You are on page 1of 260

APMTL=uFC FAIOMEFC OM=LAB=

C APMTL=uFC FAIOMEFC OM=LAB= - IRSOQIA, JAHGJOMSA JAI KEISOTQCIER

EL

C APMTL=uFC FAIOMEFC OM=LAB=

IRSOQIA,
JAHGJOMSA JAI
KEISOTQCIER

SOT
HANSPETER K. SCHELLER
DETSEQG AMAHEXQGLEMG
EJDORG 2006

IRSOQIA,
JAHGJOMSA JAI
KEISOTQCIER

SOT
HANSPETER K. SCHELLER
DETSEQG AMAHEXQGLEMG
EJDORG 2006

Date: 31 Oct, 2007 11:06:02;Format: (170.00 x 240.00 mm);Output Profile: OneVision Gray

C APMTL=uFC FAIOMEFC OM=LAB=

, 2006

Kaiserstrasse 29
60311 Frankfurt am Main
Germany

Postfach 16 03 19
60066 Frankfurt am Main
Germany

+49 69 1344 0

http://www.ecb.int

+49 69 1344 6000

411 144 ecb d

,

: Claudio Hils, Martin
Joppen, Robert Metsch Martin Starl,
,
, .

:
30 2006.
ISBN 978-92-899-0215-1 (
)

EPIEXOMENA

11

12

KEAAIO 1

,
1.1

1.1.1

1.1.2

1.1.3

1.1.4

1.2

1.2.1

1.2.2

15
15
15
19
22
23
31
31
33

KEAAIO 2

: ,

2.1
,
2.1.1


2.1.2

2.1.3

2.1.4

2.2

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.3

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.4

2.5

2.5.1

47
47
48
49
50
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
58
59

2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6

72
79
80
84
85

KEAAIO 3


3.1

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.2

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7


3.8

3.8.1

3.8.2

3.9

87
87
87
90
98
104
104
107
112
113
117
118
125
127
128
131
132
136
138

KEAAIO 4


4.1

4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3

4.1.4

4.1.5

4.2

4.2.1

4.2.2

4.2.3

4.3

4.3.1

4.3.2

141
141
142
142
143
143
144
145
145
146
147
150
150
152

4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.4
4.5
4.6

155
156
157
157
158
159
160

KEAAIO 5


5.1

5.2


5.3

5.3.1

5.3.2

5.4


5.4.1

7 (G7)
5.4.2

10 (G10)
5.4.3

20 (G20)
5.4.4

5.4.5

163
163
165
166
166
169
170
170
171
172
172
173

KEAAIO 6


6.1

6.2
E
6.2.1


6.2.2

6.2.3

6.3

6.4

6.4.1

6.4.2

6.4.3

6.5

177
177
178
178
179
180
181
182
182
184
184
185

187

207

231

247

255

A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16




(1 1998
1 2004)


;




(8 2004)
:

16
24
28
29
36
39
52
67
88
92
96
100
103
111
119
132


( )

63

3
4


( )



(%)

64
99
133

TA
1
2

3

47
95
182

TA
1



( 27 )

65

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.
7.

(
), ,
7 1992

2006
Eurotower
Jean-Claude Trichet,
,
2005
Jean-Claude Trichet

G7

2006
Eurotower,

14
46
86

140

162
176
186

BSC
CESR
CMFB

EBA
EBC
ECOFIN
ECU

EMCF

EPC

OLAF

TARGET


,

.
,
(Working Papers)
(Occasional Papers) . ,
,
, .

. The
monetary policy of the ECB ( ),

2004. ,
, ,
.
,
,
,

.


. ,

() .


.
-
200 . ,
.
(), ,

, , .
, , ,
,
. . ,
()
1999 .
- ,
2002 -
, .
.
,
9


. ,

. ,

, 90
,
.

, .

.
, 1 2004,

, ,
().
, ,


. ,
,
.

.

Jean-Claude Trichet

10



.

.

,
.

Hanspeter K. Scheller
, 2006.

11



:
.
,

,
.

, ,
,
.
,
() 20
,
. 12 ,
,

.


. ,
,
, , , ,

.

,
.

.

:
,


.
, .
,
,
.
, ,
.


12

. ,
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
1
. ,
.
2 ,

.
3
,
.
4
.

,
.

,


.
5
. ,

.
6 , ,

,
.

13


(
),

,
7 1992.

14

1 ,

.

1.1
;
1,
1 1958. ,

. ,

.
1989,

. ,
,
60.
,
. ,


90.
,
1962 (. 1)
Marjolin.

, ,
.

1.1.1
,
50,
. ,
()
,
. ,
,
( Bretton Woods).
1

()
().
1 1958.
(), 1952
50 .

15

,
60,
.

1
1962
1964

1971

1972

1973

1979
1986
1988

1989
1989
1990
1990
1992
1993
1993
1993
1994
1995

1996

16


( Marjolin) .


()
.
Werner

1980.
( )


.
()

.
().
.

, Jacques Delors (
Delors),
.
Delors .

.
.

.
(
).

.
.
Alexandre Lamfalussy ,
1 1994.
.


.

.

1 ()
1997
1998

1998
1998

1999

2001
2002

2004



, , , , , ,
, , ,

,
.
.


1999.
.
.


.

.
:
,
2002,
.

.


24
1962 ( Marjolin).

60,
. ,
Bretton Woods
,

. ,
,

( ) 1964.
,
105 2 .
, ,

,
.

17

,
.

.2
60,
. Bretton Woods

.
.

,

.
1969, ( Barre)
.3
, ,
,
.
, Pierre Werner,
. Werner,4
1970
1980.
,
1970 1971.5
1971
.6 ,

. ,
,7 1972.

, . Andrews, D. (2003) Baer, G. D.


(1994).

, 12 1969.
Pierre Werner
, 8 1970.
9 1970

22 1971
.

22 1971
( C 28 27.3.1971, .1)
, ()
2,25%,
4,5%,
2,25% (
).
. 19 1973
.

18

1973 ()8
.
1974, ,

9 ,
.10
, 70

.
,
(
,
).

.11
:
,

.

1.1.2
1979
().
12

.13

() . 907/73
3 1973 ( L
89 5.4.1973, . 2). 2 ,
: i)
, ii)
iii) ,
. 1 1994
.
9
74/120/ 18 1974

( L 63 5.3.1974, . 16).
10
74/121/ 18 1974 ,
(EE L 63 5.3.1974,
. 19).
11

1972 1972
1973.
1974, 1975
1976.
12
5 1978
.
13
13 1979

.
8

19


. ,

.14
, ,
,
.
, ,
(ECU),
.15 ECU
(numraire)16 (),


.
, .

,

.

.


, .

.


. ,



.

,
. ,
:
(
90),
.
, , .
ECU
ECU .

.
16
(numraire)
ECU.
ECU
.
14
15

20

1978 ECU
. , ,
ECU .
,

. ECU


. , ECU,
ECU .

,
1986 1 1987.

,


.



. ,

. ,


. ,
,
.
,
.

,
, , ,
.
, 12
1988
. Werner
70 ,
,
.

21

1.1.3
1988,

, Jacques Delors,
,
.
, Alexandre Lamfalussy,
(), Niels Thygesen,
, Miguel Boyer, Banco Exterior
de Espaa Frans Andriessen, .
Delors
17 1989,17
, .

,
,
.
,

.



.

,
. ,

. ,
, 1990
.
, ,
,
,
.

( ,
), 7
1992.
.
17

(1989). Report on economic


and monetary union in the European Community, 1989.

22


.

.

.
( )
( )
.
,

(. E 1.2.2).
,
1 1993. ,
, 1
1993.

1.1.4

Delors,
1989
1 1990, ,
,
. ,

,
12 1990.18 , ,

,
.
,

.

1993.

19
.20

90/142/ , 12 1990,
64/300/
( L 78 24.3.1990, . 25).
19
,
.
20
, , ,
. 1996 .
18

23


1 1994
.
,


. ,
(
).
:

,
,

(. 2).
1995,
1 1999. ,

.21
,22

23 .

2
117
,

. 1 1998.
, :


,
,
,
, ,

(1995), The scenario for the changeover to the single


currency.
22
(1995), The changeover to the single currency.
23
(1995), One currency for Europe, Green Paper on Practical
Arrangements for the Introduction of the Single Currency.
21

24

2
()
,

,

,
,

( TARGET),

,


,
,

,


.
,
, ,
. :
,
( II)
,

,

(
)
,

.
1998
, .

.


, 1 1999,
25


(.. ,
,
).
, 1995,


. ,
1996, ,


( ),24 1997.
1996,

,
1 2002.

1997.
1997,
,

. :
25 .26
1998
.

( 121 )
,
( 109 ).

, .

1 1998. 2 1998, ,
, 11

1 1999. , (,

, , 16
1997 ( C 236, 2.8.1997, . 5).
25
,
, 17 1997 ( C 236 2.8.1997, .1).
26
() . 1466/97 , 7 1997,

( L 209 2.8.1997, . 1) () . 1467/97
, 7 1997,
( L 209 2.8.1997, . 6).
24

26

, , , , , , ,
, )
.27
,
,
(. 1.2.2).


. ,

,
,
, ,
.28
25 1998, ,

11
. 50
, ECOFIN

(
).
1 1998,
.
123 2
. , ,
,
.

,
,
1 2002.


1 1999.
11

(. 3)
.

,
98/317/ , 3 1998, 109
4 ( L 139 11.5.1998, . 30).
28
2 1998
.
27

27

3
= 40,3399
= 1,95583
= 340,750
= 166,386
= 6,55957
1 = 0,787564
= 1,936.27
= 40,3399
= 2,20371
= 13,7603
= 200,482
= 5,94573
: () . 2866/98 31 1998

( L 359 31.12.1998, . 1), () .
1478/2000 19 2000 ( L 167 7.7.2000, . 1).


1 1999 31
2001. ,

,
( - ). ,


,

.
. ,


TARGET (. 3.3.1)
,

.

,
. ,

,
(.. EURIBOR EONIA).29
,
.
29

, EUREPO,
2002.

28



.
.
, .

,

.
1 2002.30
1 2001 ,
12,
.
122 2 ,
19 2000

4
1952

1958

1973
1981
1986
1986
1993

1995
1999

30

, , , ,

().

()
().
,
.
.

.
.
( ),
1992, .

: ) , )
, )

/
.
, ,
.
,
2 1997,

.

. Scheller (1999), . 243.

29

4 ()
2003

2003
2004

2004


, 2001,
.

.
, , ,
, , , ,
,
. 25.

.

.31
32 .

1 2002:

. , 2002,

,
.

1952 (. 4).
25 , ,
1 2004,
.
, ,
2005
2007. ,
, 2005.

