Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vat Li Bien
Vat Li Bien
VT L BIN
MC LC
Chng 1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN V NHIT NG HC NC BIN......4
1.1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN V NHIT NG HC..........................................4
1.1.1. H nhit ng v tham s nhit ng .......................................................................4
1.1.2. Cc lun im xut pht c bn ca nhit ng hc................................................4
1.1.3. Entropi v phng trnh c bn nhit ng hc .......................................................5
1.2. PHNG TRNH NHIT NG HC C BN V CC C TRNG NHIT
NG CA NC BIN ...................................................................................................8
1.2.1.Phng trnh nhit ng hc c bn ca nc bin...................................................8
1.2.2. Cc c trng nhit ng ca nc bin ................................................................10
Chng 2. N NH CA NC BIN .....................................................................26
2.1.KHI NIM V NHIT , MT TH V V CC LOI GRADIEN MT
. N NH THNG NG V NNG LNG BT N NH CA NC
BIN ...................................................................................................................................26
2.1.1. Nhit th v........................................................................................................26
2.1.2. Mt th v ..........................................................................................................27
2.2. IU KIN N DNH THNG NG CA NC BIN .....................................29
2.3. NNG LNG BT N NH CA NC BIN .................................................31
Chng 3.H CC PHNG TRNH C BN THU NHIT NG HC.............34
3.1. QUY M CC QU TRNH THU NHIT NG HC BIN..............................34
3.2.NHNG KHI NIM C BN V CHUYN NG RI.......................................37
3.2.1. V hai dng chuyn ng ca cht lng .................................................................37
3.2.2. Cc i lng trung bnh v nhiu ng ri. ..........................................................37
3.2.3. Tenx ng sut ri .................................................................................................39
3.2.4. Cc h s trao i ri .............................................................................................41
3.2.5. S phn b ca dng ri gn mt tng di v hn.............................................43
3.3. CC PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG, DN NHIT V KHUYCH TN RI
BIN ...............................................................................................................................46
3.3.1. Phng trnh chuyn ng .....................................................................................46
3.3.2. Cc phng trnh lin tc, bin i nhit v khuych tn bin...........................48
3.4.DNG TNG QUT CA PHNG TRNH THU NHIT NG LC HC V
KHUYCH TN................................................................................................................53
3.4.1.nh lut bo ton khi lng v phng trnh khuych tn...................................53
3.4.2.Php xp x Boussinesq v phng trnh lin tc ...................................................54
3.4.3.Cc phng trnh nhit ng hc ............................................................................55
3.4.4. Dng tng qut ca phng trnh thu ng hc....................................................57
3.4.5. Cn bng thu tnh, lc ni v phng trnh thu nhit ng hc..........................58
3.4.6. Phng trnh trng thi v phng trnh tng qut i vi ni..........................60
Chng 4.RI BIN............................................................................................................62
4.1.CC C TRNG C BN CA CHUYN NG RI........................................62
4.1.1.S bin i ca i lng trung bnh. Phng trnh khuych tn trong bin...........62
4.1.2.Cc l thuyt ri c bn ..........................................................................................64
4.2. PHNG TRNH CN BNG NNG LNG RI ...............................................67
4.2.1.Phng trnh ng sut Reynolds .............................................................................67
4.2.2. Phng trnh cn bng nng lng ri ...................................................................70
4.2.3.Trng hp ring ca phnng trnh cn bng nng lng ri v h s trao i ri
trong bin.........................................................................................................................71
Chng 1
NHNG KHI NIM C BN V NHIT NG HC NC BIN
1.1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN V NHIT NG HC
= ( p, T , S )
(1.1)
l mt hm trng thi.
Trng thi ca h c xem l dng nu nh cc tham s trng thi khng ph thuc
trc tip vo thi gian.
Trng thi dng s tn ti khi khng c cc thng lng nhit, nng lng v vt cht
no tc ng t bn ngoi vo h c xem l trng thi cn bng ng.
Ngi ta phn bit cc tham s cng tnh v cc tham s qung tnh.
Tham s cng tnh l cc tham s khng ph thuc vo s lng cc phn t hay khi
lng ca h: p sut, nhit l nhng tham s cng tnh.
Tham s qung tnh li ph thuc vo khi lng ca h: th tch, nng lng l nhng
tham s qung tnh.
= pi i
(1.4)
= k
1
p ln p
i
(1.5)
1
n
= k ln
1
1
= k ln n
n
(1.6)
(1.7)
A = pdv
(1.8)
(1.9)
(1.10)
Vit vi phn ton phn ca entropi s c dng sau, cho rng entropi l mt hm ca cc
tham s nhit ng
d +
dv +
d =
m
v ,m j
v ,m j
j
d mj =
,v ,
mi
(1.11)
d p
+ dv dS
T T
T
trong bin i ca nng cc cht ho tan trong nc tng t mui S c
xc nh nh sau
=
dS =
d m
j
vi l th ho chung ca h v m.
Ta c th vit phng trnh (1.11) v dng
Td = d + pdv dS
(1.12)
(1.13)
1
[Q G + pdv dS ]
T
Cho rng G l cng tng cng thu c t kt qu tc ng ca p sut ring phn ca
d =
Q
+
T
T
cng do gi thit h c lp nn
d =
Q
a
Qa + Qb = 0
v vy
1
1
d = Q
a
T a T b
(1.15)
= d = 0
tng ng qu trnh thun nghch. Trong thc tin tt c cc qu trnh u khng thun
nghich, v t ra u c lc ma st. iu ny cng ni ln rng trong thc t khng th tn ti
ng c vnh cu c.
d = Td pdv + dS
(1.16)
(1.17)
d= d(-T) =-dT-pdv+dS
(1.18)
d = d( +pv-T)=-dT+vdp+dS
(1.19)
=
v =
p ,m j p T ,m j
=
=
T v ,m
T p ,m
j
(1.20)
(T , p, c )
(1.21)
= T
m
j ,v , m
ta c
=
m
j ,v
= = H
=
m
m
m
j T ,v
j T , p
j , p
(1.22)
=
=
m
j
T , p
(T , p , c j )
hay
= mj
(1.23)
d = dT + vdp + d m j
j
ta c
m d + d m
j
= dT + vdp + d m j
j
hay
dT vdp + m j d = 0
(1.24)
bn ca nhit ng hc nc bin.
Nu xem nc bin ch bao gm hai thnh phn l nc tinh khit v mui, ta c
m =mw+ms
v phng trnh Gibbs - Duhem c dng
dT vdp + mw d + ms d = 0
w
(1.25)
dT vdp + d w + ms d ' = 0
(1.26)
d = d E in = E in dT + E in dv + E in dS =
T v , S
v T , S
S T ,v
(1.27)
= Td + dS pdv
E in
T v, S = T T v, s
v,S
d
d
= E in = T
dT v , S
dT v , S
(1.28)
v,s
dQ
=
dT v , S
10
p,S
= T
T p , S
(1.29)
d
H
T phng trnh (1.17) ta c biu thc: T
=
= c p,S
dT p ,S T p , S
Khi thnh phn ho hc ( mui) khng i dS = 0, t phng trnh (1.27) ta c
E in
E in
T dT + v dv = Td pdv
T ,S
v,S
hay
E in
= T d E in + p dv
T
dT v T , S
dT
v,S
(1.30)
E
in
c
p
=
+
+
c p, S v, S v
dT p , S
T ,S
(1.31)
S hng cui ca cng thc (1.31) cho ta lng nhit do cng thc hin p(dv/dT) v
bin i ni nng do th tch v bin i. Nh vy
p,S
H
=
T p , S
Td = E in dT + E in + p dv
v T
T v
ta c
E in
= T
T v
T v
E in
+ p = T
v
v T
Xut pht t nh ngha i vi p sut, p v entropi, (1.20) ta c ng thc sau
11
p
=
v
T T v
p,S
p v
cv , S = T
T v T p
(1.32)
+
dT v T p T dT v T T p T
=
+
+
dT v v T p T dT v v T T p T v
T p
p
=
v
T v
p T
T
p
,
S
c p,S cv,S = v
p T , S
Nu ly h s gin n v nhit l a:
a=
1 v
v0 T S , p
v h s nn ng nhit k
k =
1 v
v0 p T ,S
12
cui cng ta c:
c p , S cv , S =
T v0 a
(1.33)
k
v cng thc t l gia nhit dung khi p sut khng i v nhit dung khi th tch
khng i s l:
c
c
p
v
T v
T p
= 1 +
c
p
p T
Do gi tr ca v tri ca phng trnh (1.33) lun lun dng v vy cp cv. Tuy nhin
s khc nhau gia chng thng nh hn 1% v ph thuc ch yu vo nhit . i vi
nhit cc i mt k = 0 v cp = cv. Vic xc nh nhit dung bng phng php thc
nghim ch yu p dng cho cp. Cn nhit dung cv th tnh theo cng thc (1.33).
Hnh 1.1. Nhit dung khi p sut khng i ph thuc vo nhit v mui
Trn hnh 1.1 cho ta mi tng quan gia nhit dung khi p sut khng i ph thuc
13
p
dbar
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
-2
0,0715
0,1318
0
0,0665
0,1218
0,1820
0,2060
0,2368
5
0,0569
0,1037
0,1680
0,1740
0,2050
10
0,0502
0,0920
0,1422
15
0,0460
0,0850
20
0,0440
dn nhit
Mt trong nhng c trung nhit ng hc quan trng ca nc bin l dn nhit cho
ta tc truyn nhit trong mi trng. Ngi ta ly h s truyn nhit lm i lng c
trng, hon ton tng t nh trong vt l hc, l lng nhit i qua mt n v din tch
b mt trong mt n v thi gian vi gradien nhit bng 1 n v. Ngi ta phn bit h
s truyn nhit phn t m v h s truyn nhit ri . Trong h s truyn nhit phn t
ph thuc vo cc tnh cht vt l ca nc, tc chuyn dch cc phn t, hay l qung
ng chy t do v mt . Gi tr ca h s ny i vi nc ngt di tc ng ca p
sut kh quyn v nhit bng 20 C vo khong 0,6 wat/(m.) v gim khong 10-2
wat/(m.) khi nhit gim xung tng 10 . mui khng nh hng ng k n
dn nhit.
Tnh cht truyn nhit ri l mt c trng quan trng ca nc bin v n quyt nh
cho tnh cht ng hc ca nc v hin tng xo trn ri. H s truyn nhit ri vo
khong hai n ba bc ln hn h s truyn nhit phn t.
Hin tng chuyn pha
Ph thuc vo nhit v p sut, nc c th tn ti trong cc pha khc nhau : hi,
lng v rn. thu c phng trnh biu th s tn ti ca cc pha v iu kin chuyn t
pha ny sang pha khc, chng ta da trn nguyn l cho rng entropi ca h bng tng entropi
cc thnh phn. Nh vy entropi ca h bao gm hai pha vi t l f v 1 - f s l
= f1 + (1-f)2 = 2 + f (1-2)
(1.34)
14
(1.35)
v = fv1 +(1-f)v2 = v2 + f(v1-v2)
Trong qu trnh chuyn pha, i vi tng phn df s c mt lng entropi tng ng
bin i
d = (1 - 2)df
dv = (v1 -v2)df
trong
d 1 2
=
dv v1 v 2
(1.36)
(1.37)
do
(1.38)
dp H 1 H 2
=
dT T (v1 v 2 )
dT
p (H H )
RT
h
(1.39)
15
1
1
exp Lbh
R h T 0 T
(1.40)
1
=
exp H h H b
Rh T 0 T
1
1
= p exp Lth
0
R h T 0 T
(1.41)
H H
v v
b
b
ln T =
T 0
L
v v
b
ln T
T 0
(1.42)
16
+ 4.10
S)
(1.43)
Cc tc ng lin quan ti mui bin c th nhn thy trn hnh 2 thng qua v tr
ca cc ng chuyn i pha trn ton pT (cc ng chm chm).
p (mb)
17
dQ =
dT + dv + pdv =
T
v T
p
= cv dT + + p dv = cv dT + T
dv =
v
T v
T
v
Ta
T p
dv = cv dT +
dv
= cv dT T
k
v
p T
(1.44)
v T v T
T v
dT =
Ta
dv
cv k
(1.45)
Nh vy, nhit s gim khi th tch tng v ngc li nhit s tng khi th tch
gim.
