Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JUDETUL SALAJ
1.2. ISTORIE
Istoria prezenei umane pe teritoriul judetului se pierde n negura vremurilor. Cel mai
vechi tezaur de aur masiv din Romnia a fost descoperit in judeul Slaj, la Moigrad.
Cntrete 780 grame, dateaz din perioada Neoliticului i ntruchipeaza idoli
antropomorfi, simboluri ale fertilitii.
1.3. ECONOMIA
Un aport substanial la economia judeului l are industria de prelucrare a
lemnului, industria textil, fabricarea materialelor de construcie, industria chimic n
fabricarea anvelopelor, industria alimentar prin prelucrarea laptelui i a crnii,
comerul, serviciile i turismul. Un rol important adus economiei acestui jude l are agricultura
imleu Silvaniei
Jibou
Cehu Silvaniei
Crasna - comuna - Dealurile Crasnei Muntii Plopis/raul Crasna si raul Valea Banului Cetate sec.13-15 stil gotic cu tavan casetat
Creaca sat Jac - Dealurile Mesesului Dl. Magura Stanii (716m alt) - Biserica din lemn
"Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1756
Trasee spre Muntii Meses
- spre V - satul Viile Jacului Muntii Meses Magura Stanii (716m alt)
Creaca sat Prodanesti - Dealurile Mesesului/raul Agrij - Biserica din lemn "Sf.
Gheorghe" 1730
Creaca sat Brusturi - Dealurile Mesesului Dl. Magura Stanii/raul Agrij - Biserica din
lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1701
Creaca sat Brebi - Dealurile Mesesului Dl. Dumbrava/raul Creaca - Biserica din lemn
"Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1759, prelucrare artistica a lemnului
Creaca - comuna - Dealurile Mesesului Magura Moigrad (514m alt)/raul Agrij la
confluenta cu raul Ortelec - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Nicolae" 1710
Trasee turistice spre Muntii Meses
- spre V Magura Moigrad (514m alt)
Cristolt sat Muncel - Dealurile Garboului/raul Branglez - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh.
Mihail si Gavriil" sec.18
Criseni sat Cristur Criseni - Dealurile Salajului Muntii Meses - Biserica reformata
sec.16
Cuzaplac sat Cublesu - Dealurile Clujului/raul Cubles - Biserica din lemn "Invierea
Domnului" sec.18, Turbarie (rezervatie naturala)
Cuzaplac sat Petrindu - Dealurile Clujului/raul Galaseni - Biserica sec.14
Dobrin sat Doba - Dealurile Salajului/raul Salaj - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si
Gavriil" sec.17
Dobrin - comuna - Dealurile Salajului/raul Salaj - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si
Gavriil" 1720
Dragu sat Voivodeni - Dealurile Clujului/raul Voivodeni - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh.
Mihail si Gavriil" 1820 cu picturi interioare din 1831, Schit "Schimbarea la Fata a
Domnului" (M) 2002
Fildu de Jos sat Tetisu - Dealurile Huedinului/raul Tetis - Biserica sec.14
Fildu de Jos - comuna - Dealurile Huedinului/raul Fildu - Biserica din lemn "Pogorarea
Duhului Sfant" 1727 - cu dcor de crestaturi si picturi interioare sec.19, porti sculptate in lemn si
piatra
Galgau sat Barsau Mare - Valea Somesului - Dealurile Ciceului/raul Somes - Biserica
din lemn "Fecioara Maria" 1690 (mutata in 1805 din alt sat)
Garbou sat Solomon - Dealurile Simisna-Garbou/raul Briglez - Biserica din lemn
"Adormirea Maicii Domnului" sec.18
Garbou - comuna - Dealurile Simisna-Garbou/raul Briglez - Castelul "Haller" (Burgul) din
1766 stil baroc
Halmasd - comuna - Dealurile Plopisului Muntii Plopis - Dl. Cupari/raul Drighiu Biserica "Sf. Dumitru" sec.18
Hereclean sat Bocsita - Dealurile Salajului/raul Mineu - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail
si Gavriil" sec.18
Hida sat Sanpetru Almasului - Dealurile Simisna-Garbou/raul Stupini - Biserica din lemn
"Sf. Ap. Petru si Pavel" 1494 picturi sec.18
Hida sat Paduris - Dealurile Simisna-Garbou/raul Paduris - Manastirea "Stramba Paduris" (M) 1470 Icoana facatoare de minuni a Maicii Domnului "Dulcele Sarut" Biserica din
lemn (monument istoric)
Hida sat Miluani - Dealurile Clujului - Bisericile din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1783
si "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" ale fostei Manastiri "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" sec.16
Hida sat Baica - Dealurile Simisna-Garbou/raul Almas - Biserica "Sf. Arh. Mihail si
Gavril" 1643 decoratie sculptata si picturi interioare sec.18
Hida - comuna - Dealurile Simisna-Garbou Dl. Hida/raul Almas la confluenta cu raurile
Voivodeni, Dragu, Ugrutu, Glodu, Valea Mare - Conacele "Hatfaludy" sec.19 si "Morca" sec.20
cu parcuri, Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" sec.18, "Stanca Dracului" rezervatie
geologica
Romanasi sat Poarta Salajului - Dealurile Mesesului Muntii Meses/raul Rastolt - Biserica
din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1670/1758 (stramutata din satul Borza com. Creaca/adusa
din Rostoltu Mare in 1835), poiana naturala cu lalele pestrite
Romanasi sat Pausa - Dealurile Mesesului Muntii Meses/raul Agrij - Biserica din lemn
dublu hram "Sf. Nicolae si Nasterea Domnului" 1730
Romanasi sat Chichisa - Dealurile Mesesului Muntii Meses/raul Agrij - Biserica din lemn
"Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" sec.17
Rus - comuna - Dealurile Garboului Dl. Rus/raul Somes la confluenta cu raul Rus
-Manastirea "Sfanta Maria" (F) 2002
Salatig - comuna - Dealurile Salajului si Asuajului/raul Salaj - Biserica reformata 1753
Salatig sat Mineu - Dealurile Salajului si Asuajului/raul Mineu - Biserica reformata 1514
Salatig sat Bulgari - Dealurile Salajului si Asuajului/raul Salaj - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh.
