Cc hng s vt l

Ti sao th gii xung quanh ta ging nh ta thy?

m Thanh Sn (INT, University of Washington) Trng PTTH H Ni-Amsterdam, 28/12/2011

M u

M u

Khi ti cn nh, b ti c cun sch Cu chuyn v cc hng s vt l c bn ca ng Mng Ln

M u

Khi ti cn nh, b ti c cun sch Cu chuyn v cc hng s vt l c bn ca ng Mng Ln Cun sch ny khi gi tr t m ca ti vi mn vt l

M u

Khi ti cn nh, b ti c cun sch Cu chuyn v cc hng s vt l c bn ca ng Mng Ln Cun sch ny khi gi tr t m ca ti vi mn vt l tng ca cuc ni chuyn ny l t cun sch

M u

Khi ti cn nh, b ti c cun sch Cu chuyn v cc hng s vt l c bn ca ng Mng Ln Cun sch ny khi gi tr t m ca ti vi mn vt l tng ca cuc ni chuyn ny l t cun sch Cuc ni chuyn ny s ch cp n mt s t vn , nhng ti s c gng lm cho n cp nht

Gia tc trng trng g

Khi hc vt l, mt trong nhng hng s u tin ta gp l g=9.81 m/s2 g quyt nh chuyn ng ca cc vt trn b mt tri t

z v

v2 z= 2g

Bn cht ca g

Nhng g khng phi hng s c bn: n c ngun gc t lc hp dn gia tri t v vt th.

Bn cht ca g

Nhng g khng phi hng s c bn: n c ngun gc t lc hp dn gia tri t v vt th.

Bn cht ca gia tc trng trng

mM F = mg = G 2 R

Bn cht ca gia tc trng trng

Khi lng tri t

mM F = mg = G 2 R
Hng s vn vt hp dn Bn knh tri t

Bn cht ca gia tc trng trng

mM F = mg = G 2 R

Bn cht ca gia tc trng trng

mM F = mg = G 2 R

Bn cht ca gia tc trng trng

mM F = mg = G 2 R

G=6.6710-11 m3/kg/s2 M=5.971024 kg R=6.37106 m

g=9.82 m/s2

V vy trn b mt cc thin th khc (v du mt trng) gia tc trng trng khc vi trn tri t.

Cc hng s, c bn v khng c bn

Cc hng s, c bn v khng c bn

Cc hng s c bn l cc hng s c gi tr khng thay i mi ni

Cc hng s, c bn v khng c bn

Cc hng s c bn l cc hng s c gi tr khng thay i mi ni

v d G

Cc hng s, c bn v khng c bn

Cc hng s c bn l cc hng s c gi tr khng thay i mi ni

v d G

Cc hng s khng c bn c gi tr khc nhau nhng iu kin khc nhau

Cc hng s, c bn v khng c bn

Cc hng s c bn l cc hng s c gi tr khng thay i mi ni

v d G

Cc hng s khng c bn c gi tr khc nhau nhng iu kin khc nhau v d: gia tc trng trng

Cc hng s, c bn v khng c bn

Cc hng s c bn l cc hng s c gi tr khng thay i mi ni

v d G

Cc hng s khng c bn c gi tr khc nhau nhng iu kin khc nhau v d: gia tc trng trng ph thuc vo khi lng, kch thc ca thin th

Mt vt cht

Mt cc cht lng v rn i khi nh nhau:

nc: 1 g/cm3 nhm: 2.7 g/cm3, st: 7.9 g/cm3, vng: 19.3 g/cm3 Gii thch cc s ny nh th no?

