TpchKhoahcHQGHN,Ngoing23(2007)7683

Giaotipphingnt
NguynQuang*
KhoaNgnngvVnhoAnhM,TrngihcNgoing,ihcQucgiaHNi,
144XunThy,CuGiy,HNi,VitNam
Nhnngy1thng6nm2007

Tmtt.Bibonycungcpccquanimvsphnloigiaotipphingntcacchc
gikhcnhau.Tcgibibocngaranhnghavgiithiusphnloiringcamnhv
giaotipphingnt.

1.Giaotipphingntlg?

l mt trong nhng l do gy ra cc trc trc

tronggiaotipphingntkhngchgiaovn
homthmchcnivnho.
LevinevAdelman[2]chorng
Giao tip phi ngn t l ngn ng im lng
(silentlanguage),baogmvicsdngcch,din
hin [biu hin trn khun mt NQ], nhn giao
[tipxcnhmtNQ],vkhongcchithoi.
Theo chng ti, cch nhn din ny hnh
nh mi ch nhn mnh vo ngn ng thn
th v mt phn nh ca ngn ng mi
trng; v iu c l l cha to ra
mt hnhnh r nt v giao tip phingn t.
Hn na cc yu t cn ngn thuc giao tip
phingntkhngphilngnngimlng.
Dwyer[3]ccchnhnkhiquthnv,vi
ccvdikm,thcrhnvccbnh
din khc nhau ca giao tip phi ngn t nh
cnngnvngoingn.Theotcgi:
Giaotipphingntbaogmtonbccbphn
cathngipkhngcmhobngtng,vd:
gingni,dinhinhoccchvchuynng.
Tuynhin,ccvdcnuchgipta
thy c cc yu t cn ngn v ngn ng
thnthmchagiracccyutthuc
ngnngvtthvngnngmitrng,m
ccyutny,nhcchngminhcv
lthuytvthctin,lkhngththiuc
tronggiaotipphingnt.

C th khng nh rng giao tip phi

ngn*t l mt b phn ti quan trng trong
qu trnh giao tip ca con ngi, l mt
phnctyucattccctnhhungngi
ingi(persontopersonsituations).Cc
cng trnh nghin cu v giao tip hin nay
ukhcthccoilynukhng,
ccmckhcnhau,cpnccbnh
din khc nhau ca giao tip phi ngn t.
TheoKnapp[1]:
Giaotipphingn thm chcchnhng
hoc cc biu hin ngoi ngn t. Cc hnh ng
hocbiuhinvncnghacchiasvmt
x hi c gi i mt cch c ch ch hoc
c din gii nh l c ch ch v c gi i
hoc tip nhn mt cch c thc. [...] Giao tip
phingntlmtthutngmiutttccc
skingiaotipvtlntrnngntkhung
vbtng.
nhnghanyclchchncchin
tphingntcsdngmtcchcthc
vcchch.Tuynhin,ccnhnghincu
hinnaynhnchunguthngnhtrnggiao
tip phi ngn t bao gm c cc hin t hu
thcvvthc,chnhvvtnh;vcng

_____
*

T:8448353360.

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Vi nhng l do trn, chng ti xin c

aranhnghasau:
Giao tip phi ngn t l ton b cc b phn
kin to nn giao tip khng thuc m ngn t
(verbalcode),cnghalkhngcmhobng
t ng, nhng c th thuc v c hai knh
(channels) ngn thanh (vocal) v phi ngn thanh
(nonvocal).Nbaogmccyutcnngn(phi
M
Knh
Ngnthanh
Phingnthanh

Ngnt
Ningn
(Khung)
Ningn
(Btng)