Mihail si Gavriil" 1547
Sag sat Sarbi - Dealurile Plopisului Muntii Plopis/raul Valea Banului - Biserica din lemn
"Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" sec.17
Sag sat Tusa - Cheile Barcaului Muntii Plopis (Ses) Chicera Tusa (614m alt), Dl.
Merisorului/raul Barcau - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" sec.17
Sanmihaiu Almasului - comuna Dep. Almas/raul Almas - muzeu istorie, Biserica din
lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1778
Somes Odorhei sat Inau - Valea Somesului -Dealurile Salajului/raul Somes la confluenta
cu raul Inau - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil" 1832
Somes Odorhei sat Domnin - Dealurile Salajului - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si
Gavriil" 1753
Surduc sat Turbuta - Valea Somesului - Dealurile Garboului - Culmea Prisnel Mv.
Prisnel/raul Somes la confluenta cu raul Almas - Biserica din lemn "Sf. Arh. Mihail si Gavriil"
sec.17, impletituri din rachita, Cotul raului Somes
Surduc - comuna - Valea Somesului - Dealurile Garboului - Mv. Prisnel/raul Somes la
confluenta cu raul Cristoltel - castelul Jozsica sec.17
Samsud - comuna - Dealurile Majei/raul Maja - Biserica "Inaltarea Domnului" 1885
Sarmasag sat Ilisua - Dealurile Sarmasag/raul Ilisua (Ilisva) - Biserica reformata sec.17
Valcau de Jos sat Iaz Muntii Plopis (Ses) - Cles (378m alt)/raul Iaz "Mlastina de la Iaz"
punct fosilifer - drumetii spre izvoarele raului Iaz, Vf. Hulupistii (727m alt), Vf. Cretului (756m alt)
Valcau de Jos sat Preoteasa Muntii Plopis (Ses) Vf. Hulupistii (727m alt) - Cheile
Valcau de Jos sat Sub Cetate Muntii Plopis/raul Barcau - ruine cetate sec.13
Valcau de Jos - comuna - Muntii Plopis/raul Barcau - izvoare ape termale de 41grd C,
Biserica reformata din 1896
Varsolt sat Recea - Magura Simleului/raul Crasna Crasna (lac) - Biserica din lemn 1754
Zimbor - comuna - Dealurile Clujului/raul Almas - Biserica reformata sec.15, Biserica
"Adormirea Maicii Domnului" 1643 si conacul "Szombory" sec.19 cu parc
Staiunea Bizua
11
Grdina Zmeilor
Biserica
de
lemn Adormirea
Maicii
Domnului din
satul Stna,
construit n anul 1778, strmutat n incinta complexului monahal al Mnstirii Bic n
anul 1997
DN1G: Huedin-Jibou
DN19B:Scuieni-Nu falu
Zalu-Srmag-Carei
Zalu-Srmag-imleu Silvaniei
Zalu-Jibou-Ulmeni-Cehu Silvaniei
Zalu-Jibou-Dej-Cluj Napoca
2.2. NECESITATI
1. Reabilitare drum judetean
2. Restaurarea patrimoniului istoric si cultural
3. Imbunatatirea dotarii cu echipamente a bazelor operationale pentru interventii in situatii de
urgenta
4. Reabilitarea infrastructurii educationale
5. Extinderea si modernizarea sistemelor de apa si apa uzata
6. Implementarea unui proiect de dezvoltare a turismului rural
15
3. ANALIZA SWOT
PUNCTE TARI
GRAD
IMPORTANTA
SCOR SPECIFIC
Calitatea produselor 9
oferite
0.2
1.8
Diversitatea
produselor oferite
0.1
0.7
Alinierea activitatii 10
firmei
din
toate
punctele de vedere
la normele Uniunii
Europene
0.2
Organizarea
eficienta a activitatii
0.2
1.6
0.2
Reteaua
colectare
desfacere
organizata
NOTA (1-10)
de 10
si
bine
PUNCTE SLABE
NOTA (1-10)
Pozitia pe piata de 10
desfacere nu este
consolidata suficient
8.1
GRAD
IMPORTANTA
SCOR SPECIFIC
0.2
Piata de desfacere 9
este cucerita in
mare parte
0.15
1.35
Lipsa facilitatilor
10
0.2
Drumurile
0.15
1.35
NOTA (1-10)
6.7
GRAD
IMPORTANTA
SCOR SPECIFIC
Educarea
8
consumatorului
roman
asupra
importantei
consumului de lapte
0.2
1.6
0.2
1.8
Iesirea de pe piata 10
romanesca
a
companiilor care nu
vor implementa la
timp normele UE
0.2
Piata cu potential
ridicat
0.1
0.8
0.15
1.35
Ponderea
ridicata 9
care este alocata de
consumatorul
roman achizitionarii
produselor
alimentare
SUMA OPORTUNITATILOR
AMENINTARI
NOTA (1-10)
Perspectiva
unei 10
concurente
puternice din partea
companiilor
prezente pe piata
7.55
GRAD
IMPORTANTA
SCOR SPECIFIC
0.2
17
UE
Modificari
ale 8
mediului natural
0.25
Modificari
in 9
contextul economic
la nivel national
0.15
1.35
Diversitatea
10
ofertelor
firmelor
concurente
existente
0.2
SUMA AMENINTARI
7.35
4. LEGISLATIA
CAPITOLUL I
Dispoziii generale
Art. 1. - (1) Prezenta lege are ca scop instituirea de msuri privind promovarea
mbuntirii securitii i sntii n munc a lucrtorilor.