Ch cn c ln

Ch cn c ln

Tnh chnh xc mt nhm, st rt kh

Ch cn c ln

Tnh chnh xc mt nhm, st rt kh Ta t mc tiu khim tn hn:

Ch cn c ln

Tnh chnh xc mt nhm, st rt kh Ta t mc tiu khim tn hn:

ti sao khi lng ring khng phi l 0.01 g/cm3, hay l 1000 g/cm3

Ch cn c ln

Tnh chnh xc mt nhm, st rt kh Ta t mc tiu khim tn hn:

ti sao khi lng ring khng phi l 0.01 g/cm3, hay l 1000 g/cm3 Trong bi ni chuyn ny ta ch quan tm n c ln ca cc i lng: sai s ti vi ln, thm ch 5-10 ln c th chp nhn c.

Mt v nguyn t lng

Mi vt u cu to t nguyn t (t nhm, st n protein, ADN). Cc nguyn t cu to t mt loi nguyn t Cc nguyn t khc nhau c khi lng khc nhau: Nhm (Al) St (Fe) Vng (Au) 27 56 197 2.7 7.9 19.3

(n v: 1.6610-27 kg)

Mt khc nhau ch yu do khi lng nguyn t khc nhau! S lng nguyn t trong 1 cm3 khng khc nhau lm

Kch thc nguyn t

Kch thc nguyn t

Nhng ta vn cha gii thch c ti sao ch nht c 61022 nguyn t vo mt cm3

Kch thc nguyn t

Nhng ta vn cha gii thch c ti sao ch nht c 61022 nguyn t vo mt cm3 Ti sao cy gy nh ca Tn Ng Khng, nng 13500 cn, nhng thu li c nh bng chic kim, khng th c tht

Kch thc nguyn t

Nhng ta vn cha gii thch c ti sao ch nht c 61022 nguyn t vo mt cm3 Ti sao cy gy nh ca Tn Ng Khng, nng 13500 cn, nhng thu li c nh bng chic kim, khng th c tht L do: nguyn t c kch thc nht nh

Kch thc nguyn t

Nhng ta vn cha gii thch c ti sao ch nht c 61022 nguyn t vo mt cm3 Ti sao cy gy nh ca Tn Ng Khng, nng 13500 cn, nhng thu li c nh bng chic kim, khng th c tht L do: nguyn t c kch thc nht nh

khi hai nguyn t vo gn hn kch thc, chng y nhau ra rt mnh

Nguyn t H

Nguyn t n gin nht l nguyn t hydro: gm mt ht proton, mt electron. L do hai ht dnh vo nhau: lc tnh in (lc Coulomb) gia hai ht khc du. e2 F = 2 R Nhng ti sao electron khng b ri vo proton?

Kh khn ca m hnh nguyn t c in

electron quay quanh ht nhn nh tri t quay quanh mt tri Nhng tri t khng b ri vo mt tri do khng c ma st Ngc li, electron b ma st do bc x in t y l mt trong nhng vn dn n cuc khng hong ca vt l cui th k 19

C hc lng t

S bn vng ca nguyn t c gii thch bng c hc lng t l mt l thuyt rt l: Khng ai hiu c hc lng t - Feynman Ta s ni v h thc bt nh ca Heisenberg

H thc bt nh

Trong bi ton chuyn ng ca qu bng, trng thi ban u ca n l ta (h=0) v vn tc (v=v0) C hai gi tr u c th c xc nh mt cch chnh xc (v nguyn tc) Trong c hc lng t: ta v vn tc khng th c xc nh chnh xc cng mt lc
x p
p = mv x v
1.05410-34 J s

Ht neutron trong trng trng

ht khng th nm chnh xc z=0 bt nh ti thiu z
z v

bt nh ca vn tc:
v m z

v ti thiu iu kin: neutron c tung ln vi vn tc v phi t cao z

z 1 g
2 2 1/3

gm2

10 m

Nature, v. 415, p. 299 (2002)

Kch thc nguyn t

S dng c hc lng t, kch thc nguyn t hydro c tnh ra bng

2

me

e2

0.05 nm

Kch thc cc nguyn t khc c ln hn vi ln, nhng c ln c xc nh bi cc hng s vt l c bn. Mt cht rn, cht lng c quyt nh bi hng s ny.

