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BI GING C S D LIU Phn 1: Cc khi nim c bn - M hnh thc th-lin kt - M hnh quan h - Ph thuc hm
Nguyn Hi Chu Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng i hc Cng ngh, HQGHN
Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu
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Ti liu tham kho
[1] Ramez A. Elmasri, Shamkant Navathe, Fundamentals of Database systems, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000. [2] Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke, Database Management Systems, 2nd edition [3] Nguyn Tu, Gio trnh c s d liu, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2008. [4] J. Date, An introduction to database systems, 7th edition, Addion Wesley Longman Inn., 2000 [5] Hector Garcia-Molina et. al., Database Systems: The complete book, Prentice Hall, 2002
Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL
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M u
Phn1: Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu (CSDL):

I I I I
Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL
Cc khi nim c bn M hnh thc th-lin kt (ER) M hnh quan h, i s quan h Ph thuc hm, chun ha v thit k c s d liu
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Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn Khi nim c bn H QT CSDL M hnh CSDL Lc CSDL Con ngi v CSDL Ngn ng/Giao din M hnh ER M hnh quan h Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL
Khi nim c bn
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Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu
I I
D liu l nhng s kin c th ghi li c v c ngha. Mt c s d liu l mt tp hp d liu c lin quan vi nhau, c lu tr trn my tnh, c nhiu ngi s dng v c t chc theo mt m hnh. N Mt CSDL biu th mt kha cnh no ca th gii thc. Thng tin c a vo trong CSDL to thnh mt khng gian CSDL hoc mt th gii nh (miniworld) Mt c s d liu l mt tp hp d liu lin kt vi nhau mt cch logic v mang mt ngha no Mt c s d liu c thit k v c ph bin cho mt mc ch ring
N N
I I
Mt h qun tr c s d liu l mt tp chng trnh gip cho ngi s dng to ra, duy tr v khai thc CSDL. Ngi ta gi c s d liu v h qun tr c s d liu bng mt thut ng chung l h c s d liu.
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Chc nng ca mt h qun tr c s d liu
1. Lu tr cc nh ngha, cc mi lin kt d liu (gi l siu d liu) vo mt t in d liu 2. To ra cc cu trc phc tp theo yu cu lu tr d liu 3. Bin i cc d liu c nhp vo ph hp vi cc cu trc d liu im trn 4. To ra mt h thng bo mt v p t tnh bo mt v ring t trong c s d liu 5. To ra cc cu trc phc tp cho php nhiu ngi s dng truy cp n d liu 6. Cung cp cc th tc sao lu v phc hi d liu m bo s an ton v ton vn d liu 7. Xc tin v p t cc quy tc an ton loi b vn ton vn d liu 8. Cung cp vic truy cp d liu thng qua mt ngn ng truy vn
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M hnh c s d liu
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Mt m hnh c s d liu l mt tp hp cc khi nim dng biu din cc cu trc ca c s d liu Cc loi m hnh c s d liu N Cc m hnh d liu bc cao hoc m hnh d liu mc quan nim cung cp cc khi nim gn lin vi cch cm nhn d liu ca nhiu ngi s dng Cc m hnh d liu bc thp hoc cc m hnh d liu vt l cung cp cc khi nim m t chi tit v vic d liu c lu tr trong my tnh nh th no Cc m hnh d liu th hin (m hnh d liu mc logic), chng cung cp nhng khi nim m ngi s dng c th hiu c v khng xa vi cch t chc d liu bn trong my tnh
Cc m hnh d liu th hin l cc m hnh c s dng nhiu nht. Ba m hnh ni ting thuc loi ny l m hnh quan h, m hnh mng v m hnh phn cp
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Lc v trng thi c s d liu
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Trong mt m hnh d liu cn phi phn bit r gia m t ca c s d liu v bn thn c s d liu M t ca mt c s d liu c gi l lc c s d liu, n c xc nh r trong qu trnh thit k c s d liu v khng b thay i thng xuyn Cc d liu trong mt c s d liu ti mt thi im c th c gi l mt trng thi c s d liu hoc l nh (snapshot) ca c s d liu Vic phn bit gia lc c s d liu v trng thi c s d liu l rt quan trng
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Con ngi v c s d liu
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Ngi qun tr h c s d liu (Database Administrator DBA) Ngi thit k c s d liu (Database Designer) Ngi s dng (End User) Ngi phn tch h thng v lp trnh ng dng Ngi thit k v ci t h qun tr d liu Nhng ngi pht trin cng c Cc thao tc vin v nhng ngi bo tr
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Ngn ng v giao din c s d liu
Cc ngn ng h qun tr c s d liu: N N Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (data definition language DDL): Dng nh ngha cc lc Ngn ng thao tc d liu (data manipulation language DML): Dng thao tc c s d liu Giao Giao Giao Giao din din din din da trn bng chn (Menu) da trn mu biu ho (Graphic User Interface - GUI) cho ngi qun tr h thng
Cc loi giao din h qun tr c s d liu N N N N
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Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER Thit k CSDL M hnh ER Kiu & tp thc th Kha & tp gi tr Kiu & tp lin kt Cp lin kt... Cc rng buc... M hnh EER M hnh quan h Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL
M hnh thc th-lin kt v thc th lin kt m rng
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S dng m hnh quan nim cho thit k c s d liu
I I I I
Tp hp Thit k Thit k Thit k
cc yu cu v phn tch quan nim logic hoc l nh x m hnh d liu vt l
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M hnh thc th-lin kt
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M hnh thc th-lin kt (m hnh ER) l mt m hnh d liu mc quan nim ph bin, tp trung vo cc cu trc d liu v cc rng buc Thc th l mt vt trong th gii thc, c s tn ti c lp Mi mt thc th c cc thuc tnh, l cc c trng c th m t thc th N N Thuc tnh n l thuc tnh khng th phn chia ra c thnh cc thnh phn nh hn Thuc tnh phc hp l thuc tnh c th phn chia c thnh cc thnh phn nh hn, biu din cc thuc tnh c bn hn vi cc ngha c lp Nhng thuc tnh c gi tr duy nht cho mt thc th c th gi l cc thuc tnh n tr Mt thuc tnh c th c mt tp gi tr cho cng mt thc th: l thuc tnh a tr
N N
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M hnh thc th-lin kt (tip)
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Thuc tnh c lu tr l cc thuc tnh m gi tr ca n c nhp vo khi ci t c s d liu Thc th l mt vt trong th gii thc, c s tn ti c lp Thuc tnh m gi tr ca n c th tnh c thng qua gi tr ca cc thuc tnh khc gi l thuc tnh suy din c Trong mt s trng hp, mt thc th c th c th khng c cc gi tr p dng c cho mt thuc tnh. Trong trng hp nh vy, ta phi to ra mt gi tr c bit gi l gi tr khng xc nh (null): Thuc tnh null Thuc tnh phc tp: L s kt hp ca cc thuc tnh phc hp v a tr