(2) Prezenta lege stabilete principii generale referitoare la prevenirea
riscurilor profesionale, protecia sntii i securitatea lucrtorilor, eliminarea
factorilor de risc i accidentare, informarea, consultarea, participarea
echilibrat potrivit legii, instruirea lucrtorilor i a reprezentanilor lor, precum
i direciile generale pentru implementarea acestor principii.
Art. 2. - Conveniile internaionale i contractele bilaterale ncheiate de
persoane juridice romne cu parteneri strini, n vederea efecturii de lucrri
cu personal romn pe teritoriul altor ri, vor cuprinde clauze privind
securitatea i sntatea n munc.
CAPITOLUL II
Domeniu de aplicare
Art. 3. - (1) Prezenta lege se aplic n toate sectoarele de activitate, att
publice, ct i private.
(2) Prevederile prezentei legi se aplic angajatorilor, lucrtorilor i
reprezentanilor lucrtorilor.
Art. 4. - (1) Fac excepie de la prevederile art. 3 alin. (1) cazurile n care
particularitile inerente ale anumitor activiti specifice din serviciile publice,
cum ar fi forele armate sau poliia, precum i cazurile de dezastre, inundaii i
pentru realizarea msurilor de protecie civil, vin n contradicie cu prezenta
lege.
(2) n cazurile prevzute la alin. (1) trebuie s se asigure securitatea i
sntatea lucrtorilor, inndu-se seama de principiile stabilite prin prezenta
lege.
Art. 5. - n sensul prezentei legi, termenii i expresiile de mai jos au urmtorul
neles:
a) lucrtor - persoan angajat de ctre un angajator, potrivit legii, inclusiv
studenii, elevii n perioada efecturii stagiului de practic, precum i ucenicii i
ali participani la procesul de munc, cu excepia persoanelor care presteaz
activiti casnice;
b) angajator - persoan fizic sau juridic ce se afl n raporturi de munc ori
de serviciu cu lucrtorul respectiv i care are responsabilitatea ntreprinderii
i/sau unitii;
c) ali participani la procesul de munc - persoane aflate n ntreprindere
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sntatea n munc;
h) s asigure informarea fiecrei persoane, anterior angajrii n munc, asupra
riscurilor la care aceasta este expus la locul de munc, precum i asupra
msurilor de prevenire i de protecie necesare;
i) s ia msuri pentru autorizarea exercitrii meseriilor i a profesiilor
prevzute de legislaia specific;
j) s angajeze numai persoane care, n urma examenului medical i, dup caz,
a testrii psihologice a aptitudinilor, corespund sarcinii de munc pe care
urmeaz s o execute i s asigure controlul medical periodic i, dup caz,
controlul psihologic periodic, ulterior angajrii;
k) s in evidena zonelor cu risc ridicat i specific prevzute la art. 7 alin. (4)
lit. e);
l) s asigure funcionarea permanent i corect a sistemelor i dispozitivelor
de protecie, a aparaturii de msur i control, precum i a instalaiilor de
captare, reinere i neutralizare a substanelor nocive degajate n desfurarea
proceselor tehnologice;
m) s prezinte documentele i s dea relaiile solicitate de inspectorii de
munc n timpul controlului sau al efecturii cercetrii evenimentelor;
n) s asigure realizarea msurilor dispuse de inspectorii de munc cu prilejul
vizitelor de control i al cercetrii evenimentelor;
o) s desemneze, la solicitarea inspectorului de munc, lucrtorii care s
participe la efectuarea controlului sau la cercetarea evenimentelor;
p) s nu modifice starea de fapt rezultat din producerea unui accident mortal
sau colectiv, n afar de cazurile n care meninerea acestei stri ar genera alte
accidente ori ar periclita viaa accidentailor i a altor persoane;
q) s asigure echipamente de munc fr pericol pentru securitatea i
sntatea lucrtorilor;
r) s asigure echipamente individuale de protecie;
s) s acorde obligatoriu echipament individual de protecie nou, n cazul
degradrii sau al pierderii calitilor de protecie.
