What is inside a pc system? Bn trong mt h thng my tnh c nhn c nhng g ? B no ca my tnh c nhn l b x l, hay cn gi l CPU (b x l trung tm ).

y l mt con chip tch hp chuyn x l cc cu lnh chng trnh v iu phi cc hot ng trong mt h thng my tnh. Bn thn con chip ch l mt ming silicon vi cc mch in t phc hp c gi l mch tch hp.

B x l bao gm 3 phn chnh: n v iu khin: Kim tra cc cu lnh trong chng trnh ca ngi dng, thng dch tng cu lnh v khin (iu khin) cc mch in v cc thnh phn cn li (mn hnh, a ...) x l cc chc nng c nh ra B tnh ton logic s hc ALU : thc thi cc php ton (+, - ...) v cc php ton logic (And, Or , XOR, NOT ...) Cc thanh ghi (register) v cc n v nh (cc thnh phn ca b nh) c tc truy xut cao c dng lu tr v iu khin d liu. Mt trong nhng thanh ghi (b m ca chng trnh Program Counter - PC) lu li cc bc tip theo ca cu lnh c lu trong b nh chnh. Cc phn khc (thanh ghi lnh Intrusction Register - IR) lu gi cc cu lnh s c thc thi. ( y nn hiu : PC chnh l mc t, IR chnh l din gii cu trc 2 ci ny ging kiu mc lc hoc t in) Sc mnh v kh nng vn hnh ca mt my tnh thng c xc nh qua tc ca vi x l. Mt ng h h thng gi ra cc tn hiu theo thi gian c nh o c v ng b lung d liu. Tc i ca ng h m c tnh theo Gigahertz (Ghz). V d: vi x l chy vi tc 4Ghz (4.000.000.000.000 hertz hoc chu k, trn giy) s gip cho my tnh c nhn ca bn x l c a s cc chng trnh. RAM v ROM (b nh truy cp ngu nhin v b nh ch c - random access memory and Read Only memory) Chng trnh v d liu n vi vi x l phi c lu tr trong b nh chnh c x l. V vy, khi ngi dng chy mt chng trnh, b x l s tm trong cng, sau chuyn mt bn sao ln cc chip nh RAM. RAM lu tr nh ngun in cung cp, v vy, mi thng tin s mt khi my tnh tt. Tuy nhin, ROM lu tr khng theo mc in p, ROM cha cc cu lnh v ch dn cho cc thao tc c bn ca b vi x l. BIOS (h thng xut nhp c bn) s dng ROM iu khin giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi Dung lng RAM c th c m rng bng cch thm vo mt s chip nht nh, s chip nh ny c cha trn mt bng mch nh c gi l m un nh 2 hng chn

BUSES v th cm (Card) Bng mch chnh bn trong h thng (cn c gi l bo mch ch - bo pht m t ch Board) cha b x l, chip nh, cc khe cm m rng, v cc b iu khin cho thit b

ngoi vi, tt c nhng phn ny c kt ni bi cc BUS (ng truyn) l knh in t cho php cc thit b bn trong my tnh lin lc vi nhau. V d: Front Side Bus (FSB) a cc d liu c x l t CPU n cc thit b khc Kch c mt BUS c gi l bng thng BUS, xc nh xem bao nhiu d liu c th truyn i c. N c so snh vi s lng ln xe chy trn mt con ng bng thng cng rng th cng nhiu d liu c truyn i trn BUS. V d: Bus 64bit c th truyn ti 64bit d liu Khe cm m rng: cho php ngi dng ci t cc th cm m rng, thm vo cc chc nng khc nh : m thanh, B nh hoc cc kt ni mng (mng cc b hoc mng khng dy, 3G ...)

Bits v bytes My tnh thc thi cc php ton da trn m ha 0 1. H thng ny c gi l h m nh phn. Cc mch in t trong my tnh xc nh 2 tnh trng : C in dng in truyn qua (ON) hoc khng c in dng in b ngt (OFF) v th hin mi tnh trng 1 hoc 0. Mi con s 1 hoc 0 c gi l s nh phn hoc gi chung l 1 bit Cc bit (Bits - s nhiu) c nhm li thnh nhm 8 bit, nhm m nh phn ny thng thng th hin mt k t (ch, s , biu tng). Mt nhm 8 bit c gi l 1 byte. Do , mi k t trn bn phm u c s sp xp ring bit vi nhm 8 bit, V d : 01000001 l k t A, 01000010 l k t B v 01000011 cho k t C. Cc my tnh s dng b m tiu chun cho vic th hin cc k t qua m nh phn. y l m chun ca chu M dnh cho vic trao i thng tin hay gi tt l ASCII. trnh phc tp trong vic tnh ton cc Byte, ta s dng cc n v ln hn nh kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes (ging nh n v nghn, chc nhn , trm nghn ca ta, Kilo y c ngha l nghn, tuy nhin l nghn trong 2 ly tha. vd: byte 210, kilobyte : 220. rt khc vi vic ta nhn 1000 vo n v cn chuyn i trong h thp phn. v d : 1 gam, 1000x1 gam = 1 kg ) Chng ta s dng cc n v ny din gii b nh RAM, kch c lu ca a v kch c ca chng trnh hoc ca ti liu. Cch tnh thng thng :

bn c mt s byte nht nh. bn mun chuyn i qua Megabyte, chia n cho 1024 tc 210 ra KB, sau chia tip cho 1024 chuyn ra Megabyte vd: 31457280 byte ---> ??? MB 31457280 / 1024 = 30720KB; 30720/ 1024 = 30MB