Nguyen Ly HDH - Nguyen Duc Thuan

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nguyen ly
hE IEU HANH
1hS. Ngoyon Doc 1houn
Bo mon He Thong Thong Tin
D.H 1H|Y SAN
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Choong 0: Cu o troc ho thong muy tnh
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Co cho vun hunh cou ho thong
Mot ho thong thong thoong gom Cl| vu cuc bo doo
khon thot b tDK1 - dovco controor). Cuc tuc vo cou
Cl| vu DK1 co tho thoc th song hunh vu trunh chup
bo nho chu so qou so doo khon dong bo cou momory
controor.
Mo DK1 pho truch mot ou thot b co tho tvdoo
uduptor, dsk drvo,...)
Mo DK1 co mot boor rong.
Cl| choyon do oo to bo nho chnh don boor rong cou
cuc DK1 vu ngooc u. Do oo cou cuc tuc vo l/O dooc
choyon to thot b don boor rong cou DK1 toong ong.
Mo kh kot thoc mot tuc vo l/O, DK1 thong buo cho
Cl| bung cuch guy ru nga| tntorropts).
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Ngut tntorropts)
Ngut tntorropt) u co cho cho phop tum ngong cong voc
dung dooc Cl| xo y do phoc vo mot yoo cuo khuc.
Kh co ngut xuy ru, qoyon doo khon dooc choyon guo
cho trnh phoc vo ngut tntorropt sorvco rootno) thong
qou bung voctor ngut.
Cuc duc dom cou co cho ngut :
tung hoo sout xo y cong voc duc bot u cuc tuc vo l/O
ngut thoong dooc phut kho bo mot thot b phun cong
thoc hon thoo co cho but dong bo tusynchronoosy) vo procoss b
ngut.
1rup: ngut mom, phut kho bo mot o nuo do houc do
osor yoo cuo. V do:
Lo chu cho 0 tdvdod-by-zoro), momory pugo uot
Huo hot OS u ntorropt-drvon oporutng systoms
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Cho trnh thoc hon onh
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Cho trnh onh vo ngut qoung
Cl| kom tru ngut suo mo onh
pong
voctorod ntorropt systom
Noo khong co ngut, but duo mot cho ky onh mo
Noo co ngut dung cho, tum ngong vu oo trung thu choong trnh dung
thoc th tlrogrum Chock, lrogrum Stutos \ord, cuc thunh gh do oo,...),
choyon qou thoc th trnh doo khon xo y ngut tntorropt hundor)
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I/O structure
Hu phoong thoc thoc hon l/O
Suo kh but duo tuc vo l/O, qoyon doo khon ch dooc
tru vo kh vu ch kh tuc vo l/O houn tut.
Cl| phu cho don kh tuc vo l/O houn tut
1rong mot tho dom, co nhoo nhut u l tuc vo l/O
dooc thoc hon, khong xo y dooc dong tho nhoo yoo
cuo l/O.
Suo kh but duo tuc vo l/O, qoyon doo khon dooc tru
vo nguy mu khong cun cho houn tut tuc vo l/O
Cl| co tho thoc th onh ko top mu khong phu cho
don kh tuc vo l/O houn tut
1rong mot tho dom, co tho co nhoo tuc vo l/O dooc
thoc hon dong tho.
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Hu phoong thoc l/O
Synchronous I/O Asynchronous I/O
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Cuc ky thout thoc hon l/O
lrogrummod l/O tllO)
Khong dong ngut, Cl| phu cho tuc vo l/O houn tut
lntorropt-drvon l/O
Cl| co tho top toc thoc th trong soot qou trnh xuy ru
l/O, kh tuc vo l/O houn tut th so phut ru mot ngut buo
hoo cho Cl|.
Droct Momory Accoss tDMA)
Mot kho do oo dooc choyon troc top gou bo nho vu
thot b l/O mu khong cun qou Cl|
1hoong so dong cho cuc thot b l/O co toc do cuo.
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Storage structure
o nho chnh tmun momory): Cl| ch co tho troy cup
troc top thunh gh trogstors) vu bo nho kAM.
o nho pho tsocondury storugo): ho thong oo tro thong tn
bon vong tnonvouto storugo).
Du to tmugnotc dsks)
o mut du chu thunh cuc runh t|rac|), cuc runh nuy dooc chu
nho hon thunh cuc cong to tcc|or).
C,ndcr: tup cuc truck tuo thunh mot hnh tro
D| con|rocr: bo doo khon qou trnh guo top gou Cl| vu du.