,
. ,
,

.
1
2007. 122 2
2000/427/ , 19 2000, 122
2
1 2001 ( L 167 7.7.2000, . 20).
32
() . 1478/2000 19 2000 ( L 167
7.7.2000, . 1).
31

30

, 11 2006
.33 ,
1 2007, 239,640 .34

1.2
,
. ,


. ,
,
,

12 ,
.
,

(. 1.2.2).

1.2.1


, .
, , .
,
.

()35,
. ,

.

()
.
,


2006/495/ , 11 2006, 122
2
1 2007 ( L 195 15.7.2006, . 25).
34
() . 1086/2006 , 11 2006,
() . 2866/98
( L 195 15.07.2006, . 25).
35
, (),
1952 2002
50 .
33

31

,36 . ,
,
.
2
, ,
. ,

,
, ,
.

. ,
(
),

.


,
.
:
() . 1103/97 17 1997
,37
() . 2595/2000 27
2000,38
() . 974/98 3 1998
,39 () .
2596/2000 27 2000,40
() . 2866/98 31 1998

,41 ()
. 1478/2000 19 2000,42
() . 1338/2001 28 2001

,43
. Zilioli/Selmayr (2001), . 12.
L 162 19.6.1997, . 1.
38
L 300 29.11.2000, . 1.
39
L 139 11.5.1998, . 1.
40
L 300 29.11.2000, . 2.
41
L 359 31.12.1998, . 1.
42
L 167 7.7.2000, . 1.
43
L 181 4.7.2001, . 6.
36
37

32


() . 1339/200144 .
,

(. 2.5.4)
(. 2.5.3).
2006

, 25 .
2003,
2004
15 . ,
2005,
.

1.2.2

,
. 2
,
, [],
, []
[]. 4
,
: ,
,

. ,

.



.
, , ,
,

.
( 5
),
:

,
44

L 181 4.7.2001, . 11.

33

,
, .
,

,
.
.

,
. ,
, ,

.


, ,

(. 2.1).
.
,


. ,

,

(. 1).
, ,
, .
, .

ECOFIN,
(. 3.2.1).


,
.
4 1 ,

, ,
[]. 98

[]
99 2. 99
1 ,

.

34

()
.45


.
, ,
,

.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
.46
, .
.

,
,
, .
,
.

.

.


.

, ,
.

.

.

, , ,
,
.
46

.
, ,

.
45

35


,
,
.
,
( 104 ,
)
(. 5).

( 101)
( 102). no
bail out,
(
103). ,

.


. ,

5

,
.
, 104
.
.
104
.
(3%)
(60%).

,
2%,

.
,
, .
1997
.

,

36

5 ()
.
,

. ,

,
(3% ).
,

.
.


.

no bail out .
103 1 : v
o o o , o , o
,
v v [].
, ,
,
.
.
.



. 101 ,


.
102 ,

. ,
,

.
(2004), The monetary policy of the ECB, . 23.

37

.



. ,

,
.



.
, ,
,
.

( )

( ) (. 6).
121 1 ,
:
,
,
,

, ,


,
.
,
.

, ,
,
.

,
.
( 1998, )

38

6
121

121.
.
:
( ),
108 109
( ).



: ,
, .

121 1 ,


, ,
.
1
[]
, ,
, ,
, 1 .
,
.

121 1
,

, 104 6.
2 []
, ,
104(6) , .
104 1 ,
.
, :

39

6
()
()
[ ,
,
3 % ], :

, ,

()
[ ,
, 60 % ],
.

121 1, , :

,
, .
3
[]


, , .
,

.
,
1998, 2000 2002 ,
, 2,25%
, 6% .
1993 15%
, ,
.
() 1993
. ,

/ .

40

6
()

121 1 ,
,

, .
4 []
, ,
,
, ,
, 2 .
,
.


,
, 108 109
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
, .

.
a priori .
,
:
(,
),
(
, , ,
),

(
,
).

41

6
()


121 1
( ) ,
ecu, ,

. ECU
1998
. , ECU
.

( 1998, )
.
.
1998 .

.
1998
121 :
,
ECOFIN,
,

.
, 122
:
,
,
,

,
ECOFIN.

42

(
ECOFIN ),
.


122 ,

.
.
,
,
,
. ,

( 4 2 )

. , 108
.
.
,
. (
ECOFIN )

,
.
,
1 2004 .
.
, 1
2007,
.


,47

.

1 1999.
( 1992
1997)
.

47

43

,

.
: .
,
4 2 ,

, 108
.

. ,
,
.

44



2006.

46

2 : ,

,

. ,
(),
.

2.1 ,
,
. ,

,
.
.

Nationale Bank van Belgi/


Banque National de Belgique

Banca dItalia

Deutsche Bundesbank

Banque centrale du
Luxembourg

De Nederlandsche Bank

Banco de Espaa

Oesterreichische Nationalbank

Banque de France

Banco de Portugal

Central Bank & Financial


Services Authority of Ireland

Suomen Pankki Finlands Bank

()

()

Cesk nrodn banka

Lietuvos bankas

Banka Slovenije

Danmarks Nationalbank

Magyar Nemzeti Bank

Bank C entrali ta Malta/


Central Bank of Malta

Nrodn banka Slovenska

Eesti Pank

Sveriges Riksbank
Bank of England

Narodowy Bank Polski

Latvijas Banka

47

2.1.1

25 .


( ), .
,

. ,
.
,
, ,

. ,
.
, , ,
,

.
,
(. 1.2.2)
( ) (
).

,
. ,
,
,
1998 .
( )
.


.
1.
(
) .
2.
, ,
. ,

.

48

3. ,


.
, ( )
.


. ,
, ,
,

. , 2005,

,


.

2.1.2
,
,
.
,
.
,

.


107
2

, 9.1 . ,
.
,
,
8 1965 1.
, ,
,
,
(),
() ().
1

21
, ,
.

49


,
.
7 ,
: , ,
, .
,
.
,
( 8 ),
,

, .
,
.
.
.

,
.2

2.1.3


. ,

105 14.3
. 12.1 ,

(. 2.4)
( 14.3 ).
, ,
,
( 10 ). ,


( 28, 30 33 ).
,
:
, ,

(. 4.1).
.
2

, (EEA),
(OHIM) ().

50


, .
,
,

.

. ,

(. 3.7).

2.1.4

.
, ,
,
.

. ,

.

.
,
: ,
(.
3.5). ,
( )
(. 3.2.1).

(. 2.5.1).

2.2
105 1 ,
.
, o

(
). ,
.
105 1
,
.

51

2.2.1


.
,

.

. ,



(. 7).
,

(. 3.1.1). ,

. ,
,
.

7

.

:
1.
,
.

. ,
,
, .
2.
,

.
,

. .

52

7 ()
3.

. ,

,
, . ,

.
4.

. ,
.


.
5.
,
. ,

. 20

.
: (2004), The monetary policy of the ECB, . 42.


,
. , 1998,
.

(. 3.1.2).

2.2.2
,
,
, v v v ,
o 2. , ,
, , ,
,
2 ,
. ,

.

53

,

. ,
(.. ,
,
).
,
.
,

. , ,

. ,

,
,

.
,

. ,


(. 4.3).

2.2.3

.
. ,
,

.

.

2.3

.
,
.

54

2.3.1
105 2 3.1

:
,
,

,
.
:
,
( 106 1
16 ),

( 5 ).


. 106 ,

.

,
.
,
(. 3.1).

.

,
.

,
.
. ,

(. 3.2.1).


.

31

55

,
(. 3.2.2).

(. 3.3)

.
,

17 24 .
, :


, 110 34
(. 2.5.3),


(. 2.5.5).

2.3.2
,


( 105 5 ).

, .
,


(. 3.7).

, ,
( 105 4
4 )

(. 2.5.4).
, 123 2 44
,
,
(. 2.5.6).

56

2.4
8 ,
.
,

.

,
. .

(.
2.5),
.
,
,
[]

( 12.1 ).

, 5 .


. , ,

. ,
,
.

. 3,
. ,
,
, ,
,
. ,

,
, .
, 3,
. ,

,
.
,
. ,
57


. ,

(. 2.5.2).


. 2005, 12
49.000 , 1.300
.
50%
3,

5%.

2.5
9.2 ,

.
,
. :
,
,
,


,
101 102
,

,
.
,
,
(. 5.1).
3

,
.
,
( 200
10.000 ).

58

2.5.1

:
( 9.3 ). ,
,
( 45 ).
,
.
:
.
, 6
.


. ,
,
,
.



,
, .



( 12 ) 4.
,
. , ( 10
):
)

(. ),

( 10.3 ),


( ),
( 3.3.
10.2 ).


.

2.1 1
1998, .

59



,
.

.
113 1 ,
ECOFIN (
)
,
. ECOFIN
.
ECOFIN ,
(Eurogroup) (. 4.3.2)

ECOFIN. ,
, ECOFIN

.
3.2 ,

.
.

12.1 ,

.
,

. ,

, ( ,
)

.
:
,

,

(. 2.5.3),

(. 3.4),
60


(. 2.5.2),
,
(. 2.5.4),

(. 5),


,

(. 3.8),
.
,
.
,

(. 6).



, .

(. ). ,

,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, 18 .
15 ,

(. ).


( 11.3 ).
, ,
. ,
.


.

61


:
)


( 41
) ( 10.6 ).
,


.

,
,
12 . , o v
, oo .


15 , ,
15 ,
15.

,
10.2
10.6 . 5

1 2004
, .
10.2 ,

.

,
, .
5

2003/223/ ,
, 21 2003, 10.2

( L 83 1.4.2003, . 66).

62



,
.

, .
,
.
:
)

()
,



(-).

5/6 1/6
-.

1
( )


16

17

18

19

20

21

5/5

5/5

5/5

4/5

4/5

4/5

22

100% 100% 100% 80% 80% 80%


10/11 10/12 10/13 11/14 11/15 11/16
(. 2)

91%
15

83%
15

77%
15

79%
15

73%
15

69%
15

15

63



15.

.

. ,

,
, 16, 17
18 .
, ,
, ,


18.

2
( )


16-21

(. 1)


15

64

22

23

24

25

26

27

4/5

4/5

4/5

4/5

4/5

4/5

80%

80%

80%

80%

80%

80%

8/11

8/12

8/12

8/13

8/13

8/14

73%

67%

67%

62%

62%

57%

3/6

3/6

3/7

3/7

3/8

3/8

50%
15

50%
15

43%
15

43%
15

38%
15

38%
15

22 ,
.


.

.
.


,
27.
,
.



