Professional Documents
Culture Documents
: .
:
:
..: 211602
1:
1.1.1.:
1.1.2:
1.2.:
1.3:
2:
2.1.1:
underclass
2.1.2.:
2.1.3:
2.2.:
2.3.:
2.4.:
3:
..
1: ,
..
1.1.: .
1.2.:
1.3.:
1.4.: ..
1.5.:
2:
2.1.: ..
2
2.2.:
3:
.
.
.
.
, , ,
. , ,
,
.
, , ,
.
. ,
, , ,
, ...
. ,
.
1:
1.1.1.:
20
,
,
. .
(
). 1990
, ,
(Chossudovsky, 1998).
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
20 21 .
70,
, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
- (
..), .
5
30
.
.. ,
.
1981 ..
,
,
.
1984
20,6% 22,41% .
1985 1989
.
, Milanovic
1980 1990. Milanovic
.
. 1990
913,9 985,7
,
.
.
. ,
( ), .
-
6
. ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
. (2009)
.
,
, .
.
, .
, ,
.
(2009)
, .
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
. , ,
.
.
,
7
, .
,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
-
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
(underclass), ,
1963 , Gunnar Myrdal,
. ,
, ..., ,
,
.
Murray (1984)
()
8
.
.
, ,
,
9
.
,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, .
- ,
,
. (, 2009)
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
.
. (2008) (
)
.
,
. ( )
(shared
values). ,
,
.
10
.
,
.
:
, ,
, ,
... ,
( ) ,
,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
.
(). (2008)
(, ,
, ...)
,
status quo.
, .
, , .
(poverty trap)
.
.
11
.
.
1.1.2.:
.
,
.
,
.
Chossudovsky (1998), o ,
.
:
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
12
Chossudovsky (1998)
. -,
-,
.
,
, . ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
.
.
: ,
. ,
.
.
.
13
1.2.:
. ,
, .
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
, , , ,
, .
,
(, 2009).
,
, ,
. ....,
. .
,
.
,
,
14
. ,
.
,
, , ,
,
(, 2009). ,
, .
1995, ... ( )
,
, , , ,
.
.
( )
( )
,
.
. :
, ,
,
,
.
. , ,
, ,
15
1.3.:
. ,
, ,
.
.
(16-64) 36%
50% 64%
.
,
. .
, -
. ,
.
. ,
(, 1997).
, ,
. ,
.
16
.
,
, , .
16.036 ... 1996.
11 ... (
).
Chossudovsky (1998)
(United Nation Development Programme- UNDP)
.
,
(
) ..., ...
.., 1981 ..
, ,
.
(, 2000)
, ,
, , ....
.
..
(, , ,
, 2005).
Eurostat ,
60% .
( )
, ,
, : , ,
17
,
.
: ,
, .
, .
. ,
, ,
, .
2003-2004
4.800 ,
10.800 . ,
.
, 5
,
.
2:
2.1.1:
underclass
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
18
,
, (2008)
/ ,
.
,
. ,
.
. , ,
,
, , . Levitas (1996),
.
(2008)
. ,
, , ,
, , , , ...,
,
.
,
(underclass),
,
,
,
.
, (2008)
,
, , ,
.
,
19
(, 2008;
. 36).
(1997)
underclass
.
,
.
Stuart Hall , M.
Thatcher (1979-1990), underclass
. , ,
.
underclass
,
.
Glotz (, 2000)
. 2/3, ,
( 2/3) ,
1/3, . 1/3
,
.
Westergaard (1992)
( ) .
:
,
underclass
.
20
2.1.2.:
, 1974
Rene Lenoir ( Les exclus, un francais sur dix),
.
,
. (2004)
. , ,
.
Rene
Lenoir. E 1960
Pierre Masse, 1965 J. Klanfer,
Lexclusion sociale. (2004)
P. Townsend 1979
Poverty in United Kingdom.
.
, , ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
, .
,
,
(, 2008).
, ,
,
21
, .
.
.
.
.
1990,
( ). (..)
.
(
, ),
, ...
,
,
, 20
.
,
.
,
(, 2004; . 372) .
(2008)
,
,
.
.
,
,
22
,
.
.
,
,
,
().
, .
(2004) , ,
.
(
2000 College de France 2001)
,
.
..
. ,
.
, (,
) ,
.
, ,
-
.
23
Olivier Mazel .
,
,
.
.
.
.
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
(, 2009).
