Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Turbocharger and Supercharger
Turbocharger and Supercharger
INTRODUCTION
The power out put of an engine depends upon the amount of air inducted per unit time and the degree of utilization of this air , and the thermal efficiency of the engine.
Three possible methods utilized to increase the air consumption of an engine are as follows: Increasing the piston displacement: This increases the size and weight of the engine, and introduces additional cooling problems. Running the engine at higher speeds: This results in increased mechanical friction losses and imposes greater inertia stresses on engine parts. Increasing the density of the charge: This allows a greater mass of the charge to be inducted into the same volume.
Definition
The most efficient method of increasing the power of an engine is by supercharging, i.e. increasing the flow of air into the engine to enable more fuel to be burnt. A Supercharger is run by the mechanical drive, powered by engine power . A turbocharger uses the otherwise unused energy in the exhaust gases to drive a turbine directly connected by a co-axial shaft to a rotary compressor in the air intake system.
COMPRESSED AIR
Air inlet
Fig.1 Supercharger
Types
Fig. 2 Turbocharger
FIG. 5
4 1 0
FIG. 6 Four-stroke cycle of an SI engine equipped with a supercharger turbocharger, plotted on p-v coordinates.
Net work output Wnet= work done by piston + Gas exchange work = area A + area Area A= .......................(2)
..............(3)
.(4)
Where mat = theoretical air consumption rate, kg/h atm & De = engine displacement, L Ne = engine speed, rpm a = density of air entering compressor, kg/m3
The air-delivery ratio is the ratio of the measured over the theoretical air consumption of an engine:
The turbine pressure ratio is defined as , pt = p3 / p4 Pressure ratio across the compressor, pc, as
.(6)
The compressor efficiency = ( theoretical temperature rise across the compressor)/(the actual temperature rise). ec is always less than 1.0.
The turbine efficiency = ( the actual temperature drop across the turbine )/(the theoretical temperature drop). The turbine efficiency is also always less than 1.0.
The following procedure may be used in selecting a turbocharger for an engine. 1. Select the desired, achievable power output, Pb; verify that the chosen power level does not require an excessive pbme. Realistically, pbme 1250 kPa is achievable. 2. Calculate mf = Pb BSFC, using an achievable value for BSFC. Typically, for a well-designed engine, it is possible to achieve , 0.2 < BSFC < 0.25 kg/kW h. 3. Calculate ma = mf (A/F), using the desired A/F ratio of the turbocharged engine. For a CI engine running on diesel fuel, typically 25 < (A/F) < 32. 4. Select the compressor and the point on the compressor map (see Figure 8 for an example map) at which the compressor will operate at rated load and speed of the engine. Equations 3 through 4 can be reworked into
Performance curve
5. Select the turbine and the operating point on the turbine map. The turbine and compressor must rotate at the same speed, the turbine flow must equal the compressor flow times (1 + FA), and the turbine must supply enough power to drive the compressor while overcoming bearing friction.
The mechanical efficiency of the turbocharger
..(9)
Equation 10 can be reworked into characteristic-value equations that incorporate the speed, flow and power constraints:
.(10)
.(11) where avaiablel = characteristic value available required = characteristic value required u = (k 1)/k et = turbine efficiency, decimal em = turbocharger mechanical efficiency, decimal Cpc = constant-pressure specific heat of ambient air, kJ/kgK Cpt = constant-pressure specific heat of heated air, kJ/kgK The available characteristic value depends upon the FA ratio, the turbocharger efficiencies, and the temperature ratio across the engine.
Experimental Setup
Monitor exhaust temperature with (Fe/ Cn thermocouple and oil sump temperature with (Cu/Cn thermocouple). Before each run the engine was worked under load for 10-15 min to achieve normal operating conditions. Using a calibrated A W Nebraska 200 p.t.o. dynamometer, a series of steady state measurements of p.t.o. speed, torque and hence power was taken Settings an injection pressure of 210 bar and fuel pump calibration to provide 51 mm3 of fuel at rated speed and full load. A Campbell 21X data logger
Experimental Conditions
1. Naturally aspirated engine 2. Naturally aspirated + servicing and 3. Turbocharged engine. In the experiment the following parameters were measured. 1. Torque 2. Power 3. Exhaust gas temperature
11
12
11
13
14
15
Type of Compressor.
1.Centrifugal type
2. Vane type
3. Roots type
FIG.3
Conclusions:
Due to low speed of operation and less power in agricultural tractor, turbocharger is used not supercharger for more power generation and to operate it higher altitude. Turbo-charging a tractor engine is an acceptable method of increasing its performance if carried out within manufacturers specifications. Lower engine operating temperatures result which can be beneficial. Since the engine lubricating oil is subjected to high temperatures as it passes through the turbocharger the correct oil must be used as specified for turbocharged engines.
THANK YOU