,

. 43.6 ,


.
. ,
,
.
1
(
27 )

21



1
5

65

10.3 ,
:
( 28),
( 29),
( 30),
( 32 51)
( 33).
,
,
50% .
(
28.3
32.3
)
.

, , .

. ,
,

.

.

. , 2000
,

. ,
,
.
10.4 ,
.
,

(. 4.2.3).



.
. ,

,
.
66

8 (1 1998 1
2004)

Willem F. Duisenberg
Jean-Claude Trichet

1 1998 31 2003
1 2003


Christian Noyer
.

1 1998 31 2002
1 2002


Sirkka Hmlinen
1 1998 31 2003
Eugenio Domingo Solans
1 1998 31 2004
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
1 1998 31 2005
Otmar Issing
1 1998 31 2006
Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell
1 2003
Jos Manuel Gonzlez-Pramo
1 2004
Lorenzo Bini Smaghi
1 2005
Jrgen Stark
1 2006

Nationale Bank van Belgi/Banque Nationale de Belgique
Alfons Verplaetse
1 1998 28 1999
Guy Quaden
1 1999
Deutsche Bundesbank
Hans Tietmeyer
1 1999 16 2004
Ernst Welteke
1 1999 16 2004
Axel Weber
30 2004
(, Jrgen Stark, )

.
.

1 2001 31 2002
1 2002

Banco de Espaa
Luis ngel Rojo
Jaime Caruana

1 1998 11 2000
12 2000

Banque de France
Jean-Claude Trichet
Christian Noyer

1 1998 31 2003
1 2003

Central Bank & Financial Services Authority of Ireland


Maurice OConnell
1 1998 10 2002
John Hurley
11 2002

67

8 (1 1998 1
2004) ()
Banca dItalia
Antonio Fazio
1 1998 19 2005
Mario Draghi
16 2006
(, Vincenzo Desario, )
Banque centrale du Luxembourg
Yves Mersch

1 1998

De Nederlandsche Bank
Nout Wellink

1 1998

Oesterreichische Nationalbank
Klaus Liebscher

1 1998

Banco de Portugal
Antnio Jos Fernandes de Sousa
Vtor Constncio

1 1998 22 2000
23 2000

Suomen Pankki Finlands Bank


Matti Vanhala
1 1998 15 2004
Erkki Liikanen
12 2004
(, Matti Louekoski, )

,

.

, ,

. ,
1998
.
.
(.. ,
)
(
). ,


.
68


,
ECOFIN.

:
,

,

,
,
,
.

,


. ,

.

. ,
.


.
,

,
.

( 15.1
), ( 15.2)
( 26.3)
.6 ,

. ,

(. 2.5.3).
6

69

,

,
(. 6.2).

,
. 11.5
o
, o , .

.
,
. , ,
. , .


,
.
,
, (,
, ):
,
,
( ),

ECOFIN
(Eurogroup). ,


.



. ,
(. 1.2.2).
,
.



.


,
70

27 .
, .
(
) .
,

, , ,
.


,
,
. ,
.
,
(. 1.2.2).
(.
3.2.1). ,

. ,
,
.
, :

101 ( )
102 (
) (. 2.5.5),
,
(. 2.5.4 3.5),


,

.

,

.

.
, ,
71

.

.

2.5.2
,
,
.
,
,
.



.


:
,
,
.

.


.

,
( ).7

.

.
, ,
, .

.
,

7

,
.
.

72

,
.

,
,
. , ,

. ,

,
.




.

,

. ,

.

,

,

. ,


. ,
,
.
,

.
,

,
.


.

,
.
73


(. 3.1.3).



. ,
. ,
.
(
)
:
,

,
,
,
.

,
9 ,
.

.
,
,
.

. ,
,

. ,
,
..
.
, (BSC),
3.7


,
:
(AMICO)

74

,
.
(BANCO)
,
.
(ECCO)
,
.
(ITC) ,

.
(IAC)

/.
(IRC)


.
(LEGCO)
.
(MOC)
,

.
(MPC)

,
, ,

(. 3.1.2).
(PSSC)
TARGET,


.
(STC)

.

75


/
,
,

.

,
,

, ,
.



,
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
.

:
,

.
,

,

.
,


,
, , .
,


.

76


.

:
TARGET (. 3.3).
To CebaMail,
.
,

.
,


.
,

.



.

. ,

.


,



.


.
TARGET (. 3.3.1),



(. 3.4). ,
,
77

.
,

,
.
, 26.4
,
.8
,
(),
, , ,

.
,
.


. ,
( )
.

.


.
.
,
, .
,
.

.


.
,


.

, 5 2002,

(/2002/10) ( L 58 3.3.2003, . 1).

78

2.5.3
,
,
( 110 1
34.1 ).
.

,
. ,
,

.


, 110 3
34.3 .

.9
,
,
.



, ,

.
.
.
.

.

,
.
,

.

() . 2532/98 , 23 1998,
( L 318
27.11.1998, . 4).

79

,
10,

11
12,
13.



.
,
.

.

.
,
,
106 2 .

,
.
.

, .

2.5.4
,
.
.
.
,
, .
() . 1745/2003 , 12 2003,
(/2003/9), L 250 2.10.2003,
. 10.
11
() . 2423/2001 , 22 2001,

(EKT/2001/13), L 333 17.12.2001, . 1,
() . 1746/2003 18 2003 (/2003/10),
L 250 2.10.2003, . 17.
12
() . 63/2002 , 20 2001,


(/2001/18), L 10 12.1.2002, . 24.
13
() . 2157/1999 23 1999
(/1999/4),
L 264 12.10.1999, . 21.
10

80


:


,

.




.
, ,
, .

,
.

107 6 42

.


(. 3.1.3),
(. 3.5),
(. 2.5.3),
(. 3.8)
(. 3.2.2).
14
, 123
.


( 48 ),
:
14

. ()
(/1998/8) ( C 246 6.8.1998, . 6)
()
(/1998/9) ( C 246 6.8.1998, . 9) ()
(/1998/10)
( C 246 6.8.1998, . 12) ()
(/1998/11) (
C 411 31.12.1998, . 10) ()

(/1999/1) ( C 269 23.9.1999, . 9).

81

,
107 5 41 ,

, 10.6
,
2003.


, , , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,

,
. , ,
.
10.6

.
,
. ,
2003, ,
, 10.2 .
1 2004 (. 2.5.1).


, ,
(
) . ,

, 27.1
.
,
( )


15.


16.
2 2003

(/2003/8) ( C 126 28.5.2003, . 7).
16
6 2001


(EKT/2001/17) ( C 356 14.12.2001, . 9).
15

82


:

,
,

.


. ,
17,
.
, , , ,
,
,


. ,

.
,
18
[ ].
, 48
.

19
20. ,
,
. ,

. ,
.
, 26
2003,
,
98/415/ , 29 1998,

( L 189 3.7.1998, . 42).
18

.
19
10.2
(
C 362 16.12.2000, . 13).
20
( C 229
25.9.2003, . 7).
17

83


,
.
, .21


.
,
.
,

,
, .
,
.

2.5.5

237 () ,
101
102 () . 3603/93 22 3604/93 23
. 101


,

ways and means
24. 102
, ,

.
,
,
.
.

. (2004), 2003, 4.1.


() . 3603/93 13 1993

104 104 , 1, ( L 332
31.12.1993, . 1).
23
() . 3604/93 13 1993

104 , 1,
( L 332 31.12.1993, . 4).
24
11

21
22

84


,

. () . 3603/93 ,

101 ,
.

2.5.6

(. 1.2.2),
. ,
123 2
44 .
:




.
1
2004
.
,
,
. ,
,

.
, 123 2
9 () . 332/2002 25 ,

26.
119 , , ,

.

. , .
() . 332/2002 , 18 2002,

( L 53 23.2.2002, . 1).
26
7 2003

(EKT/2003/14) ( L 297 15.11.2003, . 35).
25

85


Eurotower.

86

3

3.1
,
, The monetary
policy of the ECB ( ),
2004.
.

3.1.1


( )
:
)


,
.

, ,
,
(. 9). ,

The monetary policy of the ECB,
. ,
,

. ,
,
.
, , ,
,
(
)
,
.
. ,
87

.
( ,
)
,

. ,
.

9


.
,
. ,

. ,
,
. ,

(.. ,
) .

. ,

,
.


,
(.. ) .


, . ,
,

. ,

,
. ,
. , ,

.
, , ,
.

88

9 ()
,

. , ,

. , ,
.

,
/
/.
.
,
.


. ,
, . ,

,
.

. ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,

.

, ,
, .
,
.

.

,
, , .

,
.

89

9 ()


.
,
,

. ,

.


.
,

,
.
.
: (2004), The monetary policy of the ECB, . 44-47.

,

,
.

,
1999. ,

.

,
. .

3.1.2

. ,


.



,
.

90

,
1998
.
:
1. .
2.
.

,

.
3.
,
.


.

,


,
.


1998,

() 2%,
.
2003
.
,
, ,
2% .
: ,

, ,
.


.
2%
( )
. ,
91

2%
1 (.
10). ,
,
.
,


.
.


. ,
.
1

. (2004), The monetary policy of the ECB, . 51.

10
;

. , ,

.

.
,
.
,

.
,

.
. ,


.
,
, ,

. ,
. ,
,
1%.

92

10
; ()


. de
facto . ,

.
Eurostat,
.


. ,
.


. ,
,

.

.

, ,
.

,

.





.
, 2% ,
.

93


, ,
,


.
,

.

.
,

.

.
,
.
,

( ,

),
. ,
,
. ,
:

,
(
) .
,
,
,
. ,

.

.

94




1998.

2003 .
,
( )
,
:

,

( ).
( )
, ,
.

: (2004), The monetary policy of the ECB, . 66.

95

11

.



,
.


,
.
,
,
.
,

.
,
, ,
.

.

. ,
,
.
.
, ,
.


, .
, ,

. ,
,

.

.
,
.

,

96

11
()
, , .

,
.
,
,
.

, .

,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,

.
, ,

.



.

. ,

,
,

.

,
M3.
M3
.
1998 4% ,
.

2-2
-1% .

97

11
()


. ,

.
3

3 .
.
, 3 (.. ,
)
3. , ,
1, .
,

()
. H
3
,
.

3.1.3
,


.
,
,

.
,


.
,

.

.
105 , []

, [],
:
98

,

,

,

,
, , ,
.

.
,
99


.

. ,
,
18 .


.
12
, ,

:
- ,
- ,
- ,
- .


.

,
.

2. ,
24
.

. ,

.

,

.

.
. ,


.
2

2004 .

100

12 ()

, .
.
.
,

.
,
.
. ,

.
,

.
,
, ,

.


.

,
. ,
. ,

.


.

.

.
,

.

