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P
P
P
M
E
A

 ";0S|9"

d+.R Ng

:*8 SP = SA ] 03-/L;/"(-/7(" 4P SA 4BSP N1w ;/"(]

SB
SP 


 "1;0S|9"

+
.
/
(
7
"
3
0
/
L
2BP S = BE + LF
2SAP = BE + EK ^
SAP N
 
SP 2 = SC 2 = SA SB

LF = EK.

BP S =

HJIK

-v$&;/"183$&;/"('M;03-/L ] 4'*89)

SP C = SCP

] 89'
 + M
F = EC
 + EM
^ "1;0S|9" EC

Hhg9K
 = M EK 03-/LY;/"(-/7(" M K = M L Njw ;/"
d'*89) JH IK 30 -/L Hhg9Kj^ "1R9"%$ M F L = M
F + F L = M
E + EK
7(2 03+.) .+ :Mk/'*8q|9"(L N

 
 C-"S037<;834:*+ l58S_"(: B , B , B , B , B , B $&;/"('*"+.:1+.-/+A$&+ 032.2ABY89-/"7(89+.- Nw ;/"('*"03'*" $ ^ 8
$CBk5"(:O83489k5"('&0=$&+.89-v032.2.8 ^ "(L 

 p I  7( 89;/+.-/8:89:*$&"18 0-/89-/"(),k_$CB{l58S B ^ +A$&; 1 j 5 N  "(),8q|9"89-/" 7(89+.-{4'*89) B 03-/Lv03L/LY$ ^ 8

 p g  $& ;/;/"187(8989:*-U">$&0 "(B-U-/$&89:O-/83"(N 4),k_k5$C89B:*:*l5+.l/8S 2AB{B"(),^ k_+A$C$&B ; 1l58S_"(k: 4 N  03"(-/),L 8q|9"89-/"M7(89+.-4'*89) B 03-/L"_7<;03-/R9"
B N
H
K B
#"%$&"('*),+.-/" ^ ;/"%$&;/"('[$&;/"('*"f+.: 0M-/+A$&"j:*"(?@6/"(-/7("834/:*6/7<;89k5"('&0=$&+.89-/:$&;0=$ '*"(:*6/2A$&:[+.-1l58S_"(: B , B , B , B , B
l5"(+.-/R"(),k_$CBv03-/L
l58S B 7(89-U$<03+.-/+.-/R "/037%$&2AB 2010 7(89+.-/: NOHQi 83$&" $&;0=$ a = a NVK
WYX[Z%\ @@ f"(: Njw ;/"('*""_+.:T$&:>:*6/7<;0 :*"(?@6/"(-/7("83489k5"('&0=$&+.89-/: N
` 5Qabc X ##"(-/83$&"lUB (a , a , . . . , a ) (a , a , . . . , a ) $&;/"4892.2.8 ^ +.-/R  +A41:*89),"7(89-/:*"(7(6_$&+A|9" l58S_"(:
7(89-U$<03+.- a , . . . , a 7(89+.-/: ] $&;/"(-+A$f+.:fk589:*:*+.l/2."M$&8k5"('T489'*) :*"%|9"('&032 032.2.8 ^ "(L,89k5"('&0=$&+.89-/:j:*6/7<;{$&;0=$f$&;/"Ol58S_"(:
7(89-U$<03+.- a , . . . , a 7(89+.-/:>'*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB ]/^ ;/"('*"S03:>$&;/"17(89-U$&"(-U$&:O834[$&;/"183$&;/"('>l58S_"(:O'*"()03+.-Y6/-/7<;03-/R9"(L N

"%$ A = 2010 ] '*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB N T 6/'MR98U032+.:$&8,:*;/8 ^ $&;0=$
M F = EM .

j+1

k+1

bc

20102010

1
0
1

k+2

0
1

0
2

(bc )

0
n

n
0
n
20102010

(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, A).