Art. 14. - Alimentaia de protecie se acord n mod obligatoriu i gratuit de
ctre angajatori persoanelor care lucreaz n condiii de munc ce impun acest
lucru i se stabilete prin contractul colectiv de munc i/sau contractul
individual de munc.
27
Art. 20. - (1) Angajatorul trebuie s asigure condiii pentru ca fiecare lucrtor s
primeasc o instruire suficient i adecvat n domeniul securitii i sntii
n munc, n special sub form de informaii i instruciuni de lucru, specifice
locului de munc i postului su:
a) la angajare;
b) la schimbarea locului de munc sau la transfer;
c) la introducerea unui nou echipament de munc sau a unor modificri ale
echipamentului existent;
d) la introducerea oricrei noi tehnologii sau proceduri de lucru;
e) la executarea unor lucrri speciale.
(2) Instruirea prevzut la alin. (1) trebuie s fie:
a) adaptat evoluiei riscurilor sau apariiei unor noi riscuri;
b) periodic i ori de cte ori este necesar.
(3) Angajatorul se va asigura c lucrtorii din ntreprinderi i/sau uniti din
exterior, care desfoar activiti n ntreprinderea i/sau unitatea proprie, au
primit instruciuni adecvate referitoare la riscurile legate de securitate i
sntate n munc, pe durata desfurrii activitilor.
(4) Reprezentanii lucrtorilor cu rspunderi specifice n domeniul securitii i
sntii n munc au dreptul la instruire corespunztoare.
Art. 21. - (1) Instruirea prevzut la art. 20 alin. (1),
(2) i (4) nu poate fi realizat pe cheltuiala lucrtorilor i/sau a reprezentanilor
acestora.
(2) Instruirea prevzut la art. 20 alin. (1) i (2) trebuie s se realizeze n
timpul programului de lucru.
(3) Instruirea prevzut la art. 20 alin. (4) trebuie s se efectueze n timpul
programului de lucru, fie n interiorul, fie n afara ntreprinderii i/sau unitii.
CAPITOLUL IV
Obligaiile lucrtorilor
Art. 22. - Fiecare lucrtor trebuie s i desfoare activitatea, n conformitate
cu pregtirea i instruirea sa, precum i cu instruciunile primite din partea
angajatorului, astfel nct s nu expun la pericol de accidentare sau
mbolnvire profesional att propria persoan, ct i alte persoane care pot fi
afectate de aciunile sau omisiunile sale n timpul procesului de munc.
Art. 23. - (1) n mod deosebit, n scopul realizrii obiectivelor prevzute la art.
22, lucrtorii au urmtoarele obligaii:
CAPITOLUL VI
Comunicarea, cercetarea, nregistrarea i raportarea evenimentelor
SECIUNEA 1
Evenimente
Art. 26. - Orice eveniment, aa cum este definit la art. 5 lit. f), va fi comunicat
de ndat angajatorului, de ctre conductorul locului de munc sau de orice
alt persoan care are cunotin despre producerea acestuia.
Art. 27. - (1) Angajatorul are obligaia s comunice evenimentele, de ndat,
dup cum urmeaz:
a) inspectoratelor teritoriale de munc, toate evenimentele aa cum sunt definite
la art. 5 lit. f);
b) asigurtorului, potrivit Legii nr. 346/2002 privind asigurarea pentru accidente
de munc i boli profesionale, cu modificrile i completrile ulterioare,
evenimentele urmate de incapacitate temporar de munc, invaliditate sau
deces, la confirmarea acestora;
c) organelor de urmrire penal, dup caz.
(2) Orice medic, inclusiv medicul de medicin a muncii aflat ntr-o relaie
contractual cu angajatorul, conform prevederilor legale, va semnala
obligatoriu suspiciunea de boal profesional sau legat de profesiune,
depistat cu prilejul prestaiilor medicale.
(3) Semnalarea prevzut la alin. (2) se efectueaz ctre autoritatea de
sntate public teritorial sau a municipiului Bucureti, de ndat, la
constatarea cazului.
Art. 28. - n cazul accidentelor de circulaie produse pe drumurile publice, n
care printre victime sunt i persoane aflate n ndeplinirea unor sarcini de
serviciu, organele de poliie rutier competente vor trimite instituiilor i/sau
persoanelor fizice/juridice prevzute la art. 29 alin. (1) lit. a) i b), n termen de
5 zile de la data solicitrii, un exemplar al procesului-verbal de cercetare la
faa locului.