101

12 ()
,

.
.
,

.
,

.

. ,
.
1 ,

.

(. 12)
. ,
, ,
.

,
.
(. 12)

.
,
.


(. 13).


,
.2

102

13
:
.

.

.

( )

.

.
.



.
(..
),

.



. ,
.

.


.

,
.


. ,


. ,
,
( ).

103

3.2
, 23
:

, , ,
, ,
,
,

,
.

3.2.1

.

.
, .. ,
.
( ).
105 2 3
,
111 .
111
.


105 2 3
,
111 .
111 1, ,
,
.
111 2 ,
, ,
,
.
,

104

,
.
,

( 111 1 ).
.
13 1997,


. ,

,
.


.



,

, 2000.
1998,

.
.
, 22 2000, ,
, ,
, .
2000.


, ,
.
,
(. 1.1.2)
.
,
:


, , 16 1997,3

C 236 2.8.1997, . 5.

105

1 1998



4, 14
20005.

.
,
15%.
,
.

. ,
,
. 124


.
121,


. ,
.
,
.


, ,

.
( ),
(. 4.3.4).



. ,


. ,

,
. ,
4
5

C 345 13.11.1998, . 6.
C 362 16.12.2000, . 11.

106


.

2,25% .

2001 (. 1.1.4).
1
2004. ,
, ( 27 2004), ,
( 2 2005) ( 28
2005), 15% .

.
, .

.

3.2.2

:

.
.



, .


30.1
50
6. 1999, ,

39,46 .
,

.
6

,

( 49.3 ).
1 2004,
55,6 .



.

107

1 2001,
1,28
.
,
,
40,74 . 15%
85% .
,

. 2003, 41,5 .

,
2000 (. 3.2.1)
2005 20067
(Central Bank Gold Agreement) (. 14).

.
, 30.4

.
. ,
, 8

50 .

. ,

.

.

(. 5.3.1).




.

. ,

.
7

. 31 2005 31 2006
.
() . 1010/2000
(
L 115 16.5.2000, . 2).

108



:
, ,
.



. 1999,
90/10.
2005,
, 85/15.
,
, ,

(front office)
(back office)

.9
,
. ,


.


.
,
,
/ .

,
,
/
.

.

2006,
.
(
12 )
.
(Deutsche Bundesbank)
(Banque de France) . . (2006),
, . 85.

109



. ,
:
,
,
,

.

. ,
- ,
.
,
.
,
.


(Central
Bank Gold Agreement),
(. 14).


.
,

1999-2005. 2005 279
, 111 168
,
.

,
. ,
,
.
31

.

.
110

14 (8 2004)

Banca dItalia
Banco de Espaa
Banco de Portugal

Banque centrale du Luxembourg
Banque de France
Banque Nationale de Belgique
Central Bank & Financial Services Authority of Ireland
De Nederlandsche Bank
Deutsche Bundesbank
Oesterreichische Nationalbank
Suomen Pankki - Finlands Bank
Schweizerische Nationalbank
Sveriges Riksbank

, :
1.
.
2.

, 27
2004, .
500
2.500 .
3. ,
,


.
.
: 8 2004.



.
,
.


,
.
111

31.3
,

.10

3.3

22


. ,
.11
,
,
.

.
,

.


,
( ,
).


:


( ),


,
( ).
/2003/12 23 2003

31.3

( L 283 31.10.2003, . 81).
11
,
22 .

22 , .
2002 .
10

112




,

.

( ),
.
,

-

( ).
.

, ,
. ,

, . ,
,


. , ,

.

,

. , :
,

.

3.3.1

,
,
TARGET.

113

TARGET (
)
TARGET
, .
TARGET


.


.

.


TARGET 4 1999
. 16
()
. 16 12
,
, 2005, .
2007.
TARGET12
,
. ,
(.. ,
, , , ,
, ),
TARGET.


TARGET.
TARGE
:
)

12

/2001/3 26 2001
(
TARGET) (EE L 140 24.5.2001, . 72),
/2003/6 4 2003 ( L 113 7.5.2003, . 74).

114

, ,
TARGET
.
2005, TARGET 89%
. 2004,
10.000 . ,
TARGET 50.000 .13

TARGET2
TARGET 1994.

.

. ,

TARGET, 2002
( TARGET2),
TARGET2 2007.
TARGET (i)
, (ii)
(iii)
,
. ,

.
TARGET2 (Single Shared Platform SSP)

.
TARGET2. H
(Danmarks Nationalbank) ,
(Sveriges Riksbank) (Bank of England)
TARGET2.
.



. ,
EURO1
(Euro Banking Association EBA),
. ,
,

,
.
13

. (2006), 2005, 2, 2.

115


(Continuous Linked
Settlement - CLS) 2002


CLS, .
.
CLS
, CLS.



. ,
(Banca dItalia), (Nationale Bank van Belgi/
Banque Nationale de Belgique)
(Deutsche Bundesbank),
.

.


.



,
()
.
,
,
,
. ,
.


.



.
,
()
.

116

3.3.2

.
,

. ,
.
,
, ,
.
1999,
.

( TARGET),
.


. 2001,
14,
2001
(Committee on Payment and Settlement
Systems - CPSS) 10 (G10).15


.

,
. , 2001 ,
(Committtee of
European Securities Regulators - CESR)
.
,
CESR,

CPSS (International
Organization of Securities Commissions - IOSCO).
CESR ,

. ,

.
CPSS . 43, Core Principles for Systemically Important Payment Systems,
2001.
15
CPSS
10 (G10) (.
5.4).
14

117

,
.

, ,

.
, ,

.

3.4
106 16
,

.
.
106 2 ,
,
.


1999 2002, ,

.
,
,

.
1 2002,
.
,
.

,
. ,
,
,
.
8%
.
,

. ,
,
.
118


(. 3.8.1).
92%

.



.16


,

. ,
,
,

.


.

( )
.
,
500 ,
.

15 :


1 2002
'90.


,
,
.
16

119

15 :
()
1992
.
,
(Working Group
on the Printing and Issuing of a European Banknote - BNWG)
.
1995, ,
,
:
,
: ,
, , , ,
20 ,
.

: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 500 .
12 1996 .
,


,
. .
14 ,
26 27 1996
. ,
( Danmarks Nationalbank
,
), : ,
, , ,
. ,
.
7 13 1996, Gallup Europe
2.000
. ,
BNWG
1996.

120

15 :
()
1996,
.
Robert Kalina Oesterreichische Nationalbank ( ),
.
, ,

.

. ,
,
.


, .
:
euro (EURO) (EYP) ,
12 ,
- BCE, ECB, EZB,
EKT EKP,
.
,

. ,

.


.
,
,

.
. ,

.

121

15 :
()
1998,
,
,
1999.

. 15
15
.
,

12 .

,
.
.


1, 2, 5, 10, 20 50 /,
1 2

.
,
12
, 12 . Luc Luycx

.
1, 2 5 / ,
10, 20 50 /
1 2 .
,
, .
,
, ,
. ,

. 1 2
.
2 , .

. ,
52 .
,
.

122

15 :
()


1 2001,
, 12

. 2002
.
.
,

, ,
, .

1 2002.

,

.


2002, 12

.
(
)
,

.


1 2012.


.


.


.

123



.

. ,


.
2002,


.

. ,
(Europol),


( ). Interpol

. ,
,
.


.
,
,

.



. ,

.

17.


.
17

() . 975/98 3 1998
(
L 139 11.5.1998, . 6).

124

,
.
,
.
,
6 () . 3603/93
13 199318,
, 10%
(. 2.5.5).

3.5


.


5.1 ,
,

105 3 . ,
,


.

19,

.
:

,
,
.

() . 3603/93 13 1993

104 104 , 1, ( ( L 332
31.12.1993, . 1).
19
() . 2533/98 23 1998
( L 318
27.11.1998, . 8).
18

125



:
,
,
, ,
,
,

,
,
,
(
) (
).
,
, , ,
,
(Eurostat).




,

( 5.1 ).
, Eurostat. 10
2003,
20 Eurostat
. :

,

,
,
20



(Eurostat) 10
2003 (http://www.ecb.int).
Eurostat 26
1995, CMFB
90.

126

,
.
(
,
(Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance
of Payments Statistics (CMFB))

.

, . ,
. ,
, ,
,
,
5.3 .


5.2 ,
. ,
(, , )

. ,

.


.
47.2
5.

, ,
,
.

3.6

.

.


.
,
127


,

.
,
.
.
, ,
, .
,
.

.

(
). ,

. ,
,
(Central Banking
Conferences)
(International Research Forum on Monetary Policy).

3.7

105 5


.


,
, :

,
,
.


,

.

128


,
. ,
,
,
.
,

. ,
.
,
.

( )
( ),

.
. ,

.




,
. ,
70
:
(Groupe de Contact),
(),

,
,
,
.

.
,
, .
,
.
105 6
25.2 , ,
,

129

,
.

,

. 2004
,
. Lamfalussy,
,
.
.
(
)
,

( ). (
)
.
,
(European Banking Committee - EBC) (
), ,
( ),
(Groupe de Contact). ,

ECOFIN.




:


,
4
25.1 ,

.


. (. 2.5.2),
1998

1990
130

1994.
,
. , 2004,



.

,
. ,


.

,

. ,

.
,

.
4 .
, 25.1 ,


.
,

.
(. 5.4.5),

,


.

3.8

. ,
:
)


,
,
131


,
.



.
16.

3.8.1.

,

.

16

( 28
).
,

, :
( 30 ),

( 32 ),

( 33 ),


28, 30, 32 33 .
29 ,
,
,
,
.
1998, ,
5 .
1 2004 1 2004
.21
21

. 30 2003 26 2004
.

132

4 (%)

Nationale Bank van Belgi/


Banque Nationale de Belgique
Deutsche Bundesbank

Banco de Espaa
Banque de France
Central Bank & Financial
Services Authority of Ireland
Banca dItalia
Banque centrale du Luxembourg
De Nederlandsche Bank
Oesterreichische Nationalbank
Banco de Portugal
Suomen Pankki Finlands Bank


esk nrodn banka
Danmarks Nationalbank
Eesti Pank

Latvijas Banka
Lietuvos bankas
Magyar Nemzeti Bank
Central Bank of Malta
Narodowy Bank Polski
Banka Slovenije
Nrodn banka Slovenska
Sveriges Riksbank
Bank of England

1
2004

1 1998

31 . 2003

1 . 2004

30 . 2004

2,8658
24,4935
2,0564
8,8935
16,8337

2,8297
23,4040
2,1614
8,7801
16,5175

2,5502
21,1364
1,8974
7,7758
14,8712

0,8496
14,8950

1,0254
14,5726

0,9219
13,0516

0,1492
4,2780
2,3594
1,9232
1,3970
80,9943

0,1708
4,4323
2,3019
2,0129
1,4298
79,6384

0,1568
3,9955
2,0800
1,7653
1,2887
71,4908

1,6709
2,6537
14,6811

1,7216
2,6636
15,9764

1,4584
1,5663
0,1784
0,1300
0,2978
0,4425
1,3884
0,0647
5,1380
0,3345
0,7147
2,4133
14,3822

19,0057
100,0000

20,3616
100,0000

28,5092
100,0000



,
.
,

,
.

