. B ocHoBara my ca go6porara il cno-

Ha fJ

go6popereneu xilBor

roiacrgrero Ha yMa, KoilTo ca pe3ynTaT Ha B xapMoHt4r c npilpo4ara. 3enon nponoaR4ea, ue "voeex

"Clrracbnbr Ha QranocoQnrra e Aa ce nogrorBltl[ 3a co6crBenara cu cmuprJ'

noKopFBa cBera, Karo noKopFBa ce6e cu'i Tori roeopu na yLreHl4r.ll,ire cr 3a 3HaqeHilero ua "anarunra'l ronro o6RcHnea

ABere urKorlr4 craBar Henpeo4olrmu. E4xara or rFX e npuBbpxeHhK Ha ilAeuTe Ha rHocTr4ql43Ma m oTpl4'la peJlrru-

raro"otctcrBue

Ha

vyecrea'i Karo cnopeA Hero e4ilH-

ornure y6exgeHnfl,

cTBeHO nOCpeAcTBOM KOHTpOrlUpaHe Ha eMoqiloHanHilTe u xeraHufl qoBeK Moxe Aa nocrltrHe M'b4pocr

Qu:nvecrmre il Aa ce Haylrn Aa s ugnongea.3eHoH e yqeHnK Ha $ranoco$a Kparec (365-285 r. np. Xp.), xotiro nacnegnBa rontMo cbcToflHile, Ho ce orKa3Ba

Kor4To He ca B cbcroflHne Aa EoKaxar c-brlecrByBaHero xa 6or. lpyrara uKona nptleMa ilAe/re Ha Teprynurar-r (160-220), rotitto orcroRea no3hql4fra, qe B

cbulecrByBaHero xa 6or rpn6ea Aa ce BrpBa/ 3auloro He Moxe [a ce EoKaxe o6parHoro. Tosu ron$nr,rrr npogbr]xaBa roAilHil HapeA. Epea Aeryclan (350-430), nbpBl4nr enilcKon Ha xpucrlrnHcKara qbpKBa, ycnflBa Aa HaMepfi peueHile xa npo6-

or 6orarcraoro u xmBee e 6egnocr no ynrqure ua Arrana. Torl pa3BilBa Qranoco$r,rnra Ha quHrl3Ma 3a xilBor 6ea gom, nonvo vnt Haww a B eAilHcrBo c
nprapopara.lraoreH (404-323
KOCMOnOnilTil3bM
C

r. np. Xp.) ctrflaBa noHnruero ilEefra/ qe BcuqKil xopa ca qacT or eAHa

lema, o6egunneahru
Ma

AoKTptrHt/Te

Ha

HeonraroHl,l3-

o6ulnocr c o6tqoeanmgun MopanHil ueHHocrt4. Ha eupoca orxt4e e, [uoren orroeapR:"A3 cbM rpaxgaHux Ha ceerai' lpyr raaeecrex $ranocoQ or oHa3u enoxa - Enraryp (341

-270 r. np. Xp.), yvra, qe e4nHcrBeHo raro ra6paeu u

Aa nocTurHe ilcrilHcKoTo ulacTne. "Karo He ce norq4aBaMe xa 6olxara

He

Mr4cnil 3a 6onrara n afoHr4ffTa B peanHilF cBrr, qoBeK Moxe

xpucrt!flHcrBoro. Karauo no-npocro, rofi rBbpgt/ qe u4eflra 3a 60r cbulecrByBa il nMeHHo 5or e c'u:par ceera. Aerycrnu e 4tl6oro noBnilflH or nnaronul:ua. Toi il3rpaxAa KoHqenqilFTa 3a n-bpBopoAHt/fl rpFX 1,4 cnpaBeAnuBara gofiHa.9oeeurilTe c'bqecrBa ca HoctlTerr Ha rpexa or paxgaHero cil 3apa4il n-bpBure xopa - Agatut i'
Eaa, roraro

il

n3n4ar ra6panennn nnog.,[a Hil

noMoTHe aa

or xl4Bora, Hile ce

il3KynuM

TO3LI nbpBOpOAeH rpFX tl Aa Hil Cnacu

Moxe eAilH-

qyBcrBaMe ulacrnilBil, a crparbr caM no ce6e cu usqereal'

