CC M HNH QUN L TH TRNG IN LC V KH NNG P DNG TI VIT NAM

AN OVERVIEW OF THE ELECTRICITY MARKET MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN VIETNAM

NGUYN THNH SN Cng ty in lc 3

TM TT Bi vit gii thiu mt s m hnh qun l th trng in lc ca cc nc trn th gii, nh gi tnh hnh hot ng kinh doanh in nng ca ngnh in Vit Nam, t a ra m hnh qun l th trng in lc c th p dng ti Vit Nam. Bi vit cng a ra mt s kin tham kho nhm hon thin cng tc qun l th trng in lc Vit Nam. ABSTRACT This paper introduces the electricity models of some nations in the world, assesses the operations of the Electricity of Vietnam and proposes a market model for the national electricity market. It also provides some ideas for reference to support the electricity management of Vietnam.

1. t vn in nng l mt loi hng ho c bit. Qu trnh kinh doanh in nng bao gm 3 khu lin hon: Sn xut - Truyn ti - Phn phi in nng xy ra ng thi (ngay tc khc), t khu sn xut n khu tiu th khng qua mt khu thng mi trung gian no. in nng c sn xut ra khi kh nng tiu th v c im ca h thng in l bt k thi im no cng c s cn bng gia cng sut pht ra v cng sut tiu th (khng tn ng). Th trng in lc (TTL) c hnh thnh u tin Anh vo thp nin 90 ca th k trc do vic khng m bo cht lng in nng ca ngnh in cc nc trn ton th gii. iu kin hnh thnh TTL khng nhng ch ph thuc vo chnh sch v kinh t, x hi ca Nh nc m cn c quyt nh bi iu kin k thut, cng ngh ca h thng in. C nhiu im khc nhau v TTL tuy nhin v c bn TTL l vic h tiu th cui tiu th in nng t cc nh my sn xut in thng qua h thng truyn ti in (c xem nh c quyn t nhin) hnh thnh nn th trng in bn bun gia cc nh my in v th trng in bn l cho cc h tiu th in nng. Ngnh in hin ang nm trong xu th a dng ho cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia hot ng in lc cng vi nhu cu v lin kt v hi nhp khu vc. Phng thc qun l c quyn nh nc ca hot ng sn xut kinh doanh in hin nay cn nhiu bt cp. Vic nghin cu a ra m hnh qun l th trng in lc nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong u t, pht trin, qun l v vn hnh h thng in, ng thi xem xt vn gi in v cht lng dch v in cng nh huy ng cc ngun ti chnh mi cho nhu cu pht trin in lc l rt cn thit v ph hp vi iu kin pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng. 2. Cc m hnh t chc kinh doanh in nng Cng vi nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut v qun l, kt hp vi s pht trin ca mt s hc thuyt kinh t mi to iu kin nhiu cng ty in lc nghin cu xy dng, pht trin cc m hnh kinh doanh mi thay th cho m hnh truyn thng trc y, nh m

hnh truyn ti h, m hnh th trng pht in cnh tranh, m hnh TT cnh tranh bn bun v bn l,... Tuy nhin, nhn t gc cnh tranh ca th trng c th phn chia thnh bn loi m hnh th trng in c bn ang c p dng ti cc nc trn th gii hin nay nh sau: - M hnh Th trng in c quyn: L m hnh ch c mt cng ty nm gi ton b cc khu ca qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh in nng t sn xut, truyn ti n phn phi cho khch hng tiu th. (a)Ngnh dc Pht in
Mua bn gia cc cng ty

(b) Phn phi bn l ring Pht in

Bn bun/Truyn ti

Bn bun/Truyn ti

Cng ty phn phi

Cng ty phn phi

Khch hng

Khch hng

Hnh 1. M hnh h trng in c quyn - M hnh Th trng in cnh tranh pht in nhng ch c mt i l mua bun: L m hnh ch c mt ngi mua duy nht t nhiu nh my pht in. Ton b in nng sn xut ra phi bn cho i l mua bun v i l ny thc hin chc nng phn phi c quyn cho khch hng tiu th. IPP IPP i l mua bun Cng ty phn phi Khch hng Cng ty phn phi Khch hng Cng ty phn phi Khch hng IPP

Hnh 2. M hnh Th trng in cnh tranh pht in c mt i l mua bun IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP - M hnh Th trng cnh tranh pht in v cnh tranh bn bun: L m hnh m cc i l mua bun cng ty phn phi c thi l in t nhiu cng ty bn bun khc nhau tuy nhin vn c mua mua bun quyn trong khu phn phi cho cc khch hng dng in.
CT PP KH CT PP KH CT PP KH CT PP KH CT PP KH CT PP KH

Hnh 3. M hnh Th trng cnh tranh pht in v cnh tranh bn bun IPP: Nh my in c lp CT PP: Cng ty phn phi KH: Khch hng - M hnh Th trng in cnh tranh hon ton: L m hnh m tt c cc khch hng u c quyn la chn nh cung cp in ch khng bt buc phi mua qua cc nh phn phi c quyn. Gi c y hon ton c xc nh da trn mi quan h cung cu in nng.
IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP