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Kiu thc th v tp thc th
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Mt kiu thc th l mt tp hp cc thc th c cc thuc tnh nh nhauc m t bng tn v cc thuc tnh. V d: NHNVIN (Htn, Tui, Lng) l mt kiu thc th Mt kiu thc th m t mt lc cho mt tp cc thc th c cng mt cu trc Mt kiu thc th c biu din trong lc ER bi mt hp hnh ch nht c cha tn kiu thc th Mt tp hp cc thc th ca mt kiu thc th c th trong c s d liu ti mt thi im c gi l mt tp thc th
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Kha v tp gi tr
I I I I I I
Thuc tnh m cc gi tr ca n l khc nhau i vi mi thc th ring bit trong mt tp thc th gi l thuc tnh kha Nhiu thuc tnh kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt kha: ta c kha phc hp. Kha phc hp phi ti thiu Kha dng phn bit hai thc th Mt kiu thc th c th c nhiu hn mt kha Kiu thc th khng c kha gi l kiu thc th yu Mi thuc tnh n ca mt kiu thc th c kt hp vi mt min gi tr Mt thuc tnh A ca kiu thc th E c tp gi tr V c th c nh ngha l mt hm t E vo tp hp lc lng P (V ) ca V : A : E P (V ) K hiu gi tr ca thuc tnh A vi thc th e l A(e) N Nu A l thuc tnh phc hp, tp gi tr V l tch -cc P (V1 ) P (V2 ) ... P (Vn ), vi V1 , V2 , . . . , Vn l tp cc gi tr cho cc thnh phn n ca A.
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Kiu lin kt, tp lin kt v cc th hin
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Mt kiu lin kt R l mt quan h ton hc trn E1 , E2 , . . . , En hoc c th nh ngha nh l mt tp con ca tch -cc E1 E2 . . . En Mt kiu lin kt R gia n kiu thc th E1 , E2 , . . . , En xc nh mt tp lin kt gia cc thc th ca cc kiu Tp lin kt R l mt tp hp cc th hin lin kt ri , i = 1, 2, . . . trong mi ri lin kt n thc th ring bit e1 , e2 , . . . , en v mi mt thc th ej trong ri l mt thnh phn ca kiu thc th Ej , 1 j n Cng nh cc kiu thc th v tp thc th, mt kiu lin kt v tp lin kt tng ng cng c tn chung l R Mi kiu thc th E1 , E2 , . . . , En c gi l tham gia vo kiu lin kt R, v tng t, mi thc th ring bit e1 , e2 , . . . , en c gi l tham gia vo th hin lin kt ri = (e1 , e2 , . . . , en )
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Cp lin kt, tn vai tr v kiu lin kt qui
I I
Cp ca mt kiu lin kt l s cc kiu thc th tham gia vo kiu lin kt . Tn vai tr dng ch r vai tr ca cc thc th ca kiu thc th tham gia lin kt, n gip vic gii thch ngha ca lin kt Trong mt s trng hp, mt kiu thc th c th tham gia vo mt kiu lin kt vi cc vai tr khc nhau. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, tn vai tr tr nn cn thit phn bit ngha ca mi s tham gia. Cc kiu lin kt nh vy gi l kiu lin kt quy
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Cc rng buc trn cc kiu lin kt
Cc kiu lin kt thng c mt s rng buc hn ch s cc t hp c th ca cc thc th c th tham gia trong tp hp lin kt tng ng. Cc rng buc ny c xc nh t tnh trng ca th gii thc m kiu lin kt biu din. Hai loi rng buc chnh:
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T s lc lng: T s lc lng cho mt kiu lin kt ch ra s cc th hin lin kt m mt thc th c th tham gia. Vi cc kiu lin kt cp 2, c th c cc t s lc lng 1 : 1, 1 : N , v M : N Cc rng buc tham gia v s ph thuc tn ti: Rng buc tham gia ch ra rng c phi s tn ti ca mt kiu thc th ph thuc vo mt kiu thc th khc thng qua mt kiu lin kt hay khng. C hai kiu rng buc tham gia: N N Rng buc tham gia ton b (ph thuc tn ti): Rng buc tham gia b phn:
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M hnh thc th-lin kt m rng (EER)
I I
M hnh EER bao gm tt c cc khi nim ca m hnh ER, ngoi ra cn c cc khi nim lp, kiu lin kt lp cha lp con, tnh tha k, chuyn bit, tng qut, phm tr Lp cha, lp con v s tha k Chuyn bit ho, tng qut ho N N N N Chuyn bit ha Tng qut ha Phn cp chuyn bit v li chuyn bit Cc rng buc v cc c trung ca chuyn bit ho, tng qut ho
S m hnh ERR
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Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h Min-thuc tnh... Rng buc quan h CSDL quan h Cc loi rng buc Php ton quan h Chuyn i ER-quan h Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL
M hnh quan h, cc rng buc quan h v i s quan h
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Min, thuc tnh, b, quan h
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Mt min D l mt tp hp cc gi tr nguyn t, ngha l mi gi tr trong min l khng th phn chia c trong phm vi m hnh quan h. c t mt min, ngi ta ch ra mt tn, mt kiu d liu v khun dng d liu Mt lc quan h R, k hiu l R(A1 , A2 , ..., An ), c to nn t mt tn quan h R v mt danh sch cc thuc tnh A1 , A2 , . . . , An Dom(Ai ) l min gi tr ca Ai Cp ca mt quan h l s cc thuc tnh ca lc quan h ca n Mt quan h r (hoc trng thi quan h) ca lc quan h R(A1 , A2 , . . . , An ) c k hiu l r(R), l tp hp cc n-b r = t1 , t2 , ..., tn . Mi n-b t l mt danh sch c th t ca n gi tr, t =< v1 , v2 , . . . , vn >, trong mi vi , 1 i n , l mt phn t ca Dom(Ai ) hoc l mt gi tr khng xc nh (null value). Gi tr th i ca b t c k hiu l t[Ai ]
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Cc rng buc quan h, lc c s d liu quan h
Cc rng buc min: Cc rng buc min ch ra rng gi tr ca mi thuc tnh A phi l mt gi tr nguyn t thuc min gi tr Dom(A) Mt siu kho SK xc nh r mt rng buc v tnh duy nht, pht biu rng khng c hai b khc nhau trong mt trng thi r ca R c cng mt gi tr cho SK Rng buc kho v rng buc trn cc gi tr khng xc nh (null): vi hai b khc nhau bt k t1 v t2 trong mt trng thi quan h r ca R chng ta c rng buc l t1 [SK] = t2 [SK]
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C s d liu quan h v lc c s d liu quan h
Mt lc c s d liu quan h S l mt tp hp cc lc quan h S = {R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn } v mt tp cc rng buc ton vn Mt trng thi c s d liu quan h (hoc mt c s d liu quan h) DB ca S l mt tp hp cc trng thi quan h DB = {r1 , r2 , . . . , rn } sao cho mi ri l mt trng thi ca Ri v sao cho cc trng thi quan h ri tho mn cc rng buc ton vn ch ra trong tp cc rng buc ton vn
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Ton vn thc th, ton vn tham chiu v kha ngoi
Rng buc ton vn thc th c pht biu l: kho chnh phi lun lun c gi tr xc nh, ngha l khng c php c gi tr null Rng buc ton vn tham chiu c pht biu l: mt b gi tr trong mt quan h c lin kt n mt quan h khc phi lin kt n mt b gi tr tn ti trong quan h
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Ton vn thc th, ton vn tham chiu v kha ngoi (tip)