Xt s bin i ca nhit khi p sut thay i
Cng da trn c s ca nguyn l th nht nhit ng lc hc (phng trnh (1.17)) c
dQ = d + d ( pv) vdp = d ( + pv) vdp =
(1.46)
= dH vdp
trong H l entanpi.
Tip tc bin i (1.46) bng cch trin khai vi phn ton phn ca entanpi
H
H
dp vdp
dQ = dH vdp =
dT +
T p
p T
ta c
H
dp
H
dp
dQ H
v
v
= c p +
=
+
dT T p p T
dT
p T
dT
i vi cc qu trnh on nhit do dQ = 0 nn
H
dp
v
=0
+
dT
p T
hay
dT =
1 H
v dp
c p p T
bin i cng thc ny v dng tin li cho tnh ton, chng ta tr li s dng cc
nh ngha entropi v entanpi v cc vi phn ton phn ca chng
18
Do H = +pv , ta c
dH = d +pdv +vdp,
ng thi d =Td -pdv, v vy
dH = Td - pdv + pdv +vdp = Td +vdp,
v t
H
= T + v
p T
T
ng thi t cc nh ngha T, p, v v ta li c
v
=
T p
T
( biu thc ny rt ra t nh ngha
,
T p
v =
p T
dT
=
dp
v
p T
v
T
T p
dT T v0 a
=
dp
cp
(1.47)
T T v0 ag
dT T dp
=
= g
=
dz p dz
p
cp
i vi mt n v khi lng
dT Tag
=
dz
cp
T y ta c th xc nh s bin thin ca nhit trong khong su t y (z = 0)
n su z bt k
z
T = T ( z ) T (0) =
0
Tag
dz
19
1 v
v0 p T ,S
(1.48)
dT a v0
=
dp
T
cp
Tch phn hai v theo p ta thu c
ln T
T
p2
av
c
p
1
dp
v t
T =T
2
p2
1
exp
av
c
p
1
dp
20
f (,S,T,p) = 0,
(1.49)
f (,S,p,) = 0,
(1..50)
hay
f(, S, T) =0
(1.51)
Trong s phng trnh dng (1.49) v (1.50) c gi l phng trnh trng thi
nhit, cn phng trnh (1.51) gi l phng trnh trng thi calo.
Trong thc t hi dng hc ngi ta hay s dng phng trnh (1.49) vit trong dng
= (T, S, p)
hoc
v = v(T, S, p)
T
S
S,p
T , p
p S ,T
(1.52)
,
v0 T S , p
a=
k=
1 v
v0 p T ,S
1 v
v0 S T , p
= adT dS kdp
(1.53)
(1.54)
trong
1 p
,
T v,S
0
1 S
S 0 T p
21
vo nhit v mui.
nh gi chnh xc vai tr ca cc thnh phn v sai s c th xy ra trong khi lm
n gin ho phng trnh trng thi, chng ta cn nghin cu cc mi quan h chung ca
chng.
Trong cng trnh ca mnh O. Mamaev tin hnh phn tch th tch ring vo chui
Taylor theo cc bin T, S, p ti im c to S = 35 %o, T = 0C, p = 0 (cho rng p sut
trn mt bin bng 0 tng ng p sut kh quyn, nh hn nhiu so vi p sut trong
nc). Dng cui cng ca chui c dng 1.55.
Biu thc trong du ngoc vung cho ta phn hiu chnh i vi s hng u, c trng
cho th tch ring ca nc i dng chun v(35, 0, 0) = 0,97264.
Nu nh chng ta xem xt s bin i ca th tch ring ch ph thuc vo mt tham s
v cho rng cc tham s khc c gi nguyn khng i, ta c th vit cng thc tnh gn s
bin i ca mt hoc th tch ring s dng php phn tch cc hm vo chui i vi
tng bin ring r trong dng 1.56. Trong cc cng thc ny cc gi tr quy chiu ca
mui, p sut v nhit c chn tng ng 35%o, 0C v 0 mb.
v
v
v
+
dT + dp
v(S , T , p ) = v(35,0,0 ) + dS +
T
p 35, 0, 0
S
2
2
2
2v
2
v
v
1 v
2
2
+ 2 dS + 2 dT + 2 dp + 2 d SdT +
2 S
T
p
ST
2
2
3
v
v
1 v
3
+
+ 3dS +
dSdp +
dpdT
Sp
pT
35, 0 , 0 6 S
v
v
+ dT + dp + 3 dS dT + dS
T
p
S p
S T
+ dS dS + dp dS + dT dp +
T S
p S
T p
+
dp dT + 2 dSdTdp )]
STp
p T
3
dp +
22
(1.55)
v S = v( S ,0,0) v(35,0,0) =
v
1
2
=
+ ....;
dT +
2 dT
T
2 T
v p = v(35,0, p) v(35,0,0) =
2
2
v
1
=
+
dp +
....;
2 dp
p
2 p
v
1
2
=
dS + 2 dS + ....;
S
2 S
2
(1.56)
[
]
v
S
p
v
p
(
,
0
,
)
(
35
,
0
,
)
vSp
ST
(1.57)
STp
(1.58)
Sau khi thay cc h s va dn vo cng thc (1.55), Mamaev i n cng thc tnh
th tch ring ca nc bin thng qua th tch ring ca nc bin chun v cc phn hiu
chnh
v(S ,T , p) = v(35,0,0) + v + v + v + v
+ v + v + v
S
Sp
Tp
ST
(1.59)
STp
23
(S ,T , p) = (35,0,0) + + + +
+ + +
S
Sp
Tp
ST
+
(1.60)
STp
Bit rng = 1/v chng ta c th thu c tng quan gia v v, bng cch ly o
hm:
(1.61)
( S , T ,0) =
{ [ + + (
(0,4,0) 1 +
2
0
)] }
+ 0,1324 0 .103
(1.62)
trong cc h s i ch l cc hm ca nhit
(T 3,98)2
T + 283
;
503,570 T + 67,26
= 0,1324( 2 0,1324 3)
1
S = (0,030 + 1,8050Cl )% o
(1.63)
(1.64)
(1.65)
v( S , T , p ) = v( S , T ,0) 1 k p
(1.66)
24
Nhng cng thc thc nghim nu trn cho thy tnh phc tp ca mi ph thuc ca
th tch ring hoc mt vo cc c trng nhit ng hc ca nc bin. V vy trong
nhng trng hp khng i hi chnh xc cao c th s dng cc cng thc trong mt
s h s c th b qua. Sau y l cng thc c s dng ph bin do Lineikin xut
(T,S,p) = 1+ 10-5(6,89T-9,18T2-0,39ST+82S+5.10-3p);
(1.67)
( S , T , p) =
( S , T ,0)
( S , T ,0)
k (S , T , p)
Hin tng c c trong khi xo trn: h qu phi tuyn ca phng trnh trng thi
Nh trnh by trn y, do tnh cht phi tuyn ca phng trnh trng thi nn mt
, th tch ring v cc c trng nhit ng hc ca nc bin u khng c tnh cng
c, ngha l mt tnh theo nhit v mui (v p sut) trung bnh cng ca hai khi
nc xo trn khc vi mt trung bnh
25
Chng 2
N NH CA NC BIN
2.1.KHI NIM V NHIT , MT TH V V CC LOI GRADIEN
MT . N NH THNG NG V NNG LNG BT N NH
CA NC BIN
2.1.1. Nhit th v
Nhit th v l nhit ca h c th thu c trong khi chuyn p sut thc t p
sang p sut kh quyn pa bng on nhit.
( , S ) = T ,
, S = T ( , p, S )
G(, p, S )dp
pa
(2.1)
Cc tnh ton cho thy rng bin i t p sut p sang p sut kh quyn tng ng
chuyn t su z (ni c p sut p) ln su 0, v vy nu bit c chnh lch nhit c
th tnh c :
z
= T ( z) T 0
Bng cch s dng cng thc tch phn nhit theo p sut 1.47 v nh ngha nu
trn ta c th vit
= T exp
pa
av
c
p
dp
Khong cch t
y (km)
T(C)
0,06
0,141
0,34
0,98
26
2.1.2. Mt th v
Mt ng vi nhit th v c gi l mt th v.
pot
= ( ,
, S ) = ( , p, S )
pa
dp = ( ,
,S
, S)
dS +
dT +
dp
S
T
p
Bit rng T = + T, ta c
d dS d ( + T )
=
+
+
dp S dp T
dp
p
(2.2)
v
d
=
T
const
=
p
dp
S = const
l gradien mt p lc in situ.
Xt bin thin ca th tch ring, th tch i vi mt bng 1, ta c th vit
v S,T,p =v S,T,0 (1 - p)
= v S ,T ,0 ( + p
)
p
S ,T , p
v S ,T , p
p
27
th
p
k p = 1 p
+p
= v S ,T ,0 ,
S ,T , 0
(2.3)
S ,T , 0
=k=
1
p T , S
v nn on nhit
1
k = p
,S
d
=0
dp
ta c
dT
= +
= +
G
p
p
T
dp
p
A T
A
(2.4)
28
(2.5)
dS
T
0=
dS +
dT
=
S
T
dT
S
y l biu thc o hm nhit theo mui c xc nh bng t s gia gin
n v nhit v nn do mui. Thng thng t s ny c thay bng ctg, l gc hnh
ca tip tuyn ca ng ng mt trong h to T,S. Trong ton TS vi trc ngang
l nhit T v trc tung l mui S, cc ng cong ng mt cho php ta xc nh mt
khi bit nhit v mui. Phn tch ton ny cho thy ctg l mt hm ca nhit
v mui, khi nhit v mui thp th gc khng i, hay c mi lin h tuyn tnh.
(z + z ) =
v
d
v
( z ) +
z
v
dz
a
(z + z ) =
( z) +
dz
g d v
d
z
dz dz
a
(2.6)
29
T min 114,6
42,2
15,5
5,7
1
N
ln
2 N0
30
du ngc li.
g d d v
dz dz
(2.7)
Tn s ny c gi l tn s Brunt - Vaisialia.
Trn hnh 2.1 cho ta kt qu tnh ton phn b ca tn s ny theo su c trung cho
cc i dng. Theo phn b th n nh tng ln t mt n su nm nhit
(thermocline) ma ni n t cc i, sau n nh gim dn v trong lp t 0,5 km n
5 km, tn s N gim tuyn tnh theo su.
Trong thc t nhiu khi do vic s dng mt gp kh khn v cn tnh ton, ngi ta
s dng trc tip cc yu t nh nhit T, mui S v p sut. T kt qu dn ra ti cc
phn trn chng ta c
v
dz = T
dp
dT
+
dz a p dz
(2.8)
d dT dS dp
=
+
+
dz T dz S dz p dz
(2.9)
g dT dT dS
T dz dz a S dz
(2.10)
31
d E ko = Mg (1
)dz
(2.11)
32
z 2
1 dz
=
Mg
E ko
z 1
v
(2.12)
T biu thc ny d nhn thy rng khi > v phn tng trong i dng s n nh v
Eko < 0. Nu Nng lng bt n nh c th hin bng din tch c nh du trn hnh
2.2.