Art. 29. - (1) Cercetarea evenimentelor este obligatorie i se efectueaz dup
cum urmeaz:
a) de ctre angajator, n cazul evenimentelor care au produs incapacitate
temporar de munc;
b) de ctre inspectoratele teritoriale de munc, n cazul evenimentelor care au
produs invaliditate evident sau confirmat, deces, accidente colective,
incidente periculoase, n cazul evenimentelor care au produs incapacitate
temporar de munc lucrtorilor la angajatorii persoane fizice, precum i n
situaiile cu persoane date disprute;
(2) Instituia prevzut la alin. (1) controleaz modul n care se aplic legislaia
naional din domeniul securitii i sntii n munc la toate persoanele
fizice i juridice din sectoarele prevzute la art. 3 alin. (1), cu excepia celor
prevzute la art. 50 alin. (1) i (2), i are, n principal, urmtoarele atribuii:
a) controleaz realizarea programelor de prevenire a riscurilor profesionale;
b) solicit msurtori i determinri, examineaz probe de produse i de
materiale n uniti i n afara acestora, pentru clarificarea unor evenimente
sau situaii de pericol;
c) dispune sistarea activitii sau scoaterea din funciune a echipamentelor de
munc, n cazul n care constat o stare de pericol grav i iminent de
accidentare sau de mbolnvire profesional i sesizeaz, dup caz, organele
de urmrire penal;
d) cerceteaz evenimentele conform competenelor, avizeaz cercetarea,
stabilete sau confirm caracterul accidentelor;
e) coordoneaz, n colaborare cu Institutul Naional de Statistic i cu celelalte
instituii implicate, dup caz, sistemul de raportare i eviden a accidentelor
de munc i a incidentelor, iar, n colaborare cu Ministerul Sntii Publice,
sistemul de raportare a bolilor profesionale sau legate de profesie;
f) analizeaz activitatea serviciilor externe prevzute la art. 8 alin. (4) i
propune retragerea abilitrii, dup caz;
g) raporteaz Ministerului Muncii, Solidaritii Sociale i Familiei situaiile
deosebite care necesit mbuntirea reglementrilor din domeniul securitii
i sntii n munc;
h) furnizeaz informaii celor interesai despre cele mai eficace mijloace de
respectare a legislaiei din domeniul securitii i sntii n munc.
Art. 48. - (1) Asigurtorul, stabilit de lege, reprezint autoritatea competent n
domeniul asigurrii pentru accidente de munc i boli profesionale.
(2) Instituia prevzut la alin. (1) are atribuii pentru:
a) sprijinirea activitii de prevenire n domeniul securitii i sntii n
munc a angajatorilor;
b) reabilitarea medical i, dup caz, psihologic, precum i compensarea
victimelor accidentelor de munc i ale bolilor profesionale;
c) raportarea ctre Ministerul Muncii, Solidaritii Sociale i Familiei a situaiilor
deosebite care necesit mbuntirea reglementrilor din domeniul securitii
i sntii n munc.
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43
5. DESCRIEREA GEOGRAFICA
5.1. GEOGRAFIE
Judeul Slaj este aezat n partea de Nord-Vest a Romniei i se suprapune pe cea
mai mare parte a zonei de legtur dintre Carpaii Orientali i Munii Apuseni, cunoscut
sub denumirea de Platforma Some an.
5.1.1. SUPRAFATA
Judeul se ntinde pe 3864,4 km2, ceea ce reprezint 1,6% din suprafaa rii.
5.1.2. VECINI
Judeul Slaj se nvecineaz la nord cu Satu Mare i Maramure, la vest i sud-vest
cu Bihor iar spre sud, sud-est i est cu judeul Cluj.
5.1.3. RELIEF
Din punct de vedere geografic, judeul Slaj este o zon de dealuri i depresiuni
situate pe cursul vilor Almaului, Agrijului, Someului, Crasnei si Barcului. Zona
montan este reprezentat n partea de Sud-Vest prin dou ramificaii nordice ale
munilor Apuseni: culmile Meseului cu Vrful Mgura Priei (996 m.) i Plopiului.
Depresiunile au o larg rspndire pe teritoriul judeului i reprezint
importante zone agricole de concentrare a aezrilor.
5.1.4. HIDROGRAFIE
Principala caracteristic a reelei hidrografice a Slajului este relativa
uniformitate a repartiiei rurilor pe ntregul teritoriu, cu o foarte slab prezen a
reelei lacustre naturale, dar cu apariia din ce n ce mai des a lacurilor artificiale.
Rurile Some,Crasna, Barcu, Alma, Agrij si Slaj reprezint principalele ape curgtoare
din jude. De asemenea, pe raza judeului se afl i Lacul de acumulare Vrol de pe cursul
rului Crasna.
5.1.5. CLIMA
Dup expoziia lui, judeul Slaj se afl sub directa influen a maselor de aer din
vest, ncadrndu-se n sectorul cu clim continental moderat. Circulaia maselor de
aer de nlime, precum i relieful, prin aspectul i altitudinea lui, creeaz diferenieri
climatice, pe de o parte ntre vestul i estul judeului, iar pe de alt parte, ntre principalele
unitai geo-morfologice.
Temperaturile medii anuale sunt cuprinse ntre 8C0 si 9C0 n cea mai mare parte a
judeului, excepie facnd culmile mai nalte ale muntilor Mese i Plopi, precum i zona
dealurilor nalte Simina Grbou, unde temperaturile medii anuale sunt cuprinse ntre 6C0 si
8C0.
Precipitaiile atmosferice medii anuale prezint valori cuprinse intre 600 mm si
800 mm, valori mai mari inregistrndu-se in muntii Mese i Plopi, iar mai mici
in Depresiunea Alma Agrij i pe valea Someului.