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Co cho troy xout du
1ho gun dnh v do oo -
postonng tmo trundom-
uccoss tmo) buo gom
Sook tmo: tho gun d
choyon duo doc don cyndor
cun doc
kotutonu utoncy: tho gun
tm dooc soctor cun doc do
oo.
1runsor ruto: toc do choyon
do oo gou du vu Cl|
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lhun cup ho thong oo tro
Ho thong oo tro co tho phun cup thoo cuc too
choun
1oc do tspood, uccoss tmo).
Dong oong tcupucty)
Cu cu tcost)
Do bon vong do oo tvoutty)
Ho thong phun cup to tron xoong thoo
Cu thunh gum dun
Dong oong tung dun
1ho gun troy cup tung dun
1un sout troy cup cou Cl| gum dun
Cho do oo tro bon vong tnon-vouto)
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lhun cup ho thong oo tro
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Co cho cuchng
Cuchng: copy do oo vuo thot b oo tro toc do cuo
hon.
1u suo phu dong bo nho cucho
1oc do Cl| vu bo nho chnh khuc nhuo.
Khu thuc ngoyon y ocuty
Cun co chon ooc qoun y bo nho cucho thch hop
1rong co cho cuchng, mo t do oo co tho dooc oo
tro nhoo no phu buo du m tnh nhut qoun do
oo tconsstont): bu toun cucho cohoroncy.
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uo vo phun cong
Choc nung cou ho doo hu nh u ko m tru toun bo
ho thong.
Ho doo hunh cong cup choc nung chu so tu
ngoyon cho nhoo choong trnh, v vuy phu co co
cho kom tru vu xo y o ong vo mo mot choong
trnh. Cuc o choong trnh do phun cong phut
hon vu thong buo cho ho doo hunh do ru qoyot
dnh chu m dot vu thong buo
uo vo phun cong buo gom co cho buo vo Cl|,
o nho, 1hot b nhup xout.
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Choong l:1ong qoun vo Ho doo hunh
Khi nim v h iu hnh
Phn loi cc h iu hnh
Cu trc ca h iu hnh
Lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh
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Khi nim v h iu hnh
Cc thnh phn cng tc trong H thng CNTT gm:
phn cng, HH, cc ng dng v ngi s dng
(user)
Phn cng (CPU, b nh, thit b IO): ti nguyn my
tnh
Chng trnh ng dng (trnh bin dch, h qun tr
CSDL, phn mm thng mi, tr chi) s dng ti
nguyn my tnh gii quyt cc yu cu ca user.
HH l chng trnh hot ng gia user v phn cng
my tnh, iu khin qun l ti nguyn v phi hp s
dng phn cng cho nhng ng dng khc nhau, gip
giao tip ngi-my thun li hiu qu.
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Phan cng
He ieu Hanh
Chng trnh
Users
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Mo hnh troo toong cou l muy tnh
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Khi nim v h iu hnh (tt)
HH l b iu phi ti nguyn ca my tnh (thi
gian s dng CPU, b nh, a, thit b IO) cho cc
ng dng
Khi c nhiu yu cu khai thc ti nguyn, HH phi
gii quyt vn tranh chp v quyt nh cp pht
ti nguyn nh th no l hiu qu nht
gia tng hiu qu khai thc ti nguyn, HH phi
qun l cc b KTB ca nh sn xut (vd: VGA
card, sound card, modem, printer, HDD)
Mc tiu c bn ca HH:
Gip cho vic thi hnh cc chng trnh d dng hn
H tr cc thao trn h thng my tnh hiu qu hn
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Phn loi cc h iu hnh
H thng x l theo l (batch) n gin
H thng x l theo l a chng
H thng chia x thi gian
H thng song song
H thng phn tn
H thng x l thi gian thc
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l. He thong x ly theo lo n gian (n nhiem, n
chng)
Hc dcu hanh xu , |hco o thoc hon cuc cong voc un
oot thoo nhong ch th dnh trooc. Voc thoc hon duy cuc
cong voc mot cuch to dong nho mot choong trnh oon
num thoong tro trong bo nho muy tnh dooc go bo gam
a| |huong |ruc
Uu dcm:Tho gan |huc hcn chuong |rnh nhanh.
^huoc dcm: C|U con nhcu |ho gan nhan ro |h am
vcc |hc| b nhap xua|:
Khac phuc: Xu , offnc, Spoong.
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Multi-programmed Systems
2. Ho thong xo y du choong
ob poo: cuo troc do oo cho phop OS
ou chon cong voc dooc thoc th ko top
Nhoo cong voc dooc nup vuo bo nho
chnh cong oc, tho gun xo y cou Cl|
dooc phun chu gou cuc cong voc do
1un dong dooc tho gun runh, kh mot
cong voc nuo do phu cho l/O th phu
nhoong Cl| cho cong voc khuc
tovoruppng Cl| - l/O).