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Mt tp hp cc thuc tnh F K trong mt lc quan h R1 l mt kho ngoi ca R1 tham chiu n quan h R2 nu n tho mn hai quy tc sau: 1. Cc thuc tnh trong F K c cng min gi tr nh cc thuc tnh ca kho chnh P K ca R2 . Cc thuc tnh F K c gi l tham chiu n (hoc l lin h n) quan h R2 . 2. Mt gi tr ca F K trong mt b t1 ca trng thi hin ti r1 (R1 ) hoc c mt nh mt gi tr ca kho chnh ca mt b t2 no y trong trng thi hin ti r2 (R2 ), hoc l null. Trong trng hp ny ta c t1 [F K] = t2 [P K] v ta ni rng b t1 lin h (tham chiu) n b t2 . R1 c gi l quan h tham chiu v R2 c gi l quan h b tham chiu
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Cc php ton trn m hnh quan h
Php chn (insert) cung cp mt danh sch cc gi tr cho mt b mi t c chn vo trong mt quan h R. Php chn c th vi phm cc kiu rng buc c m t trn Php xo (delete) c s dng xo mt hoc nhiu b gi tr ca mt quan h. Php xo ch c th vi phm rng buc tham chiu trong trng hp b b xo c tham chiu bi mt kho ngoi t cc b khc trong CSDL Php sa i (update) c dng thay i cc gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh trong mt (hoc nhiu) b ca mt quan h R no y Php chn c (select) s dng chn mt tp hp cc b tho mn iu kin chn t mt quan h. C th xem php chn nh mt b lc, n ch gi li cc b tho mn iu kin t ra. Php chn c k hiu l <cond> (R), trong < cond > l iu kin chn.
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Cc php ton trn m hnh quan h (tip)
Nu ta coi mt quan h nh mt bng th php chiu (project) l php ton chn mt s ct ca bng. Php chiu c k hiu l: <attr> (R) trong < attr > l danh sch con cc thuc tnh ca R. Cc php ton l thuyt tp hp: N Php hp: Hp ca hai quan h R v S, c k hiu l R S, cho kt qu l mt quan h cha tt c cc b c trong R hoc trong S hoc trong c hai. Cc b trng lp b loi b Php giao: Giao ca hai quan h R v S, c k hiu l R S, cho kt qu l mt quan h cha tt cc cc b c trong c hai quan h R v S Php tr quan h: Php tr quan h R v S, c k hiu l R S, cho kt qu l mt quan h cha tt c cc b c trong R nhng khng c trong S
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Php ni (join) Php ni c k hiu l 1 v c dng kt hp cc b c lin h vi nhau t hai quan h thnh mt b. Php ton ny rt quan trng i vi c s d liu quan h c nhiu bng bi v n cho php ta x l cc mi lin kt gia cc quan h Dng tng qut ca php ni trn hai quan h R(A1 , A2 , . . . , An ) v S(B1 , B2 , . . . , Bm ) l R 1 S trong < cond > l iu kin ni. Kt qu ca php ni l mt quan h Q(A1 , A2 , . . . , An , B1 , B2 , . . . , Bm ) c n + m thuc tnh. Mi b ca Q l mt s kt ni gia mt b ca R v mt b ca S khi chng tho mn iu kin ni Php ni t nhin (*) nhm loi b thuc tnh th hai (thuc tnh tha) trong iu kin ni bng. nh ngha chun ca ni t nhin i hi hai thuc tnh ni (hoc mi cp thuc tnh ni) phi c tn nh nhau trong c hai quan h
<cond>
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C ba php ni ngoi gi l ni ngoi tri (left outer join), ni ngoi phi (right outer join) v ni ngoi y (full outer join), c k hiu tng ng l: =1, 1< v =1< Php ni ngoi tri gi li mi b trong quan h bn tri R trong php ni. Nu khng c b lin kt no c tm thy trong S th cc thuc tnh ca S trong kt qu php ni c lm y bng cc gi tr null. Tng t nh vy i vi cc php ni ngoi phi v cc php ni ngoi y Php ton hp ngoi c m rng ly hp ca cc b t cc quan h nu cc b khng tng thch ng nht. Php ton ny ch ly hp ca cc quan h m chng ch tng thch b phn, ngha l ch mt vi thuc tnh ca chng l tng thch php hp
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Chuyn i m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h
Bc 1. Vi mi kiu thc th thng thng E trong lc ER, hy to mt quan h R cha mi thuc tnh n ca E. Vi cc thuc tnh phc hp, ch ly cc thuc tnh thnh phn n ca n. Chn mt trong cc thuc tnh kho ca E lm kho chnh cho R. Nu kho c chn ca E l phc hp (gm nhiu thuc tnh) th tp cc thuc tnh n s cng nhau to nn kho chnh ca R Bc 2. Vi mi kiu thc th yu W trong lc ER cng vi kiu thc th ch E, hy to mt quan h R cha tt cc cc thnh phn n (hoc cc thnh phn n ca cc thuc tnh phc hp) ca W nh l cc thuc tnh ca R. a cc thuc tnh kho chnh ca cc quan h tng ng vi kiu thc th ch lm kho ngoi ca R. Cc thuc tnh ny s xc nh kiu lin kt ca W . Kho chnh ca R l mt t hp ca kho chnh ca cc quan h tng ng vi kiu thc th ch v kho b phn ca kiu thc th yu W nu c
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Chuyn i m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h (tip)
Bc 3. Vi mi kiu lin kt 1:1 R trong lc ER, hy xc nh cc quan h S v T tng ng vi cc kiu thc th tham gia trong R. Hy chn mt trong cc quan h, chng hn S, v a kho chnh ca T vo lm kho ngoi trong S. Tt nht l chn S l mt kiu thc th tham gia ton b vo R. a tt cc cc thuc tnh n (hoc cc thnh phn n ca cc thuc tnh phc hp) ca kiu lin kt 1:1 R vo lm cc thuc tnh ca S Bc 4. Vi mi kiu lin kt hai ngi R kiu 1 : N , hy xc nh quan h S biu din kiu thc th tham gia pha N ca kiu lin kt. a kho chnh ca quan h T biu din kiu thc th tham gia vo R pha 1 vo lm kho ngoi trong S. Lm nh vy l v mi thc th c th ca pha N c lin kt vi nhiu nht l mt thc th c th ca pha 1 ca kiu lin kt. a cc thuc tnh n (hoc cc thnh phn n ca cc thuc tnh phc hp) ca kiu lin kt 1 : N vo lm cc thuc tnh ca S
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Bc 5. Vi mi kiu lin kt N : M hai ngi R, hy to ra mt quan h mi S biu din R. a cc kho chnh ca cc quan h biu din cc kiu thc th tham gia vo lm kho ngoi ca SA. T hp cc kho chnh s to nn kho chnh ca S. a tt c cc thuc tnh n (hoc cc thnh phn n ca cc thuc tnh phc hp) ca kiu lin kt N : M vo lm cc thuc tnh ca S. Ch rng ta khng th biu din mt kiu lin kt N : M bng mt thuc tnh kho ngoi n gin trong mt trong cc quan h tham gia (nh lm vi cc kiu lin kt 1 : 1 v 1 : N ) v t s lc lng N : M Bc 6. Vi mi thuc tnh a tr A, hy to ra mt quan h mi R. Quan h R ny s cha mt thuc tnh tng ng vi A cng vi thuc tnh kho K ca quan h biu din kiu thc th hoc kiu lin kt c thuc tnh l A lm kho ngoi ca R. Kho chnh ca R l mt t hp ca A v K. Nu thuc tnh a tr l phc hp th chng ta ch a vo R cc thnh phn n ca n
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Bc 7. Vi mi kiu lin kt n ngi R, trong n > 2, hy to ra mt quan h S biu din R. a cc kho chnh ca cc quan h biu din cc kiu thc th tham gia vo lm kho ngoi ca S. a tt c cc thuc tnh n (hoc cc thnh phn n ca cc thuc tnh phc hp) ca kiu lin kt n-ngi vo lm thuc tnh ca S. Kho chnh ca S thng l mt t hp cc kho chnh ca cc quan h biu din cc kiu thc th tham gia. Tuy nhin, nu rng buc lc lng trn mt kiu thc th E no tham gia vo R l 1 th kho chnh ca S khng c cha thuc tnh kho ngoi tham chiu n quan h E tng ng vi kiu thc th E
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Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h
Ph thuc hm v chun ha c s d liu quan h
Ph thuc hm Nguyn tc thit k Ph thuc hm Qui tc suy din Bao ng Ph thuc hm tng ng Ph thuc hm ti thiu Cc dng chun Thit k CSDL
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Cc nguyn tc thit k lc quan h
Nguyn tc 1. (Ng ngha ca cc thuc tnh quan h:): Thit k mt lc quan h sao cho d gii thch ngha ca n. Khng nn t hp cc thuc tnh t nhiu kiu thc th v kiu lin kt vo mt quan h n Nguyn tc 2. (Thng tin d tha trong cc b v d thng cp nht): Thit k cc lc quan h c s sao cho khng sinh ra nhng d thng cp nht trong cc quan h Nguyn tc 3. (Cc gi tr khng xc nh trong cc b): Trnh cng xa cng tt vic t vo trong cc quan h c s nhng thuc tnh m cc gi tr ca chng thng xuyn l null Nguyn tc 4. (Sinh ra cc b gi): Thit k cc lc quan h sao cho chng c th c ni vi iu kin bng trn cc thuc tnh l kho chnh hoc kho ngoi theo cch m bo khng sinh ra cc b gi
Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h Ph thuc hm Nguyn tc thit k Ph thuc hm Qui tc suy din Bao ng Ph thuc hm tng ng Ph thuc hm ti thiu Cc dng chun Thit k CSDL
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Cc ph thuc hm
I I
Mt ph thuc hm (vit tt l FD) k hiu l X Y , gia hai tp thuc tnh X v Y ch ra mt rng buc trn cc b c th c to nn mt trng thi quan h r ca R. Rng buc l: vi hai b bt k t1 v t2 trong r , nu c t1 [X] = t2 [X] th cng phi c t1 [Y ] = t2 [Y ] Chng ta ni rng c mt ph thuc hm t X vo Y hoc Y ph thuc hm vo X Mt ph thuc hm l mt tnh cht ca lc quan h R ch khng phi l tnh cht ca mt trng thi hp php r ca R. V vy, mt ph thuc hm khng th c pht hin mt cch t ng t mt trng thi r m phi do mt ngi hiu bit ng ngha ca cc thuc tnh xc nh mt cch r rng
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Cc qui tc suy din i vi ph thuc hm
QT1 QT2 QT3 QT4 QT5 QT6
(phn x): Nu X Y th X Y (tng): {X Y } |= XZ Y Z (bc cu): {X Y, Y Z} |= X Z (chiu): {X Y Z} |= X Y v X Z (hp): {X Y, X Z} |= X Y Z (ta bc cu): {X Y, W Y Z} |= W X Z
Amstrong chng minh rng cc quy tc suy din t QT1 n QT3 l ng v y :