Li truyn ti, th trng bn bun Bn l CT PP CT PP CT PP CT PP Bn l

Li phn phi, th trng bn l KH KH KH KH KH KH

Hnh 4. M hnh Th trng cnh tranh hon ton Trn c s nghin cu nhng m hnh th trng in lc c cc nc trn th gii p dng, thc hin nh gi nhng iu kin c bn ca th trng in lc Vit Nam hin ti t thc hinch trng ca ng v Nh nc trong thi gian n theo l: Tng bc hnh thnh th trng in cnh tranh trong nc, a dng ho phng thc u t v kinh doanh in, khuyn khch nhiu thnh phn kinh t tham gia, khng bin c quyn nh nc thnh c quyn doanh nghip. Nh nc ch gi c quyn khu truyn ti in, xy dng v vn hnh cc nh my thu in ln, cc nh my in nguyn t. 3. Thc trng th trng in lc Vit Nam 3.1. Sn xut v phn phi in nng V ngun in: Hin ti, tng cng sut lp t ca cc nh my in bao gm thy in, nhit in, tuabin kh, diesel l 8.749 MW vi cng sut kh dng 8.454 MW tp trung

ch yu vo cc nh my thuc Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam (EVN), cc nh my in c lp ch chim khong t 3-5% tng cng sut. V li in: EVN tp trung nhiu vo vic ci to nng cp h thng li in truyn ti, li in phn phi bng rt nhiu ngun vn khc nhau, c bit l cc ngun vn vay t cc t chc quc t nh: Ngn hng th gii (WB), Ngn hng pht trin chu (ADB), SIDA (Thu in), Hin ti li in truyn ti cao p ton quc bao gm (1531 km ng dy, 2700 Trm bin p (TBA) 500KV; 3839 km ng dy, 8474 TBA 220KV; 7703 km ng dy, 11004 TBA 110KV) do 4 Cng ty Truyn ti in qun l vn hnh. Tuy nhin, mt k thut th tnh lin kt ca h thng li in truyn ti cha cao, khi mt phn t b s c s nh hng chung ti ton b h thng li in. i vi li in phn phi, do 7 cng ty in lc trc thuc EVN qun l trc tip bn in n cc h ph ti. 3.2. Phng thc t chc kinh doanh in nng M hnh qun l sn xut kinh doanh ca EVN vn ang thc hin theo m hnh Nh nc c quyn qun l tt c cc khu ca qu trnh: Sn xut - Truyn ti - Phn phi in nng. M hnh ny dn n nhiu hn ch v qun l cng nh hiu qu u t, khng thc y s pht trin sn xut kinh doanh in nng. Gi bn in cho tng loi khch hng c tnh trn c s chi ph cn bin di hn v do Chnh ph quy nh p dng thng nht trong c nc. Gi bn in vn cn mang nng tnh b cho gia cc nhm khch hng. Hot ng kinh doanh in nng hin nay vn cha tch bch r rng chc nng kinh doanh v hot ng cng ch ca cc cng ty phn phi in. 4. Phng hng xy dng m hnh th trng in lc ti Vit Nam 4.1. nh hng pht trin hot ng sn xut kinh doanh in nng V ngun in, tp trung xy dng cc nh my thu in ti hu ht nhng ni c kh nng xy dng. Bn cnh , s pht trin cc nh my nhit in vi t l thch hp (nm 2010 nhit in than phn u t 4.400 MW, nhit in kh l 7.000 MW). Chin lc cng khng nh u t, kho st nghin cu cc iu kin cn thit c th xy dng nh my in nguyn t u tin Vit Nam vi cng sut khong 2.000 MW d kin a vo vn hnh sau nm 2015. Trong giai on 2010, bn cnh vic nhp khu in t Lo vi cng sut khong 2.000 MW theo hip nh k kt, nc ta cn xem xt vic nhp khu in t Campuchia, Trung Quc. V li in, s pht trin nhanh h thng truyn ti 220, 500 kV nhm nng cao tin cy v gim tn tht in nng trn li truyn ti; pht trin li in 110kV thnh li in cung cp trc tip cho ph ti. V c cu b my t chc ca EVN, thc hin n ca Chnh ph v vic th im thnh lp tp on in lc, EVN tip tc y nhanh qu trnh c phn ho cc n v trc thuc trong c cc nh my in, cng ty phn phi in nng phc v cho vic pht trin th trng in. Pht trin m rng a ngnh ngh tp trung ch yu vo cc lnh vc: sn xut, truyn ti in, vin thng in lc, v th trng ti chnh in lc. T cui nm 2004, EVN a vo vn hnh th trng gi in ni b gia cc nh my in thc hin cho gi ni b cho EVN. Tuy nhin, y ch l nhng bc th nghim chun b cho th trng cnh tranh ni b trong nm 2005. 4.2. M hnh th trng in lc Vit Nam Qua tham kho mt s m hnh qun l kinh doanh in nng ca cc nc trn th gii gn lin vi vic xem xt thc trng m hnh qun l c quyn nh nc cng nh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ngnh in Vit Nam. Vi nhng nh hng pht trin ca ngnh in trong thi gian ti cn thit phi xy dng mt m hnh qun l ph hp nhm p ng c yu cu pht trin th trng in lc v nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh. C th xem xt