2.Tmquantrngcagiaotipphingnt
Tmquantrngcagiaotipphingnt
l khng th chi b. Vic nghin cu n
trongtngthgiaotipllhinnhin.Song,
iu l l trong hng triu nm tin ho ca
con ngi, trong khi lch s nghin cu giao
tipngntcthngnghnnmnay,th
cc kha cnh khc nhau ca giao tip phi
ngn t mi ch thc s c xt n mt
cchtchcc,cchch,chthngtcui
nhng nm 50 ca th k XX. V c l, mi
ngichthcsquantmnvnnyt
khi xut hin cun sch ca Julius Fast v
ngn ng thn th vo nm 1970. Cho n
nay, rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v giao
tip ni chung v giao tip phi ngn t ni
ringlnltrainhmkhngnhtm
quan trng v tnh c lp ca loi giao tip
nytrongcmitrng nivnhovgiao
vnho.Pease[4]:
iukdiulconngihunhkhng
thc c rng dng iu, chuyn ng v c
chcamnhcthkramtcuchuyntrong
khitingnicaanhtalicthkramtcu
chuynkhc.
Mt lot cc cng trnh nghin cu nh
lng, vi cc ng hng tip cn v
phng php nghin cu khc nhau, a
raccktqucthchothytmquantrng
khngthchibcagiaotipphingnt:
Hall [5] tuyn b 60% trong ton b giao
tipconngithucvphingnt.

ngn tngn thanh) nh tc , cng , ng

lu... v cc yu t ngoi ngn (phi ngn tphi
ngnthanh)thucngnngthnthnhcch,
dngiu,dinhin...,thucngnngvtthnh
oqun,trangsc...,vthucngnngmitrng
nhkhongcchithoi,aimgiaotip...
Ta c th xc nh giao tip phi ngn t
theossau:
Phingnt
Cnngn
Ngoingn

Harrison [6] cho bit, trong giao tip trc

din,chc35%nghaxhi(socialmeaning)
lctruyntibngthngipngnt.
Mehrabian v Wiener [7] pht hin thy
93%nghaxhicgnktvigiaotip
phingnt.
Birdwhistell [8] cho rng mt ngi (M)
trung bnh mt ngy thng ch s dng
ngn t trong khong t 10 n 11 pht v
mtphtngntrungbnhcdithigian
khong2,5giy.ngcngnhnrarngthnh
t ngn t trong cc cuc thoi trc din ch
chim gn 35%, trong khi hn 65% thuc v
ccthnhtphingnt.
Mehrabian[9]cnaranhngconsc
th sau: trong tng hiu qu ca mt thng
ip,ccyutngnt(cctng)chtora
7%;trongkhi,ccyutngnthanh(bao
gm ging ni, s thng ging v cc m
thanh khc) chim ti 38% v cc yu t phi
ngntmangli55%.
Theo Levine v Adelman trong giao tip
thngthng,93%nidungthngipldo
ging iu v cc din hin (biu hin trn
khunmt)quytnh;chc7%thngip
lctruyntibngngnt.
Goleman [10] cho rng 90% cm xc ca
con ngi c biu l thng qua cc hnh
thcphingnt.
Beisleretal.[11]cngkhngnh:
...khngthbnlunvgiaotipkhungm
khngxtngiaotipphingntvchckhong

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NguynQuang/TpchKhoahcHQGHN,Ngoing23(2007)7683

mtphnbathngiptrongmttnhhungngi
ingilctruyntibingntthuntu.
Tavnttinvongntthuntu.
MarioPei(1971)chobitconngitacth
to ra c khong 700.000 k hiu thn th
khcnhau,mtslngkhiutngngvi
slngtcamtngnngrtphttrn.
Mtstcginurabaldobingii
chotmquantrngcagiaotipphingnt:
Th nht, ngi ta d dng ghi nh ci
ngitanhnthyhncingitanghethy.
Thhai,giaotipphingntxuthin
nhiuhngiaotipngnt.
Thba,ngitacthddngladi
bnggiaotipngnt,nhngrtkhladi
bnggiaotipphingnt.
3.Ccnguyntccagiaotipphingnt
Ccnhnghincugiaotipphingnt
c th a ra cc nguyn tc khc nhau v,
thmch,khinimnguyntccthc
hhiukhcnhau.Ctcgicoiccnguyn
tclcinnvkhngnn.Ctcgitrnh
by cc nguyn tc nh l cc chc nng.
Trongkhi,cnhng tcgili nhnnhn
cc nguyn tc nh l cc biu hin thuc
tnh ca giao tip phi ngn t. Tuy nhin,
nhn chung h u thng nht ba im
chnhyusau:
a)Ngitakhngthkhnggiaotipphi
ngn t: iu ny c ngha l ngay c khi ta
khngninng,khnghotngth,nhng
mckhcnhauvhochuhocvtnh,
ta vn ang giao tip vi ngi khc, thng
bovihvthi(th,phnvn,khinh
th, knh trng...), tnh cm (say m, au kh,
cm gin, yu thng...), tnh trng sc kho
(cngtrng,suysp...),trngthitml(cng
thng, lo u, phn khch...) ca ta. Sigmund
Freud(1959)khngnh:
...khngmthut[conngiNQ]nocth
gi c b mt cho ring mnh. Nu cp mi ca
anh ta im lng, anh ta s chuyn tr bng cc u
ngntaycamnh;sphnbi[vickhnggic
bmtNQ]totrakhiconngianhtatmil
chnlng.