Trn c s s liu v nng lng bt n nh ta c th xc nh c vn tc cc i m
th tch nc dch chuyn c theo su khi khng c ma st.
Thc vy
2
dw
dw
wdt = Md ( w )
d E ko = M
dz = M
dt
2
dt
t
w=
2 E ko
M
+ w0
(2.13)
(2.14)
33
Chng 3
H CC PHNG TRNH C BN THU NHIT NG HC
3.1. QUY M CC QU TRNH THU NHIT NG HC BIN
Cc bi ton hi dng hc lun lin quan ti mi trng nc cha trong cc b t
nhin vi dng b, y, cc ca vi kch thc v v tr a l c th. V vy vic s dng
phng php a thu ng lc l cn thit. Cc c trng c bn ca mi trng bin c s
bin ng lin tc do tng hp cc quy m thi gian v khng gian khc nhau: t quy m nh
(khong mt vi giy n hng gi) n quy m trung bnh (ngy, tun) v quy m ln.
Trn hnh 3.1 a ra th kt qu phn tch ph nng lng hai chiu (T v L) c
trng cho cc qu trnh bin v kh quyn.
Hnh 3.1. Phn b hai chiu ph nng lng cc qu trnh i dng- kh quyn
Trong bng 3.1 a ra bc tranh bin ng ca cc qu trnh a - thu ng lc bin
vi ton b cc gii ph thng gp (Nihoul, 1989) , th hin thng qua cc tn s = 1/T(s1
34
Kh hu
Climatisca
le
10-9
V m
Macroscale
10-8
10-6
Nhiu nm Nm,
Thng
Trung bnh
Mesoscale
10-7 10-5
10-
Tun,
Ngy
Va
Mesialscal
e
10-3
Gi
Nh
Smallscale
10-2
10-1
Pht
giy
Vi m
Microsca
le
1 < 1 giy
Sng
Rossby
Daong
Sng
Sng
Sng m
qun tnh
ni
mt
Hin
Bo/triu
Bin
ng Bin ng
Sng
Xo trn
Tn mt
tng
ma
thi tit
Langmuir gi
nng lng
Bin
i Lun phin xo
Cu trc nh
v
phn tng do trn v phn
thng ng 3D
Khuch
i lu
tn
trong lp
qu
tng trong lp
phn t
nc trn cng
xo trn
Hon lu chung i dng
trnh
Hon lu su
Xoy synop
Trao i qua
thm lc a
Di front
- Thi tit bin Trong cc qu trnh nhit thu ng lc c s c ba tn s c trng ch yu l:
- tn s Brunt-Vaisailia N ph thuc vo phn tng mt , gi tr cc i ca N vo
khong 10-2 s-1.
tn s Coriolis : = 2 v c bc i lng trung bnh vo khong 10-4 s-1
tn s Kibel j lin quan n cong ca mt cu qu t j ~ r vi = grad v r =
(NH/f) - bn knh bin dng Rossby tng ng vi su c trng H; j c bc i lng vo
khong 10-6s-1. Cc thnh phn chuyn ng vi quy m thi gian trong khong j-1(mt vi
tun) do tc ng ca cong mt t gy nn.
Vi cc phng php nghin cu ca cc khoa hc c bn nh ton hc, vt l, c hc,
chng ta thu c cc kin thc tng i vng chc v cc qu trnh quy m nh v vi
m (ri), cho php tnh ton c cc c trng ca cc hin tng nh sng gi, sng m,
xo trn ri,v.v... Nhng kt qu ny to tin cho vic nghin cu cc qu trnh quy m
va v ln trong bin.
Bn cnh cc qu trnh quy m ln c trng cho ch (kh hu), cc qu trnh quy
m va (triu, bo, l, gi t-bin,v.v...) c mt ngha c bit quan trng i vi s n
nh v pht trin ca ton h thng.
35
36
37
ngha quan trng trong s pht trin chung. Nhiu ng thng ging c th xem nh l kt
qu ca qu trnh hnh thnh cc cun xoy t do trn dng trung bnh. Trong qu trnh
chuyn ng, cc cun xoy v thng ging t hnh thnh v mt i, gi tr ca chng c
trng cho quy m (kch thc) ca cun xoy. Quy m ny ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin
bn ngoi v tnh cht vt l ca cht lng.
tin cho vic tnh ton v nghin cu chuyn ng ri bng cc phng php khc
nhau, ngi ta phn tch chuyn ng cht lng ra hai thnh phn trung bnh v nhiu ng:
u = u + u'
(3.1)
1t
= dt
T t
0
+T
(3.2)
= dxdy
(3.3)
Tuy vy vn c th chn chu k T sao cho gi tr trung bnh khng bin i:
=
=
Php ly trung bnh theo cng thc (3.2), (3.3) c mt s tnh cht c bn sau y:
38
' = 0,
= , =
(3.4)
= +' '
1
= dF u ,
= dF uv,
= dF uw
39
2
'2
= dF u + u
' '
= dF u v + u v ,
'
'
d J z = dF u w + u w
theo hng y:
' '
dF u v + u v ,
theo hng z:
'
'
dF u w + u w
trong thnh phn th nht theo hng x l ng sut php tuyn, cn hai thnh phn
sau l ng sut tip tuyn.
Nh vy trong chuyn ng ri, cc nhiu ng vn tc lm xut hin thm cc ng
sut b sung. i vi mt phng vung gc vi hng x cc thnh phn ng sut b sung s
l:
'
x
'2
= u ,
'
xy
'
'
= u v ,
'
xz
= u
'
'
(3.5)
'
x
'
xy
'
xz
'
xy
'
y
'
yz
'
yz
'
z
'
xz
'2
u
' '
uv
' '
u w
'
'
'2
uv
'
u w
'
w v
'2
w
'
'
vw
40
'
'
(3.6)
3.2.4. Cc h s trao i ri
Do s phc tp ca qu trnh ri, hin nay chng ta vn cha nm vng c ch chi tit
ca cc hin tng . i vi cc yu cu thc tin, vic xc nh cc quy lut phn b ca
nhng c trng trung bnh theo thi gian ca chuyn ng ri l rt cn thit. Tuy nhin mt
l thuyt ph hp cho vn ny cng cha c khm ph, v vy con ng ng tin cy
nht vn phi da vo cc kt qu thc nghim v bn thc nghim.
i vi dng ng lng vic s dng biu thc thc nghim ca Boussinesq c
ng o cc nh nghin cu chp nhn , theo dng ng sut t l vi h s trao i ri v
gradient vn tc trung bnh.
' '
= u v =
A y
(3.7)
'
xy
( )
= t = u v =
'
'
A y
(3.8)
Theo Prandtl th dng ri xut hin nhng khi lng cht lng c vn tc ring,
chuyn ng trong mt phm vi no theo hng x v hng vung gc, vi iu kin
thnh phn ng sut theo hng x khng bin i. Cho rng mt khi cht lng nh vy xut
hin tng y1-1 c vn tc u(y1-1) chuyn dch c mt qung ng l theo hng
vung gc vi hng chuyn ng chnh . Gi qung ng l ny l khong cch xo trn
ri. Trn cc tng khc, vn tc ca khi cht lng ny s khc vi vn tc mi trng xung
quanh mt i lng t l vi khong cch l v mc phn lp ca dng trung bnh:
u1 = u
(y ) u(y l ) l uy
1
Tng t i vi khi cht lng t tng y1 +1 khi n tng y1 cng c hiu vn tc u2=
u(y1-1)
41
u2 = u
(y + l ) u (y ) l uy
1
'
u
1
u1 + u 2 = l
2
y 1
(3.9)
T biu thc 3.9 c th thy rng qung ng xo trn l l khong cch theo hng
vung gc vi dng chnh m cht lng c th i c sao cho hiu vn tc ca n v tr
xut pht v v tr mi bng gi tr tuyt i ca i lng nhiu ng trung bnh ca vn tc
u.
i vi nhiu ng vn tc ngang c th hnh dung nh sau: khi hai khi cht lng t
cc tng y1 - l v y1 + l ri vo tng y1 , chng s i li gn nhau hoc tch xa nhau vi mt
vn tc 2u. Nh vy trn tng y1 s xut hin chuyn ng theo phng ngang t y1 hoc ti
y1. i lng ny (v) s c ln tng t u:
'
u
'
= . u = .l
y 1
(3.10)
(3.11)
= . u
u
v
l
y
'
'
(3.12)
Gp tch s -.l2 vo l2 ta c:
u
=
l
y
2
2
2 u u
= l
y y
(3.13)
Biu thc cui cng ny cho ta mi lin quan trc tip gia ng sut tip tuyn v
gradient vn tc trung bnh.
So snh vi cng thc (3.6) biu thc i vi h s A c th bin i thnh:
A = l
u
y
(3.14)
42
'
uv
'
uv
'
2
du
u
,d
= f
dy
d
hay:
4
du
dy
= u v =
d 2u
2
d y
'
'
= 0,4
du
dy
=
A
d 2u
2
d y
43
u (z )
z
= f u*
(3.15)
Cng thc ny c p dng cho mt tng trong dng nhm ng lc, hay ni cch
khc g gh b mt h0 t l vi kch thc z* = ( /u*).
u v = 0,
'
'
nn:
du
,
dz
du
= = const ,
(3.16)
dz 0
Tch phn hai v biu thc ny theo cao t mt ln khong cch z ta c:
u (z ) = u* z ,
(3.17)
y l s hng u tin khi phn tch hm f trong cng thc tng qut (3.15) vo chui
Taylor theo z ti z = 0. Gii hn trn cng ca lp ny c th nh gi theo khong cch z
tho mn iu kin ng sut ri nh hn ng sut nht phn t. C th ly ch tiu: ng sut
ri bng 10% ng sut nht phn t, hay:
'
'
u v = 0,1
du
dz
= u =
vi l hng s.
44
=5
Trng hp ti hn khc khi z >> z*, ta c th b qua thnh phn nht v ng sut ch
yu do chuyn ng ri to ra:
'
= u v
Comment [CB1]:
'
Comment [CB2]:
= u
1
du
= A u*
z
dz
hay sau khi ly tch phn:
u ( z ) = A u* ln z +
(3.18)
(3.19)
u
A = A u ln
1
+ B u*
u ( z ) = u* A ln u* + B = u* ln u* +
45
K = u* z
Cc quy lut tng t c th rt ra i vi cc momen khc ca trng vn tc trn mt
tng phng.
Cc dng phn b c th ca vn tc gn mt tng g gh.
Trong trng hp g gh ca mt tng h0 khng nh hn so vi kch thc z* th
cc quy lut phn b vn tc ph thuc vo hai trng hp: khong cch z ln hay nh hn
g gh.
Khi khong cch nh hn g gh, th vn tc trung bnh s ph thuc vo hnh dng
v phn b ca cc g gh trn mt tng, nhn chung c s khc bit gia cc khu vc chn
v nh ca cc g gh.
Khi khong cch ln hn g gh , phn b vn tc s khng cn ph thuc vo nht
phn t cng nh tnh cht cc b ca cc g gh, cc dng ng sut lun hng xung mt
tng v cc cng thc (3.18-3.19) vn p dng c v gi tr A=1/ vn gi nguyn nh
trng hp mt tng trn, cn A1 s ph thuc vo vn tc lp st mt g gh.
d
dtv + v
+ pt r g = F
(3.20)
r
(3.21)
+ g =0
r
z
trong ch s r lin quan ti trng thi i dng chun: entropi v mui khng
46
+
i
x
y
k vi
z
cc vc t n v i, j, k.
Trong thc t mt ca nc bin khng khc my so vi gi tr n nh 0 v c
ly lm gi tr p sut thu tnh.