133



(. 16).
28
5 . 49.3 ,
,
1 2004

5.564.669.247 . ,

1 2004.
.
,
3.978.226.562 .
48 ,
. ,

.
7%

.21
,
111.050.988 .

.
28.2
8 200022,
5 .
,

.


33
20%
100%
. 2000
2001. 2002,
773 . ,

2003 2004.

22

() . 1009/2000 8 2000
( L 115 16.5.2000, . 1).

134



30.1
(. 3.2.2). ,

. 2003,
38 .

,
40 .

.23

,

.


,
. 2000, 2003
2004: 2000,
. 2003 2004


.



2002 , 8%
(. 3.4).

, 2005,
45 .


.

.
,
23


,



.

135

. ,
,
,
24.
,
.


,
,

.
, 100
300 ,
2005.
33.1 ,
,

,
.
, , 33.2

, ,
,
(.
3.8.2). , 2003
(476 ) .
2004,
1,6 . 300
, ,

.

3.8.2
32 ,


.

.
24

. /2005/11 17 2005

( L 311 26.11.2005, . 41).

136

( ). ,


.


,
.

.
,

.

, .
3.4,
. ,



.


, , .
,
.
.
:

.

.
,

(. 16),

.


.

.




.
137





.25

.26
.

,
(
) , ,

.

2008. ,


.27

3.9
2005, ,
,

( ,
, ).



.
( ,
/2001/6 6 2001

2002 ( L 337 20.12.2001, . 55),
/2003/22 18 2003 ( L 9 15.1.2004, . 39).
26

,
TARGET
.
27

,
2002
.


1999 2001.
2008,

.
25

138

(Deutsche Bundesbank), (Banco


de Espaa), (Banque de France),
(Banca dItalia), (Banque centrale du
Luxembourg) (De Nederlandsche Bank),

.

( ) ,
. ,


.
, .

139

Jean-Claude Trichet,

,



2005.

140

4
108 ,

. ,

, .
, ( )

:
,

,

,

.

4.1


.
,
.



.
.

,

. , ,


.
, ,

.

141

:
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.


121 2 122 2 (.
1.2.2).

4.1.1
108
.


, , ,
,
,
. 108

, ,
. 108

.

,
.


, .

.

4.1.2

(. 2.1),
.


.

142

4.1.3
,
.
:

, ,
.1


. ,

. ,


( 11.4 ).
,
,
. ,
,
( 14.2
).
( 109
)
. ,
.

4.1.4

. ,

. ,
,
.

. ,
,
.
1

1998
.

. , ,
. 2007,
.

143



( 4
).

,
(. 3.2).
, 101
. ,
,

.

.
.

.

(. 2.5.3).

4.1.5
,
.
.

. , .

,
.
, ,

. 8 1965
, ,

. ,

.
,
,
, ,
( )
. , ,

.
144

4.2

,

.

. ,

, ,
. ,

,
.

4.2.1

.


. ,


-
.
,
,
.

,
, ,
.
,
,

.


.
,

( ).

.
,
.
145


:
.
4.1,


.


.
,
.
. ,


.

4.2.2

2. ,


. ,
. ,

,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
1.2.2,


2

,
, .
2002 .

146

, .

.
,


.

4.2.3

2.5.1,

,
.


,
.
,
. ,
,
, ,

.
,

,
. ,


,

-
.




.
,
.

147

,
. ,

14.4 .

.

;
,
,

.
(. ),
.
,

.
,
,
(. 4.3.1)
,

.
,
,



. ,

,
.

,


,
.


, (
), (
)
. , ,
.

148

3.1.1,
,
. ,

(
). ,

,
,
.
,
.


. ,

.


:
113
, ,


.
15

.
,
(
) Working Papers
.
, ,
,


. 10.4
,
.

.


. ,
149


.
,

. ,
,
.
, 10.4

. ,

,
,
.
,
(
)
.

4.3


,

.


.

.
(..
, ). ,

,
,
.


. ,

, .

4.3.1

.
150

, 4.2,

.


113 3 ,

. ,
,
.

, 113 3 ,
,
,
.
,

.
,
. ,

. ,

.

.


. , ,



. ,


.
,

. ,

,
.




, (
151

111
)
.
, ,
.
.

,
. ,
,

.



.
1.


,
( 112 2 ).


.

2.



( 10.6, 41 42 ). 41

, 10.6 42

.

3.

4.3.2


. ,
.
,



.

152

,
,
.


,
,
.
,
10.2 ,
3. ,

(ECOFIN).
, 44
12 13 1997
ECOFIN

.
,

(
). ,

, .

107
,
(. 2.5.4).
113 2 ,
ECOFIN

.
,
, ,
,
.
ECOFIN

. ,

3


. ,

,
.

.

153

ECOFIN. ,

. ,

,

.

ECOFIN,
,
.
,
.

ECOFIN. ,
,
122
.


,
,
.


.
,
1997 ,

.
2005,
.
,
.

,
.

.

, (
)
.
, ,
ECOFIN.

154

,


.

.

4.3.3

ECOFIN.
ECOFIN
,
.
,
,
,
(. ),
.

.

:

(),

ECOFIN,
, ,

.
,

.
,
.
Eurostat

, ,

(CMFB) (. 3.5).
, ,
.
,
155

(.. Giovannini)
(..

).
,


.

4.3.4
()
114 2
ECOFIN
. 12

, 1997


[ ] [
, , ].
,
.
,

. , 25 ,

(
) .



, .
,
,


. ,
,

.


.


156

. ,

.

.

, . , ,

.
,
7.
,
.

4.3.5
() 1974
4
, .
,
ECOFIN ,
.
(. 1.2.2),
.
,
(. 1.2.2),
.
, ..
.


,

. ,

.

4.3.6



.
4

74/112/ 18 1974
( L 63 5.3.1974, . 21).

157

, 1999
(. 1.2.2)
.
,

.


.

4.4
, , ,

.

, .


.
1 2004 20 .5
,
,
.6
.
(,
), .

.

.

, , .
,
,
.
,

.

: , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , .
: . 1
( 17 6.10.1958, . 385)

158

4.5
,
,
,

. , 35.1

230 233
. , ,


.
, ,

(
230 ). ,

( 230).
232 , ,
,
, , .
,


.
,
, ,
. ,
. 2003,


(. 4.6).
,


,
. ,

( 237() ).

(. 6.4.1),
,
.

159

4.6

,
, , . ,

.

, .

. 27.1
,
.


,
1999 2000.
,

. 27.2 ,

.
, 10
20037,
, 280
.8
(OLAF),
9,
.
,
,

OLAF .10

C-11/00:
( 2003
-07147).
8
() . 1073/1999 , 25 1999,

(OLAF) (EE L 136 31.5.1999, . 1).
9
, 28 1999,
(EE L 136 31.5.1999, . 20).
10
, 3 2004,

,


(/2004/11) ( L
230 30.6.2004, . 56).
7

160

Jean-Claude Trichet



G7




2006.

162

,


.

, .
, ,



.

5.1



.
:

i.
111 3 4


,

,
. , 111
3

1,
. ,

1997
1998.
,
Ecofin ,
,
.
1


, ,
,
, CFA
.

163

ii.
6.1 12.5 ,

.
,
, .

,
,

.
iii.

1.2.2,

. ,


.
iv.

,

.


, .

,
. ,
.

( 1998),


,
.


.

,
,

,
.
164

,
(Ecofin) . ,

, ,
7.
,


. ,

,

.
,
.
,
,
(.. Eurostat).
,


(.. ).

5.2



.

,

.

,
() ().
,


.
, ,
.

,
.
165

,


,
:
,
,
.

5.3
()
().

.

5.3.1
1944 Bretton Woods
184 .
,
,
.
.

,
.


IV
( IV).

,
( ).


,

. 21 1998
.
,
,
. ,


. :
IV ,
166

IV ,
,
,

,

.
,
,
.
,

,

,
(. 4.3.2).
,


.
IV
,

. ,
IV .
, ,

(International Monetary and
Financial Committee - IMFC). IMFC


.

.

IV
, IV
:
IV
,

(.. ).


.
167



.
,
(..

), ,
.
(..
)
.
IV,
,

.




.
,


.
,
,


.
,
.
.
,

( )
(SNA 93). ,

(Special Data Dissemination Standard - SDDS), 1996
,

. ,
.
, 2000
,

. 2001

168

,


,
.2

5.3.2
,
30 , 70 .
,

.
,
.
.
,

. 1
13 14 1960. 1999
,
,

.

:

,

,
.

(Economic and Development Review Committee - EDRC) 1961

.
,
.
.
2001,
.
(Economic Policy Committee - EPC)
,
2

. (2002), 2001, V, 2.

169


( , ).


.
:
)

1
(..
,
, ).

3
(..
, /
,
).

,
.

5.4

5.4.1
7 (G7)
7 3 (G7),


.

, . ,

.

,
, ,
,
.
3

, , , , ,
7 (G7), 8 (G8) .
8
, 7 .

170

,

7
7.
,
. ,


.
7 (, )
. ,
7 ,
..
.
,



.
,
7
.

5.4.2
10 (G10)

4 (G10) .
,
1962 .
, 10
.

,
.
,
.

10 (G10) , , ,
, , , , , .
10.

171

5.4.3
20 (G20)
20 5 (G20)
,
1999

. 20


, .
20
20

.

. /
20 , ,
.

5.4.4
1999,
7
:
)


().

( Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa) ,
2000

.
5

20
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
. ,
.

,

.

172

5.4.5
1930
. 3
,
.
,
. 2000
.
6
10,
.
, ,
(..
,

).

.
10
, .
:
)


(Basel Committee
on Banking Supervision BCBS). ,
10,

, .


,
BCBS (..
, ,
).

(Committee on
Payment and Settlement Systems CPSS)
2000
(Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa). CPSS

.


(Committee on the Global Financial System CGFS).

2003
10.

173

CGFS
,

.
)

174

, (Markets
Committee)

.

175

Eurotower,

.

176

6
,
.
. ,
,

. ,
.

6.1
2003,
,
.

,
.
: .

,
, ,
.


.
,

.
,
, .

.

.
,

. , ,
.
,

.