b)Ccknhphingnttracbithiu
qu trong vic biu l tnh cm, thi v
quan h ca cc i tc: Nu nhn din giao
tipngntvgiaotipphingnttrnc
scasilpgiaciCig(theWhat)
c ngha l thng tin nhn thc (cognitive
information) hay ni dung thng tin v kin
thcvciThno(theHow)cnghal
thng tin biu cm (affective information) hay
thi v tnh cm ca ngi giao tip, cc
nh nghin cu giao tip thng thng nht
rngchaiyutnyuhinhutrongc
giao tip ngn t v giao tip phi ngn t.
Tuynhin,ccquanstthctcngnhcc
kt qu nghin cu ngun mt (primary
research)vngunhai(secondaryresearch)cng
chothyrngtrongkhigiaotipngnttra
nitrihntrongvicchiasthngtinnhn
thc v truyn ti kin thc th giao tip phi
ngn t li chng minh tnh u vit ca n
trongvicthhinvchiascccungbctinh
tcatnhcm,xccmvthi.Brooksv
Heath(1990)nhnxt:
Knh ngn t c tim nng ln trong vic
truyntithngtinngngha,trongkhiknhphi
ngntlictimnnglntrongvictruynti
thngtinbiucm.
c) Cc thng ip phi ngn t ngu nhin
vvtnhthngctincyrtcao:thc
t trong cc cng ng ngn ng vn ho
khc nhau, k c cc cng ng c tn sut
hotnggiaotipphingntcaonhcc
ncMLatinh,chothyvicdydv
hnhvigiaotipchyuhngtigiaotip
ngnt.Hnna,xtvmttmlhnhvi,
con ngi hin i thng lu tm hn n
cc yu t ngn t khi giao tip vi ngi
khc. Do vy, nh mt l t nhin, khi phi
che y mt s tht, ngi ta thng ch
hn n vic s dng ngn t thc hin
mc ch ny. Trong nhng trng hp nh
vy,nhngyutphingnt,cbitlccvi
c ch (microgestures), thng t v kh c
khngchmtcchhplnnsthtdb
l.Vth,chngthnggiptathyrhnbn
chtcaiucnginichedumtcch
cthcthngquaccyutngnt.

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4.Phnloigiaotipphingnt
Dwyer cho rng, xt theo khu vc, giao
tipphingntsbaogm:
+Chuynngthnth(hnhvithnth).
+Ccctnhthcht.
+Hnhvingchm.
+Ccphmchtngnthanh(cnngnng)
+Khnggian(Tnhcnk)
+Cctotc.
+Mitrng.
Xt theo ngun gc, tc gi phn chia
thnhbnloi:
+Giaotipphingntcnhn
Giaotipphingntcnhngmccloi
hnhviphingntkhcnhaumchduynht
mt ngi c c. ngha ca hnh vi
cnglduynhtivingigithngip.
V d: Mt ngi no c th va lm vic,
vanichuyn,vanghenhc,trongkhimt
ngikhclichcthlmccngvic
trongmitrngimlng.Hocmtngi,do
lngtngvshi,cthcitrongkhitnh
hungtngt,ngikhclikhc.
+Giaotipphingntvnho
Ngclivigiaotipphingntcnhn,
giao tip phi ngn t vn ho l c tnh ph
bincamtnhmngi,mtxhihaymt
nn vn ho. N c tip th thngqua vic
quan st nhng thnh vin khc thuc cng
nhm,cngxhihaycngnnvnho.Vd:
Phnvinhaucxuhngvinnhnhvi
ngchmthoimihnvnhiuhnsovi
namgii.Tuynhin,trongkhivnhoVit,
hnhvingchmcphnsdngvi
nginggiinhiuhnhnthvnhoM
vPhp,nlicphnsdngvingi
khcgiinhiuhnngk.
Giao tip phi ngn t vn ho l hnh vi
theo qui tc (rulegoverned). Cc qui tc ny
khngchcccyutngntvphingn
tcaccthngipctruynti.Chng
toracimtacthtmgilskimduyt
mang tnh vn ho c th xc nh tnh
phhpvkhngphhptronggiaotip.S
kimduytnydavohgitrvnho
xc nh tnh ph hp trong cc hnh vi. N