V tri ca phng trnh 3.20 cho ta tng cc lc qun tnh, lc Coriolis, lc do chnh
dv
dt
+ v +
pt
( )
g = v
(3.22)
(3.23)
dv
dt
+ v +
pt b e = v
(3.24)
d (U + u
dt
+ (U + u ) +
= (U + u
( + p ) (B + b ) e =
0
(3.25)
47
+ div v
t
=0
(3.26)
s
+ div
+ div s vs =
t
t
( v + I ) = 0
s
(3.27)
trong
v v ,
M = v
+ div (v ) = 0
t
(3.28)
s
+ div(I s ) = 0
(3.29)
t
Phng trnh bo ton nng lng (nhit lng) i vi mt h m c xc nh theo
phng trnh sau:
Q = d + A h j emj
(3.30)
trong
h =
m j
j
T , p , mj
l entanpi ring phn j , emj - phn khi lng thm vo do trao i vi mi trng
xung quanh.
i vi trng hp cn bng ca h khi nhit v p sut khng i, ta c:
n
(3.31)
48
( )
q n d =
r
d
v + dV X .
dt v 2
V
(n ). v d + {h . I . n + h . I
dV
.n
(3.32)
d ,
Du tr bn tri cho ta hng ca thng lng ly theo php tuyn ngoi, i lng
ny cho ta tng nhit lng trao i. Cc s hng bn phi cho ta cc thnh phn bin i
nng lng ca h: thnh phn u - vn tc bin i, thnh phn th hai v ba - tng ng
cng ca lc khi v lc mt tc ng t bn ngoi, thnh phn th t nmg lng bin i
do trao i khi lng vi mi trng xung quanh tng ng do dng mui v nc gy nn.
Khi th tch ti 0, i lng v hng q(n) ph thuc vo hng ca vc t php tuyn n ca
b mt.
Sau khi bin i cc tch phn v s dng ton t o hm ton phn theo thi gian:
= + v .
dt t
cng thc (3.32) bin i v dng sau:
2
d v
+ =
dt 2
v
2 + v + q v + hs I s + hw I w + X v
(3.33)
m bo s cn bng cn c s bo tn khi lng: Is + Iw= 0 v hsIs + hwIw = (hshw)Is, mt khc theo nh ngha ca entanpi:
h h =
s
s
T,p
Nu lc khi X c hm th l U c th vit:
(U ) + (U v ) U .
t
t
Phng trnh (3.31) by gi c th bin i nh sau:
X . v = U . v =
2
v
+ + U =
t 2
H
v + + U v + q v +
s
2
U
I s + t
(3.34)
(3.35)
49
( ) = div I
t
trong
(3.36)
I
v + q v +
s
(3.37)
T,p
V tri ca phng trnh l cc thnh phn ca vct mt dng nng lng, v dng nng lng i lu do chuyn ng vi vn tc v, cc s hng cn li lin quan tng
ng ti dng nhit, cng ca lc mt v trao i khi lng.
Mt khc t phng trnh chuyn ng , nhn v hng vi vct vn tc ta c:
v
t 2
2
v
+
v 2 =
X v + v
(3.38)
v
+ U =
t 2
1
2
U
v + U v v e +
t
2
2
(3.39)
trong :
= p m +
= v + v = v + v v ta c th d dng rt ra
x x
= div v .
Trong phng trnh trn v tri th hin bin i nng lng c hc, biu thc trong
ton t grad l vect dng nng lng c hc do vn chuyn (bnh lu) v hai s hng cui
cho ta ngun nng lng c hc sn sinh trong mt n v thi gian.
Tr hai v tng ng phng trnh (3.39) v (3.35) ta thu c phng trnh bin i
ni nng ca h :
{ ( )} = ( ) v + q + H
t
s
1
+ e
2
(3.40)
50
d
H
= q +
dt
s
1
+ e
2
(3.41)
Trong c s l thuyt nhit ng hc, ngi ta s dng phng trnh bin i entropi
qua dng phng trnh Gibbs.
d d
dv
ds
=
+p
dt
dt dt
dt
C th bin i phng trnh ny v dng ph thuc vo cc thng lng mui Is, nhit
T
d d
p dv ds
= ( )+
)
dt T dt
T dt
T dt
Trong qu trnh bin i cng thc trn s dng cc tnh cht bin i tenx:
= pdiv v +
d
1
H
= div q +
dt
T
s
e
2
1
+
+
div
I s 2T e
Is
(3.42)
= div q +
+
T dt T dt s dt
1
H
H
+ div I s + e + I s
(3.43)
H
T
s
s
Ta c th vit (3.43) v dng sau y:
dp
1
dT
H
= div q + e + I s
,
dt
dt
2
s
Cp
(3.44)
T
C
T
=
T
p
51
dT
= div q
dt
Cp
(3.45)
+ div v = 0
t
(3.46)
div v = 0
(3.47)
+ 2 0 v
g
0
t
div v = 0
( S ) = div
0
S v + I s
0
(3.48)
(3.49)
(3.50)
trong :
= v v
+ p m
= -1
+1
khi hon v s l ln 3 s 1, 2, 3
( v ) =
+ g + 2 0
divv = 0
(3.51)
(3.52)
( T ) = div T v + q + C T v'
(3.53)
( S ) = div
(3.54)
'
S + I s + 0 S
0 v
'
v'
52
trong :
vv
+ p m
'
v v
'
(3.55)
q+
C T v' ,
I +J
+R
trong :
'
S v' ,
'
= 0 v v
'
'
i i
i
i
(3.56)
+ . v = S + I
t
trong Si v Ii l tc bin i ngun i vi thnh phn i trn mt n v th tch
do cc tc ng bn ngoi (sng vo bin, ngun thi,v.v...) v cc qu trnh bn trong (
cc phn ng ho hc, sinh thi hc,v.v...). Cc i lng ny c xem l ngun nu c gi
tr dng v khi c du ngc li c xem l phn hu.
v=
,
i
v
i
(3.57)
i
(3.58)
53
v = v+
i
v v
(3.59)
(v v ) = m +
i
(3.60)
+ .
v )=
(3.61)
trong
=S +I
i
m
i
c trng cho tc chung ngun (hoc phn hu) cc b ca thnh phn i do tng
tc vi bn ngoi, tng tc bn trong v thng ging.
Phng trnh (2.43) ch th hin quy lut bo tn khi lng: bin i theo thi gian
khi lng cc b ca mi thnh phn do kt qu chuyn dch bi cht lng, do khuych tn
phn t v do tc ngun v phn hu.
+ . v
+ v . + . v = 0.
t
t
Thay mt vo phng trnh lin tc ta c:
54
(3.63)
'
'
'
+ v . + + . v = 0.
(3.64)
0
t
Nu ly cc i lng c trng cho vn tc v khong cch l v v l, ta c th rt ra t
biu thc trn:
.v
v '
v
<<
l 0
l
(3.65)
(3.66)
Vic thay phng trnh lin tc (3.63) bng phng trnh iu kin cht lng khng nn
(3.66) c gi l xp x Boussinesq.
Tuy nhin iu kin cht lng khng nn (3.66) khng p dng cho tt c cc thnh
phn ca phng trnh chuyn ng, truyn nhit v khuych tn trong bin.
Chng ta cn gi mt bin i trong biu thc lc hp dn (trng lc) v g c gi tr
ln hn nhiu so vi cc gia tc thng thng trong cht lng v vy (-0)g khng th xem l
khng ng k c.
+ v. c p
+ v.T T + v .p =
t
= .
(3.67)
Td ~ T 0 d = c p d
(3.68)
= c p
(3.69)
55
+ . v = .
t
(3.70)
(3.71)
vn tc:
v = 0
(3.72)
( l ng lng)
v nhit th v:
( 0c p)
1
(3.73)
=
1
(3.74)
=
1
(3.75)
chng ta c th vit cc phng trnh (3.61), (3.63), (3.66), (3.70) v dng tng qut
(trong phng trnh (3.76) thu c khi y = 1 v v phi bng 0):
( 0c p)
= ( 0 c p )
(3.76)
(3.77)
y
y
y
+ . y v = .
t
(3.78)
Phng trnh ny cho ta thy s bin i theo thi gian ca y (y =i, vj, , a, 1) ph
thuc vo bnh lu v i lu (advection) do chuyn ti v i lu ca cht lng .(yv), do
ngun v phn hu cc b y v do khuych tn phn t -.y.
Trong c hc cht lng a vt l, cc bin nhit ng hc khng ch bao gm nhit
v p sut. Cn phi tnh n cc yu t nh mui (trong bin v ca sng), m (trong
kh quyn) v c c th gy nh hng ti mt .
Nu chng ta cho rng mui l khi lng tt c cc thnh phn ho tan trong mt
56
=
( )
a
(3.79)
v =
v = v+ m +
( )
a
(3.80)
(S i + I i). a ma
=
( )
a
)
i
(3.81)
a
a
a
+ v = . ,
t
(3.82)
Chng ta d dng thy s ging nhau gia phng trnh ny v phng trnh khuych
tn (2.42). iu ny ni ln s bin i cc b ca mui, m v c theo thi gian l
kt qu ca s ti do cht lng, ca cc ngun (hay phn hu) ti ch v khuych tn phn t
trong mi trng.
+ . v = 2 +
g + p + F
(3.83)
57
sau:
+ .
t
v =
j = 1,2,3
(3.84)
trong
= 2 +
g + p
(3.85)
g - p = 0,
(3.86)
Gradient p sut theo cao s tng ng vi phn tng thng ng; mt s tho
mn phng trnh sau:
d
g
1 dp
= 2
= 2
d x3 c d x3
c
(3.87)
=
e
x
exp 3
H
(3.88)
H =c
58
=
e
1 x3
(3.89)
p
~
g
x3
0
0
(3.90)
g=
0
g+
g = + b
(3.91)
vi
= g
d ;
x
e
(3.92)
b = be ;
3
b=
(3.93)
0 = ~
1
(3.94)
Nu k hiu:
q=
+ + ~
(3.95)
Ta c th bin i biu thc lin quan ti ngun-phn hu trong phng trnh chuyn
ng i vi bin:
= 2 v + b q
(3.96)
59
(3.97)
dt
+ v . = v3
e
x3
(3.98)
(3.99)
p
2
e
~ g ~ c
x3
x3
(3.100)
(3.101)
d
dt
(3.102)
60
= kb
(3.103)
61
Chng 4
RI BIN
4.1.CC C TRNG C BN CA CHUYN NG RI
y
y
+ . y v = + . y
t
(4.1)
.u=0
u
t
(4.2)
+ . u u =
(4.3)
2 u + a p + .( u ) .
a
t
'
v v
+ . u a = + . a .
'
vb
62
'
'
(4.4)
+ . u =
S + I
(4.5)
. m + . .
'
v
'
vi =+
Cc phng trnh tng ng i vi cc nhiu ng thu c bng cch tr hai v
tng ng cc phng trnh tng qut v cc phng trnh trn.
.v=0
(4.6)
v'
'
'
'
+ . u v ' + v u + v v ' v v '
'
'
= 2 v + b r + . v '
'
'
'
' '
+ . u b + v a + v b
t
=
b
+ . b
'
'
vb
'
(4.7)
(4.8)
'
'
'
'
+ . u + v + '
v
'
v
'
(4.9)
'
'
. m + .
= S + I S + I
+ .u E s = Q + . E s .
t
' '
u v v
(4.10)
v (k + r )
'
(4.11)
Trong
Q = v v
u
'
'
u u
+ a u 3 . u
x x
63
(4.12)
'
v v
'
v' v'
x x
b v'
'
(4.13)
y
y
+ . y u = Q + . y .
t
(4.14)
.(y
y)
.jy
y
y
~ y y
~ y
~ y
=
+
+
e
e
e
1
2
3
2 x2 3 x3
1 x1
(4.15)
4.1.2.Cc l thuyt ri c bn
L thuyt Prandtl
Nh chng ta nhn xt trn y, cc thng lng ri ng vai tr quyt nh i vi
qu trnh khuych tn trong bin v kh quyn. Khuych tn do cc nhiu ng xut hin trn
nn chuyn ng trung bnh v bao gm cc xoy c kch c v thi gian tn ti khc nhau,
chng s ly ngun nng lng t ng nng v th nng ca chuyn ng trung bnh.
