M ha & iu ch

Ni dung
Lc Nyquist (Nyquist Filter)
M sa sai (Error Control Coding)
iu ch (Modulation)

v1(t)

(a)

v2(t)
v

-v
(b)

Unipolar RZ & polar RZ signals

Bin i Fourier (Fourier Transform)

X(f)= 2Tsinc(2ft)

x(t)

2T
1
t
-T

f
1
2T

1
T

x(t)=sinc(2Bt)

3
2T

X(f)
2T
1

1
2B

f
1
2B

1
B

3
2B

-B

X(f)

x(t)
1

t
-T

1
T

2
T

LINE FILTER
Tn hiu u vo:
P(t)

t
-T

+T

Ph ca tn hiu:

1
1
2B

- BW =
- Khng kh thi

1
B

3
2B

Line Filter
Ph ca tn hiu:

Tn hiu u vo:
x(t)=sinc(2Bt)

X(f)
2T
1

1
2B

f
1
2B

- BW = K
- Khng kh thi

1
B

3
2B

-B

P'(t)

2T

3T

4T

5T
t

Lc Nyquist

P(f)= 1

1
T
f

P(f)= cos
2T
2
P(f)= 0

1
(1 )
2T

Vi cc gi tr khc ca f

1
(1 )
2T

P(f)

=0
=0.3
=1
1/2T

1/T

(ax)

g(t)

-1

-1

Tb

y(t)
T

H
2
H

KH/2

KH/2

G
IDEAL SAMPUNG
INSTANTS

M sa sai
(Error Control Coding)

TRONG QU TRNH TRUYN DN, X L, LU TR TN HIU S, C

NHIU YU T TO NN LI BT, TRONG BAO GM: TP NHIU,
CAN NHIU T CC KNH LN CN, CAN NHIU T CC SYMBOL
KHC, S C TRN B MT BNG T, A, NH HNG CA T
TRNG BN NGOI
MCH GII M TI U THU C KH NNG TI TO LI MT
CCH CHNH XC THNG TIN BAN U, CN THIT PHI S DNG
M SA SAI (ERROR CONTROL CODING) I VI TN HIU S
PHT HIN V T NG SA CC LI BIT NU C TRONG QU
TRNH TRUYN DN, X L, LU TR TN HIU.
M SA SAI C TH C CHIA THNH HAI LOI CHNH:

M Khi (Block Code) v M Cun (Convolutional Code)

M KHI (BLOCK CODE)

U

MCH M HO

{1 1 0 1}

{0 1 1 1 0 1 1}

M KHI

M KHI TUYN TNH

G =
(k x n)

g0
g1
....
....

g00 g01........ g0 , n-1

g10 g11...... g1 , n-1
=

gk-1

....
....

gk-1,0 .................. gk-1, n-1

GI U L CHUI BIT THNG TIN TI U VO MCH M HO, V L CHUI BIT TI

U RA MCH M HO, CC T M C BIU TH BNG:

V=U.G = (U0, U1, ,UK-1)

g0
g1
....
....

gk-1

M KHI H THNG
KHI BIT CHN L
(PARITY)

KHI BIT THNG TIN

n-k

(MESSAGE)

MA TRN M (KxN) DO C DNG:

P00 P01 ...P0,n-k-1 1 0 ...0

G = [PIk] =

...

0 1 ...0

...

...

Pk-1,0 ....Pk-1,n-k-1

MCH M HO M KHI H THNG

u vo U
U0

U2

U1

u ra V

V1

V2

V0

MCH M HO M KHI H THNG

MA TRN KIM TRA

VI MI G LUN TN TI MT MA TRN H VI KCH
THC (N-K) x N TNG NG, VI (N-K) HNG C LP
TUYN TNH SAO CHO BT K MT VC T NO
TRONG CC HNG CA G CNG TRC GIAO VI CC
HNG CA H.

IU C NGHA:
VI MI T M V C

V.H* = 0

NI MT CCH KHC, T M V C DI N BIT S L

MT T M THUC C (TO BI G) NU
V.H* = 0

V D:
NU

TA C

110100
G=

100101

01 1010

H=

101001

010110
001011

XT VC T R = (RoR1R2R3R4R5) = (1 0 1 0 0 1)
XC NH R C PHI L MT T M THUC C HAY KHNG, TA CN KIM TRA BNG MA TRN H

R.HT = (1 0 1 0 0 1)

100
010
001
110
011
101

= (0 0 0 )

KT QU BNG 0, NH VY VC T R L MT T M THUC C.