79

mangtnhvnhocthvminnvnho
u c h gi tr ring ca n. Do vy, mt
hnhvicthccoilphhptrongnn
vnhony,nhnglibnhnnhntiucc
trongnnvnhokhc.Vd:Trongvnho
Vit,hnhvinhngiao(tipxcnhmt),c
bitlvingihntuihoccavxhi
cao hn, thng c tn sut thp hn v
cng yu hn so vi tnh hung tng
ng trong vn ho M. Hoc ngi Brasil s
dngccdinhin(biuhintrnkhunmt)
rt nhiu trong cc phim m; v nu mt
ngiVitsdngnhvytrongcngng
camnh,anhtasrtddngbcoilkch
hocbtbnhthng.
+Giaotipphingntphnim:
Giao tip phi ngn t ph nim l loi
hnhvicmingi,mini,milc.N
biu hin cc trng thi tnh cm khc nhau
nh vui, bun, say m, gin d... V d: Khi
sung sng, ngi ta thng ci; khi au
kh,ngitathngkhc;khisaym,vmt
thng ra, mt lim rim; khi gin d, my
thngchauli,rngnghinkenkt...
+Giaotipphingntphiquanyu:
Giaotipphingntphiquanyuthng
lnhnghnhvithuntymangtnhsinhhc
nhngp,hthi...Cchnhvinykhnglin
quangnccthngipngnt.Duvy,n
cthgiramtthngipnhtnhtingi
tip nhn mc d thng ip ny hon ton
khngmangtnhchch.Vd:Vicith
giaotipngpcthcchthgiaotipdin
giirngcucchuyntrkhnggyhngth
choithhocthigiankhuya.Vicith
hthicthcdingiirngcnphnghi
lnhhocchthgiaotipkhngnnhtthuc
trongphng.
Tuy nhin, nu xt ton b tnh hung
giaotipvituyntrungtmgiaotiplcc
yu t ni ngn v ng bin giao tip l
tonbccyutcnhhunggintiptham
giavoqutrnhgiaotip,chngtixinc
aracchphnloisau:
a.Cnngnng(Paralanguage)
* Cc c tnh ngn thanh (Vocal
characteristics):

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80

Cao(Pitch)
Cng(Volumn)
Tc(Rate)
Phmchtngnthanh(Vocalquality)
* Cc yu t xen ngn thanh (Vocal
interferences/Vocalfillers)
*Ccloithanhlu(Typesofvocalflow)
*Imlng(Silence/Pauses)
*...
b.Ngoingnng(Extralanguage)
* Ngn ng thn th (Body language/
Kenesics/Actionlanguage)
Nhngiao(Eyecontact)
Dinhin(Facialexpressions)
ctnhthcht(Physicalcharacteristics)
C ch v chuyn ng thn th (Gestures
andBodymovements)
Tth(Postures/Bodypositioning)
Hnh vi ng chm (Touch/ Haptics/ Tactile/
Touchingbihaviour)
...
* Ngn ng vt th (Object language/
Artifacts/Artefacts)

Quno(Clothing)
trang sc v ph kin (Jewellery and
accessories)
Trangim(Makeup)
Nc hoa/ Hng nhn to (Perfume/ Artificial
scents)
Hoa(Flowers)
Qutng(Gifts)
...
* Ngn ng mi trng (Environmental
language)
aim(Setting)
Tnh k cn/Khong cch i thoi
(Proxemics/Conversationaldistance)
Thigian(Time/Chronemics)
Hthngnhsng(Lightingsystem)
Musc(Colours)
Nhit(Heat)
m/Sthngthong/Miv(Humidity/
Ventilation/Smell)
*...
Ssausgipchngtathyrhns
phnloicachngti.