I
ng: cho trc mt tp ph thuc hm F trn mt lc quan h R, bt k mt ph thuc hm no suy din c bng cch p dng cc quy tc t t QT1 n QT3 cng ng trong mi trng thi quan h r ca R tho mn cc ph thuc hm trong F y : vic s dng cc quy tc t QT1 n QT3 lp li nhiu ln suy din cc ph thuc hm cho n khi khng cn suy din c na s cho kt qu l mt tp hp y cc ph thuc hm c th c suy din t F
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Bao ng ca tp thuc tnh
Thng thng khi thit k c s d liu, u tin ta ch ra mt tp cc ph thuc hm d xc nh c nh ng ngha ca cc thuc tnh ca R. Sau , s dng cc quy tc Amstrong suy din cc ph thuc hm b sung Vi mi tp thuc tnh X, chng ta xc nh tp X + cc thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo X da trn F . X + c gi l bao ng ca X di F
Thut ton 4.1: ( xc nh X + , bao ng ca X di F ) X + = X; repeat OldX + = X + ; vi mi ph thuc hm Y Z trong F thc hin nu X + Y th X + = X + Z; until (X + = OldX + );
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S tng ng ca cc tp ph thuc hm
I I
Mt tp hp cc ph thuc hm E c ph bi mt tp cc ph thuc hm F - hoc F ph E - nu mi mt ph thuc hm trong E u trong F + ,iu c ngha l mi ph thuc hm trong E c th suy din c t F Hai tp ph thuc hm E v F l tng ng nu E+ = F + Mt tp ph thuc hm l ti thiu nu n tho mn cc iu kin sau y: N N V phi ca cc ph thuc hm trong F ch c mt thuc tnh. Chng ta khng th thay th bt k mt ph thuc hm X A trong F bng ph thuc hm Y A, trong Y l tp con ng ca X m vn cn l mt tp ph thuc hm tng ng vi F . Chng ta khng th b i bt k ph thuc hm no ra khi F m vn c mt tp ph thuc hm tng ng vi F
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Thut ton tm ph thuc hm ti thiu
Thut ton 4.2 (Tm ph ti thiu G cho F ) 1. t G := F ; 2. Thay th mi ph thuc hm X {A1 , A2 , ..., An } trong G bng n ph thuc hm X A1 , X A2 , . . . , X An . 3. Vi mi ph thuc hm X A trong G, vi mi thuc tnh B l mt phn t ca X nu ((G (X A) ((X {B}) A) l tng ng vi G th thay th X A bng (X {B}) A trong G 4. Vi mi ph thuc hm X A cn li trong G nu (G {X A}) l tng ng vi G th loi b X A ra khi G
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Cc dng chun da trn kha chnh
Mt lc quan h R l dng chun 1 (1NF) nu min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh ca n ch cha cc gi tr nguyn t (n, khng phn chia c) v gi tr ca mt thuc tnh bt k trong mt b gi tr phi l mt gi tr n thuc min gi tr ca thuc tnh . Mt lc quan h R l dng chun 2 (2NF) nu mi thuc tnh khng kha A trong R khng ph thuc b phn vo mt kha bt k ca R. Mt lc quan h R l dng chun 3 (3NF) nu khi mt ph thuc hm X A tha mn trong R, th: N N Hoc X l mt siu kha ca R. Hoc A l mt thuc tnh kha ca R.
Mt lc quan h l dng chun Boyce-Codd (BCNF) nu khi mt ph thuc hm X A tha mn trong R th X l mt siu kha ca R.
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Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h
Cc thut ton thit k lc c s d liu quan h
Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL Tch quan h Thut ton 5.1 Ni khng mt mt Tng hp quan h Xc nh kha Ph thuc hm a tr Cc qui tc suy din Dng chun 4 Tch quan h Dng chun 5
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Tch quan h v iu kin bo ton
Tch quan h: Lc quan h v tr n R = {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } c tch thnh mt tp hp cc lc quan h D = {R1 , R2 , . . . , Rm }. Mt cch hnh thc, ta c iu kin bo ton thuc tnh: Ri = R Tnh khng y ca cc dng chun: Mc ch ca chng ta l mi quan h ring r Ri trong php tch D l dng chun BCNF hoc 3NF. Tuy nhin, iu khng m bo mt thit k CSDL tt. Bn cnh vic xem xt tng quan h ring r, chng ta cn xem xt ton b php tch. Vic mi ph thuc hm X Y trong F hoc c xut hin trc tip trong mt trong cc lc quan h Ri trong php tch D hoc c th c suy din t cc ph thuc hm c trong Ri l rt c li. Ta gi l iu kin bo ton ph thuc nh l: Lun lun tm c mt php tch bo ton ph thuc D i vi F sao cho mi quan h Ri trong D l 3NF
Ti liu tham kho M u Khi nim c bn M hnh ER M hnh quan h Ph thuc hm Thit k CSDL Tch quan h Thut ton 5.1 Ni khng mt mt Tng hp quan h Xc nh kha Ph thuc hm a tr Cc qui tc suy din Dng chun 4 Tch quan h Dng chun 5
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Thut ton tch bo ton ph thuc
Thut ton 5.1: To mt php tch bo ton ph thuc D = {R1 , R2 , . . . , Rm } ca mt quan h v tr R da trn mt tp ph thuc hm F sao cho mi Ri trong D l 3NF. Thut ton ny ch m bo tnh cht bo ton ph thuc, khng m bo tnh cht ni khng mt mt. Input: Mt quan h v tr R v mt tp ph thuc hm F trn cc thuc tnh ca R. 1. Tm ph ti thiu G ca F . 2. Vi mi v tri X ca mt ph thuc hm xut hin trong G, hy to mt lc trong D vi cc thuc tnh {X {A1 } {A2 } . . . {Ak }} trong X A1 , X A2 , . . . , X Ak ch l cc ph thuc hm trong G vi X l v tri (X l kha ca quan h ny). 3. t cc thuc tnh cn li (nhng thuc tnh cha c t vo quan h no) vo mt quan h n m bo tnh cht bo ton thuc tnh.
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Php tch v kt ni khng mt mt
Thut ton 5.2: Kim tra tnh cht ni khng mt mt Input: Mt quan h v tr R(A1 , A2 , . . . An ), mt php tch D = {R1 , R2 , . . . , Rm } ca R v mt tp ph thuc hm F . 1. To mt ma trn S c m hng, n ct. Mi ct ca ma trn ng vi mt thuc tnh, mi hng ng vi mi quan h Ri 2. t S(i, j) = 1 nu thuc tnh Aj thuc v quan h Ri v bng 0 trong trng hp ngc li. 3. Lp li vng lp sau y cho n khi no vic thc hin vng lp khng lm thay i S: Vi mi ph thuc hm X Y trong F , xc nh cc hng trong S c cc k hiu 1 nh nhau trong cc ct ng vi cc thuc tnh trong X. Nu c mt hng trong s cha 1 trong cc ct ng vi thuc tnh Y th hy lm cho cc lm cho cc ct tng ng ca cc hng khc cng cha 1. 4. Nu c mt hng cha ton k hiu 1 th php tch c tnh cht ni khng mt mt, ngc li, php tch khng c tnh cht .
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Tch quan h vi tnh cht ni khng mt mt
Thut ton 5.3: Tch quan h thnh cc quan h BCNF vi tnh cht ni khng mt mt Input: Mt quan h v tr R v mt tp hp cc ph thuc hm F trn cc thuc tnh ca R. 1. t D := {R} 2. Khi c mt lc quan h Q trong D khng phi BCNF, thc hin vng lp: Vi mi mt lc quan h Q trong D khng BCNF hy tm mt ph thuc hm X Y trong Q vi phm BCNF v thay th Q trong D bng hai lc quan h (Q Y ) v (X Y ). Qu trnh lp dng khi khng cn quan h no trong D vi phm BCNF.
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Thut ton tng hp quan h bo ton ph thuc v ni khng mt mt