d+.'*:T$ ^ "k/'*8q|9"1$ ^ 8036_+.2.+ 03'TB,89l/:*"('T|30=$&+.89-/: N

_ pa`b`,n{rUs (a, 0, 0) (0, 2 , 0) 489'M"%|9"('TB a 1 N
dQe;ff<g s  " k/'*8q|9"lUB+.-/L/6/7%$&+.89-$&;0=$ (a, 0, 0) (a k, 2 , 0) 489' "%|9"('TB 1 k a N d89' k = 1 ] 03k/k/2AB
w Bk5" I $&8 $&;/"'*:T$Ol58S 
(a, 0, 0) (a 1, 2, 0) = (a 1, 2 , 0).
$<03'T$&+.-/R4'*89)
8 03:*:*6/),"$&;0=$$&;/"1:T$<0=$&"(),"(-U$>;/892.L/:489':*89),"
03k/k/2AB Bk5"
$&8$&i ;/"^ ),+.L/L/2." l58S 2 $&+.),"(: ] 6/-U$&+.2+A$>l5"(7(89),"(:M"(),k_$CB kNjw <;/a"(-N 03k/k/2AB w Bk5" g (a$&8$&;/k,"2'*:T,$O0)l5] 8S w I
a

P (" -/7(" ]
_ ap `b`,ny}s

(a k, 2k , 0) (a k, 2k 1, 2) (a k, 0, 2k+1) (a k 1, 2k+1 , 0).

(a, 0, 0) (a k, 2k , 0) (a k 1, 2k+1 , 0).

d 89'1"%|9"('TB k589:*+A$&+A|9",+.-U$&"(R9"(' n ] 2."%$

489'M"%|9"('TB a 1 N
(0, P , 0, 0)
a

   H " N R N

Pn = 2

2.

..

P3 = 22 = 16

KNYw ;/"(-

(a, 0, 0, 0)

+.),+.2 03'*2AB $&8
"(),)0 1 ]/^ "1k/'*8q|9"1$&;0=$ (a, 0, 0, 0) (a k, P , 0, 0) 489'M"%|9"('TB

d89' k = 1 ] 03k/k/2AB w Bk5" I $&8$&;/"'*:T$Ol58S

dQe;ff<g s5

1ka

(a, 0, 0, 0) (a 1, 2, 0, 0) = (a 1, P1 , 0, 0).

8 03:*:*6/),"$&;0=$$&;/"M2."(),)0O;/892.L/:489' :*89)," k < a N $<03'T$&+.-/R#4'*89)

$&;/"(-yi 03^k/k/2AB w Bk5" I $&8 $&;/"'*:T$Ol58S

(a k, Pk , 0, 0)

] 03k/k/2AB
"(),)0 I9]

(a k, Pk , 0, 0) (a k, 0, 2Pk , 0) = (a k, 0, Pk+1 , 0) (a k 1, Pk+1 , 0, 0).

w ;/"('*"%489'*" ]
(a, 0, 0, 0) (a k, P , 0, 0) (a k 1, P , 0, 0).

id+.8 '*^e:T$>^ 03k/"1k/k/2A'*B 8q|9"1Bk5$&;/" "1:T$<$&0=8$&l5"(),8S "(-U$O83$&;/4["($&-y;/"103k/k/k/'*892AB l/2."() Bk5N " $&8l58S_"(:
03-/L B +.-Y$&;/+.:M89'*L/"(' Nw ;/"(]
w g
B ] B ] B
03k/k/2AB
"(),)0 g w $ ^ +.7(" I 
k

k+1

(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3) (1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0) (1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0) (1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0)

(0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0) (0, 0, P3 , 0, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0) (0, 0, 0, P16 , 0, 0).

 "032.'*"S03L_B{;0S|9"),89'*" $&;03- A 7(89+.-/:>+.-Yl58S B ] :*+.-/7("

4

A = 20102010

2010

< (211 )2010

2010

= 2112010

2010

< 22010

2011

< 2(2

11 )2011

= 22

112011

< 22

215

< P16 .