64
u
v v
= vv
'
'
'
'
. u = u . u
(4.16)
vi mt tn s c trng c gi l tn s Prandtl
M ~ u
(4.17)
~ = l m M
2
(4.18)
u u 2
M =
x x
ta c th vit:
~ 1 = ~ 2 = ~ 3 = l m
(4.19)
Hnh 4.1. Cc c trng ri (nng lng ri) ph thuc vo chu k ly trung bnh
65
v h v h x
'
'
'
v s
v h v h x + =
'
'
(4.20)
C th thy rng hai s hng trong v tri c trng cho nng lng ly t chuyn ng
trung bnh trong mt n v thi gian v nng lng trao i trn mt n v thi gian gia v
s v v h, ngha l gia hai xoy c kch thc gn k nhau.
S hng th nht cng tng ng ngun nng lng trc tip t ri vi m, c trng
trung bnh nui dng, cn s hng th hai tng ng s thnh to xoy ri vi m bi xoy
c kch thc ln hn lin k trong thang chuyn ho nng lng m t trn y. Tn mt
nng lng s bao gm tng ca hai s hng .
Nu cho L l quy m nh nht ca bin i u v l l quy m khng gian ca vs, hai s
hng trn s c bc i lng nh sau:
<v' 2>(u/L) v <v' 2>(v's/l).
Theo , nu cc xoy gim chm hn so vi kch thc ca chng, th ta lun tm c
l << L lm sao cho qu trnh truyn nng lng theo bc thang s c tnh quyt nh v cng
thc (4.16) c th vit:
66
v '
s
v h v h ~
x
'
'
(4.21)
1/ 3
2 / 3
~ ~ l
1/ 3
(4.22)
4/3
(4.23)
~ k
1/ 3
2/3
Ta c th vit:
~ k (k E k )
(4.24)
E ~ k
2/3
5 / 3
2/3 5/3
(4.25)
v i v j = vi v j + v j v i
t
t
t
67
vi
+ v
vi
v v
2 vi
1 p
X i + 2
xi
x
1 p
X i + vi =
xi
vi v j
t
[ v v v + (p v
i
= vi X j + v j
vj
xi
) (v
+ p v j i
) + p v
)]
+ v j i =
(4.26)
vj
xi
vi
xj
p
p
+
=
p vi
vi x v j x x
j
i
+ p v j i p
j
vi
xj
vj
ij
v vj
i
=
+
x
xi
j
Phng trnh (4.26) cho ta dng tng qut nhng bin i ca cc thnh phn ng sut
do bnh lu v do cc lc tc ng bao gm lc mt v lc khi. T phng trnh ny ta c
th rt ra phng trnh cn bng nng lng ri.
T phng trnh Navier-Stokes ta c th tin hnh php ly trung bnh, kt hp phng
trnh lin tc , kt qu thu c phng trnh Reinolds- phng trnh chuyn ng i vi
trng vn tc trung bnh:
vi
t
+ v ' v ' + p i i = X i
x viv
(4.27)
68
vi v j
t
[(
+ ' ' v j + ' ' vi +
v iv
v j v
x vi v j v
p vi
x
) (v
+ p v j i
= vi X i + v j X
)]
+ v j i =
v j
v j
+ p vi +
xi
x j xi
v j
vi
+
j
x j
(4.28)
' ' v
v v x + v v x
+ '
'
Ta c th vit cc phng trnh (4.26) v (4.28) v dng phng trnh nng lng .
i vi ng nng ton phn E: E =
1
v v , trong phng trnh (4.26) cho i = j ta
2
c:
)]
+
E + p v v =
t x v
= ( v
(4.29)
X )+
v
x
vj
i
xi
vj
x
= v X
+ v ' v ' v + pv v
x E s v
+ s + v'
'
) =
(4.30)
v x
,
2 v v
69
v '
v'
'
p v '
i
'
= v i
'
' '
' ' '
v i v j v + v i v j v +
+
j
j + v j
'
p v'
'
i +
'
'
'
'
'
+
v
j
j
i
i =
i
'
(4.31)
' '
v i
v j
+
x j xi
'
'
v j
v i
'
v
j
'
v
i
'
'
'
'
+ j
+ v v
j
i x
v iv x
x
x
i
i
Trong phng trnh ny xut hin nhiu thnh phn mi lin quan ti khuych tn ng
lng.
1
' ' , ta c:
2 vv
Et
t
'
'
E t v + v ' v ' v ' + p v ' v ' =
x
v
x
(4.32)
'
v x
c du khc nhau trong cc phng trnh i vi Es v Et, cho ta hng hng chuyn
ho nng lng gia chuyn ng trung bnh v chuyn ng ri: nng lng ri c ly t
chuyn ng trung bnh quy m ln.
Bn cnh phng trnh i vi Et ngi ta c th vit phng trnh i vi mt
ng nng ri e = (Et/). Nu s dng ton t o hm ton phn D phng trnh s c
dng sau:
70
De e
e
=
+
=
Dt t v x
'
1
1 '
v ' v ' v ' p v ' v ' =
x 2
(4.33)
v
x
1
' '
2 vv
1 '2
' p
v
i
+
+
=
+
t U j x 2 vi x v j
2
j
j
0
'
'
'
'
vi v j U i + b w
xj
(4.34)
Nh phn tch trn , thnh phn u cho ta bin thin ca ng nng ri do dng
trung bnh U, thnh phn th hai trong du ngoc vung cho ta s phn b li nng lng
trong khng gian vt l ca dng ri, ton b v tri khng lin quan ti qu trnh pht sinh
hay phn hu ca nng lng ri.
Nhng s hng bn phi ca phng trnh cho ta cc thnh phn ngun ng nng sn
sinh v b phn hu. Thnh phn u, nh trnh by phn trn, thng c gi tr dng
(>0) cho thy ng nng chuyn ho t dng trung bnh sang ng nng ri thng qua cc
ng sut Reinolds chng li gradient vn tc trung bnh U, hay s phn lp vn tc. Thnh
phn th hai lin quan ti cng ca thng ging lc y Acshimed v vn tc thng ng.
Nu s phn tng mt khng n nh , gi tr N2(z) s nh hn 0
(N ( z)) = Bz = g
2
z
0
<
0,
b w > 0,
'
'
Lc Acshimed ng vai tr ngun pht sinh ng nng (chuyn ng) ri. Ngc li
2
khi N (z) >0 hay s phn tng n nh i lng nng lng ri chu tn tht do phi chng
li lc Acshimed. Cn thnh phn cui ca phng trnh l vn tc tn mt nng lng ri:
71
1 2 p v i
w
+
= vi w U i + bw , i = 1,2. (4.35)
v i +
z
t 2 z 0 2
Trong phng trnh trn, cc i lng thng ging khng vit km du v cho rng
i lng bt k s bao gm 2 phn trung bnh A v thng ging a.
So snh cc thnh phn bn v phi cho thy, nu phn tng mt n nh th bt u
t mt gii hn no phn nng lng mt i do lc ni Acsimet s ln hn ngun ng
nng nhn c t dng trung bnh, v vy cc c trng ri ch c th bo tn trong trng
hp c cc ngun nng lng b sung no khc t bn ngoi.
Nh vy, iu kin tn ti v pht trin ri c th c biu din thng qua tng quan
gia hai thnh phn k trn nh sau:
bw
(4.36)
1
U
v w
z
Nu s dng khi nim v h s trao i ri cho ng nng do lc y cng nh i vi
ng sut Reinolds:
U
B
v w = K M
,
z
z
Biu thc (4.36) s bin i v dng sau:
bw = K b
B
z
K
K U
(4.37)
K =K
R
K U
K
z
b
(4.38)
g
z
72
(N ( z ) )
B g
,
= =
z 0 z
M =
z
th s Richardson Ri c th vit n gin hn, th hin tng quan gia ngun chi v
thu ng nng trong chuyn ng ri bin:
Ri =
N
M
2
2
Trong bng 4.1 th hin nh hng ca s phn tng mt ln pht trin ca ri trong
bin.
Tn ti hai gi tr s Richardson ti hn, gi tr u Rf = 1, ti bin i ng nng
theo thi gian b trit tiu, chuyn ng ri vt u gim khi s Richardson tng. i vi gi
tr ti hn th hai khi Rf>>1 th ri khng cn tn ti na.
Bng 4.1. iu kin pht trin ri trong bin
iu
phn tng
kin
Khng
Trung gian
<0
=0
>0
>0
=0
<0
<0
=0
=1
Khng ph
gim
nh
nh
Mt
/z
Nng lng
dE/dt
S
Richardson
Rf
c
im
Ri
pht trin ri
trin
pht
thuc
>>1
khng
tn ti
73
K Mw =
(4.39)
K ( z ) = 8 2 ( z + ah) 2
2z
e
(4.40)
V0
K=
2 e
2
2 (i +1) z
74
Chng 5
QUANG HC BIN
5.1 CC C TRNG QUANG HC CA NC BIN
5.1.2. Cc c trng c bn
Cc tnh cht quang hc ca nc bin c th hin y bng ma trn tn x, th
hin s bin i ca tt c cc tnh cht phn cc ca chm nh sng khi b tn x. Cho n
nay quang hc bin xem xt mt h thng nh gi n gin hn, th hin bng s thay i
chi ca chm tia nh sng khi b tn x v hp th chnh l ch s hp th v tn x
v hm s ch th tn x x().
H thng cc c trng ny c gi l cc c trng quang hc c bn loi I ca nc
bin. Di y chng ta ch hn ch trong vic phn tch cc c trng ny, ngha vt l ca
75
Cng thc
1 d
dl
1 d
dl
x()
x( ) =
4 ( )
H s suy gim bc x
Xc sut tn ti ca ht Photon
H s tn x ng hng
()
( ) =
dy lp quang hc ca nc
= (x) dx
hiu
Cc c trng c bn
H s hp th bc x
trong mi trng nc
H s tn x
Hm ch th tn x
Cc c trng th cp
1 d
dl
=
+
1 dI( )
E n dv
H s truyn qua ca lp nc
T=
( l)
= e
(0)
76
(5.1)
Do :
(5.2)
(5.3)
Trong tc dng tng h ca dng photon phn ca cc photon bin thnh nhit (hay
b trit tiu), phn b tn x (vn cn l nh sng).
Do t s = / gi l xc sut tn ti ca photon, trong mi trng ch hp th =
0, mi trng ch tn x = 1. Vng sng hng ngoi v khong hp th cc tiu vng
bc sng = 500nm c th coi l tng ng vi cc m hnh l thuyt trn.
Trong cc iu kin ng nht t cng thc (5.2) i vi dng bc x (l) i qua lp
c dy l ta c :
(l) = (0) e-el = (0) T = (0) e-
(5.4)
Trong cng thc (5.4) chng ta s dng dng bc x coi l song song cha c tht
chnh xc, cn phi p dng cng thc (5.4) cho dng bc x dng nn ngha l c chi.
B(l) = B(0) e-el = B(0) T = B(0) e-
Vi:
(5.5)
77
Hnh 5.1 Vng gch cho - th tch tn x; 101 - Hng truyn ca tia ti
02 - dng tn x; - gc tn x
Cng nh sng dI, tn x bi nguyn t dv trn hng s l :
dI = () En dv
(5.6)
En - chiu sng.