CtepemeHHux Ha re3il QranocoQr,r e llnorux cb3garen Ha HeonnaroHt/:ma. Totl Li3rpaxga cBoRTa rqoKTptlHa Bbpxy
ocHoBara na lharouosara reop/R 3a "upenra", po6aeahxu
. :,t..

creeno l4cyc Xpucroc. Ero raLqo rpn6ea 4a BflpBaMe B Herc. Aerycrun nonara ocHoBl4Te Ha cpe4HoBeKoBHara reonoftAA, KoFTo ce

Kpenil il3qflno B-bpxy,qoKTpilHara sa Cgerara

Tporaqa, nphera no BpeMe Ha

lltpsran qbpKoBeH ct6op

KbM Heff eneMeHTu

I: , :ir

W,
.i."i;;

-,##"

iiri:;l:

o6eguunea re3il y6exgenraero, qe u.lacr/ero He Moxe Aa 6tAe noBrtl4FHo or o6qecreoro, a no-cKopo e cnegcrBne or BbrpeuHut EyueBeH Mvrp Ha qoBeKa. flo4o6xra ilAeil ce oKa3Bar il3KntoquTerHo none3Hu 3a ApeBHilTe rbpqil/ xuBenr4 B oHa3u
TpyAHa

t43ToqHara QlrnocoQrar. Toea, xoero uHaqe pa3nuqHu $ranocoQcru uKonn, e

or

Huxen npea 325 r.B cBoero npovl3Begenue "3a Tpor,rqara (De Trinitate) rot7 gaea raKa HapeqeHara no-KbcHo "ncv'xororr4qecKa axanorrs" na Cgerara Tpouqa. Toru Heros e vcrtA+cKtA ue4boBbp
cKh npoil3BegeH'4'A 3a B.-lAqKtA BpeMeHa.

rpy: r egno or nait-eerilKt/Te reonor/Lte-

ly'4eure na Aerycrun cnoMarar 3a Bb3HtlKBaHero MilpaHeTo no-KbcHo Ha cxonacTvlqHaTa AoKTpilHa.

r $oq

necnoxorina enoxa, nouarafiKil uM Aa ocMl,4cllflT 6laronolyvuero Ha,roeeuxoro 6vrvevx't Bora Karo qflno.

il

Bpr:rcara c xprrcrllfl HcrBoro

Paeqeerur Ha ApeBHorpbqxara Qranoco$uF, 3anoqHatt

no BpeMero ua Tanec il npogbnxhn npra Apucroren,6eacnopHo noBnuflBa pa3Bilrfiero Ha cBeroBHara QranocoQcra Mr4cbrr Karo qnro. B enoxara ua Cpepnoaexoeuero o6ave, 3a KOflTO e XapaKTepeH eAilH l,43Mloqt',lTeneH ilcTopllqecKh xaoc, $ranoco$ranra tnry6ea ronnMa qacr or ceoR 6rR14 or cnaBara cu. OcnognuRr Bbnpoc, rofiro raanagnea o6qecreeHoro cb3HaHue, e cBbp3aH c ilAeflra aa 6or u npo-

cbK

ffBUTe Ha He|OBOTO CbUleCTByBaHe.