8yL/"(7('*"S03:*"{$&;/"-@6/)l5"('834M7(89+.-/:+.- l58S B ] 03k/k/2AB w Bk5" g $&8y$&;/+.:l58S '*"(k5"S0=$&"(L/2AB6/-U$&+.2f+A$&::*+("

w
L/"(7('*"S03:*"(:{$&8 A/4 N H C-u"%|9"('TBu:T$&"(k ]^ "y'*"(),8q|9"07(89+.- 4'*89) B 03-/Lu"_7<;03-/R9"
$&;/"y"(),k_$CB l58S_"(: B
03-/L B NVK
4

(0, 0, 0, P16 , 0, 0) (0, 0, 0, P16 1, 0, 0) (0, 0, 0, P16 2, 0, 0)

(0, 0, 0, A/4, 0, 0).

d+.-032.2AB ] 03k/k/2AB w B k5" I '*"(k5"S0=$&"(L/2AB{$&8"(),k_$CBYl58S_"(: B 03-/L

4

B5

(0, 0, 0, A/4, 0, 0) (0, 0, 0, 0, A/2, 0) (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, A).


 

3:BB%2KD')B&1%2
 R.0&Z2!(C ="!=%&1:<+<&R,<,<#45%-B' 5,(% 1,<2";GHW=4L&!B
, &1%!$%/BN\1!BQM0&!BB"&1% >OQ&(' ;GH;:(C :<&12%+
W%+5.0&Z2!$B@45aZ645%24.0;:&V ,&1%!A[Z6M2"& +2!(> EB

.0&Z2!) "!)M0&!<!B.2"$<&L1,<2";GH=4L&1:<AB% 22 ,&1%!(>EBN.0&Z2!)B$45aZ6424 "!)K:<(<;:YB% P >
14

P214


"%$ a , a , a , . . . l5"0z:*"(?@6/"(-/7("834k589:*+A$&+A|9"y'*"S032#-@6/)l5"('*: N 6/k/k589:*"$&;0=${489':*89),"

k589:*+A$&+A|9"+.-U$&"(R9"(' s ]_^ ";0S|9"
a = max{a + a
| 1 k n 1}
HJIK
489' 032.2 n > s N  '*8q|9"$&;0=$$&;/"('*""_+.:T$ k589:*+A$&+A|9"+.-U$&"(R9"('*: ` 03-/L N ]3^ +A$&; ` s 03-/L:*6/7<; $&;0=$ a = a +a
489'>032.2 n N N
1

nk

n`

` 5Qabc X  d+.'*:T$ ] 4'*89)$&;/"k/'*89l/2."()7(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: ^ ";0S|9"$&;0=$#"S037<; a H n > sK 7S03-yl5""_k/'*"(:*:*"(L 30 :

+A$&; j , j < n ] j + j = n N  4 ] :&0SB ] j > s $&;/"(- ^ "7S03-zk/'*87("("(Lz+.- $&;/":&03)," ^ 0SB
a = a +a ^
^ +A$&; a ] 03-/Lv:*8,89- N d+.-032.2AB ]@^ "'*"(k/'*"(:*"(-U$ a +.-
0489'*)
a = a ++a ,
Hhg9K
1 i s, i + + i = n.
HQUK
7S
0389-y'*"(038qL |9
*6/"(' :T]$ +A4 a 03:03-/L a 03'*"#$&;/"-@6/)l5"('*:M+.- Hhg9K 89l_$<03+.-/"(L{89-{$&;/"2 03:T$:T$&"(k ] $&;/"(- i + i > s NjP "(-/7(" ^ "
HQUK
1 i s, i + + i = n, i + i > s.
HK
T -Y$&;/"183$&;/"('>;03-/L ] :*6/k/k589:*"$&;0=$>$&;/"+.-/L/+.7("(: i , . . . , i :&0=$&+.:T4B{$&;/"17(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: H KNw ;/"(- ] L/"(-/83$&+.-/R
4'*89) HJIKf^ ";0S|9"
s = i ++i ]
n