45
6. TEHNOLOGIE SPECIFICA
Imediat dupa mulgere, laptele trebuie scos din grajdul vacilor si dus in laptarie, unde
este masurat si supus unei tratari primare (filtrare, racire, depozitare). Tratarea primara are o
deosebita importanta deoarece asigura mentinerea calitatilor initiale ale laptelui, conditie
principala pentru prelucrarea ulterioara.
folosirii rondelelor de vata si daca laptele este relativ curat, schimbarea acestora se face dupa
strecurarea unei cantitati de 100-120 litri lapte, iar pentru laptele murdar dupa fiecare 35-40 litri.
Tifonul se schimba ori de cate ori este necesar (se murdareste), in mod obisnuit dupa filtrarea a
50 litri lapte.
Dupa filtrare, rondelele de vata folosite sunt arse, iar tifonul se spala bine cu apa rece,
apoi cu apa fierbinte si soda, se limpezeste, dupa care se fierbe timp de 15-20 minute.
6.2.RACIREA LAPTELUI
Datorita compozitiei sale si temperaturii pe care o are la mulgere (3235C), laptele
constituie un mediu foarte favorabil pentru dezvoltarea microorganismelor. In laptele pastrat in
stare calda dupa mulgere, aceste microorganisme se dezvolta rapid; bacteriile lactice
transforma lactoza in acid lactic, ceea ce determina o acidifiere (acrire). Acest defect apare mai
ales in sezonul de vara, aducand pagube importante; laptele nu mai poate fi prelucrat
corespunzator, incat se produc pierderi in timpul prelucrarii influentand astfel cresterea
consumurilor specific, iar produsele obtinute sunt de calitate inferioara. Aplicand imediat dupa
mulgere racirea, dezvoltarea microorganismelor este impiedicata, iar laptele isi poate pastra
calitatile initiale pana in momentul utilizarii lui ca atare sau prelucrarii in diferite produse lactate.
Pentru laptele recoltat in conditii necorespunzatoare, chiar daca este racit corect,
calitatea va fi influentata de stare igienica, care nu se poate imbunatati prin operatia de racire.
Dupa cum s-a aratat mai inainte, racirea rapida a laptelui dupa mulgere are rolul de a
opri pe cat este posibil dezvoltarea microorganismelor. De altfel, in laptele proaspat muls,
numarul de microorganisme nu creste un timp oarecare sau creste foarte putin. Aceasta se
explica prin prezenta in lapte a unor substante care inhiba dezvoltarea microorganismelor si
chiar le distrug in parte, fiind denumite substante bactericide. Timpul in care, sub actiunea
substantelor bactericide, inmultirea microorganismelor este oprita se numeste faza bactericida a
laptelui.
Durata fazei bactericide a laptelui are o deosebita importanta si este influentata in
special de temperatura, dupa cum se poate vedea din datele prezentate in continuare.
Temperatura de pastrare a laptelui, in C
30
Maximum 3
25
Maximum 6
10
Maximum 24
Maximum 36
Maximum 48
47
Din aceste date rezulta ca, pentru a putea prelungi faza bactericida, este necesar ca
laptele sa fie racit la temperaturi cat mai joase si cat mai rapid.
Dupa terminarea fazei bactericida, inmultirea microorganisemlor depinde de cantitatea
lor initiala,precum si de temperratura de depozitare a laptelui. Scaderea tempreaturii de
depozitatre este singura masura care permite ingradirea intr-o oarecare masura a inmultirii
microorganismelor.
15
25
35
Dupa mulgere
9000
9000
9000
la 3 ore
10000
18000
30000
la 6 ore
25000
172000
12000000
la 9 ore
46000
1000000
35000000
la 24 de ore
5000000
57000000
800000000
Temperatura de pastrare
4,5C
4000
40000
150000
10C
15C
24 h
48 h
24 h
48 h
24 h
48 h
4000
4500
12000
120000
1500000
33000000
(1)
(1)
(3)
( 30 )
( 372 )
( 8000 )
80000
120000
200000
840000
4500000
100000000
(2)
(3)
(5)
( 21 )
( 113 )
( 2540 )
300000
600000
1200000
15000000
27000000
700000000
(2)
(4)
(8)
( 100 )
( 180 )
( 4700 )
In cazul in care laptele este recoltat in conditii igiencie si ajunge intr-un interval de timp
de 4-5 ore de la mulgere la beneficiar, se poate considera suficienta racirea la o temperatura de
1012C, cu conditia ca, in timpul transportului, temperatura laptelui sa nu depaseasca 13C
( situatie care apare mai ales la laptele muls dimineata ).
In cazul in care laptele ajunge la locul de prelucrare dupa 5 ore de la mulgere sau a fost
pastrat pana dimineata, este absolut necesar sa se raceasca la temperaturi joase ( 46C ),
care de altfel sunt temperaturile de racire cele mai indicate.
Alegerea sistemului de racire a laptelui,respectiv a instalatiilor de racire, depinde de o
serie de factori:
temperatura la care trebuie sa se raceasca laptele;
cantitatea de lapte ce trebuie racita zilnic;
modul si mijloacele de transport al laptelui;
posibiitatile de alimentare cu apa si temperatura apei;
posibilitatile de alimenatre cu energie electrica.