Giaotipphingnt
(Nonverbalcommunication)

Cnngn
(Paralanguage)

Ngoingn
(Extralanguage)

Ngnngthnth
(Bodylanguage/Kinesics)

Ccctnhngnthanh
(Vocalcharacteristics):
+Cao(Pitch)
+Cng(Volume)
+Tc(Rate)
+Phmchtngnthanh
(Vocalquality)
Ccloithanhlu
(Typesofvocalflow)
Ccyutxenngnthanh
(Vocalinterferences)
Imlng(Silence)
...

Nhngiao(Eyecontact)
Dinhin(Facial
expressions)
ctnhthcht(Physical
characteristics)
Cch(Gestures)
Tthvchuynngthn
th(Posturesand
bodymovements)
Hnhvingchm
(Touch/Haptics/Tactile)
...

Ngnngvtth
Ngnngmitrng
(Objectlanguage/Artifacts) (Environmentallanguage)

Trangphc(Clothing)
trangscvphkin
(Jewelleryandaccessories)
Trangim(Makeup)
Hngnhnto(Artificial
scents)
Qutng(Gift)
Hoa(Flowers)
...

Ng.QuangGTPNT

aim(Setting)
Khongcchgiaotip
(Conversationaldistance/
Proxemics)
Thigian(Time/Chronemics)
nhsng(Lightingsystem)
Musc(Colour)
Nhit(Heat)
m/Sthngthong/Miv
(Humidity/Ventilation/Smell)
...

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81

5.iiucnluvgiaotipphingnt
Khi nghin cu v giao tip phi ngn t
ni chung v ngn ng thn th ni ring,
iu cn lu trc ht l ta nn trnh ch
xemxtvdingiimthintphingnt
(nonverbal cue) hay mt c ch n l m
khng lu tm ti cnh hung v cc hin
t/c ch khc. iu ny, trong rt nhiu
trnghp, cbittronggiaotipgiaovn
ho, d dng dn n nhng din gii sai
(misinterpretation),
gy
hiu
lm
(misunderstanding), to ra cch nhn nhn sai
lch(misperception)vlmtrchdnggiaotip
(miscommunication).Vd:
*Giaotipnivnho:Vicmtcgigi
ukhiangnichuynvimtcgikhc:
... v chng t th by gi kinh t cng...
gil......khakh.ccingxtcng
...kiu...nhtvnhgii,vmungc
ny.Giydp,quno,vngnhn...(gitay
giu)...tthchlchiungay.Cthtora
mtlotccdingiitimnng:
Ngaudochyhocgu,
Thiquencnhn,
Mt cch khoe kho nhng ngn tay
v/hoctrangscp,
Mt cch th hin vic ang ngh thm
vcctrangsc,phcsckhc,
Mtcchcheduvicnidi...
...
Chkhitaxemxtchngtrongmitng
giaovimtlotcc yutnhcnhhung
v thi gian, khng gian (mt ti cui tun
trongmtquncphthithng),quanh
(bnhccgpnhausaunhiunmxacch),
titrchuyn(nivcucsnggianh),
v.v, lu xt cc yu t thuc ngn ng vt
th (cch phc sc, trang im...), cc c ch
khcikm(khigiu,cgisdngbn
tay eo trang sc, cc ngn tay cong ln,
hngvnginghe,cmhivnhln,mt
nhnhixoxung...)vccyutcnngn
(cchnichmri,sdngnhiuyutxen
ngn thanh/vocal interferences v cc qung
lng/pauses...), ta mi c th a ra mt din