Thut ton 5.4: Thut ton tng hp quan h vi tnh cht bo ton ph thuc v ni khng mt mt. Input: Mt quan h v tr R v mt tp cc ph thuc hm F trn cc thuc tnh ca R. 1. Tm ph ti thiu G cho F . 2. Vi mi v tri X ca mt ph thuc hm xut hin trong G hy to ra mt lc quan h trong D vi cc thuc tnh {X {A1 } {A2 } . . . {Ak }}, trong X A1 , X A2 , . . . , X Ak ch l cc ph thuc hm trong G vi X l v tri (X l kha ca quan h ny). 3. Nu khng c lc quan h no trong D cha mt kha ca R th hy to ra thm mt lc quan h trong D cha cc thuc tnh to nn mt kha ca R.
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Thut ton xc nh kha
Thut ton xc nh kha: Tm mt kha K ca R da trn tp F cc ph thuc hm ( thc hin bc 3 trong thut ton 5.4). 1. t K := R 2. Vi mi thuc tnh A trong K { tnh (K A)+ i vi F ; Nu (K A)+ cha tt c cc thuc tnh trong R th t K := K {A} }
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Ph thuc hm a tr
Gi thit c mt lc quan h R, X v Y l hai tp con ca R. Mt ph thuc a tr (MVD), k hiu l X Y , ch ra rng buc sau y trn mt trng thi quan h bt k ca R: Nu hai b t1 v t2 tn ti trong R sao cho t1 [X] = t2 [X] th hai b t3 v t4 cng tn ti trong R vi cc tnh cht sau:
I I I
t3 [X] = t4 [X] = t1 [X] = t2 [X] t3 [Y ] = t1 [Y ] v t4 [Y ] = t2 [Y ] t3 [Z] = t2 [Z] v t4 [Z] = t1 [Z] vi Z = (R (X Y ))
Khi X Y tha mn, ta ni rng X a xc nh Y . Bi v tnh i xng trong nh ngha, khi X Y tha mn trong R, X Z cng tha mn trong R. Nh vy X Y ko theo X Z v v th i khi n c vit l X Y |Z
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Cc qui tc suy din vi cc ph thuc hm v ph thuc a tr