Pentru racirea laptelui se pot utiliza apa de put sau de conducta, amestec de apa cu
gheata si agenti frigorifici.
In cele ce urmeaza se face o prezentare a principalelor sisteme si instalatii de racire a
laptelui, inceptand cu cele mai rudimentare, pana la cele mai perfectionate si mai moderne.
49
6.2.2
RACIREA
LAPTELUI
IN
APARATE
SCHIMBATOARE
DE
CALDURA
Principalul avantaj al acestor aparate consta in faptul ca pernite o racire foare rapida
(practic instantanee ) si sunt economice.Schimbul de caldura se realizeaza pe seama unuia sau
a mai multor agenti de racire ( apa rece sau racita, diferiti agenti frigorfici ), care in majoritatea
cazurilor circula in contracurent cu laptele; se disting 2 tipuri: racitoare plane si racitoare cu placi
(figura 4).
Sub actiunea fortei centrifuge, care ia nastere prin invartirea tobei, partile mai grele din
lapte sunt aruncate la marginea tobei (laptele smantanit), iar partile mai usoare (globulele de
grasime), care antreneaza cu ele si o parte din celelalte component ale lapteui, se strang spre
centrul tobei, formand smantana. Acestea se ridica pe langa distribuitor, ajunge pe langa ultimul
taler, care nu mai este gaurit, si iese afara prin orificiul pentru smantana al tobei, in palnia
colectoare.laptele smantanit, care este proiectat spre marginea din afara a talerelor, se ridica
deasupra ultimului taler negaurit si iese prin orificiul pentru lapte smantanit in a doua palnie
colectoare.
Reglarea continutului de grasime al smantanii se face numai cand toba este scoasa
afara, cu ajutorul surubului fixat in partea superioara a tobei.
La terminarea lucrului, se opreste alimentarea cu lapte si se introduce apa, pentru a se
elimina resturile de smantana si lapte care pot ramane in toba si in piesele prin care trec.
Smantana si laptele smantanit, care rezulta de la separare, sunt colectate in bidoane de
aluminiu curate.
In timpul smantanirii, o data cu laptele smantanit, sunt aruncate spre peretii tobei si
impurtatile continute in lapte, care se aduna sub forma unui strat denumit namol de separator.
Deoarece acest namol impiedica functionarea normal a separatorului, dupa circa doua ore de
smantanire, separatorul trebuie oprit pentru curatare. Cantitatea de namol de separator este
cu atat mai mare, cu cat laptele contine mai multe impuritati si are un grad de aciditate mai
ridicat.
se reduca forta centrifuga si cu aceasta viteza de separare a globulelor de grasime, iar marirea
turatiei tobei separatorului peste cea prescrisa prezinta pericolul descentrarii tobei si cresterii
uzurii separatorului;
Uniformitatea functionarii separatorului poate influenta gradul de smantanire a laptelui; in
cazul in care separatorul nu lucreaza uniform si toba vibreaza in timpul functionarii, in
laptele smantanit trece o cantitate mai mare de grasime;
Debitul de intrare a laptelui in toba separatorului determina in mare masura gradul de
smantanire a laptelui: cu cat cantitatea de lapte ce intra in toba este mai mare, cu atat
gradul de smantanire va fi mai redus, deoarece acesta va sta mai putin timp in separator
si actiunea fortei centrifuge asupra globulelor de grasime va fi mai redusa. In mod
normal, fiecare tip de separator are un debit fixat, care trebuie respectat.
CAUZE
MASURI DE INLATURARE
1
Curge lapte in locasul tobei si 1.Garnitura de cauciuc a tobei 1.Se va aseza si strange bine
se prelinge afara
este asezata stramb, nu este sau se va inlocui
stransa sau lipseste
2.Toba este prea jos si laptele 2.Se va ridica axul tobei
smanatanit se scurge pe sub
57
marginea palniei
3.In toba intra lapte mai mult 3.Robinetul bazinului trebuie
decat
este
puterea
de inchis putin
prelucrare a separatorului si
astfel se revarsa
Separatorul
zgomot
lucreaza
cu 1.Toba
uzata,
nemaifiind 1.Se va inlocui toba sau se va
central pe ax, loveste palniile
repara (rebalansa)
2.Toba este ridicata prea sus 2.Se va regla inaltimea axului
si se freaca de palnii sau este tobei
lasata prea jos si atinge
locasul tobei
3.Separatorul nu este bine 3.Se strang butoanele de
fixat si toba trepideaza
ancorare; daca rondelele de
cauciuc lipsesc ori s-au uzat,
se vor completa
4.Lagarele sau rulmentii sunt
uzati, sparti sau axul lagarului
este rupt
Nu se obtine smantana cu un 1.Viteza de rotire este prea 1.Se reduce numarul de rotatii
continut mic de grasime, desi mare
se regleaza surubul
2.Orificiile de separare si 2.Se curata bine toba
spatiile pentru depozitarea
impuritatilor sunt in parte
infundate
si
micsoreaza
cantitatea de lapte ce intra in
toba
3.Intra prea putin lapte in toba
numarul
de
murdare
functioneaza bine
59
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00040092900aa000000000000001e00380000000000040000002
, in care:
701ffff030000000000
Csep este capacitatea separatorului, in l/h;
CL- capacitatea de lapte supusa smanatanirii, masurata de o anumita durata de timp;
t=
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.