j1

j2

j1

i1

i1

ik

i2

6/),)03'*+(+.-/R$&;/"(:*"89l/:*"('T|30=$&+.89-/: ^ "R9"%$M$&;/"4892.2.8 ^ +.-/R

m
An  `,s d89'"%|9"('TB
"1;0S|9"
n > s ]/^
$&;/"17(892.2."(7%$&+.89- (i , . . . , i ) :&0=$&+.:T"(: H K }.
a = max{a + + a :

i 8 ^e^ "1L/"(-/83$&"
a
m = max
i
03-/Lv_v:*89),"+.-/L/" ` s :*6/7<;
$&;0=$ m = a N
89-/:*+.L/"(' :*89)," n s ` + 2s 03-/L7<;/889`:*"03-"_k03-/:*+.89-834 a +.-y$&;/"489'*) Hhg9K]jH K<N1w ;/"(- ^ " ;0S|9"
:*8 k n/s s` + 2 N 6/k/k589:*"$&;0=$ -/89-/"834$&;/"-@6/)l5"('*: i , . . . , i "(?@6032.: ` N
n = i + + i sk ]
w2."S;/03:T"($ -xlUB$&+.),$&;/"("Y: k/03+.R9-/"(L 89-/:*6/;/'*89"(2.2A"B k/'*+.-/7(+.k/2.",
$&"%;/$ "('*6/"Y: +.:L/"(032."%- $&"{+.-/$&L/;/""( :*" 1 87(j7(6/'*'*"(s-/7(^ "(;/:+.7<83;x4 03k/4k5'*89"S) 03'*:03),89-/R i , .03.-/. L, i 03L/0=L $
8j 7(7(6/`'*'*"(-/7("(:] 834 ` +.-/:T$&"S03L ]j 896=l_$<03`+.N -/+.-/R{0:*"(?@6/"(-/7(" (i , i ,`i , . . . , i ) 032.:*8:&j0=$&+.:T4B+.-/R(i H , .K<.N . ,
iB )] 2 03+.) ]^ "
;0S|9"
a ++a = a a +a +a ++a ,
89' ] 0=4$&"(''*"(),8q|+.-/R{$&;/"7(89+.-/7(+.L/+.-/R$&"('*),: ] `a ja ] :*8 a a N
B$&;/"L/"%-/+A$&+.89-834 ` ] $&;/+.:),"S03-/:
`
j
$&;0=$ `a = ja ] ;/"(-/7("
a = a +a +a ++a .
w:*89;@),6/": ] 489'"%|9"('TB"S03n'*'&03-/R9s+.-/`R+$&;/2s"1+.-/^ L/"{+.7(;"(:0S|9"{"1489)6/0S-/BvL 030
:*:*6/'*"(),k/'*""($&:*;"(-U0=$<$ 0=$&+.89- 834$&;/"489'*) Hhg9K]>H K ^ +A$&; i = ` 489'
d+.-j 032.2AB 3] N 89 l/:*"('T|9"Y$&;0=$ +.- $&;/+.:'*"(k/'*"(^ :*"(-U$<0=$&+.89- ] $&;/"Y+.-/L/+.7("(i: (i= `, .N . . , i ) :&0=$&+.:T4B $&;/"{7(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: H K
^ +A$&; n '*"(k/2 037("(L
lUB n ` Njw ;@6/: ] 4'*89) $&;/" 2 03+.) ^ "R9"%$
an = ask ask1 + aik ask2 + aik1 + aik ai1 + + aik .

i1

ik

1is

i1

ik

0
3

i1

0
k0

i03

i2

i0k0

i1

i2

i03

i0k0

^ /; +.7<;
lUB HJIK +.),k/2.+."(:
03:>L/"(:*+.'*"(L N

k1

an` + a` (ai1 + + aik1 ) + a` = an ,

an = an` + a`

489'M"S037<;

n s2 ` + 2s,

` 5Qabc X  t :O+.-
$&;/"k/'*"%|+.896/:O:*892.6_$&+.89- ]/^ "+.-U|9892A|9"$&;/""_k03-/:*+.89- Hhg9K]HQUK] 03-/L ^ "_
:*89),"+.-/L/"
:*6/7<;
$&;0=$
1`s
ai
a`
= m = max .
1is i
`
(bn )
bn = an mn
b` = 0
n
bn 0
(bn )
m
n>s