Hm s t l () h s tn x trn hng nh.
Ta thy tng lng nh sng tn x F s l tch phn ca dI theo mi hng
dF =
dI d
( 4 )
Ngoi ra
dF = dl
= EnS ; dv = S dl
Vi:
( 4 )
( ) d = d ( ) sin( )d = 2 ( ) sin( )d
(5.7)
Cng thc (5.7) thit lp mi quan h gia h s v (), c th biu din mi quan
h di dng sau:
78
( 4 )
( ) d
4 ( )
d
= 1 , x( ) =
= x( )
4
4
(5.8)
x( )
0
2 sin d 1
= x( ) sin d = 1
4
20
(5.9)
1
sin d = c = 1
2 0
(5.10)
79
80
4
k
(5.10)
1 U
cos 2
( ) = (90 o ) 1 +
1 + U
2 2
(90 ) = 4 2 n 2
(5.11)
6 + 6 U
n
k P k TK
T
6 7 U
81
(5.12)
Vi:
U - h s phn cc Caban;
- mt ;
n h s khc x;
kP h s nn ng nhit ca nc;
Do tn x gy ra bi cc bin i nhit, do cng ca n t l vi nhit v h
s nn. i vi nc 20oC = 436nm v U =8,8. 10-2 v hm ch th tn x c dng:
(5.13)
Tng h s tn x s l :
= 2 ( ) sin d =
0
1 + 0,5 U
16
(90 o )
3
1 + U
(5.14)
= 16,1 (90 o )
Trong vng kh kin tt c cc i lng xc nh mi quan h ph () theo cng thc
(5.11) v (5.12) v h s n2/ 4 ta c :
2
n() 436
() = (436)
n(436)
(5.15)
82
Cc mui v c: cc mui NaCl, KCl, MgCl, MgSO4, CaSO4 l thnh phn chnh ca
cc mui ho tan trong nc bin. Trong nc phn t cc mui phn chia thnh cc ion. Gii
hn bin i ca mui bin khi l 33 - 37 o/oo, gi tr trung bnh l gn 35 o/oo.
Bng 5.2 Cc tnh cht quang hc ca nc bin (t = 20oC)
83
= 3 - 5;
84
c = 88 m-1;
= 0,015nm-1
(5.16)
85
5.4.1 Tn x phn t.
Sinh ra do s bin ng ca mt , nh hng ca cc phn t nc, nng ca cc
cht ho tan. V cc dng bin ng ny khng nh hng ti nhau do tn x phn t tng
hp M l tng ca c 3 thnh phn. Bng 5.2 th hin cc gi tr M = f().
Bng 5.2 H s tn x phn t ca nc tinh khit
M
-1
25
-3
10
15.
32
10-3
40.
44
0
10-4
15.
56
0
10-4
5.10
89.10-4
10
11
-4
64
20.
-4
10
10
52
59.
-4
-1
60
27.
-4
[nm]
10
40
19.
30
10
-1
48
10.
-3
[nm]
m
36
40.
-3
-1
[nm]
[nm]
64
0
69.10-5
5.4.2 Tn x do cc ht l lng
Cc ht l lng trong nc bin, c hnh dng hnh hc rt a dng, kch thc ca
86
a - ng knh ht;
87
88
K hiu
chi
B
Mc phn cc
p
ri trn mt
phng ngang t E (E)
trn xung
Cng thc
B=
p=
dE n
d
B max + B min
d
E =
dS
H s phn x
R(z)
nh sng tn x
R(z) =
trong sut
n v o
MT-3
W/m2
L-2I
B max B min
H s suy gim
(z)
ri
Th nguyn
dE
Khng th
nguyn
MT-3
W/m2
L-2I
L-1
m-1
E dz
E (z)
E (z)
Zb
Khng th
nguyn
L
89
sin 2 (i j)
;
sin 2 (i + j)
tg 2 (i j)
rp = 2
;
tg (i + j)
d s = 1 rs ; n =
sin i
sin j
(5.17)
d p = 1 rp
1
( rs + rp )
2
(5.18)
90
rp
rs
0
10
20
30
40
50
2,0
1,9
1,7
1,2
0,6
0,1
2,0
2,1
2,5
3,1
4,3
6,7
2,0
2,0
2,1
2,1
2,4
3,4
60
70
75
80
85
90
rp
0,4
4,7 5
11,
0
9
24,
0
3
49,
3
9
10
0,00
4
rs
11,
5,9
13,
21,
31,
45,
67,
10
0,00
21,
34,
58,
10
0,00
2. i vi cc tia song song khi gc ti i khi i + j = /2, i lng rp s bng khng.
Trong trng hp ny nh sng phn x s b phn cc hon ton (ch cn li cc tia vung
gc).
pha trn chng ta ni ti cc chm tia song song v c th p dng trc tip i
vi nh sng mt tri i ti b mt bin.
Nh vy, chm tia sng mt tri I, phn x t mt bin v nhn c bi mt u o t
nm ngang s l:
E'r = I r(i) cosi
Phn bc x ti b phn x t mt bin gi l h s phn x Ar ca mt bin, phn bc
x truyn qua b mt gi l h s truyn qua T
Ta c Ar + T = 1
H s phn x tng hp ca bin
A = Ar + Ad
Vi:
ca bin.
A 'r =
E 'r
Ir(i ) cos i
=
= r (i )
'
I cos i
E
(5.19)
91
T' = 1 - r(i)
tnh c dng nh sng ca bu tri Er, phn x t bin ta gi thit bit c
chi ca bu tri B(, )l hm ca cc gc v . Dng bc x n v t bu tri ti mt
u o nm ngang hng (,) s l :
dE" = B(, ) cos d B(, ) cos sin d d
V tng bc x phn x s l
E "r =
1
2
( 2 )
Albedo i vi phn bc x tn x
E
A =
E
"
r
"
r
"
1
2
(2 )
(5.20)
B(, ) sin d d
(2 )
(5.21)
Ar =
E 'r + E "r
E ' + E"
(5.22)
Ar' (1 - ) + Ar"
(5.23)
92
Khong cch
thin nh ca mt
tri i
0 - 20
30
40
50
60
Khong cch
thin nh ca mt
tri i
10,5
12,3
13,3
16,1
19,1
70
75
80
85
90
[%]
25,6
32,3
42,1
54,0
100,00
Ar
Ad
A
0 - 30
40
60
80
2,6
1,4
4
3,2
1,8
5
7,9
2,1
10
25
9
34
(5.24)
= Ba cosi sini di d
93
dEM = BM cosj d
= BM cosj sinj dj d
(5.25)
5.7 RI NGM
(5.26)
94
nh sng mt tri.
Thc nghim ch ra rng trong iu kin tri nng gi tr ca h s i vi nc ng
nht, gim theo su v ch nc su t gi tr ti hn.
Erlov p dng phn loi nc b mt theo tnh cht quang hc bng gi tr truyn qua
1m nc (khi cao mt tri ln) c ba loi I, II v III vi 2 loi trung gian IA, IB, ph phn
b gi tr truyn qua T vi 1m nc b mt ca cc loi nc th hin trn bng 5.7(T = e-).
di bc sng [nm]
3
10
I
I 6
A
3
50
II
5
0
7
1
7
9
8
8,5
8
9
95
5
8
6
7,5
7
5
5
8,5
0
8
6,5
5
9
9,5
0,0
7
00
3,0
3,5
6
50
3,6
6,0
6
00
4,2
6,6
6,7
5
50
7,2
7,4
5,5
5
00
8,1
5,1
0,5
I 9
4
50
7,2
2,5
I 0
I
00
I 3
5
6
6
5
5
4
Hnh 5.8 S suy gim ri theo su ca cc dng nc c phn loi theo Erlov.
S bin i ca ri theo su ca cc loi nc phn loi so snh vi ri t
b mt i vi = 465 nm th hin trn hnh 5.8, cc su ln hn 100m, thc t ch cn
nh sng xanh tm.
R rng rng cc gi tr tuyt i ri cc sau khc nhau ca i dng ph
thuc vo ri trn b mt v c th tnh c khi bit h s suy gim . Nng lng mt
tri, trong bin c cc loi thc vt hp th v s dng. Trong vng ph = 350 700nm
c gi l bc x quang hp tch cc. Nghin cu dng bc x ny c cc nh sinh vt rt
quan tm v qu trnh quang hp to ra cc sn phm sinh hc s cp.
96
Bnh Dng.
Trong mt s thc nghim, ng cong (z) c th c mt vi cc i trung gian, c th
nhng cc i u tin su nh lin quan ti s bin i theo su tng quan gia
bc x trc tip v nh sng tn x, cn cc cc i khc lin quan ti tc dng ca sng di
ngu nhin.
m t c s bin ng ca trng nh sng ngm ngay t u chng ta cn n
cc hm ngu nhin, nu ton b mt bin c coi l tp hp ca cc vi mt phng, nh
hng ngu nhin. Do s nh hng ca cc vi mt phng thay i theo thi gian do
trng nh sng to bi chm tia i qua cc vi mt phng ny cng s bin i theo thi gian
s lng N cc vi mt phng l s ngu nhin to nn ri s tng theo t l z2 v nu coi
cc s phng ny c lp th h s bin ng ~
1
= z 1 , iu ny c th dng gii
N
97
3. Vng su.
Vng th nht I nm gn su nh hn Zb (Zb l su nhn thy a trng)
Vng th ba III cc su ln hn 4.Zb
Vng th hai II trung gian gia vng I v III.
Trn hnh v 5.9 th hin bc tranh c trng ca bc x mt tri trong nc bin ng
nht trong vng gc 15 150o, su 5m.
Trong vng di b mt (n su khong 40m ti trm kho st trn) vn xut hin
bc x mt tri trc tip.
Trong vng trung gian ch cn bc x mt tri b tn x nhng ph chi vn cn b
ko di v pha mt tri do gi tr chi y ph thuc gc thin nh v gc phng
v.
Khi su tng ln, hng cc i ca chi s dch chuyn v hng thin nh v
t n i xng theo chiu thng ng l c trng ca vng th III, su ca vng th
III ti trm kho st ny vo khong 170m, y dng ph ca chi khng cn bin i
theo su, nhng ln theo cc hng gim theo quy lut hm m exp (- ooz) vi 00 h s suy gim theo su.
98
99
5.9 MU CA BIN
Ta thy rng mu ca cc bin khc nhau hon ton khng ging nhau. Hin tng ny
dn ti nh s dng mu kh kin ca nc bin nh l mt c trng hi dng.
xc nh mu ca bin, cui th k trc c 1 bng c bit so mu (Forel - Uha)
tp hp cc ng nghim cha nc mu. Xc nh mu ca bin bng cch quan st chn ra
ng nghim cha dung dch c mu gn vi mu bin. Mu bin c k hiu bng s liu
tng ng ca ng nghim.
Mu kh bin ca bin khng nhng thay i t vng ny ti vng khc m cn ph
100
x=
X
Y
Z
;
; y=
; z=
X+Y+Z
X+Y+Z
X+Y+Z
(5.27)
X = E( ) x ( ) d
1
Y = E( ) y( ) d
1
Z = E() z () d
1
Vi :
101
(5.28)
102
( ) =
(180 o )
2
(5.29)
103
Chng 6
M HC BIN
6.1 SNG M V MI LIN H GIA THNG S CA CHNG VI CC
C TRNG CA MI TRNG N HI
Chng ta bit rng di tc dng ca cc lc, trong bt k mi trng no c trng
lng, n hi u c th gy ra cc dao ng. Trong cc mi trng n hi lin tc bao
gm c nc bin, tnh n hi v qun tnh to ra lc tng h n hi gia cc ht ca mi
trng v lc qun tnh khi lng ca chng.