Yoo cuo do vo OS
ob Schodong
Momory munugomont
Cl| schodong
Aocuton o dovcos
lrotocton
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So sunh mot-progrummng vu on-progrummng
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3. He thong chia se thi gian 1mo-Shurng tmottuskng) Systoms
Mot-progrummod systoms khong cong cup khu nung toong tuc
vo osors
Cl| oun phon choyon do thoc th gou cuc cong voc
ou trnh choyon do xuy ru thng xuyen hn, mo cong
voc ch dooc chu mot phun nho tho gun Cl|
Cong cup so toong tuc gou ho thong vo osor
Kh kot thoc thoc th mot onh, OS so cho onh ko top to
bun phm cho khong phu to curd roudor
Mot cong voc ch dooc chom Cl| do xo y kh no num trong
bo nho chnh
Kh cun thot, mot cong voc nuo do co tho dooc choyon to bo
nho chnh ru thot b oo tro, nhoong bo nho chnh cho cong
voc khuc.
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Yoo cuo do vo OS trong 1mo-Shurng Systoms
Dnh tho cong voc tob schodong)
oun y bo nho tMomory Munugomont)
Cuc cong voc dooc houn choyon gou bo nho chnh vu du
Vrtou momory: cho phop mot cong voc co tho dooc thoc th mu
khong cun phu nup houn toun vuo bo nho chnh
oun y cuc procoss tlrocoss Munugomont)
Dnh tho Cl| tCl| schodong)
Dong bo cuc cong voc tsynchronzuton)
1oong tuc gou cuc cong voc tprocoss commoncuton)
1runh Doudock
oun y ho thong o, ho thong oo tro tdsk munugomont)
lhun bo cuc thot b, tu ngoyon
Co cho buo vo tprotocton)
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4. He thong song song
Com nhoo bo v xo y cong chu so ho thong doong dun do oo, dong bo,
bo nho vu cuc thot b ngou v. Cuc bo v xo y on uc bon trong vo
nhuo.
Vo nhoo bo v xo y cong voc thoc hon dooc thoc hon so nhunh hon,
nhong khong phu co n v xo y nhunh hon gup n un so ho thong l v xo
y.
Do tn cuy trong ho thong nhoo v xo y u rut cuo.
Ho thong du xo y thoong so dong cuch du xo y do xong. Mot so ho
thong du xo y but do xong.
S,mmc|rc mu|proccng S\|)
Cuc procossor vun hunh cong mot ho doo hunh doy nhut.
Nhoo ong dong thoc th cong oc vo porormunco cuo.
Du so cuc ho do o hunh ho tro SMl.
,mmc|rc mu|proccng
Mo procossor thoc th mot cong voc khuc nhuo, mustor procossor dnh tho vu phun
cong voc cho cuc suvo procossors.
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5. He thong phan tan.
Ho thong phun tun: tron mo muy trong mung cu dut mot
ho doo hunh khuc nhuo. Muy cho cho yoo thoc hon mot
so choc nung suo: oun y cuc kho do oo tup trong,
cong cup mot so dch vo troyon do oo, to choc xo y kh
co yoo cuo to muy trum. Mo hnh khuch chotCont-
Sorvor) phun chu qoun y.
Ngoyon nhun xuy dong HDH phun tun:
- Chu so tu ngyon.
- 1ung toc do tnh toun.
- An toun
- 1hong tn on uc dooc vo nhuo
Yoo cuo co so hu tung mung muy tnh
LAN,\AN
Dou tron mo hnh cont-sorvor houc poor-to-poor
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6. He thong thi gian thc
Ho thong tho gun thoc tkou-1mo Systoms)
1hoong dong trong cuc thot b choyon dong nho doo khon cuc
tho nghom khou hoc, doo khon trong y khou, duy choyon cong
nghop.
kung booc toong do chut cho vo tho gun: hurd vu sot rou-tmo.
Hurd rou-tmo:
Hun cho thouc khong co) bo nho pho, tut cu do oo num trong bo
nho chnh tkAM) houc kOM
Yoo cuo tho gun dup ong, xo y rut nghom ngut, thoong so dong
trong doo khon cong nghop, cong ngho robotcs.
Sot rou-tmo
1hoong xout hon trong nh voc motmodu, thoc to uo tvrtou
routy) vo yoo cuo mom doo hon vo tho gun.