VCT PHT HIN LI (S)

XT M (6,3) VI:
1 001 01

H=

01 011 0

001 01 1

S= (R0, R1, ..,R5). HT

r0

r1

r2

r3

r4

S0

S1

S2

r5

VCT PHT HIN LI (S)

S = R HT = V HT + e HT = e HT
Bi V C, V HT = 0
S = e HT
Nu S=0 e = 0 hoc e C
Nu S0 e 0 v e khng thuc C

VCT PHT HIN LI (S)

Xt m (6,3) nu trn:
S=(e0e1e2e3e4e5) 100 =(S0S1S2)
010
001
110
011
101

VCT PHT HIN LI (S)

Ta c 3 phng trnh vi 6 n s:
S0 = e0 + e3 + e5
S1= e1 + e3 + e4
S2= e2 + e4 + e5
V nguyn tc khng c mt p s duy nht!
Vn l phi tm c vct e duy nht.

Phng php dng bng tra cu

VCT LI
e = (e5e4e3e2e1e0)

000000
000001
000010
000100
001000
010000
100000
001100

VCT PHT HIN LI

S = (S0S1S2)

000
101
011
110
001
010
100
111

Phng php dng bng tra cu

V d:
Xt m (6,3) nu trn:
S = R HT = (110101) 100 =(S0S1S2) =(101)
010
001
110
011
101

Phng php dng bng tra cu

T bng tra cu ta c:
e= 000001
V nh vy:
V= 110100
T bng tra cu ta cng c:
e0=S0S1S2
e3=(S0+S1) S2
e1=S0S1S2
e4=S0S1S2
e2=S0S1
e5=S0S1S2

Thanh ghi dch

r0

rn-1

Tnh gi tr s
Sn-k-1

S0

e0
r0

Tnh gi tr e

rn-1

en-1

CU TRC MCH GII M

r0

r1

r2

r3

r4

r5

S0

S2

S1

r1 e1

r0 e0

r2 e2

r4 e4

r5 e5

V4

V5

r3 e3
V0

V1

V2

V3

MCH GII M KHI H THNG (6,3)

M VNG (CYCLIC CODE)

M VNG THUC H M KHI TUYN TNH, TRONG
MI S DCH CHUYN TUYN TNH THEO VNG
TRN KHP KN CA MT T M LI TO RA MT T
M MI.
V D:

NU V = (V0, V1, , VN-1) L MT T M.

V= (VN-1, V0, V1, , VN-2) CNG S L MT T M MI

THUC V.
TRONG TRNG HP C TH, NU V= 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
DCH I MT BIT TA C: V= 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 CNG S L
MT T M MI

M VNG DNG H THNG:

Cho U(x)= U0 +U1X +.+ UK-1XK-1
M vng dng h thng c th biu th bng:
V(x) = P0 + P1X + ... + Pn-k-1 Xn-k-1 + U0 Xn-k + U1Xn-k-1 + ...+ Uk-1 Xn-1
U0,.. ......, Uk-1)

Mch m ho

(P0, P1 ,........, Pn-k-1, U0, U1,.. ..., Uk-1)

Khi bt thng tin

Khi bt chn l

U0,.. ......, Uk-1)

Mch m ho

(P0, P1 ,........, Pn-k-1, U0, U1,.. ..., Uk1)

Khi bt thng tin

Khi bt chn l

MCH MVNG

mch ca

R(x)

Ri

ghi dch n bit

trn

mch ca

mch ca

thanh ghi dch n - k bit

tnh vc t sai nhm e

MCH GII MVNG

mch ca

V(i)

M CUN (CONVOLUTIONAL CODE)

KHC VI M KHI, CC CHUI N BIT M HA CA M CUN PH THUC LN
NHAU, N BIT CA T M V, TI THI IM T1 KHNG CH PHC THUC VO K BIT
CA T M U1 HIN TI M CN PHC THUC VO TRNG THI Si
V = V0V1

Si
Si1
0

Si0
0

Ui = 0

,
Ui=1, Vi=11

Si+1
Si1+1
0

Vi = 00

Si0+1
0

Ui=1, Vi=11

Ui=0, Vi=01

Ui=1, Vi=00
1

Ui=1, Vi=10
1

Ui=0, Vi=10

Ui=1, Vi=01

Biu TRELLIS

V0i

S1 i

Si

Ui

V0i

m cun (2, 1, 2)
Si

S1 S 0

.
00
.
01
.
10
.

11

.
.
.
.

10

.
.
.
.

10

.
.
.
.

11

.
.
.
.