0002200320000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
Exemplu:
CL este cantitatea de lapte ce se smantaneste = 800 l ;
t- timpul in secunde;
Csep capacitatea separatorului = 1000 l/ora;
t=
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= 2880 .
000001b00380000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
79
Cs ( kg ) =
, in care:
gl= 0,1
GL= 3,7
GS= 36
CS (kg) =
= 50,14 kg
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010105
0601010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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01010101010101010000000c00000040092900aa000000000000001e00
, in care notatiile sunt
390000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
cele de la punctual c.
Exemplu:
CS = 300 kg
GL =3,6
CS = 39
gt = 0,05
87
CL (1)=
= 3290 l.
Daca se neglijeaza continutul de grasime din laptele smantanit, calculul este simplificat:
CL (1)=
Exemplu:
CL (1)=
=3250 l.
Csl =
Csl=
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0c00000001000000000000000000000000000000000400000003000018010000d20000000000
00000000000000000000c045040050340300460000002c00000020000000454d462b01400100
1c000000100000000210c0db01000000600000006000000046000000c8030000bc030000454d
462b224004000c000000000000001e4009000c00000000000000244001000c00000000000000
3040020010000000040000000000803f214007000c00000000000000084000051403000008030
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19b0f7a9d0a8a83449e1f7b96ea7488897e9aa7d7b98aed423a96a9a8f8ae1ab3c5cf37a48e2d5
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000100080000000000000000000000000000000000240000000000000000000000ffffff00bfffff00
89
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0101010101010101020f1004011100001e0e01010101010101010101010500000c0101070c0a0
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
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1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
91
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101014c00000
0640000000000000000000000430000001c0000000000000000000000440000001d000000290
0aa0000000000000000000000803f00000000000000000000803f000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000220000000c000000ffffffff460000001c000000
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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b000000130101011904011106010713020f13141613020f1314161301010101141a0e01010a12
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060101110601010a1b0e0111060a1b0e01110601010101020d0e0101010101020f13010101010
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0901110c0a120901110c01010101020d0e010101020f000601010500000809010a0b000000001
00401020f000601010101010101111301010101070c010101141a0e0a1b0e0105060a1b0e0105
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93
0101010101141a0e01010111060a1209020f1314150414161314150414161301010101011113
010102170902030401180e0101010101010101010101010217090203040101010a1209020f130
101011904010700000809010a0b000c01010a0b000c010101010101020d0e01020f0000080901
0500001004010101010101010101020f000008090101010107000008090101110c01010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010203040101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101050601010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
10101010101010101010c00000040092900aa000000000000001d00440000000000040000002
= 148,6 kg smantana cu 46% grasime.
701ffff030000000000
200-148,6 = 51,4 l lapte cu 3,2 % grasime, necesari pentru normalizarea smantanii.
Pentru fiecare 31,8 parti de smantana cu 46% grasime sunt necesare 11 parti lapte cu 3,2
grasime, care formeaza in total 42,8 parti. Considerandu-se partea egala cu 1 kg se aplica
regula de trei simpla astfel :
Daca la 42,8 kg sunt necesare . . . 31,8 kg smantana
la 200 kg vor fi necesare . . . x kg
x=
f)
R=
, in care:
R=
=8,88.
71
Prognoza cheltuielilor:
Articole de cheltuieli
Consum de materie prim (lapte
crud integral)
Cheltuieli de diverse materiale
consumabile (detergeni, tifon)
Taxa pentru vnzarea n pia
Consum energie electric
Remunerarea muncii
Cheltuieli de transportare
Cheltuieli generale i
administrative
Cheltuieli comerciale
Alte cheltuieli (1% din suma
cheltuielilor)
Autorizaii
TOTAL
Pre
unitar, lei
Vnzri
anuale, lei
15
44 408
1,4
27 218
65 161
3 375
40500
108
1 300
60
400
350
900
720
4 800
4 200
10 800
100
1 200
50
600
53
641
400
65 161
n baza datelor prezentate mai sus, n tabelul de mai jos se prezint o variaie
a cheltuielilor de transport n vederea stabilirii cantitii de produse finite spre
vnzare, la meninerea marjei brute la aceeai valoare, de 13 000 lei anual.
Denumirea
22 500
8,2
11,3 14,9
54
74,5 98,1
13 052
8. CONCLUZII
101
31 050 40 887
13 000 13 000
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Judeul Slaj, Monografie, Victor Cormo, Valentin Borda. Editura Sport Turism Bucureti
1980
2. Chintescu Gh. Prelucrarea laptelui n gospodrii i ferme, Editura tehnic, Bucureti,
1997
3. V. Guzun Tehnologia laptelui i a produselor lactate, Editura Civitas, Chiinu,
1998
4. V. Guzun, Gr. Mustea, S. Rubova i alii Industrializarea laptelui, Editura
Tehnica-Info, Chiinu, 2001