1997
(Social Exclusion Unit).
: (1)
, (2)
, (3)
.
()
. RED (Redistributive
Discourse )
. ,
RED, ,
, ,
.
RED .
(2008)
,
24
,
,
.
,
. , , ,
(, 2008; .
41).
,
.
,
(, 2008; . 41).
SID (Social Integration Discourse
)
. SID
(economic inactivity),
, SID .
Levitas (1996)
( )
,
.
Paul Abberley (1996)
.
,
,
.
.
25
2.1.3.:
,
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
(, 2004).
, , ,
, , , ....
(2004, . 370)
(, ,
26
, ...).
.
(2008)
. ,
. , ,
,
,
.
, :
,
,
(, 2008: .38).
, , .
,
.
.
,
, , .
.
Serge Paugau
. ,
.
, .
. , ,
, ,
27
.
, .
,
.
2.2.:
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
(1998) , ,
.
,
. , ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
( ),
28
. ,
. Levitas (1996)
,
, ,
.
, .
,
.
.
.
, ,
, , .
70% ,
.
100%, .
, ,
,
.
(2004)
.
. ,
, ,
.
, . ,
, , ,
.
,
.
29
.
,
,
(,
, ...),
.
2.3.:
, ,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
(inclusion) (integration).
.
,
.
Levitas (1996)
- . ,
30
, , ,
.
. H (2004)
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
. , ,
, ,
,
(Levitas,1996).
.
,
,
.
, , .
,
.
(social cohesion)
,
.
, ,
, , .... (lien social)
31
.
. , ,
,
,
, . Tonnies F.
: ,
,
(, 2004).
, . (2004)
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
, .
,
.
.
.
,
(, 2004; .378).
,
,
,
. Room
(1999) ,
32
.
, .
,
, ,
,
, ....
, (2004)
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
, ,
,
, .
2.4.:
,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, ..., . , ,
. (1997) ,
33
,
.
(1997)
,
.
, ,
,
.
(,
1997). ,
,
,
(, 1997; . 85)
, ,
,
,
(, 1997;
. 107). , ,
,
,
.
, ..
, ,
, ,
,
.
(, , )
. ,
, , , ....
34
3:
,
19 .
,
.
.
, P. Townsend D. Gordon,
, 20 ,
,
, ,
,
.
,
(adverse incorporation).
,
,
, , , ,
(, ,
, , 2010).
,
,
,
.
, .
35
, , (, 2008; . 33).
.
. ,
,
. ,
.
1: ,
..
1.1.: .
.. .
, ,
.
36
. ,
, .
, - ,
, -
.
, , , ,
.
. 45% .
.
, , , ,
, , , .
.
, , ,
.
.
, .
,
, , , , ,
.
.
(Mezzolaghi = )
. T
(, , , , )
.
17
, 50
,
(1684) .
37
1.2.:
,
680.372 35.431
.
.. .
1: ..
/
(.)
..
17.988
280.168
..
7.216
129.305
..
10.227
270.899
35.431
680.372
..
/)
..
,
.
280.168
17.988 .
..
, , , , ,
. 2.
38
2: ..
(.)
151.889
13.791
(.)
36.136
877
7.048
624
16.412
105
19.651
480
17.694
1.706
11.846
212
19.492
193
280.168
17.988
. 129.305
7.216 ( 3).
39
3:
(.)
57.507
5.307
(.)
10.425
244
40.064
1.156
6.475
88
14.834
421
129.305
7.216
, ,
.
270.899 10.227 ( 4).
4:
(.)
100.069
2.890
88.728
3.733
40
(.)
15.720
1.071
31.302
913
10.420
630
24.660
990
270.899
10.227
1991
2001,
, ..
:
(1)
(7)
(38) . 8%
3%
( 5).
(1)
(4) (15) .
3% 1%
( 6).
(4) (9) .
.
5%
1% ( 7).
41
5: 1991-2001 ..
2001
1991
17.988
16.858
2001
1991
17.988
16.858
..
13.791
12.102 ..
624
679
12.225
10.916
520
552
36
68
17
22
51
37
105
163
62
89
110
17
19
26
55
480
479
216
249
264
230
1.706
2.012
1.683
1.978
23
34
552
103
29
0
144
3
554
71
42 ..
50
61
33
43 ..
181
83
(.
)
2 ..
55
1 ..
212
274
212
274
17
53
42
1991
17.988
16.858
110
276
2001
0 ..
