Group member: Faustine Lau Izwan Afiq Stanley Robert

Perennialists believe that the focus of education should be the ideas that have lasted over centuries. the ideas are as relevant and meaningful today as when they were written. students learn from reading and analyzing the works by history's finest thinkers and writers.

Perennialist classrooms are also centered on teachers in order to accomplish these goals. The teachers are not concerned about the students' interests or experiences. They use tried and true teaching methods and techniques that are believed to be most beneficial to disciplining students' minds.

The perennialist curriculum is universal and is based on their view that all human beings possess the same essential nature. it is important that individuals think deeply, analytically, flexibly, and imaginatively. students should not be taught information that may soon be outdated or found to be incorrect.

schools spend more time teaching about concepts and explaining they are meaningful to students. The instructor would use religious books and historical documents.

Essentialists believe that when students study these works and ideas, they will appreciate learning. aims to develop students' intellectual and moral qualities. instill all students with the most essential or basic academic knowledge and skills and character development.

teachers should try to embed traditional moral values and virtues. classrooms should be teacher-oriented. In the essentialist system, students are required to master a set body of information and basic techniques for their grade level before they are promoted to the next higher grade.

The teacher should serve as an intellectual and moral role model for the student. focus on achievement test scores as a means of evaluating progress. Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will not only possess basic knowledge and skills, but they will also have disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying lessons learned in school in the real world.

Students in this system would sit in rows and be taught in masses. An example of essentialism would be lecture based introduction classes taught at universities.

The Progressive education philosophy was established in America from the mid 1920s through the mid 1950s. John Dewey was its foremost proponent. One of his tenets was that the school should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom and democracy in schools. Shared decision making, planning of teachers with students, student-selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools.

Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. students should test ideas by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world.

The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing. Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions.

They use the scientific method.

Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) was the founder of social reconstructionism, in reaction against the realities of World War II. George Counts (1889-1974) recognized that education was the means of preparing people for creating this new social order.

Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.

curriculum focuses on student experience and taking social action on real problems, such as violence, hunger, international terrorism, inflation, and inequality.

Existentialism takes into consideration the underlying concepts:

Human free will Human nature is chosen through life choices A person is best when struggling against their individual nature, fighting for life

Decisions are not without stress and consequences. There are things that are not rational. Personal responsibility and discipline is crucial. Worldly desire is futile.

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION TRADITIONAL -Idealism - Realism SIMILARITIES: Both have the same view and goal. Individual is free to choose how to achieve those goals. MODERN -Pragmatism - Existentialism SIMILARITIES: Both have the same view, goal and values. Individuals are free to choose which goals to be achieved

DIFFERENCES -Relationship between ways and goals