177

6.2 E

. , , :

,

.
,

, , .
, .

6.2.1



.
,

,
. ,
(. 2.5.1)
.


. ,

, ,
.
.


.

.1

.
(
)
,
.
1

10.2 .

178

6.2.2
4.6,
,

(OLAF).
.


,
15 ,
.
,
.

.
,
.

,

.

. , ,
,

.


. ,


(Institute of Internal Auditors).



.
.
,
20022,
,
.

.
2

C 123 24.5.2002, . 9.

179

3

,

.
,
4
.

, ,
,
.
,


.


5,
,
1 2002.

.

,
, , ,
.

.
,
,
, ,
.
6.2.3

4 20046.

3
4
5

C 76 8.3.2001, . 12.
C 236 22.8.2001, . 13.
() . 45/2001 , 18
2000,

(EE L 8 12.1.2001, . 1).
/2004/3, 4 2004,
( L 80 18.3.2004, . 42).

180

Birmingham (1992)
(1993),


.
, ,

, . ,

.

,
. ,
, 30
.
(. 4.2.2)
. ,
,

.

,
.
, .
,

195 230 .

6.3
17 (. 3).

,
.
( ),
.

(. 2.5.2).

. 2003,
,

, .

.
181

6.4

. ,
108
36 .

6.4.1

( ).
2005, 1.360
12 . ,


,
.
,
, . ,
,
.

.
,

, , .
,
7

7

(2004), 05/2004 18 2004.

( )

()
()





( )


()

( )

( )

( )

( )


()

( )

,
( )


( )


( )

( )

182

. ,
,
,
, ,
. .
,
,
.


.

.


.
,
, .
,
. 2002

, .8
,
,
.


.
,

.
,
.


,
.

. ,
.
.
8

183



.
,
,
, .

6.4.2

.

,
, , ,
,
. ,
.
,

. ,

. ,
, 2,3
. ,
, .

(Union of the staff of the ECB USE).
USE
. , 2002
USE ,
(International and
European Public Services Organisation - IPSO),
. IPSO
.

6.4.3
1999

:
UNI-Europa ( Eurofiet),

(SCECBU),
(EPSU).

.
184

.

(.. ,
).

,
.

1999,
.

.

6.5

29 1993,
.9 18 1998
,
4 1999.
.
,
. ,
. 2002,
,
Grossmarkthalle ( ) ,

.
2002,
.10
300 31
. ,
,
80 , 70 10
.
, ,
. 12 ( ,
,
) 2004.11

,
,
Europol ( C 323 30.11.1993, . 1).
10
. 26 2002.
11
. 13 2004.
9

185

,
, ,
, .

,

,
.
, 2005,
COOP HIMMELB(L)AU,
.
,
2006. 2007
2011.

186

2
, ,

3 4,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
,
,
.
3
1. 2, ,

:
) , ,
,
,
) ,
)
, ,
, ,
) ,
IV,
) ,
) ,
)
,
)
,

187

)

,
)

,
,

) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
)
,
) ,
) ,
,
) ,
) ,

,
) ,
) , .
2. ,

.
4
1. 2,
,
, ,

, , ,

.
2. , ,
,
,
, Ecu,
188

,
, ,
,
,
.
3.
: ,
, .
8
, ,
, ,
, ,

,
.



VII

1

98

,
2,
99 2.
,
, 4.
99
1.
,
98.
2. ,
,

.
,
,
189

.
, ,
,
.
.
3.
,
, ,
,

2, .
,

.
4. , 3,

2
, ,
,
.
, ,
.

.


.
5. ,
252,
3 4 .
100
1.
, , ,
,
,
.
2.
,
, ,
, ,
, .
.
190

101
1.
,
,
, , ,
,


.
2. 1
,

.
102
1.
, , ,
,

, .
2. , 252, ,
1 1994,
1.
103
1.
, , ,
,
,
.

, , ,
,
,
.
2. , ,
252,
101 .
104
1. .
2.

191

. ,
, :
)

, :
-
,
- , ,
,
)
,
.

, .
3.
, .


,
.
,
,
.
4. 114
.
5.
, .
6. , ,
, ,
, .
7. , 6,
,

. 8,
.
8.
, ,
.
192

9.
,
, ,

.
,
,
.
10. 226 227
1 9
.
11. ,
9,
:
-
, ,
-
,
-
, , ,
,
- .

.
12.
6 9 11, ,
, .
, ,
8,

.
13. , 7
9 11 12,
,
205 2,
.
14.
,
.
193

,
,
.
,
,
, ,
1 1994,
.

2

105
1.
. ,
,
,
2.
, ,
4.
2. :
- ,
- 111,
-
,
- .
3. 2

.
4. :
-
,
-
,
107, 6.

.
194

5.

.
6. , ,

,

,
.
106
1.
.
.

.
2. ,
. ,
252 ,

,
.
107
1. .
2. .
3. ,
.
4.
.
5. 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 17, 18, 19.1, 22, 23, 24, 26, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4, 32.6,
33.1 ) 36
,

. ,
.
6. ,


,
4, 5.4, 19.2, 20, 28.1, 29.2, 30.4, 34.3 .

195

108


, , ,
,
,
.


,
.
109
,
, ,
,
.
110
1. , ,

:
-
3.1, , 19.1, 22
25.2 ,
107
6,
-

,
- .
2. .
.
.

.
253 256
.
,
.

196

3.
107, 6,


.
111
1. 300, ,
,


, ,
3,
Ecu, . ,
,

, ,
Ecu
.
,
Ecu.
2.
,
1, ,
,
,
.
,
.
3. 300,

, ,

,
.
.
.

, .
4. 1, ,
, , ,


,
99 105.

197

5.
,

.

3

112
1.
.
2. ) ,
.
) ,

,

, ,

.
.

.
113
1.

.

.
2.
.
3.

, ,
.
,
.
,
198

,

.
114
1.
,
.
:
-


,
-
,
- 207,
59, 60 99
2, 3, 4 5, 100, 102, 103, 104 116
2, 117 6, 119, 120 121 2
122 1,
- , ,
,

.
.

.

.
2. ,
. 1
.
:
-
,
-

,

,
199

- 207,
59, 60, 99
2, 3, 4 5, 100, 102, 103, 104 105
6, 106 2, 107 5 6,
111, 119 120 2 3, 122 2
123 4 5
,
- , ,
,

.
.

.
,
.
3. ,

,
.
.
4. 2,
122 123,



.
115
99, 4, 104,
14, 111, 121, 122 123
4 5,
, .

.

4

119
1.
,


200

,
,

, .
, .


, ,
114,
.

.
2. , , .

. :
) ,
,
) ,

,
) ,
.
3.

,
,
.
, ,
.
4. 122, 6,
.
120
1.
119 2,
, ,
.
,

.

201

2.
.
119.
3.
114, , ,
,
.
4. 122 6,
.
121
1.

.
,
,
108 109 .

,
:
-

, ,
,
-

, 104 6,
-

,
,
-

,
.


.
Ecu,
,

.

202

2. , ,
, :
-
,
-
,
,
.
, ,
.
3.
1
2, , ,
, , 31 1996:
-
2,
,
- ,
:
- .
4. , 1997,
, 1 1999.
1 1998, ,
, 1 2,
2,
1
, ,
2,

.
122
1.
121 3, ,
121 2,
, , ,
3 .

.

,
203

121 4,

3 .
.
2. ,
,
121 1.

, ,
,
, 121
1, ,
.
3. 1
: 104
9 11, 105 1, 2, 3 5, 106, 110
111, 112 2 ).

IX .
4. 105 1, 2 3, 106, 110 111
112 2 ),
.
5.

3.
, 205 250 1,

, 205
2,
.
6. 119 120
.
123
1.
121 3, , , 1
1998:
- 107
6,
- ,
50 , ,
.
,
204


11 1 ,
.
,

.
.
2. , , ,
.
.
3. ,
107 3 ,
45
.
4. , ,
,
,

Ecu,
. , ,
Ecu.
,
, ,
Ecu
. 122,
5, .
5. , 122
2, , ,
,
,
Ecu
,
Ecu .
124
1. ,
.
,
()
Ecu, .
2.
, 1
.
205

2

*
N ,


8 ,
,
.

I I

1

1.1. ( )
( )
8 ,

.
1.2. 107 1 ,

( ). Institut Montaire
Luxembourgeois .

I II
I I N
2

105 1 ,
.
*
( C 191 29.7.1992, . 68),
( C 340 10.11.1997, . 1), ( C 80 10.3.2001, . 1),
2003/223/ ( L 83 1.4.2003, . 66)
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
( L 236
23.9.2003, . 33) .

207

,

2
.
,
, 4
.
3

3.1. 105 2 ,
:
,
111
,

,
.
3.2. 105 3 ,
3.1

.
3.3. 105 5 ,


.
4

105 4 :
) :

,

,

42

)

.

208

5

5.1. , ,
,

. ,

.
5.2. , ,
5.1.
5.3. , ,
,
.
5.4. , 42,
,
.
6

6.1.
, .
6.2. , ,
.
6.3. 6.1 6.2
111 4 .

I III

7

108 ,

,
,
,
,
. ,



.

209

8

.
9

9.1. , , 107 2
, ,

.
.
9.2.
105 2, 3 5

12.1 14.
9.3. 107 3 ,

.
10

10.1. 112 1 ,

.
10.2.1 .

21, ,
15.

:
15
22, ,




.

5/6
1/6, .
.


. ,
1

2003/223/ .

210


,
22,
,
. ,
, . ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,

29.2.


,
/
,
, 29.3 ,
,
,
, ,


,
18.
.
, 12.3

.


.

,
, 10.3, 10.6 41.2.
,
.
, .
,
. ,
211


.
10.3. 28, 29, 30,
32, 33 51,

,
.


. ,
.
10.4. .
.
10.5. .
10.6.2 10.2 ,
, ,


.
.

.

.
11

11.1. 112 2 )
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
11.2. 112 2 )
, ,

,

,
.

5 .

212

.

.
11.3. ,
,



.
.
11.4.

, ,
, .
11.5.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
12.3.
11.6.
.
11.7.
, 11.2.
12

12.1.


.
, , ,
,
,
.


. ,
. ,
, ,
.

213


,
.
12.2.
.
12.3. ,
.
12.4.
4.
12.5.
6.
13

13.1. , ,
.
13.2. 39,
.
14

14.1. 109 ,
, ,
,
, .
14.2.

.


.

,
.
,
, ,
.
14.3.
.


.
214

14.4.
,
, ,
.

.
15

15.1.
.
15.2.
.
15.3. 113 3 ,

,
, .
15.4.
.
16

106 1 ,

.
.

.

.