34
114
..
877
941
438
475
216
219
139
146
84
101
2001
1991
17.988
16.858
193
208
147
174
46
34
43
6: 1991-2001
2001
1991
7.216
7.744
..
5.307
5.381
4.312
4.286
28
44
431
455
45
215
225
86
105
235
221
..
244
311
244
311
1.156
1.291
939
991
196
231
21
69
..
88
120
88
120
..
421
641
..
44
2001
1991
7.216
7.744
5.307
5.381
396
557
25
84
..
7: 1991-2001
2001
1991
10.227
10.686
..
3.733
3.874
3.208
3.471
390
360
135
43
T..
1.071
1.007
1.071
1.007
..
2.890
3.002
2.890
3.002
T..
913
943
913
943
45
2001
1991
10.227
10.686
T..
630
627
469
482
161
145
T..
990
1.233
990
1.233
, :
(-6,8%)
(-4,3),
(6,7%).
2011
34.420 . 2001 2011
.. 2,85%.
8:
2001-2011
2011
2001
34.420
35.431
-2,85%
46
25-39 , 20,30%
. 40-54
19,48% , 15-24 17,45%, 0-14
16,51%, 65-79 12,84% , 55-64
10,14% 80 3,28%.
1:
3,28%
16,51%
12,84%
10,14%
17,45%
19,48%
20,30%
0-14
15-24
25-39
40-54
55-64
65-79
80
2:
80
65-79
55-64
40-54
25-39
15-24
0-14
47
25-39 , 20,59%
. 0-14 18,25%
, 40-54 17,17%, 65-79
16,51%, 15-24 13,46% , 55-64
10,83% 80 3,18%.
3:
3,18%
18,25%
16,51%
10,83%
13,46%
17,17%
0-14
15-24
25-39
20,59%
40-54
55-64
65-79
80
25-39 ,
, 22,17% .
0-14 19,31%
, 40-54 17,50%, 65-79 14,35%,
15-24 13,60% , 55-64 10,57%
80 2,49%.
48
4:
2,49%
14,35%
19,31%
10,57%
13,60%
17,50%
22,17%
0-14
15-24
25-39
40-54
55-64
65-79
80
1.3.:
.
. , ,
.. .
9
.. 5.255 17.203 ,
,
1.300.
49
9:
(,
.. ..
17.203
14
25
1.267
478
308
4.038
6.852
224
113
86
967
9.370
224
110
86
1.105
..
..
... .
467
226
1.697
5.255
1.146
1.244
1.042
50
..
86
76
770
2.781
529
622
591
90
113
1.020
4.158
756
895
804
..
( 10)
.. .
10:
..
..
51
..
(20)
(21) .. .
(6) (5) ,
.
,
.
11: ..
.
... ..
..
..
..
...
10
23
10
25
52
.. 1981 o
oo ooo. ...
& , ,
.
,
30,55% ( 31,73% 29,37%).
23,47%
( 23,08% 23,86%)
13,29%
(8,23% 18,31% ),
10,37% .
12:
53
17.20
3
8.575
8.628
14
10
25
17
1.267
707
560
0,08
0,12
0,05
0,15
0,20
0,09
7,36
8,24
6,49
2,78
2,89
2,67
1,77
1,55
1,98
23,47
23,08
23,86
(,
)
478
248
230
304
133
171
4.038
1.979
2.059
467
292
175
2,71
3,41
2,03
226
203
23
1,31
2,37
0,27
1.697
969
728
9,86
11,30
8,44
5.255
2.721
2.534
30,55
31,73
29,37
1.146
590
556
6,66
6,88
6,44
1.244
459
785
7,23
5,35
9,10
1.042
247
795
6,06
2,88
9,21
54
50,59% ( 42,40% 38,73%).
14,11%
( 14,77% 13,47%).
17,70%
(12,43% 23,10% ). 5,02%
master.
13:
6.852
3.467
3.385
224
120
104
0,04
0,06
0,03
0,06
0,06
0,06
3,27
3,46
3,07
1,65
1,67
1,62
1,26
0,98
1,54
(,
)
113
58
55
86
34
52
55
14,11
14,74
13,47
19
1,26
1,93
0,56
67
1,11
1,93
0,27
770
457
313
11,24
13,18
9,25
2.781
1.470
1.311
40,59
42,40
38,73
529
248
281
7,72
7,15
8,30
622
279
343
9,08
8,05
10,13
591
152
439
8,63
4,38
12,97
967
511
456
86
67
76
44,38% ( 48,22% 40,10%).