S nh b ca nguyn t

Vy l ta gii thch c ti sao nguyn t li nh b so vi kch thc con ngi? Thc ra cu hi phi l: ti sao chng ta to hn nguyn t?

kch thc t bo ti sao c th ta phi c tng y t bo

Do ta bn v cc hng s khng c th nguyn V d:

me mp 1 1836

Cc hng s khng th nguyn

Cc hng s c bn, cng nh cc i lng vt l, u c n v o

e F = 2 R
2

kg m3/s2

N=kg m/s2

m2

Nhng c nhng t hp cc hng s khng c th nguyn, v d

e2 = = c
kg m3/s2 kg m2/s m/s

Sc mnh ca lc in t
e2 1 = = c 137.036

Con s ny khng ph thuc v h n v o Nng lng lin kt ca mt electron trong nguyn t hydro rt nh so vi nng lng tnh:
2 nng lng = lin kt 2

me c

(E=mc2)

nng lng tnh

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc
E = mc
2

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc
E = mc
2

vi gam vt cht bin thnh nng lng

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc
E = mc
2

vi gam vt cht bin thnh nng lng

~ 0.1 nanogam vt cht bin thnh nng lng

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

Khi than chy, ch khong 310-10 phn khi lng bin thnh nng lng

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

Khi than chy, ch khong 310-10 phn khi lng bin thnh nng lng Con s nh b nh vy ch yu do hai ngun

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

Khi than chy, ch khong 310-10 phn khi lng bin thnh nng lng Con s nh b nh vy ch yu do hai ngun

Phn ng ha hc ch s dng cc electron, khng s dng ht nhn. Electron ch chim ~1/2000 phn khi lng ca nguyn t

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

Khi than chy, ch khong 310-10 phn khi lng bin thnh nng lng Con s nh b nh vy ch yu do hai ngun

Phn ng ha hc ch s dng cc electron, khng s dng ht nhn. Electron ch chim ~1/2000 phn khi lng ca nguyn t Ha hc ch s dng nng lng lin kt ca cc electron: 2/2=(1/137)2/2~1/40000

S nh b ca nng lng ha hc

Khi than chy, ch khong 310-10 phn khi lng bin thnh nng lng Con s nh b nh vy ch yu do hai ngun

Phn ng ha hc ch s dng cc electron, khng s dng ht nhn. Electron ch chim ~1/2000 phn khi lng ca nguyn t Ha hc ch s dng nng lng lin kt ca cc electron: 2/2=(1/137)2/2~1/40000 cn ~1/50 na do ha hc khng c ti

~10-8,

u!

S yu ca lc hp dn
Gm2 /r2 p e2 /r2 10
36

Lc hp dn gia hai ht proton ch bng ~10-36 lc tnh in Ti sao lc hp dn yu nh vy l mt cu hi ln ca vt l hin i Nu lc hp dn mnh ln 10 ln th mt tri s bin thnh l en!

S yu ca lc hp dn
Lc in t ca mt lp nguyn t c th cn bng lc hp dn t c tri t!

Kt lun

Kt lun

Cc hng s c bn ca vt l quyt nh c ln ca cc i lng vt l

Kt lun

Cc hng s c bn ca vt l quyt nh c ln ca cc i lng vt l Nhiu th quanh ta c quyt nh bi cc hng s nh khng th nguyn

Kt lun

Cc hng s c bn ca vt l quyt nh c ln ca cc i lng vt l Nhiu th quanh ta c quyt nh bi cc hng s nh khng th nguyn Ti sao ca cc hng s c bn khng th nguyn c gi tr nh trong th gii ca ta?

Kt lun

Cc hng s c bn ca vt l quyt nh c ln ca cc i lng vt l Nhiu th quanh ta c quyt nh bi cc hng s nh khng th nguyn Ti sao ca cc hng s c bn khng th nguyn c gi tr nh trong th gii ca ta? Vt l gip chng ta hiu th gii bn ngoi, cui cng l s dng n tt hn.