Trong cc mi trng ny vi cc c trng xc nh trc c th gy ra cc dao ng
nn, gin lan truyn vi vn tc xc nh. Qu trnh lan truyn ni tip cc dao ng t phn
ny ca mi trng n phn khc gi l sng m. Tc dao ng cc ht ca mi trng
n hi gn v tr cn bng ca chng gi l vn tc dao ng, vn tc truyn trng thi dao
ng trong mi trng l vn tc lan truyn sng m.
Trong cht lng v cht kh ch c trng bi n hi th tch c th xut hin v lan
truyn sng m dc, trong dng sng m ny hng dao ng ca cc ht mi trng trng
vi hng lan truyn sng.
Trong vt cng c s n hi chuyn v, ngoi sng dc cn sinh ra cc sng ngang
(dch chuyn ca cc ht t v tr cn bng vung gc vi hng truyn sng), sng bin iu
v sng b mt.
Khong cch trn hng lan truyn sng gia hai im gn nht khi nn, dn cc i
hoc gia hai im gn nht c cng pha dao ng l di ca bc sng. Tng quan gia
di bc sng , vn tc sng m c v tn s dao ng xc nh bng biu thc:
=cf
(6.1)
Cc sng m theo tn s dao ng c th phn loi ra: sng h m, ting ng, siu m
v sng siu cao.
Sng h m l cc dao ng vi tn s t 16 - 20 Hz v thp hn.
Ting ng l cc dao ng vi tn s t 16 - 20 Hz n 16 - 20 KHz.
Siu m l cc dao ng vi tn s t 16 - 20 KHz ti 106 KHz.
Sng siu cao l cc dao ng vi tn s ln hn 106 KHz.
Chng ta xem xt mi tng quan gia cc tnh cht c trng ca mi trng n hi
vi cc c trng ca sng m. K hiu th tch ca mt phn t cht lng hoc cht kh l
o, mt l
o, v p sut tnh tc dng ln phn t ny trc khi c tc ng ca sng m
l Po.
Ngoi lc tc dng t bn ngoi s gy ra s dch chuyn cc ht phn t ca mi
trng lm bin i th tch, mt v p sut n cc gi tr v p. S bin i tng i
ca cc i lng s l:
(6.2)
104
(6.3)
Cc i lng
nh),
(6.7)
p=
(6.8)
= c2
(6.9)
=
Vi c2 = p/
l i lng khng i i vi mi mi trng v l vn tc lan truyn
ca sng m. Do vn tc lan truyn sng m trong cht lng v cht kh c xc nh
bng cc c trng n hi, mt , m un n hi th tch v nn ng p Kp ca mi
trng:
105
c=
=
o
1
Kp
(6.10)
ct =
E (1 )
( 1 ) ( 1 2 )
(6.11)
(6.12)
Vi:
cl, ct - vn tc lan truyn ca sng dc v sng ngang.
E, G - m un n hi v m un dch chuyn
- h s Paosson.
u
u
u
u
w = Fx
v +
+
u +
z
y
x
t
v
v
v
v
+
u +
v +
w = Fy
z
t
x
y
p
x
p
y
(6.13)
w
w
w
w
1 p
+
u +
v +
w = Fz
t
x
y
z
z
Vi
u, v, w - cc vn tc thnh phn ca cc phn t mi trng.
Fx, Fy, Fz - cc thnh phn ngoi lc n nh.
i vi mi trng sng m c th coi rng cc vn tc thnh phn v o hm ring
ca chng c gi tr nh. B qua cc gi tr ca cc o hm ring trong (6.13), chng ta xem
xt qu trnh lan truyn ca cc dao ng trong qu trnh truyn p sut ca mt s phn ca
mi trng cho mt s khc (ngha l khng c ngoi lc tc dng trc tip). Ta s c h
phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh tha mn i vi trng sng m:
u
p
=
t
x
v
p
=
t
y
w
p
=
t
z
(6.14)
th hin di dng vc t s l:
106
V
1
=
grad p
t
(6.15)
+ div V = 0
t
(6.16)
p
+ div V = 0
t
(6.17)
u=
0
t
v=
0
t
w=
0
1 p
dt + uo
x
1 p
dt + vo
y
(6.18)
1 p
dt + wo
w
Vi
uo, vo, wo - cc vn tc dao ng thnh phn ca im c to (x,y,z) ti thi
im ban u t = 0.
Gi s uo, vo, wo l cc i lng t do (vi du - ) theo cc trc to ca mt hm
ngu nhin n du o (x,y,z):
o
o
o
uo =
; vo =
; wo =
(6.19)
x
y
z
Biu thc (6.19) cho ta thy trong chuyn ng ca cht lng l tng
rot Vt=0 = 0
Hm o c th biu din di dng sau:
o (x,y,z) = (
o
o
o
dx +
dy +
dz )
x
y
z
107
t p
) dt + o
(
x 0
p
v=
) dt + o
(
y 0
p
w=
) dt + o
(
z 0
u=
Ta k hiu:
t p
) dt + o = (x, y, z )
(
(6.20)
Do :
u=
; v=
; w=
;
x
y
z
(6.21)
Hm (x,y,z) gi l th vn tc.
Gi s trong thi im ban u th vn tc bng khng v bin ca cc dao ng
sng m nh ( ~ o) ta c:
1 t
p dt
o 0
(6.22)
Ly vi phn (6.22) theo thi gian, ta nhn c biu thc lin h gia m p v th vn
tc
p=
1
o t
(6.23)
2
x 2
2
x 2
2
y 2
2
z 2
2
=
x 2
(6.24)
v tha mn (6.10)
c2 2 =
2
t2
(6.25)
108
Vi:
2 - ton t Laplas
Phng trnh (6.25) gi l phng trnh sng. Nu ly o hm ring theo t ca trong
phng trnh (6.25) v tnh ti (6.23) ta c phng trnh sng di dng khc:
c2 2 p =
2p
t2
(6.26)
(6.27)
=
=0
y
y
Tm nghim ca (6.27), ta a thm mt s bin mi
= x - ct ;
= x + ct
(6.28)
=
+
=
+
x
x x
2 2
2 2
+
+2
=
2
2
2
= c
+c
t
2
= c2
t 2
2
2 2
2 2
+
2
109
Thay th vo (6.27) ta c
2
=
=0
(6.29)
= f ()
(6.30)
f () d + c
= f 1 () + f 2 ()
(6.31)
Coi c l hm bt k ca
Quay tr li cc bin ban u, tm tch phn ca phng trnh sng (6.27)
f 1 (x ct ) + f 2 (x + ct )
(6.32)
x
= x - ct
c
Suy ra, hm s f1(x - ct) l dng sng, lan truyn theo hng dng ca trc x v i
lng c l tc d lan truyn cc nhiu ng - vn tc ca sng m. Hm s f2(x + x) - l
sng truyn theo hng ngc li.
Do gi tr ca th vn tc ti thi im cho trc im bt k ca mt phng, vung
gc vi trc x khng bin i, nn mt phng ny gi l b mt sng v sng c m t bng
phng trnh (6.27) gi l sng phng.
Trng sng phng c th to ra bi cc pt tng sinh dao ng phng. Trong mi
trng khng b gii hn, mt phng cn c kch thc v cng ln, do trn thc t trng
sng phng c th to ra trong mi trng c gii hn. Th d: trong cc ng c thnh cng.
Trong i dng khong cch xa ngun nhiu ng, c th phn tch ra mt vng m trong
c th coi sng m l sng phng.
Nu trng cc sng m phng to ra t ngun pht cc dao ng iu ho th th vn
tc c th biu din di dng:
= Ae j ( t kx )
(6.33)
Vi
A - bin sng m
k = /c - s sng
Gi tr hiu dng ca m p i vi sng phng iu ho c th nhn c t cng thc:
110
= jAe j ( t kx ) = j
x
(6.34)
u =
= jkAe j ( t kx ) = jk
x
(6.35)
(6.36)
6.3.2 Sng cu
Sng cu chnh tc hay sng cu i xng l cc sng c th vn tc l hm s ca hai
bin s c lp - khong cch t trung tm sng r v thi gian t. Ngun l tng ca sng cu
l cc hnh cu thay i th tch theo chu k, kch thc khng ng k so vi bc sng.
Khong cch r trong h to cu lin h vi cc to x, y, z bng cc phng trnh sau:
r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
(6.37)
Khi s dng nhng phng trnh ny, biu din cc phng trnh o hm ring (6.24)
qua o hm ring ca th vn tc theo khong cch r.
Ly o hm ca (6.37) theo x, y v z ta c:
x
r
=
r
x
y
r
=
r
y
z
r
=
r
z
(6.38)
Sau ta c
r x
=
=
x
r x r r
2
x x
=
=
+
2
x r r r x r
x
=
x 2 2 r 2 x 2
+
r
r 2 r 2
r3
Tng t ta c
111
(6.39)
2
y 2
y 2 2 r 2 y 2
+
r
r 2 r 2
r3
(6.40)
2
z 2
z 2 2 r 2 z 2
+
r
r 2 r 2
r3
(6.41)
2 2 1 2 ( r )
=
+
r r
r
r 2
r 2
(6.42)
2
t 2
= c 2 2 =
c 2 2 ( r )
r
r 2
(6.43)
Phng trnh (6.43) trong mi lin h vi i lng rl phng trnh sng mt chiu
v nghim ca n so vi r phi trng hp theo dng vi nghim ca phng trnh sng i
vi sng phng, ngha l:
r
r
= f1 t + f 2 t +
c
c
(6.44)
1 =
1
r
f1 t
r
c
2 =
1
r
f2 t
r
c
112
A j ( t kx )
e
r
(6.45)
Vi:
A - hng s ph thuc vo tham s ca ngun pht.
Khi ly o hm (6.45) chng ta tm c biu thc i vi m p v vn tc dao ng
cc:
jA j( t kr )
=
e
t
r
ur
1 + jkr
= 2 Ae j( t kr )
r r
(6.46)
(6.47)
T (6.46) v (6.47) ta s c
ur
1 + k2r2
( 1 + jkr ) p
p
(kr j) = p
=
x
ckr
c
rj
kr
kr
1
j
x
2
2
1+ k r
1 + k2r2
vi cos =
kr
1+ k r
2 2
(6.48)
= pe
c cos
; sin =
1
1+ k r
2 2
; tg =
1
kr
u2
pe 2
=
ckr
6.3.3 Sng tr
Chng ta xem xt trng hp khi th vn tc ch ph thuc vo khong cch r t trc
Z trong mt h thng tr v thi gian t. Vi cc iu kin tng t nh trong trng hp
nghin cu sng bc x bi hnh tr c trc ko di v tn.
Chp trc Z ca h to cc vi trc ca hnh tr v coi khng ph thuc vo Z
c th vit ton t Laplas di dng:
113
2 2
+ 2
x 2
y
2
t 2
2 1
= c 2 2 +
r r
x
(6.49)
1
A
2
2 e j( kr t )
k
r
(6.50)
114
1
ou 2
2
Ek
(6.51)
Vi:
u - vn tc dao ng.
Th nng ca th tch nguyn t s l cng cn phi thc hin tay i th tch nguyn
t ny t o n di tp dng ca p d. Theo (6.4), s bin i ca th tch gy ra s bin
i v cng nh ca mt t n + d, theo php xp x bc nht s l o d v
cng sinh ra s l - o d. Tnh cng sinh ra khi th tch bin i t o n theo (6.8)
bng cch ly tch phn ca
po d = o d
o d =
0
1
o 2
2
op 2
2
(6.52)
p2
2c 2
1 2 1 p2
u +
2
2 c 2
(6.53)
p2
c 2
(6.54)
p2
c
(6.55)
vi:
I - cng sng m.