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l.3.l Cuc thunh phun cou ho thong gom:
- Qun l tin trnh
Qun l b nh chnh
Qun l b nh ph
Qun l h thng nhp xut
Qun l h thng tp tin
H thng bo v
H thng c ch dng lnh
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Qun l tin trnh
Tin trnh l mt lot cc cng vic c thi hnh (proram, batch
processing, spooling, connecting)
Tin trnh s dng ti nguyn my tnh (CPU, b nh, tp tin,
thit b) phc v cng vic ca n
Khi tin trnh khi to, n i hi nhiu ti nguyn h thng.
Khi tin trnh kt thc, HH phi thu hi hoc ti to ti nguyn
c th dng li cho cc tin trnh khc
Tin trnh c bin dch thnh cc tp tin th ng trn a
Khi tin trnh c kch hot, HH s khi to ti nguyn ban
u theo yu cu, np tp ch th vo b nh v thi hnh theo c
ch tun t. Tin trnh chuyn sang hot ng
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Cuo troc l ton trnh cou |NlX
argc/argv[]
Stack segment
Text segment
Low address
High address
etext
edata
end
Initialized data
Uninitialized
data
Heap
1. int a = 0, b, *c;
2. int main( int argc, char *argv[ ] ) {
3. b= increase(a);
4. c =(int*)malloc(10*sizeof(int));
5. c[5]= b;
6. }
7. int increase(int x) {
8. return x ++;
9. }
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Qun l b nh chnh
B nh chnh l trung tm ca cc thao tc v x l
V mt vt l, b nh l cc chip nh tnh in
V mt lun l, b nh l mng cc bit nh t chc theo n v
lu tr (byte, word hay dword)
Mi nh c HH nh v bng c ch nh a ch ring
Cc b KTB, HH, ng dng u lu tr d liu vo b nh
Cc chng trnh mun thi hnh phi c nh x thnh a ch
tuyt i, np vo b nh chnh h thng truy xut n
Khi tin trnh kt thc, d liu vn cn trong b nh cho n khi
mt tin trnh khc ghi chng ln (hoc tt my)
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Qun l b nh chnh (tt)
Do ng dng c nhu cu s dng b nh khc nhau,
nn HH phi c nhiu k hoch qun tr b nh hiu
qu
K hoch qun tr b nh ca HH ph thuc vo
c im phn cng v nhu cu s dng ca user
Vai tr ca HH trong vic qun l b nh chnh:
Cp pht v thu hi b nh khi cn thit
Quyt nh tin trnh no c np vo b nh chnh, a ch
np
Lu gi thng tin v cc v tr trong b nh s dng, tin
trnh no ang s dng
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Qun l b nh ph
Nhc im ca b nh chnh:
Qu nh c th lu gi mi d liu v chng trnh
Mt d liu khi tt my
H thng lu tr ph dng a lu tr chng trnh,
d liu
Vai tr ca HH trong vic qun l a:
nh v lu tr, truy xut a
Qun l vng trng
Lp lch cho a
Hiu nng ca h thng ty thuc rt nhiu vo tc
c/ghi. V vy HH phi c c ch qun l a
hiu qu.
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Qun l h thng nhp xut
Mi nh sn xut u cung cp cc device
driver KTB
Nhim v ca HH l to mt giao tip thn
thin gia user v thit b thng qua cc giao
thc KTB tng qut
Mt h thng nhp xut bao gm:
H thng buffer cahing
Giao tip iu khin thit b tng qut
B iu khin cho cc thit b phn cng
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Qun l h thng tp tin
My tnh c th lu tr thng tin trn nhiu dng thit b vt l
khc nhau (bng t, a t, a quang, th nh)
Mi dng thit b lu tr c c im ring v t chc vt l, tc
truy xut, kh nng lu tr, tc truyn
HH nh ngha n v lu tr logic l tp tin cng vi cu trc
a lun l truy xut thng qua b iu khin a
Tp tin: tp hp thng tin ca chng trnh v/hoc d liu
Cc loi tp tin:
Thi hnh: cha ng dng, phn mm. Vd: COM, EXE
Vn bn: cha k t ASCII, chng trnh ngun
Nh phn: cha d liu ca cc ng dng
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Qun l h thng tp tin (tt)
Vai tr ca HH trong vic qun l tp tin:
To, xa tp tin
To, xa th mc
H tr cc thao tc trn tp tin v th mc
nh x tp tin trn h thng lu tr ph
Backup tp tin trn cc thit b lu tr
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H thng bo v
H thng c nhiu user, nhiu tin trnh ng thi
HH cung cp c ch m bo ti nguyn (tp tin, b
nh, CPU, ng h, thit b ngoi vi) ch c truy
xut bi nhng tn trnh c quyn
H thng bo v l c ch kim sot qu trnh truy
xut ca chng trnh, tin trnh, user trn ti nguyn
h thng
Gia tng an ton khi kim tra li ca cc giao tip
gia nhng h thng nh bn trong
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H thng c ch dng lnh
Mi HH c nhng giao tip khc nhau: c ch dng lnh, giao
din c cc biu tng, ca s thao tc dng chut
C ch dng lnh l giao tip tng tc lnh gia user v HH
Cc HH thit k c ch dng lnh bn trong ht nhn hoc
tch c ch dng lnh thnh mt ng dng c bit:
DOS: thi hnh khi bt u cng vic (COMMAND.COM)
Unix: thi hnh khi user login ln u tin
Cc lnh c a vo HH nh b thng dch lnh qua c ch
dng lnh hoc Shell v c thc hin tun t
Cc lnh c quan h vi vic to v qun l cc tin trnh, kim
sot nhp xut, qun l b nh, qun l a, truy xut tp tin v
c ch bo v.