llper

lV B. xpr,4cr,4flHcrBoro craBa AoMtiHilpaulara penfi-

rilR e Pr4Mcrara uMnepilR il ce npeBpblt1a B Hepa3puBHa 'lacr or nojrilTr/KaTa u xilBora Ha xopara. llo-xtcuo Bb3HuKBa Bbnpocbt cBbp3aH c HaquHa, no roriro rpn6ea Aa ce npileMar u ocMrtcnnT neo6Rcnruure 14 rr4ueHu or npocra norrlKa AoKrpilHll, orHacFu{n ce Ao cbulecrByBaHero ua 6or il cnaceHilero Ha qoBeuKnre cbulecrBa. Bcrr4nocr ron$nnxrtr ce cbcror4 B ToBa, Aanvl Aa ce cflegBar'horrqecxute r yHilBepcanHil acneKTrl Ha ApeBHorpbqKara QrrrnocoSr,rn'i ilnn fla ce npileMe eAHa Ha
npbB norneA "a6cypgna perurran'i 11porfiBopeqhflra Mexgy
enoxara ua Cpe4xosexoerero hAeilTe Ha ApeBHorpbqKara QunocoQrn nocreneHHo u:ry6ear ceoero Bn,4gHile. [locneAoearenrre Ha cro14qn3Ma o6aue ycnnear go ronFMa creneH Aa o6e4nHnr QrnocoQnnra ra
B

ApeBHilTe rbpqn c xpr{crtlflHcKara AoKTphHa Ha ABrycrl4H. ToMa AKBL4HcKI,'l (s cpe4ara) e egtaH or BenilKilre $rnocoQu ra CpegHoeexoerelo.

^ ABrycnlH ce o6ptr4a KbM ApeBHilre Mucnu4renu,3a Aa o6e4rru xpilcrilnHcrBoro u ApeBHorpbqKara QnnocoQcxa mrctr.

'*;. #l:

'

ero Ha flnaToHoBara oilnocoorzrn aupxy perrrilo3Hara

MilCbn npe3 nbpBaTa nolloBilHa Ha cpeAHOBeKOBileTO.

flpe: eropara noroBilHa o6aqe, Ha cpe[HoBeKoBHoro 6orocnoeile BnIAAAT B MHoro no-ronflMa creneH ilAefiTe
Ha

ApilcToTen, Kor4To ca no-peanilcT?lqHil u

3aKoH14.

no-foltffMo

cb3Byqile c nprpoAHilre
KaTa

B geficrenrenHocl B r43yr{aBaHero Ha ApeBHorpbq-

ounoco+ilF xp.4cl4FHcrBoTo orcr-bnBa Ha rcrflMH

cKara Kynrypa. Bce na6 nonynFpil3npaHero

a'Tumeh,,t4

eAilH or Harl-3HaquMilre rpaKraru Ha llnaroH,

na Apncroren oKa3Bar Bfir4rHrae

crpeMe-

x-bT Aa ce npeBeAe 3HaquTenHa qacT oT npor3BeAeHilFTa

qeHHocrilTe il KynrypaTa

Ha

arpxy SoprvrilpaHero Ha xpilc14fHcKoTo o6u.lecrBo.

^ HrAepnaHAcKilnr QunocoQ CnulHo:a e ocHoBaren Ha cbBpeMeHHilff 6n6neilcxu

Kp14Truil3bM.

L[n3Ma

Ha $oHa Ha ro3l4 noAeM B pa3Bnrilero Ha Karolt4flpKo ce oTKpoflBa ,4MeTo il AenoTo na Toma

AxeuHcxyt.
HeTO Ha
He pr4F,

Torl pasrnex4a Bbnpoca 3a cbulecrByBa5O; rorlro HilKofi or npeAuecrBeHrqure My ycnFBa Aa peuil, il ce onilTBa [a il3rpaAil cBoF reo-

il3non3Bailnt svnoco$wfra Ha Apilcroren. 6e 4a cMecBa onpeAeneHilffra 3a oilnocoor4F r,l reonornR, Toua AxeuHcxu ycnnBa Bce naKAa ril nocraBil Ha eAHa ocHoBa:

no BpeMe

Ha

Ae6arure, cbcroflnu ce

HuKeff u opraHr43ilpaHil

or

xMnepaTop KoHcTaHTuH, ABrycTtrH u3iqura cBoflTa Teopu, 3a CBeTaTa

iporqa.
,t3qflro

14:cle4saHtanra
Ha

Ha cpeAHoBeKoBHr]Te yqeHu ce ocHoBaBar

Ta3u HeToBa TeopilF.

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