I IV
NII II I I
17

,
,
, ,
, .

215

18

18.1.
, :
,
( )
,
,
, ,

, .
18.2.

,
.
19

19.1. 2,


.

.
,
.
19.2. , ,
42,

,
.
20

,
,
2.
, 42,
,
.
21

21.1. 101 ,

216


, , ,
,

.
21.2.

1.
21.3.
,

.
22

,

,
.
23

:

, , ,
, ,
.


, ,

,

,
.
24

,

.

217

I V
I I
25

25.1.
,


.
25.2. 105
6 ,

,
.

I VI
INI
26

26.1.

.
26.2.
.

.
26.3. ,
,

.
26.4. ,


.
27

27.1.
,
.

218


.
27.2. 248
.
28

28.1. , ,
5 ECU.
,
10.3,
42.
28.2.
.
29.
28.3. ,
10.3,
.
28.4. 28.5,

.
28.5. 29 ,


.
.
29

29.1.
, 123
1 . ,
:
50 %

,
50 %


.

0,05 %.
219

29.2.

42.
29.3.
,
29.1.
.
29.4.
.
30

30.1. 28,
,
, ECU, N
, 50
ECU.

.

.
30.2.
.
30.3.
.
.
30.4.
30.1,
30.2,
42.
30.5.
N
.
30.6.
.
31

31.1.

23.

220

31.2.

30
,
31.3,
,

.
31.3.
.
32

32.1.

( )
.
32.2. 32.3,



.

.
32.3. ,
,

32.2, , , ,
32.2,
.
32.4.


19.


, ,

.
.
.
32.5.

221

,
33.2.
32.6.


.
32.7.
.
33

33.1. :
)
20 % ,
100 % ,
) ,
.
33.2. ,
, ,
,
,
32.5.

I VII

34

34.1. 110 , :

3.1 , 19.1, 22
25.2
42,

,
.
34.2. .
.

222

.
.
253, 254 256
.
,
.
34.3.
42,


.
35

35.1.

.
.
35.2. , ,
, ,
,
.
35.3. 288
.
.
35.4. ,

.
35.5.
.
35.6.

.
,

.

,
.

223

36

36.1. , ,
.
36.2.

.
37


1992,
.
38

38.1.
,
, ,
,
.
38.2.

.
39


,
,
.
403


,

.

6 (4) .

224

I VIII
I I I NI
41

41.1. 107 5 ,
5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 17, 18, 19.1, 22, 23, 24, 26, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4, 32.6, 33.1
) 36
,
,
.
.
41.2.
.
42

107 6 ,

,
4, 5.4, 19.2, 20, 28.1, 29.2, 30.4 34.3
,
,

.

I IX
I I I
43

43.1. 122 1

: 3,
6, 9.2, 12.1, 14.3, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26.2, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 50 52.
43.2.
122 1

.
43.3. 122 4 ,

: 3, 11.2, 19, 34.2 50.

225

43.4.
:
9.2, 10.1, 10.3, 12.1, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33.2 52.
43.5.
10.3 33.1.
43.6.

10.3 30.2.
44

NI

.

122 .
45

45.1. 107 3 ,

.
45.2.
.
, ,
.
45.3.
47 .
46

46.1. , ,
.
46.2.
, ,
.
46.3. .
46.4. 12.3,
.
46.5. .

226

47

47.1. :
44,
4
25.1.
47.2. :
5,

15,

26, 26.4,

29, 29.4,
,
36.
47.3.

,
, ,
123 5 .
47.4.
.
48

29.1,
.
28.3,

,

,
.
49
,

49.1.

227


,
30.1.
ECU, ,
, 30.1,


.
49.2. 49.1,

,

31
.
,
,

.
49.3.4
,


.
,

, .

29.1 29.2.


29.3.
50

, ,


,
NI.
.
11.2,
4

17
, , ,
, , ,
, ,

.

228


. .

11.1,
.
51
32
51.1. , ,
32
,
32
60 %
12
.
51.2. 51.1
.
52

,



.
53

43 48
.

229


(central bank independence):


. 108
.
(reserve transaction):

.
( ) (collateral):
(..
)
, (..
) .

(reserve base):
( )

.
(key ECB interest rates):

.
,

.
(General Council):
. ,
EE.
() (Broad
Economic Policy Guidelines - BEPGs):

. .



. ,
,
. ,
,
.

231

(excessive deficit procedure):


104 , .
20 ( ),
,


.
() .
1467/97 7 1997
,
.
() (International Monetary Fund - IMF):
1944
Bretton Woods. 184
. ,
,
,
.
(deposit facility):

,
(.
).
(marginal lending facility):
,
,
, (.
).
(Court of Justice of the European
Communities - ECJ):
, (i)
(ii)
.
.
(Governing Council):
.

.
ECU ( - European Currency Unit):
ECU ,
12 15
. ECU
. ECU
1:1 1 1999.
232

(quick tender):

.
90 .
(Executive Board):
.
,

.
(minimum bid rate):


.
.
() (Harmonised Index
of Consumer Prices - HICP):
.
EONIA (euro overnight index average):

, .

(Committee of European Securities Regulators - CESR):
2001,

,

. 3
,


. ,
.
(Economic Policy Committee - EPC):

74/122/ 18 1974 ( L 63 5.3.1974,
. 21)
.

ECOFIN

.


.
233

,
(Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of
Payments Statistics - CMFB):
91/115/ 25 1991 ( L 59
6.3.1991, . 19), 96/174/
26 1996 ( L 51 1.3.1996, . 48).
, Eurostat,
. H

,
.

(Committee of Governors of
the central banks of the Member States of the European Economic
Community): 1964
105 2
. 1994
()
.
(ESCB committees):
9
, .
(corporate governance):
.

, ,

.


.
EUREPO: (prime
bank)


. EUREPO
EURIBOR,
( ).
.
EURIBOR (euro interbank offered rate):
(prime bank)

12 .
EUREPO, EURIBOR
.
234

Eurostat: . Eurostat

.
(euro):

15-16 1995.
() (European Union - EU):
( ),
. 1992
1 1993.
,
2 1997 1 1999,
, 26 2001
1 2003. ()

.

(Euratom),
.

,
.
(European Commission):

. ,

. ,
()

.
.
1 2004, 20 :
, , ,
.
,
25 , 25 .
(European Banking Committee - EBC):
2003 2004/10/ 5
2003 ( L 3, 7.1.2004, . 36) 2

. .
,
,
3.

235

() (European Central Bank - ECB):



()
.

,

.
, , .
(European Community):
1958
().
1993.

, ,
,
, , ,
,
,
,
. ,
, .
(European Court of Auditors):

.
.
(European Parliament):
732 ,
2004-2009.
,
.
(),
.

( ,
, ).
() (European Monetary Institute EMI):
() 1
1994.


()

.
1 1998.
236

() (European Monetary System - EMS):


1979
5 1978.
13 1979
.

.
ECU,
(),
.
, .
(European Council):

.

(. ).
() (European System of
Central Banks - ESCB): 25
, . , ,
.

, ,
.
.
(European Monetary
Cooperation Fund - EMCF):
() . 907/73
3 1973 ( L 89 5.4.1973, . 2).
,

().
(Eurosystem):

(. ).
12 .
.
(link between securities
settlement systems):
()
. ,
.
(euro area):

.
237

, , ,
, , , , , ,
, , .

( ) (Statute
of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central
Bank - Statute of the ESCB):
()
(), .
(euro central rate):

,
.
(settlement risk):

.
.
(common operational systems):

.
,
, .
(convergence criteria):
121 1 (
. 21 )

.
, ,
. ,
, ,

.
(accountability):

,
.
() , ,
.
(deficit ratio):
,
104 2 .

.
238

. 20 (
) .
(debt ratio):
,
104 2 .

. . 20 (
)
,
.
(interlinking mechanism):
TARGET.

TARGET.
( ) (ERM - exchange rate
mechanism):
()

ECU.

.
.

. 1999,
(),
.
( ) (ERM II - exchange
rate mechanism II):


.
(Monetary Committee):
105 2 .

.
(monetary income):




.

239

( ) (MFIs - monetary financial


institutions):
. ,
,
.
(Economic and Financial
Committee - EFC):

(). ,
() .

. ,


.
114 2 .
() (Economic and Monetary
Union - EMU):
.
1990 31 1993.

EE.
1 1994. , ,
(),
,

.
1 1999
.
1
2002 .
(Eurogroup):
ECOFIN .
(
COFIN)
.

, .
() (Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD):
1950 . 30
70 .
,


.
240

OLAF ( ) (European
Anti-Fraud Office):

. 2003,
OLAF
.
(standing facility):

.
:
.
(maintenance period):

. 10 2004



.

.
(open market operation):

: (i)
( ), (ii)
, (iii)
, (iv)
, (v)
(vi)
.
(foreign exchange swap):
, (spot)
(forward), .

, ( )

.
(finetuning operation):
,
.
(main refinancing operation):
.
9 2004
,
241

2003.
.
(longer-term refinancing
operation):
.

.
(projections): . .
(Eurosystem staff
projections):

.
(stability programmes):

.


,
.
.

ECOFIN.
(price stability):
.

()
2%.
,
, 2% .
(monetary policy strategy):
.




,
.
.
ECOFIN (ECOFIN Council): . .
( ) (EU Council Council of the European Union): .
,
242

(
).
,
ECOFIN. ,
,
(. ).
(repurchase agreement):


.
,
.
3
()
.
(Stability and Growth Pact):
, : (i)
() . 1466/97 7 1997

(ii) () . 1467/97
7 1997
,

17 1997.

,

. ,
, ,
.
(Treaty):
( ).
25 1957 ( )
1 1958.
(), .
( ),
,
.
(EU Treaty): . .
(EC Treaty): . .
(Constitution for Europe): 13 2003,

,
.
243

20 2003
2003
2004. 2004,
,
2006.
(reserve ratio):


.
.
() (correspondent
central banking model - CCBM):
()

.
,

() .
() (Real-time gross
settlement system - RTGS):
( )
() (. TARGET).
() (securities settlement system SSS):
,
( ).
(payment system): ,
, ,
.

,

, , .
(standard tender):

. 24 .

.
TARGET (
) (Trans-European Automated Real-time
Gross settlement Express Transfer system): .
15 ,
(PM) .
244

TARGET2: TARGET

. TARGET2 : (i)
, (ii)

(iii) ,

. TARGET2,

.
.
(reference value for monetary
growth): ,
3.
M3
.
,
, ,
, ,
3.
3
, ,
. ,
3 .
() (Bank for International Settlements
- BIS): 17 1930
, , , , ,

.

