TS.

Ng Vn Thanh,
Vin Vt l.

Chuyn ngnh : in t - Vin thng , Cng ngh thng tin, in - in t

Chng 7: Quang hc lng t. 7.1 Bc x nhit v thuyt lng t Planck 7.2 Hiu ng quang in v thuyt photon Einstein 7.3 Hiu ng Compton

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

7.1 Bc x nhit v thuyt lng t Planck.

S ra i ca C hc lng t - C hc sng.

Cui th k 19, u th k 20: L thuyt tng i gii thch c nhiu hin tng vt l ca cc h c vn tc chuyn ng ln. Hn ch: nhiu hin tng vn cha gii thch c bng c hc c in v quang hc sng: Hin tng bc x in t pht ra t cc vt th b t nng (bc x ca cc vt en). Hin tng quang in: bc x in t khi chiu nh sng trn b mt kim loi. Tia bc x ca kh nguyn t trong ng phng in. 1900-1930: C hc lng t hay c hc sng ra i. Gii thch c cc hin tng vt l trong th gii vi m: Nguyn t, phn t, ht nhn. L thuyt lng t: Th gii vt cht mang lng tnh sng-ht. Cc nh vt l ni ting: Einstein, Heisenberg, Bohr, Schrdinger, Planck
@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

Vt en:

L mt h l tng m n hp th tt c cc bc x chiu vo n. Vt en c th c to ra bi mt l nh ca mt khi vt rng. S bc x trong vt en qua mt l nh ch ph thuc vo nhit ca v vt en, khng ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to nn vt en v hnh dng ca vt en.

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Hin tng bc x nhit.

Trng thi c bn: l trng thi c nng lng thp nht. Trng thi kch thch: Khi nguyn t, phn t hp th nng lng, n s chuyn ln trng thi kch thch. Sau mt thi gian, h s chuyn v trng thi c bn hoc mt trng thi no c nng lng thp hn. Trng thi kch thch l trng thi khng bn. Bc x: Khi h chuyn t trng thi kch thch c nng lng cao v trng thi c nng lng thp hn th n s gii phng nng lng di dng sng in t, gi l bc x in t. Bc x nhit: Qu trnh pht ra bc x in t do kch thch nhit. Trng thi cn bng ng: Ti mt nhit xc nh, nng lng nhit m h hp th ng bng nng lng bc x. Ph bc x nhit l ph lin tc c bc sng t vng hng ngoi, qua vng kh kin cho n vng t ngoi. Ph bc x nhit ph thuc vo nhit v cu to ca vt.
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Cc i lng c trng.

Xt phn din tch dS mt ngoi ca vt. Vt pht x trng thi cn bng ti nhit T. Vt pht x ra mi bc x in t c tn s t b n ln: Nng thng bc x: nng lng bc x pht ra t dS trong mt n v thi gian, cc bc x in t c tn s trong khong
: nng sut pht x n sc ng vi tn s ti nhit T. Nng sut pht x ton phn hay c trng ca vt pht x:

H s hp th n sc:

: nng thng b hp th bi phn dS. : vt en tuyt i.

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nh lut Kirchhoff.

Xt h gm mt bnh kn cch nhit, bn trong c cc vt A1, A2, A3 cng pht x v hp th nhit. trng thi cn bng, vt hp th nhit mnh th cng bc x mnh. Kh nng hp th v bc x t l thun vi nhau.

A1

Hm ph bin: A3

A2

T s gia nng sut pht x n sc v h s hp th n sc ca cng mt vt mt nhit nht nh l mt hm ch ph thuc vo tn s bc x v nhit m khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt .

Xt trng hp vt en tuyt i: Hm ph bin chnh l nng sut pht x ca vt en tuyt i ng vi tn s v nhit T.

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

Thuyt lng t Planck.

S tht bi ca thuyt sng nh sng trong vic gii thch hin tng bc x nhit.

L thuyt bc x in t c in cho hm ph bin (Rayleigh v Jeans):

kB = 1,38.10-23J/K l hng s Boltzmann. Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i:

Khi tn s bc x cng ln th nng sut pht x ton phn cng ln v tin ti v cng. B tc ny cn c gi l khng hong vng t ngoi.
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Thuyt lng t Planck (1900): thuyt lng t nng lng.

Cc nguyn t, phn t pht x hay hp th nng lng ca mt bc x in t mt cch gin on. Phn nng lng pht x hay hp th bng bi s nguyn ca mt lng nng lng v cng b m n c gi l lng t nng lng (quantum energy). Lng t nng lng ng vi mt bc x in t c tn s (bc sng ):

Cng thc Planck:

Gii hn c in: Khi nhit ln

: chnh l biu thc ca Rayleigh v Jeans

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Cc nh lut bc x ca vt en tuyt i.

Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i:

S dng php i bin

ta c:

l hng s Stefan-Boltzmann.

Bc sng ng vi gi tr cc i ca nng sut bc x n sc ca vt en tuyt i t l nghch vi nhit .

vi b l hng s Wien.
@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

7.2 Hiu ng quang in v thuyt photon Einstein.

Hiu ng quang in:

E v C l hai tm kim loi. Cc ht in t bn ra t tm kim loi E c gi l ht quang electron. Ht in quang I Cng sng cao

Cng sng thp

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Cng dng quang in tng theo hiu in th V. N ch tng n mt gi tr ngng v c gi l cng dng in bo ha. Khi V = 0, vn c cng dng in chy qua mch, chng t cc quang electron khi bn ra khi bn cc c sn ng nng:

Nu o chiu ngun in, hiu in th gia hai bn cc trit tiu dng quang in bng ng nng cc i ban u ca quang electron.

I Cng sng cao

Cng sng thp

Cng dng quang in t l thun vi cng sng ca nh sng chiu vo hai bn cc.