11,79% (
11,63% 11,97%).
56
15,45%
(10,42% 21,06% ),
master
3,66%.
14:
9.370
4.934
4.436
224
132
92
0,05
0,06
0,05
0,04
0,06
0,02
2,39
2,68
2,07
1,17
1,16
1,19
0,92
0,63
1,24
11,79
11,63
11,97
0,96
1,20
0,70
(,
)
110
57
53
86
31
55
1.105
574
531
90
59
31
57
113
103
10
1,21
2,09
0,23
1.020
556
464
10,89
11,27
10,46
4.158
2.379
1.779
44,38
48,22
40,10
756
391
365
8,07
7,92
8,23
895
413
482
9,55
8,37
10,87
553
101
452
5,90
2,05
10,19
1.4.: ..
.
.
.
.
: ,
,
58
,
.
.
, , , ,
, , ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
47% .
.
,
, .
.
2000-2006 22,87% (134.077 )
1991-2006.
, .
.
95,65%.
59
1.5.:
2001, ( 15) 14.152
, 12.329
1.823.
,
2001
,
.
15: (2001)
6.851
5.897
954
4.502
3.941
561
2.349
1.956
393
2.637
2.271
366
..
..
60
1.843
1.609
234
794
662
132
4.664
4.161
503
3148
2827
321
1516
1334
182
14.152
12.329
1823
9.493
8.377
1116
4.659
3.952
707
..
..
2011,
.. ,
2001 2011
.. .
4
1 . 3869/2010 ,
61
.
3 2010 (.
130) 4, 1, . 3869/2010,
,
.
.. , 2011, 24
, 2012
3 .
,
40 .
, 03 ,
.. ,
.
, 6000 ,
, ,
.
110 . 20 ,
200 .
..
.
, 6.000 ,
.
2011 ..
536, 170
2012. ,
442 2011. ,
62
700
442 .
2:
2.1.: ..
,
.. ,
.
.
/ . ,
,
, .
, ,
. 15,
2001 .. ,
14.000 , 1823
.
2011,
, 2011 536
.
2000 2008 200.
,
.
.
63
.. , 536
2011, 2012, 170
.
.
,
110 200. ..
, .
,
, , .
.. .
, , ..
. .
,
.
,
.
.
,
, , .
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
, , ,
.
64
2.2.:
, ,
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, .
, ..
,
, .
, 2001,
35.000 .
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
-
, ,
.
. ( 9 15),
.. .
, , , .... ,
, ,
,
.
.
65
.
, . ,
,
.. .
,
. 2001,
.
. ,
.
, , ,
.
.
, .
. ,
, .
.
. ,
.
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
66
3:
..
. ,
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
67
, ,
,
, .. .
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.. .
, ,
,
.. .
68
Abberley, P. (1996). Work, Utopia and Impairment. L. Barton, (.), Disability and
Society: Emerging Issues and Insights (. 61-79). London: Longman
Chossudovsky, M. (2004). 20 . .
, & . , (.), (.
87-114). .
, . (2008). , . .
, (.), , . (. 3369). :
, . (2009). . :
, . (1997). .
:
2011-2014. (2011). ..
2011-2014.
, ., , ., , ., , ., & , . (.) (2005).
2003-2004. : ....
, . (2004). , . .
, & . , (.), (.
399-438). .
, . (1998). . (2 .).
: ....
, . (2006).
:
. , 119, 63-95
Levitas, R. (1996). .
. , & . , (.),
(. 202-224). .
Levitas, R. (1996). ; . , & .
, (.), (. 225-265).
.
, . (2000). . . :
, . (2004). . .
:
69
, . (1997). . :
....
Murray, C. (1984). Losing out: American Social policy,1950-1980. New York: Basic Books
, ., , ., , ., , ., & , . (.)
(2010). 2010. : ....
, . (1993). . :
, . (2008). , . .
, (.), , . (. 7181). :
, . (1999). :
. , 16-18
1999 : . ,
, . (2004). .
. , & . , (.),
(. 367-398). .
, . (2004). . . , & .
, (.), (. 29-86).
.
, . (1997). . :
....
, . (1998). : . .
, (.), : . (. 39-65).
: Gutenberg
, . (1997). . :
, . (2004). . :
Westergaard, J. (1992). Poverty in United Kingdom. London: Penguin
70