Th nguyn ca cng sng m trong h SI - W/m2; trong h SGS - eri/s.cm2; h s
chuyn i s l: 1W/m2 = 103 eri/s.cm2
115
(6.56)
vi:
pt v ut - l cc gi tr tc thi ca p sut v vn tc dao ng.
i vi sng phng hnh sin ta c th vit:
pt = pm sin( t - kx)
ut = um sin( t - kx)
Ta s nhn c gi tr trung bnh ca cng trong chu k t:
I=
1 t
p m um
It dt =
t 0
t
sin
(t kx) dt =
pm u m
(6.57)
2
u2m
= c
2
(6.58)
= c u2hd
(6.59)
Nh vy mt dng nng lng trong sng phng ng nht theo khng gian v
khng ph thuc vo khong cch n ngun pht trong mi trng ng nht khng hp th.
xc nh cng ca sng cu ta s dng cng thc (6.56). Theo mc 6.3 trong
vng gn ngun pht (kr <<1) vn tc dao ng lch pha /2 vi p sut, gi tr cng
trung bnh trong khong thi gian t s bng khng v khng bc x vo mi trng.
cc vng xa (r >> ) m p v vn tc dao ng trng pha. i vi cc dao ng iu
ho:
p
ur
I=
A
sin(t kr )
r
kA
=
sin(t kr )
r
1 t
purdt
t 0
kA 2
ck 2 A 2
=
= cuhd
2r 2
2r 2
116
Bk
r
T y suy ra trong loi sng ny cng suy gim khi ri xa ngun pht chm hn
trong trng hp sng cu.
Di cng sng m c ngha trong nghin cu kh rng, trong khong bin i ny
ngi ta thng dng t l lgart.
K hiu p v po l cc gi tr ca m p v I, Io l cc cng m tng ng. T s
gia cc cng m v m p c th biu din di dng:
I
N = 10lg
Io
= 20lg
po
(6.60)
p
= ln
po
(6.61)
117
Tng vn tc dao ng trn bin phn cch cng bng vn tc dao ng ca sng truyn
qua
u1 + u1' = u2
(6.62)
Thay th vo (6.36) ta c:
u1 =
p1
1c1
u1' =
u2 =
(6.63)
p 1'
(6.64)
1c1
p2
2 c 2
(6.65)
Vi
1, 2 - mt ca mi trng th nht v th hai
c1, c2 - vn tc lan truyn ca sng m trong cc mi trng 1, 2 tng ng.
Du (-) trong (6.64) cho thy rng vc t vn tc dao ng trong sng phn x trng vi
hng lan truyn sng phn x.
Thay th (6.63) - (6.65) vo (6.62) v tnh n (6.61) ta c:
p 1'
p 1'
p1
p1
1 c 1
1 c 1
2 c2
2c2
(6.66)
2 c 2 1 c 1
p 1'
=
p1
1 c 1 + 2 c 2
(6.67)
2 c 2 1c1
(6.68)
1 c 1 + 2 c 2
(6.69)
118
Hnh 6.1. S phn x v khc x sng m trn bin phn cch gia hai mi trng.
Ti mt phn cch cng m p c nhn i cn vn tc dao ng b trit tiu. Sng
phn x v sng ti c p sut v vn tc dao ng ngc pha.
2c2 = 0 - sng i ti bin phn cch mm hon ton
Ru = 1
ta c:
Rp = -1;
p1' = - p1;
u1' = - u1
p2 = 0 ; u2 = 2u1
(6.70)
Nh vy: ti mt phn cch t do, m p b triu tiu cn vn tc dao ng tng gp hai.
Nu sng m phng i ti bin phn cch phng di mt gc th mt phn nng
lng m phn x t bin v mt phn lt vo mi trng th hai to ra sng khc x.Cc
ng chm trn hnh 6.1 th hin cc front ca cc sng ti, phn x v khc x. Vn tc m
l c1, c2 v mt mi trng l 1 v 2.
Vn tc dch chuyn cc front sng dc theo bin xc nh cc thnh phn ngang ca
vn tc sng tong ng. i vi sng ti thnh phn ngang ca vc t vn tc l c1/ sin1v
sng phn x l c1sin'1, sng khc x l c2/sin2. khp kn cc iu kin bin ta cn c
tc dch chuyn cc front ca sng ti, phn x v khc x ti bin phn cch phi bng
nhau.
Do :
1 = '1
(6.71)
c2
c1
=
(6.72)
sin1
sin1
Biu thc (6.72) c th biu din di dng:
c1
sin1
=
=n
(6.73)
c2
sin2
i lng n o bng t s gia cc vn tc lan truyn sng m ti bin gi l h s khc
x. Biu thc (6.73) gi l nh lut Snell.
Khi sng m truyn ti b mt phn cch di mt gc nghing, mt phn nng lng
truyn vo mi trng th hai nh cc thnh phn hnh chiu trn bin ca cc thnh phn
vn tc dao ng, do iu kin bin th hin tnh lin tc ca p sut v cc vn tc dao
ng thnh phn s c dang:
p1 + p'1 = p2
(6.74)
(6.75)
119
1
Rp =
1+
1c1 cos 2
2 c 2 cos 1
1c1 cos 2
(6.76)
2 c 2 cos 1
(6.77)
Vi:
cT = 4,5721T - 4,4532. 10-2T2 - 2,6045. 10-4T3 + 7,985 . 10-6T4
cS = 1,3980(S - 35) + 1,692 . 10-3(S - 35)2
cP = 1,60272 . 10-1P + 1,0268 . 10-5P2 +
+ 3,5216 . 10-9P3 - 3,3603 . 10-12P4
cTSP = (S - 35)(- 1,1244 . 10-2T + 7,7711 . 10-7T2 +
+ 7,7016 . 10-5P - 1,2943 . 10-7P2 + 3,1580 . 10-8PT +
+ 1,5790 . 10-9PT2) + P(- 1,8607 . 10-4T +
+ 7,4812 . 10-6T2 + 4,5283 . 10-8T3) +
+ P2(-2,5294 . 10-7T + 1,8563 . 10-9T2) +
+ P3(-1,9646 . 10-10T).
n v ca c = [m/s], T = [oC], S = [o/oo] v P = [kg/cm2].
Trn thc t, vn tc m c tnh theo cc i lng c lp thnh bng (6.77).
i lng thm vo vn tc m do nh hng ca p sut c th biu din qua su Z c
dng:
cz = 0,1656 + 1,64802 . 10-2z + 1,4680 . 10-7z2 +
+ 4,315 . 10-12z3 - 3,48 . 10-16z4 - 3,4 . 10-21z5 - 1,2 . 10-26z6
(6.78)
Vo nm 1971 xut hin mt cng thc n gin hn tnh ton vn tc lan truyn
m theo cc gi tr thc o T, S, P
c = 1449,30 + cT + cS + cP +cTSP
Vi:
cP = 1,5848 . 10-1P + 1,572 . 10-5P2 - 3,46 . 10-12P4
120
121
2
2c 2
4
1
1
3 1 + 2 + M cV cP
(6.78a)
p
c 2 c 02
1 i
(6.78b)
122
Vi
co tc m trng thi cn bng
c tc m tn s cao m trong mt chu k trng thi cn bng
khng kp thit lp li.
Ta thy rng nht dch chuyn ca nc bin gim i khi p sut thu tnh tng.
nht khi tr nn khng i. Khi nhit tng c hai gi tr nht gim. nht khi ln
hn nht dch chuyn khong 3-5 ln.
Mt trong cc nguyn nhn ca hin tng hp th sng m trong bin l cc bt kh.
Lp cha cc ht bt kh trong bin c dy khng vt qu 10-15m (trng hp c bit
25-30m). Khi sng m i ti cc ht kh s dao ng v bc x li sng m v lm suy gim
nng lng m.
sin o
sin n
co
=n
cn
(6.79)
(6.80)
T (8.79) ta thy rng trong mi trng phn lp khng ng nht xy ra hin tng tia
sng m b un cong. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng khc x m, s thay i gc nghing
ca tia ch xc nh bng gi tr ban u v cui cng ca vn tc c, tia b khc x lun
123
dz
dz
= tg(z ) hoc dr =
dr
tg(z )
(6.81)
r=
dz
tg(z)
zo
Vi : n(z) =
= cos o
zo
dz
(6.82)
n 2 (z ) cos 2 o
co
, co - vn tc m ti su t ngun pht
c(z )
(6.82)
Vi
a gradient vn tc m thng ng
zo mc su t ngun pht
124
r = cos o
[1 a(z z o )] dz
zo
(6.83)
r=
1
a cos o
[1 a ( z z o )] cos o
cos o
d
1 2
1
[sin o 1 [1 a(z z o )]2 cos 2 o ] (6.84)
a cos o
1
1
1
r
tg o + (z z o ) = 2
a
a cos 2 o
(6.85)
1
1
, tm l im c to tg o
a cos o
a
1
z = zo + ,
a
r=
Vi :
1
[sin o sin (z)]
a cos o
sin (z) =
(6.85b)
125
hnh v 6.3 ta c
dR
dz
=
c(z )
sin (z ) c(z )
dt =
(6.86)
Nh vy tng thi gian lan truyn ca sng m dc theo tia c im quay c tnh
bng tng cc khong thi gian gia cc cc tr lin tip ca ng cong z(r)
k
zi
i =1 z i 1
dz
sin (z ) c(z)
(6.87)
omax =
cH co
co
(6.88)
Vi:
cH v co vn tc m ti y v ti b mt.
Do s tiu tn nng lng khi phn x t y ln hn s tiu tn nng lng khi phn
x t b mt do trn khong cch ln n ngun pht cc sng ngang c th khng tnh ti.
Nu c (z) c cc tiu ti su zk (hnh 6.7), to ra cc iu kin thun li sng m
lan truyn trn khong cch ln, mt nhm sng lan truyn trong lp s khng b tn x hoc
b hp th bi y v mt bin. Lp nc ny tng ng vi mc vn tc ca cc tiu gi
l knh m ngm.
Hin tng lan truyn sng m xa trong knh m ngm c L.M. Brekhovski v
L.D. Rozenberg pht hin v nghin cu t nm 1946. Hiu ng ca knh m cng ln khi
ngun pht cng gn trc knh.
126
Io =
dG
G
=
d
4 R 2
(6.89)
Vi:
d - s bin i ca din tch mt ct ca ng tia
Mt ct ngang ca ng tia trong mi trng bt ng nht trn hnh v phng l hnh
6.8.b : BC = drsin(z)
r
d o
o
Do
dr = -
nn
d = 2 r
I=
r
sin (z ) d o
o
G cos o
(6.90)
r
4 r
sin (z )
o
Do h s hi t f s l :
f=
R 2 cos o
(6.91)
r
r
sin (z )
o
127
G () . 10 0,1R
4 R 2
fi ( o , R) R 2P ()
(6.92)
i =1
Vi:
fi h s hi t ca tia th i;
h s chm quanh trc ca ngun pht;
RP c trng nh hng ca ngun pht;
h s tt dn ca m (dB/km);
o gc i ra t ngun ca chm tia.
128
I( t ) =
G A k o hd o
. 10 0,1ct
2
2 ct
(6.93)
Vi
GA cng sut pht x sng m;
c vn tc lan truyn;
t thi gian;
- h s hp th m trong bin [dB/km]
= 0,036 fo3 / 2
fo - tn s trung bnh ph ca tn hiu bc x [kHz];
0, n, d, - h s ph thuc vo c trng nh hng ca anten thu;
hd- di hiu dng ca tn hiu;
ko =
dG P
- h s tn x th tch xc nh bi cng sut tn x dGp, th tch dv ca
I 2 d
G A k o h hd n
. 10 0,1ct
2 c 2 t 3
(6.94)
G A k o H hd d
c 3 t 4
(6.95)
129
130
131
132
133