.
, : (i)

, (ii)
, (iii)
(iv)

.
( )
.
(EBA - Euro Banking Association):


. 1998,
EBA (ABE Clearing S.A.S., Socit par Actions
Simplifie Capital Variable)
(Euro Clearing System - EURO1)
245

1 1999. EURO1
ECU.
(
) (reserve requirement):
( )
.

( ).

246




(1999), 1998, 1999.
(2000), 1999, 2000.
(2001), 2000, 2001.
(2002), 2001, 2002.
(2003), 2002, 2003.
(2004), 2003, 2004.
(2005), 2004, 2005.
(2006), 2005, 2006.
(2002), Compendium: , 1998 -
2001, 2002.
(2004), : , 2004.
(2006), , ,
( ),
2006.


Papadia, F. and Santini, C. (2006), La Banque centrale europenne,
, 2006.
Raymond, R. (2001), Leuro et lunit de lEurope, , 2001.
Scheller, H. K. (1999), Das Europische System der Zentralbanken, o Glomb/
Lauk (.), Euro Guide, , 1999.
Scheller, H. K. (2000), Die Europische Zentralbank, , 2000.
Von der Groeben, H., Thiesing, J. and Ehlermann, C.-D. (.), Kommentar zum
EU/EG-Vertrag, 5 , -, 1997/1999.
Zilioli, C. and Selmayr, M. (2001), The Law of the European Central Bank,
Oxford-Portland Oregon, 2001.

247

1

(2000), 2000, 2000.
(2004), 2004, 2004.
(2006), 2002, 2006.
(2001), ,
, 2001.
(2003),
, , 2003.
(2004), The European Constitution and the ECB,
, 2004.


Andrews, D. (2003), The Committee of Central Bank Governors as a source of
rules, Journal of European Public Policy 10:6, 2003, . 956-973.
Baer, G. D. (1994), The Committee of Governors as a forum for European
central bank cooperation, Bakker, A. et al. (.), Monetary Stability through
International Cooperation: Essays in Honor of Andr Szsz, , 1994.
Berger, F. (2001), 12 into one: one money for Europe, , 2001.

( Delors), Report on economic and monetary union in the European
Community, 1989.

(1990), Introductory Report and
Commentary on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and the
ECB, 1990.

(1992), 1990/91,
1992.

(1993), 1992,
1993.
(1995), Green Paper on the Practical Arrangements for
the Introduction of the Single Currency (COM(95) 333 final), ,
31 1995.
248

(1995), 1994, 1995.


(1995), The changeover to the single currency, 1995.
(1996), Role and functions of the European Monetary Institute,
1996.
(1996), 1995, 1996.
(1997), The single monetary policy in Stage Three: specification of the
operational framework, 1997.
(1997), 1996, 1997.
(1998), : 109
, 1998.
(1998), 1997, 1998.
Scheller, H. K. (2001), The Changeover to the Euro, Caesar/Scharrer (.),
European Economic and Monetary Union: Regional and Global Challenges,
-, 2001, . 243-263.
Van den Berg, C. C. A. (2004), The Making of the Statute of the European System
of Central Banks, An Application of Checks and Balances, 2004.

2

(1999),
(), , 1999.
(1999),
, , 1999.
(1999), ,
, 1999.
(2001), Why price stability?, 2001.
(2003),
, , 2003.


Arrowsmith, J. A. A. (1996), La non-participation la phase 3: la vie ltage
infrieur de lUEM (Opting-out of stage 3: life in the lower tier of EMU), o
Revue dconomie financire, . 36, 1-1996.
249

Caparello, M. (2003), Internal audit in the central banking community, o


Courtis, N. and Mander, B. (.), Accounting standards for central banks,
Central Banking Publications, , 2003.
Duisenberg, W. F. (2001), The European Central Bank, the Eurosystem and the
European System of Central Banks,
Banque centrale du Luxembourg, ,
18 2001.
Liebscher, K. (1998), Die Rolle einer nationalen Zentralbank im ESZB am
Beispiel der OeNB, o 26. Volkswirtschaftliche Tagung der Oesterreichischen
Nationalbank, 1998.
Merriman, N. (2003), Financial reporting in the Eurosystem, o Courtis, N.
and Mander, B. (.), Accounting standards for central banks, Central Banking
Publications, , 2003.
Padoa-Schioppa, T. (2000), An institutional glossary of the Eurosystem,
The Constitution of the Eurosystem: the
Views of the EP and the ECB, 8 2000.
Palmer, M. (2001), The Banque centrale du Luxembourg in the European System
of Central Banks, Banque centrale du Luxembourg, 2001.
Raymond, R. (1996), Les Banques centrales nationales dans le systme europen
de banques centrales (National central banks within the European System of
Central Banks), o Revue dconomie financire, . 36, 1-1996.

3

(1999),
, ,
1999.
(1999), TARGET ,
, 1999.
(2000),
, , 2000.
(2000), , ,
2000.
(2001),
, , 2001.

250

(2002), :

,
, 2002.
(2002),
, , 2002.
(2002), ,
, 2002.
(2002),
,
, 2002.
(2003),
, ,
2003.
(2003), ,
(Continuous Linked Settlement - CLS),
, 2003.
(2003),
,
, 2003.
(2003), Changes to the Eurosystems operational framework for monetary
policy, , 2003.
(2000), ,
2000.
(2002), Evaluation of the 2002 cash changeover, 2002.
(2003), EU banking sector stability, 2003.
(2004), The monetary policy of the ECB ( ), 2004.
(2004), Developments in the EU framework for financial regulation,
supervision and stability, , 2004.
(2005), :

, 2005.
(2005),
,
, 2005.

251

(2005),
2005.

(2005), TARGET - the current system ( ),


2005.
(2005), TARGET - innovation and transformation (
), 2005.
(2006), Portfolio management at the ECB, ,
2006.


Domingo-Solans, E. (2003), The importance of Eurostat for the monetary policy
of the European Central Bank,
50
, , 16 2003.
Duisenberg, W. F. (2001), The ECBs monetary policy strategy and the
quantitative definition of price stability,
,
Christa Randzio-Plath, 13 2001.
Issing, O., Gaspar, V., Angeloni, I. and Tristani, O. (2001), Monetary policy
in the euro area: strategy and decision-making at the European Central Bank,
Cambridge University Press, , 2001.
Issing, O. et al. (.) (2003), Background Studies for the ECBs Evaluation of
its Monetary Policy Strategy, , 2003.
Trichet, J.-C. (2003), The ECBs monetary strategy after the evaluation and
clarification of May 2003, Center
for Financial Studies, , 20 2003.
Trichet, J.-C. (2004), Euro area statistics and their use for ECB policy-making,

(Second ECB Conference on Statistics), , 22-23
2004.
Bull, P. (2004), The development of statistics for Economic and Monetary Union,
Frankfurt am Main, 2004.

4

(2000),
, , 2000.
252

(2001), ,
, 2001.
(2002), , ,
2002.
(2002), ,
, 2002.


Noyer, C. (1999), Politics and central banks,
(Eesti Pank), , 3 1999.
Zilioli, C. and Selmayr, M. (2000), The European Central Bank: An Independent
Specialised Organization of Community Law, Common Market Law
Review, 2000 - 37, 3, . 591-644.

5

(1999), , ,
1999.
(2001), ,
, 2001.
(2002), ,
, 2002.
(2002), Review of the international role of the euro, 2002.


Duisenberg, W. F. (2000), The role of the ECB at the international level,
Institute for International Finance,
Inc. (IIF), , 23 2000.
Padoa-Schioppa, T. (1999), The external representation of the euro area,
-
, , 17 1999.
Zilioli, C. and Selmayr, M. (1999), The External Relations of the Euro Area:
Legal Aspects, Common Market Law Review, 1999 - 36, 2,
. 273-349.

253

6

(2000), ECB labour relationships and the social dialogue with regard to the
ESCB, , 5 2000.
(2002),
11.3
, 2001 ( C 76 8.3.2001, . 12).
(2002), , 16
2002 ( C 123 24.5.2002, . 9).
(2003),
2003.


Ricard, P. (2001), Voyage au centre de la BCE, Le Monde, 23 2001.

254


43,
44, 146, 231
99, 101,
231
100, 231


103, 231
.

()

()
34, 153, 231
35, 157
35, 157
35,
157

35, 232
()
165, 232

99, 232

99, 232

50,141, 159, 232
.

()
ECU (
) 20, 232
()
50, 55, 56, 57, 72, 83, 110, 115,
116, 127, 131, 135
101, 233
.

()
50, 160, 236

() 91, 233

19
EONIA 28, 233


(CESR) 117, 233

157, 233

,
(CMFB)
127, 155, 234
17, 24, 234
EUREPO 28, 234
EURIBOR 28, 234
Eurostat 126, 155, 235
23, 27, 29, 32, 235
() 30, 235
31, 235

(EBC) 130, 235
()
- 141
- 80
- 180
- 60, 231
- 70, 231
- 158
- 83
- 177
-
148
- 164
-
159
- 59, 178,
232
- 185
- 66, 176,
233
-
160
- 177
- 74
- 177
- 179
- 178, 234
- 50

255

- 180
- 79
- 79
- 132
- 185
- 177
- 145, 236
- 114
- 49
- 73
- 132
- 59
- 181
- 49
- 182
- 58
- 125
-
90
- 80
- 178
- 185
- 107
- 81
-
178
() 31, 236

() 15
148, 150,
236

151

() 19, 237
35, 237

()
- 74, 232
- 54
- 76
- 184
- 51
- 48

(EMCF) 19, 237

- 87
- 48

256

-
97, 242
- 48
-
77
-
131
38, 237



( )
23, 81, 238

238

124
122
238
39, 238
36, 238
36, 239
35, 157
239

() 20, 239
Marjolin 15
II (
II)
104, 239

() 77, 240
17, 22, 239
136, 239

156, 240

() 15, 23, 240
OLAF (
) 160,
241
60, 154, 240
10 (G10) 171
20 (G20) 172
7 (G7) 170


() 169, 240
102, 241

104

103, 241
100, 241
241


101, 241

100, 241

100, 242
37, 242
128
(
) 114, 244
52, 90, 242

90, 242
35
ECOFIN .

35, 36, 42, 55, 60,
81, 140, 149, 242
81
243

26, 36, 243
107


(FSF) 172
20, 30, 80, 243
.
33, 83, 243

103, 244

() 116, 244

() 112, 117, 244

112, 244
Barre 18
Werner 21
100, 244
TARGET (


) 114, 244
TARGET2 115, 245

97, 245

() 173, 245
(EBA)
115, 245
118

103, 246
128

257

Date: 31 Oct, 2007 11:13:37;Format: (168.00 x 245.00 mm);Output Profile: SPOT IC300

You might also like