11

11
Ta c: V = 11, 10, 10, 11, 11

.
.
.
.

m cun tuyn tnh

T-ng t nh- m khi tuyn tnh, m cun tuyn tnh c dng
V ( D)U ( D).G ( D)

U 0 ( D), U 1 ( D),....., U k 1 ( D)

g 00 ( D) g 01 ( D).....g 0n 1
g k01 ( D) g 1k 1 ( D).....g kn11 ( D)

G(D) -c gi l ma trn chuyn i m

V d: Nu

U(D) = (1 + D + D4)
G(D) = (1 + D2 , 1 + D + D2)

V d: Gi s chui bit nhn -c ti u thu bng:

r = 10 , 00 , 01 , 00 , 10 , 11 , 00
Gi thit S (S0 = 0) = 0 v S (S0 0) =
ri =

10

00

01

00

10

11

00

Vi

B(V0)

B(V1)

B(V2)

B(V3)

B(V4)

B(V5)

B(V6)

00

01

10

11

Bng ph-ng php tnh ton trn, ta c th xc nh -c chui bit

trn thc t truyn i bng
V = 00 , 00 , 11 , 10 , 10 , 11 , 00

Mch m cun tuyn tnh (2 , 1 , 2) cho v d nhtrn hnh v

DU0

V0

D2U0

U0

V1

m cun h thng
Cng t-ng t nh- m khi h thng, K- bit cui cng ca chui bit chnh l K
bit thng tin u vo mch m ha.
Ma trn chuyn i m c dng: G(D) = [P (D) . Ik ]
P00 ( D ).... P0n

k 1

k 1

Pk-01 ( D ).... Pk-n1

(D )
(D )

0 ...................0

1 ...................0

0 ...................1
Ik

P (D)

S'S0 i=0
00

i=1

0
2

i=2

i=3

i=4

i=7

i=6

1
2
01

i=5

1
4

3
1
0

1
1

10

2
4

1
1

0
1

3
1

2
4

2
1
11

3
2

4
1

Biu TRELLIS vi cc gi tr B v s t-ng ng vi mi nhnh

Mch m cun h thng c dng nh- hnh v:

U0(D)

V1(D)

V0(D)

GII M VITERBI:
Thut ton Viterbi cho php tm ra chui bit st nht i vi chui bit nhn c
u thu. Thut ton Viterbi gm nhng bc sau:
Bc 1: Gi thit ti thi im i = 0

S(So = 0) v S(So0) =

Bc 2: Tnh khong cch Harming gia biu trng (symbol) nhn c tng
thi im i v 2n gi tr biu trng Vi ca cng mt thi im i, kt qu
tnh ton cho ta Mtric nhnh B (Vi)

Bc 3: Vi mi trng thi Si+1, tnh khong cch ca mi ng dn ti Si+1

theo cng thc:

S Sij B Vi j

Vi 0 J 2k-1

V chn ng dn c khag cch nh nht. ng dn c chn s

c lu trong b nh
Bc 4: Lp li bc 2 v bc 3 i vi cc trng thi tip theo (i+1)

Bc 5: Chn ng dn c S (Si) nh nht v xc nh chui bit thng tin

tng ng

IU CH TN HIU S

IU CH M-PSK

IU CH M-PSK

IU CH BPSK

4-PSK

BPSK

8-PSK

IU CH M-QAM

QPSK/4-QAM

16 - QAM
Q

2.33
I
-7

-7

-2.33

-2.33
2.33

-7
-7

64 - QAM

32 - QAM

-7

-5

-3

-1

-1

-3

-5

-7

4.2

1.4

-4.2

-1.4

-7

1.4
-1.4

4.2

-4.2

-7

Im(z)
In(z)

1000

0010

0011

-1
0111

-3

0110

1010

1001
-3

1011
-1

1101

1111

1100

1110

16 - QAM
Th t bt
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

0000

1000

1010

0010

0000

1001

1011

0011

0001

-4

-2

16 - QAM c phn
cp
Th t bt
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

0001
1

Rc(z)

Rc(z)

0101

0100

1101

1111

1100

1110

-2
-4

0111

0101

0110

0100

Im(z)
Im(z)

100000 100010

100001 100011

100101 100111

101010 101000

3
1

101111 101101

-7

-3

-1

110100 110110

110100 110111

110001 110011

110000 110010

111110 111100

001000

101110 101100

-5

101011 101001

100100 100110

111111 111101

001001

001101

001100

1
-1
011100

-3
011101

-5

-7

111011 111001

111010 111000

011001

011000

001010

001010 000000

64 - QAM
Th t bt
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

-8

-6

-4

100000 100010 101010

100001 100011 101011

001011

001111

001110

011110

011111

011011

011010

101000

101001

001000 001010

001001 001011

000010

000011

000000

000001

64 - QAM c phn
cp
Th t bt
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

000011 000001

100101 100111 101111

000111 000101

100100 100110 101110

101101

001101 001111

101100

001100 001110

000111

000101

000110

000100

001110 000100

010110 010100

010111 010101

Rc(z)

Rc(z)

110100 110110 111110

110101 110111 111111

110001 110011 111011

-2

-2

-4

-6

-8

111100

011100 011110

111101

011101 011111

010110

010111

010100

010101

010011 010001
111001

011001 011011

010011

010001

010010 010000
110000 110010 111010

111000

IU CH C PHN CP

011000 011010

010010

010000

 TH TN HIU THC T C IU CH
4-QAM, 16-QAM,

4 QAM Constellation
BER = 10-9

16 QAM Constellation
BER = 10-9

The End