gii ng v c ch gi u ca c gi: C
munkhoekhomntrangsccamnh.
+ Giao tip giao vn ho: Mt chuyn vin
d n ngi M ang ngi vt chn ln bn
c ti liu trong vn phng ca mnh. Mt
ng nghip Vit bc vo. Anh bn M,
khngthayitth,chvochicghtrc
mt mi ng nghip ca mnh ngi v
chuyn tr sini.Tthngicaanhtac
thcdingiitheonhiucch:
Trathoimi,
Tthitrnhthng,
Xngbnhchcthbcngkhp,
angbtchnnnchakprtchnli
...
Tuynhin,nutahiucrng,trong
vn ho M, thng thng, mt t th ngi
nhvy(ownershipposture)casngi
Mtipnhnmtcchtrungtnh,vnuta
thccthctrngylvnphngca
anh bn M, quan h gia hai ng nghip
angrttt,ccyutningn,cnngnv
ngn ng thn th khc c s dng trong
cucthoigiahaingiltchccthtac
thddngdingiicchtrnnhmtbiu
hinbnghu:trathoimi,thnmt.
iucnthykhinghincugiaotipphi
ngntl,nuvigiaotipngnt,taccc
n v nh t (word), cm t (phrase) v
cu/phtngn(sentence/utterance)thvigiao
tipphingnt,tacngcccnvtng
ng nh hin t phi ngn t (nonverbal cue),
vng hin t phi ngn t (area of nonverbal
cues) v chm hin t phi ngn t (cluster of
nonverbalcues).Nunhhintphingnt
lnvangha(vd:hnhngnheomt
c th c cc ngha sau: chi nng, tp trung
nhn cho r, suy ngh, cn nhc, phn vn,
nghi ng...) th vng hin t phi ngn t (c
nghalcchintphingntkhuvcbao
quanh hin t c xt nh ton b khun
mt,tonbhaicnhtay...)sgiptathuhp
cc nt ngha v gim bt tnh m ngha ca
hintcxt(vdhnhngnheomti
kmvihnhngcnmi),vchmhint

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19

phi ngn t (c ngha l ton b cc hin t

tng thch trn c th) s gip ta thy r
c nt ngha ca hin t c xt (v d:
Hnh ng nheo mt i km vi hnh ng
cnmi,tayglntrn,uhigtg...th
hinscnnhc).
Tuynhin,tacngcnthycskhc
bitgiaccnvngntvphingnt.
T
Cmt
Cu/Phtngn

Tuyntnh

Ngoi ra, khi nghin cu giao tip phi

ngn t ni chung v ngn ng thn th ni
ring,iucnxemxtlcccch(gestures),
nhngiurtcnlucccchdin
giing,thycskhcbittrongcc
c ch tng nh ging nhau , nhn ra
c ci to nn tnh bn sc (identity) ca
cc cng ng ngn ngvn ho khc nhau
tronggiaotipphingntlichnhlccvi
c ch (microgestures). Cng l c ch bt
tay,nhng nusosnh haicchbttayca
ngi Vit v ngi M, ta s thy c mt
s vi c ch ph dng ng ch sau (ch
mangtnhtngi):
Ngi M thng bt tay cht hn
ngiVit;
NgiVitthnggitayitcluhn;
NgiVitthnglctayitcnhiuhn;
Khiatayrabt,ccngntaycangi
Vit thng t th khum khum hn, cn
ccngntaycangiMthnghn;
Khiatayrabt,ngiMthngdoi
cnhtayraxacthhn,trongkhingiVit
thngcocnhtayvgncthhn;
Khi bt tay trang trng, ngi Vit
thng khom lng v hi ci u cn ngi
Mthngthnglngvhiciu;
Khi bt tay trang trng, ngi Vit
thnghinhnxungcnngiMthng
nhnthngvoitcgiaotip;

imdbitnibtnhtltrongkhiccn
v ngn t c bn cht tuyn tnh, ln lt
xuthintheochuithigianv khnggian
thccnvphingntlimangtnhng
hin, cng ng thi hin hu xc lp
nghaxhi.Bngsauysgiptathyr
hnnhngtngngvdbittrn:
Hint
Vnghint
Chmhint