QT1 QT2 QT3 QT4 QT5 (phn x cho FD): Nu X Y th X Y (tng cho FD): {X Y } |= XZ Y Z (bc cu cho FD): {X Y, Y Z} |= X Z (b cho MVD): {X Y } |= {X (R (X Y ))} (tng cho MVD): Nu X Y v W Z th W X Y Z QT6 (bc cu cho MVD): X Y, Y Z |= X (ZY ) QT7 (ti to cho FD v MVD): X Y | = X Y QT8 (lin hp cho FD v MVD): Nu X Y v c tn ti W vi cc tnh cht a) W Y = , b) W Z v c) Y Z th X Z QT1 n QT3 l cc quy tc suy din Amstrong i vi cc ph thuc hm. QT4 n QT6 l cc quy tc suy din ch lin quan n cc ph thuc a tr. QT7 v QT8 lin kt cc ph thuc hm v cc ph thuc a tr.
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Dng chun 4
Mt lc quan h R l dng chun 4 (4NF) i vi mt tp hp cc ph thuc0 F (gm cc ph thuc hm v ph thuc a tr) nu vi mi ph thuc a tr khng tm thng X Y trong F + , X l mt siu kha ca R Tch c tnh cht ni khng mt mt thnh cc quan h 4NF: Cc lc quan h R1 v R2 to thnh mt php tch c tnh cht ni khng mt mt ca R khi v ch khi (R1 R2 ) (R1 R2 ) (hoc (R1 R2 ) (R1 R2 )).
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Thut ton tch quan h khng mt mt thnh cc quan h 4NF