i 8 1^ ]" ^ k/"1'*+.8q-U|9$&"'*8lUL/B
6/7(+.-/"L/$&6/;/7%"1$&+.:*89"(-
?@6/89"(- -/7(" $&;0=$ 03: 03-/L &: $&0=;/$&+."(:T- "(:O$&;/"N :&03),"'*"(7(6/'*'*"(-/7("'*"(2 0=$&+.89-
03:
;w /"1 l03:*"17S03:*"(: n s 4892.2.8 ^ 4'*89) $&;/"1L/"%-/+A$&]+.89-Y834 Nfi 8 1^ ] 489' 4'*89) $&;/"+.-/L/6/7%$&+.89-Y;UBk583$&(a;/"(:*)+.: N
^ ";0S|9"
n

bn = max (ak + ank ) nm = max (bk + bnk + nm) nm = max (bk + bnk ) 0,

30 :>'*"(?@6/+.'*"(L N
8 +A4
489'032.2
$&;/"($&'*+A|i + 032 N^1T ] $&;/b"(' ^ =+.:*" 0] L/"%-/" 1 k s ]
1kn1

1kn1

w ;/"(-
489' n > s ^ "189l_$<03+.-

M = max |bi |,
1is

1kn1

bn = 0

489'032.2 n ] ;/"(-/7("

an = mn

] 03-/L$&;/",:T$<0=$&"(),"(-U$+.:

= min{|bi | : 1 i s, bi < 0}.

bn = max (bk + bnk ) b` + bn` = bn` ,

:*8

1kn1

;@6/: +.-x|+." 834$&;/""_k03-/:*+.89- Hhg9K]HQUK 03k/k/2.+."(Lx$&8 $&;/":*"(?@6/"(-/7(" (b ) ]^ "R9"%${$&;0=${"S037<; b +.:

7(89-U$<w 03+.-/"(L
] +.-
0 :*"%^ $
0].
" 17(2 03+.) $&;0=$M$&;/+.:M:*"%$O+.:T=-/+A$&{b" N t +7%$&b6032.+2AB ] 489 '>+03b-UB :x i, T. .] . 2.,"%i$ x=s}b +[M,
;/"( + b H i , . . . , i s KNw
03),89-/R b
: $&;/"('*"03'*" 0=$),89:T$ M -/89- ("('*8{$&"('*),: H 83$&;/"(' ^ +.:*" x < M () < M KNw ;@6/: x 7S03-l5"
"_k/'*"(:*:*"(L+.-{$&;/"1:&03)," ^ 0SB ^ +A$&; k M ] 03-/LY$&;/"('*"+.:M89-/2ABY0-/+A$&"-@6/)l5"('>834:*6/7<;y:*6/),: N
d+.-032.2AB ] 489'M"%|9"('TB t = 1, 2, . . . , ` ^ "R9"%$>$&;0=$M$&;/"1:*"(?@6/"(-/7("
0 bn bn` bn2` M.

i1

i2

ik

i1

ik

ij

bs+t , bs+t+` , bs+t+2` , . . .

+.:#-/89-CL/"(7('*"S03:*+.-/Rv03-/L 0=$*$<03+.-/:>$&;/"-/+A$&"-@6/)l5"(' 834|3032.6/"(: $&;/"('*"%489'*"+A$ +.:#7(89-/:T$<03-U$ 4'*89):*89),"+.-/L/" N

w ;@6/: ] $&;/"1:*"(?@6/"(-/7(" (b ) +.:>k5"('*+.8L/+.7 ^ +A$&;
k5"('*+.8L ` 4'*89):*89),"+.-/L/" N ]/^ ;/+.7<;
),"S03-/:M$&;0=$
489'>032.2 n > N + ` ]
b =b
=b
+b
03-/L
;/"(-/7("
489'>032.2 n > N + ` ]
a = b + nm = (b
+ (n `)m) + (b + `m) = a
+a
03:>L/"(:*+.'*"(L N
n

n`

n`

n`

n`