V
@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

Thuyt photon ca Einstein:

Lng t ha: Nng lng in t pht x hay hp th l mt hm gin on theo tn s v l bi s nguyn ca lng t nng lng. Ngi ta gi nng lng b lng t ha.
1905: da trn thuyt lng t v nng lng ca Planck, Einstein a ra thuyt lng t nh sng.

Bc x in t cu to bi v s cc ht gi l photon (lng t nh sng). Vi mi bc x in t n sc, cc photon mang cng mt nng lng:

Trong mi mi trng (k c trong chn khng), photon truyn i vi vn tc khng i, chnh l vn tc ca nh sng c = 3.108 m/s. Khi ni n pht x hay hp th bc x in t th c ngha l pht ra photon hay hp th photon. Cng ca chm bc x t l vi s photon pht ra t ngun trong mt n v thi gian.
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Gii thch hin tng quang in:

Phng trnh Einstein. + Gi thit : cng in t thot ra khi ht nhn: Ath iu kin thng, ng nng chuyn ng nhit ca cc electron b hn cng thot Ath. Di tc dng ca bc x in t thch hp, cc electron s hp th photon vi nng lng l Nng lng hp th photon chia thnh hai phn Mt phn chuyn thnh cng thot. Mt phn chuyn thnh ng nng ban u ca electron. Phn ng nng ban u ca cc electron cng ln khi electron cng nm xa ht nhn. Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng:

e-

Phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh Einstein.

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nh lut v gii hn quang in. i vi mi kim loi xc nh, hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi bc sng ca chm tia bc x in t chiu ti b hn mt gi tr ti hn ca bc sng 0. Bc sng 0 gi l gii hn quang in ca kim loi .

Dng quang in bo ha khi s quang electron thot khi cathode n anode trong mt n v thi gian l khng i. Cng quang in bo ha t l vi cng ca chm bc x di ti. ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron khng ph thuc vo cng ca chm bc x di ti, m ch ph thuc vo tn s ca chm bc x .

Suy ra:

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

ng lc hc photon. Nng lng ca photon: Theo l thuyt Einstein: Suy ra:

Mt khc:

i vi photon Khi lng ngh ca photon bng 0. ng lng ca photon:

ng lng ca photon t l thun vi tn s hoc t l nghch vi bc sng ca bc x in t tng ng.

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

7.3 Hiu ng Compton.

Th nghim tia X:

Bc sng tia X ~ 0,1 nm, c khong cch gia cc nguyn t trong mng tinh th. Ngun cao p Ph tia X nm trong vng t ngoi. Chn khng

Ngun t Dy tc nng dy bng n tc bng n

Bia

Thanh kim loi bng ng (Cu)

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

Ht nhn nguyn t

Electron b lch hng

Electron ti

Bc x photon

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Hiu ng Compton:

Chiu chm tia X c bc sng 0 vo mt khi cht graphite, chm tia X b tn x. Bc sng ca chm tia tn x c bc sng ln hn: > 0. V vy m nng lng ca chm tia X tn x cng b hn so vi chm tia X ti. S thay i bc sng ca chm tia X c gi l dch chuyn compton. gii thch hiu ng compton: Ngi ta a ra gi thit rng photon c tnh cht ht. Khi photon va chm vi cc ht khc th n tun theo quy lut va chm n hi ging nh hai vin bi va chm vi nhau. Photon c tnh cht ht cho nn n mang theo nng lng v xung lng. dch chuyn bc sng:

trong : me l khi lng ca electron, l gc tn x tia X.

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suy ra:

Bc sng compton: dch chuyn bc sng rt b v n ph thuc vo gc tn x. Hiu ng compton l kt qu ca qu trnh tn x n hi ca chm tia X ln cc electron trong cc cht. Ph cc vch tn x ph thuc vo v tr cc electron trn cc lp trong nguyn t. Vch ph tn x c bc sng 0 bng bc sng ca tia X ti tng ng vi tn x ca chm tia X vi cc in t nm cc lp su trong cng ca nguyn t (lin kt mnh vi ht nhn). Vch c bc sng > 0 tng ng vi s tn x ca chm tia X vi cc in t nm lp ngoi, lin kt yu vi ht nhn.
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Nng lng v ng lng:

Gi thit rng trc khi va chm vi chm photon X, cc electron l ng yn. Trc va chm, ng lng ca ht photon l p. Sau khi va chm ng lng ca ht photon v ng lng ca electron ln lt l p v pe.
Nng lng Ht Trc va chm Sau va chm Trc va chm ng lng Sau va chm

Photon

Electron

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p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng v ng lng:

T cc phng trnh trn ta thu c:

Tn x ca photon ln cc electron l tn x n hi v ng nng ca h photon-electron bo ton.

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7.1 Bc x nhit v thuyt lng t Planck.

L thuyt lng t: Th gii vt cht mang lng tnh sng-ht. Vt en Vt en tuyt i

Thuyt lng t Planck

Cc nh lut bc x ca vt en tuyt i. Nng sut pht x ton phn

Bc sng ng vi gi tr cc i ca nng sut bc x n sc ca vt en tuyt i

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

7.2 Hiu ng quang in v thuyt photon Einstein.

Hiu ng quang in:

ng nng ban u : Thuyt photon ca Einstein: Nng lng ca photon

I Cng sng cao

Cng sng thp

Cng thc Einstein V

Gii hn quang in

ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron: ng lng ca photon:

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L

7.3 Hiu ng Compton.

Gi thit rng photon c tnh cht ht.

dch chuyn bc sng:

Bc sng compton:

Tn x ca photon ln cc electron l tn x n hi v ng nng ca h photon-electron bo ton.

@2009, Ng Vn Thanh - Vin Vt L