Thut ton 5.5: Tch quan h thnh cc quan h 4NF vi tnh cht ni khng mt mt. Input: Mt quan h v tr R v mt tp ph thuc hm v ph thuc a tr F . 1. t D := {R} 2. Khi c mt lc quan h Q trong D khng 4NF, thc hin: { Chn mt lc quan h Q trong D khng 4NF; Tm mt ph thuc a tr khng tm thng X Y trong Q vi phm 4NF; Thay th Q trong D bng hai lc quan h (Q Y ) v (X Y )}
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Cc ph thuc ni v dng chun 5
Mt ph thuc ni (JD), k hiu l JD(R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn ) trn lc quan h R ch ra mt rng buc trn cc trng thi r ca R. Rng buc tuyn b rng mi trng thi hp php r ca R phi c php tch c tnh cht ni khng mt mt thnh R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn . iu ngha l: (R1 (r), R2 (r), . . . , Rn (r)) = r Mt ph thuc ni JD(R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn ) l mt ph thuc ni tm thng nu mt trong cc lc quan h Ri trong JD(R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn ) l bng R Mt lc quan h R l dng chun 5 (5NF) (hoc dng chun ni chiu PJNF Project-Join normal form) i vi mt tp F cc ph thuc hm, ph thuc a tr v ph thuc ni nu vi mi ph thuc ni khng tm thng JD(R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn ) trong F + , mi Ri l mt siu kha ca R.
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BI GING C S D LIU Phn 1: Cc khi nim c bn - M hnh thc th-lin kt - M hnh quan h - Ph thuc hm