nghin

...
Vigiaotipphingntgiaovnho,ta
cngddngquanstthyrng,rtnhiu
trng hp, trong mt cng ng ngn ng
vn ho ny, mt hin t no thng rt
haycsdngvcdingiirrng;
trongkhi,mtcngngngnngvn
hokhc,cchlihontonkhngc
ngha g v, thm ch, mang mt ngha
ngcli.Xinnuramtsvdcth:
+ C ch xin i nh xe bng cch dang
cnh tay ra, gi ngn ci vung gc vi cc
ngncnlivccngnnyccovomt
cchtnhincmingiuMsdng
v din gii ng. Nhng i vi rt nhiu
ngiVit(chtlviasnghimthm
chngticngccsinhvincamnhphng
vn),nlihontonkhngcnghag.
+ C ch khum ngn tay ci v ngn tay
trthnhmtvngtrnchiulmtbiu
hinthnthinM,cnghalTt,OK;
nhngPhpvB,hintlicnghal
Anhchnglgc,iukhngng;
cnHiLpvThNhK,nlicdin
gii nh l gi lm tnh; trong khi ,
ngiNhtlihiulTin.
+ Vic gi bn tay ln, dang ngn tay tr
vngntaygiasanghaibntothnhhnh
ch V, nga lng bn tay ra ngoi vi cc
ngntaycnlikhumvomtcchtnhin

NguynQuang/TpchKhoahcHQGHN,Ngoing23(2007)7683

c hiu l k hiu ca thng li, chc

thnh cng (Victory), nhng nu quay mu
bntayrangoithlilmtcchtctu
(upyours) ch b phn gii tnh ca ph n
(Vulva). Nhng i vi rt nhiu nghim th
Vittrongcckhostcachngti,chaic
chtrnuchiutheonghahocchs
thnh cng, thng li hoc thun tu mang
tnh a ct (ch yu l khi chp nh theo
nhm).Cuchuyncaradiys
chotathytnhnghimtrngcaslmln
khisdnghintphingntnyv,khi
qut hn, ch ra tm quan trng ca vic
nghin cu cc hin t phi ngn t trong
giaotip:
Nm 1993, tng thng M George Bush ti
thmncc.Ngitrongchicxelimousinednh
cho nguyn th ang lt qua m ng cng
chngc,ngBushgingntrvngngiara
theohnhchVthhinkhiuThngli.
Nhngthayvgilngbntayrangoithngli
xoaymubn tayvphacngchng.Ngayngy
hm sau, hnh nh ny ng lot c ng
trong rt nhiu t bo ca c vi tiu Tng
thnglngmngic.ClngBushkhng
rng,ivingiAnhvngic,yl
mtcchtctu(upyours).

83

Tiliuthamkho
[1] M. Knapp, Nonverbal Communication in Human
Interaction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New
York,1972.
[2] D.R. Levine, M.B. Adelman, Beyond Language
CrossCulturalCommunication,Regents,Prentice
HallInc,1993.
[3] J. Dwyer, The Business Communication Handbook,
FifthEdition,PrenticeHall,2000.
[4] A. Pease, Signals How to Use Body Language for
Power,SuccessandLove,BantomBooks,1984.
[5] E.T. Hall, Silent Language, Doubleday and Co,
NewYork,1959.
[6] R.P. Harrison, Toward an Understanding of
Nonverbal Communication Systems, Journal of
Communication(1965)339.
[7] A. Mehrabian, M. Wiener, Non Immediacy
between Communication and Object of
Communication in a Verbal Message, Journal of
ConsultingPsychology30(1966)225.
[8] R.L. Birdwhistell, Kenesics and Context,
UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,1970.
[9] A. Mehrabian, Nonverbal Communicatio,.
Wadsworth, Belmont, California, Chicago:
Aidine,Atherton,1972.
[10] D.Goleman,EmotionalIntelligence,Bantam,1995.
[11] F. Beisler, H. Scheeres, D. Pinner, Communication
Skills,2ndEdition,Longman,1997.

NonverbalCommunication
NguyenQuang
DepartmentofEnglishAmericanLanguageandCulture,
CollegeofForeignLanguages,VietnamNationalUniversity,Hanoi,
144XuanThuy,CauGiay,Hanoi,Vietnam

This article raises readers awareness of the importance of nonverbal messages in human
interaction. It presents a critical review of different definitions, conceptualisations, principles and
classifications of nonverbal communication by different scholars. The author of the article then
giveshisowndefinitionandintroduceshisownclassificationofnonverbalcommunication.Healso
points out things that can be found in common and in difference between verbal and nonverbal
communication.