bin ng ca tng i tng tham gia vo th trng in trong giai on 2005-2010 xy dng m hnh hp l, c th nh sau: - i vi EVN: do c th ca ngnh in Vit Nam trong iu kin hin nay l mc cung kh c th p ng c cu in nng trong giai on ny. EVN cn ch ng iu tit cc ngun pht m bo cn bng h thng, do vy c th tr thnh ngi mua duy nht ca cc nh my in. - i vi cc nh my in: tng bc thc hin c phn ho cc nh my in, chuyn cc nh my in thuc EVN thnh cc nh my in c lp. Cc nh my in ch bn in trc tip cho EVN thng qua cho gi cnh tranh. Tuy nhin trong iu kin pht trin hn ca h thng li in, cc khch hng ln cng c th mua trc tip t cc nh my in. - i vi cc cng ty truyn ti: vi bn cht l c quyn t nhin, do vy Nh nc vn nm gi thc hin cc hot ng truyn ti in t ngi mua duy nht (EVN) n cc cng ty in lc. - i vi cc cng ty phn phi in nng: thc hin chuyn i tr thnh n v c lp vi EVN di hnh thc Cng ty m - Cng ty con. Do vic chuyn i th trng in thc t khng nh hng nhiu n hot ng ca cc cng ty phn phi in do vy vn gi nguyn chc nng kinh doanh l c quyn phn phi in nng cho khch hng. - Do cn m bo tnh ph hp ca mt s hot ng c quyn trong m hnh nh: EVN c quyn mua in t cc nh my in c lp, c quyn bn in cho cc cng ty phn phi in nng, cc cng ty phn phi c quyn bn in cho khch hng cui cng do vy cn thit phi c mt c quan ng ra kim sot hot ng ny vi t cch hon ton c lp. - i vi khch hng: Tip tc chu mua in t mt cng ty phn phi in duy nht trong phm vi a l do bi cc c s h tng ca ngnh in trong giai on ny c th cha p ng c yu cu ca khch hng mua in trc tip t nh sn xut theo m hnh ca th trng in cnh tranh hon ton. Tuy nhin i vi cc khch hng c ph ti ln c th mua in trc tip t cc nh my in hoc thng qua li truyn ti ca EVN. T nhng quan im trn, c th xy dng mt m hnh qun l th trng in lc Vit Nam trong giai on 2005-2010 nh sau: Cc nh my in c lp C quan kim sot

EVN

CT PP

CT PP

CT PP

Khch hng ln

Khch hng

Khch hng

Hnh 5. M hnh qun l th trng in lc Vit Nam

5. Kt lun v kin ngh Da trn nhng c im tnh hnh hot ng ca ngnh in hin nay p dng thnh cng m hnh th trng in lc ny trong thi gian ti, m bo nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh, hiu qu u t, cht lng v tin cy in nng v pha Nh nc cng nh EVN cn phi xem xt nhng mt sau: V pha Nh nc: - Cn ban hnh kp thi h thng cc vn bn di lut lin quan hng dn cc hot ng in lc. - Phn nh ranh gii gia chc nng iu tit v chc nng qun l nh nc khng b phn tn, chng cho. - Tch phn hot ng cng ch ra khi hot ng kinh doanh ca cc cng ty phn phi in. - Quy nh r c ch gi bn in ph hp. V pha ngnh in: - Thc hin u t mi cng nh bo dng cc cng trnh ngun in, li in nhm m bo cht lng, tin cy v an ton cung cp in, p ng yu cu tng trng ca ph ti. - m bo mc cng sut d phng cn thit khong 20-30% cng sut cao im. - Hon thin h thng thng tin lin lc, a vo vn hnh mng vin thng in lc, hon chnh h thng iu khin t xa (SCADA). - Xy dng i ng cn b qun l, cn b k thut p ng yu cu pht trin, c bit trong lnh vc qun l iu h thng in. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Bambooweb, Electricity market, http://www.bambooweb.com/Electricity market.html. [2] John D.Chandley, Scott M.Harvey, William W.Hogan, Electricity market reform in California, Harvard University, 2000. [3] William W.Hogan, Electricity Restructuring: Open access from order 888 to successful market desisn(SMD), Harvard University, 2005. [4] World Energy Council, Development of competitive electricity market in te Baltic States, http://www.worldenergy.com, 2001. [5] Nguyn Thnh Sn, Hon thin phn tch bo co ti chnh ca Cng ty in lc 3, Lun vn Thc s kinh t, i hc Nng, 2005. [6] Nguyn Anh Tun, Trn ng Khoa, nh hng xy dng th trng in cnh tranh ca Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam, Tp ch in v i sng s 65, 2004. [7] Hi in lc, Nghin cu l trnh hnh thnh v pht trin th trng in lc Vit Nam, 2004. [8] Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam, n tng th sp xp i mi v pht trin cc doanh nghip ca Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam giai on 2004-2010, 2004.