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Ti liu tham kho

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Phn1: Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu (CSDL):

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Chc nng ca mt h qun tr c s d liu

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Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Lc v trng thi c s d liu

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Con ngi v c s d liu

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Ngn ng v giao din c s d liu

Cc loi giao din h qun tr c s d liu N N N N

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

M hnh thc th-lin kt v thc th lin kt m rng

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

S dng m hnh quan nim cho thit k c s d liu

Tp hp Thit k Thit k Thit k

cc yu cu v phn tch quan nim logic hoc l nh x m hnh d liu vt l

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

M hnh thc th-lin kt

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

M hnh thc th-lin kt (tip)

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Kiu thc th v tp thc th

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Kiu lin kt, tp lin kt v cc th hin

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cp lin kt, tn vai tr v kiu lin kt qui

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc rng buc trn cc kiu lin kt

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

M hnh thc th-lin kt m rng (EER)

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

M hnh quan h, cc rng buc quan h v i s quan h

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Min, thuc tnh, b, quan h

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc rng buc quan h, lc c s d liu quan h

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

C s d liu quan h v lc c s d liu quan h

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Ton vn thc th, ton vn tham chiu v kha ngoi

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Ton vn thc th, ton vn tham chiu v kha ngoi (tip)

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc php ton trn m hnh quan h

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc php ton trn m hnh quan h (tip)

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc php ton trn m hnh quan h (tip)

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Cc php ton trn m hnh quan h (tip)

Bi ging c s d liu - Nguyn Hi Chu

Chuyn i m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h

Chuyn i m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h (tip)

Chuyn i m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h (tip)

Chuyn i m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h (tip)