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Cc dch v ca h iu hnh
Thi hnh chng trnh: Np chng trnh, chm dt
bnh thng hay bt thng (li nghim trng)
Thao tc nhp xut: cung cp dch v h tr nhp
xut
Thao tc trn h thng tp tin, truy xut a
Truyn thng ip gia cc tin trnh (my n,
mng)
Pht hin li do CPU, b nh, thit b, tin trnh gy
ra. Mi dng li c HH gii qut tng ng
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Li gi h thng
Cung cp giao tip gia tin trnh v HH. C 2
dng:
Cp thp: cc lnh hp ng
Cp cao: cc hm/th tc thit k bng NNLT cp cao.
Trong cc NLT cp cao, user khng quan tm n chi
tit m ch cn thng qua cc hm hay cc lnh
gi thc hin
C 3 phng php chuyn tham s cho HH: thanh
ghi, ngn xp hoc cu trc bng
Cc loi li gi h thng: kim sot tin trnh, tao tc
tp tin, thao tc thit b, truyn thng ip
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Cc chng trnh h thng
Thao tc tp tin, m t tp tin
Thng tin trng thi (ngy gi, dung lng a, b
nh)
H tr cc NNLT: trnh bin dch, thng dch tch hp
trong nhn hay pht hnh ring
Np v thi hnh chng trnh: np, nh v, lin kt,
debug
Thng ip: dng lin lc gia cc tin trnh, cc my
Cc chng trnh ng dng i km: nh dng, sao
chp a, san tho vn bn, v hnh n gin
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Cu trc h thng
Cu trc n gin
Cu trc theo lp
Cu trc My o
M hnh client-server
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Cu trc n gin
Khi u ca HH l h thng nh, n gin v c
gii hn
Cc HH cu trc n gin quen thuc: MSDOS,
UNIX
H iu hnh MSDOS:
HH cu trc n gin, khng chia thnh nhng n th r
rt
Cung cp nhng chc nng cn thit nht trong khng gian
nh, chy trn phn cng gii hn
Gia giao din v chc nng khng phn chia r rt
Cc ng dng c th truy xut trc tip th tc nhp xut
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Cuo troc cou MS-DOS
Chng trnh ng dng
Chng trnh h thng thng tr
MSDOS device driver
ROM BIOS device driver
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Cu trc n gin
HH UNIX: cu trc gm ht nhn v chng trnh
h thng
Ht nhn gm chui giao tip v b KTB (device driver)
Ht nhn cung cp h thng tp tin, lp lch CPU, qun tr b
nh v nhng chc nng khc thng qua li gi h thng
Li gi h thng nh ngha giao tip lp trnh cho UNIX
Cc chng trnh h thng dng li gi h thng do ht
nhn h tr cung cp nhng chc nng hu ch nh bin
dch v thao tc tp tin
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48
Cuo troc |NlX
Ngi s dng
Shell v lnh
Bin dch v thng dch
Th vin h thng
Giao tip li gi h thng vi ht nhn
Tn hiu kim sot h
thng, nhp xut tun
t ca b iu khin
terminal
H thng tp tin
chuyn i gia h
thng nhp xut khi
v b iu khin a
Lp lch CPU, thay
th phn trang, yu
cu phn trang trong
b nh o
Giao tip gia ht nhn vi phn cng
B kim sot
terminal
B kim sot a B kim sot b nh
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49
Cu trc theo lp
Chia chc nng h thng thnh nhiu phn nh
Cm ng dng s dng cc hm truy xut cp thp
HH c chia thnh nhiu lp: lp phn cng, lp
h thng, lp giao tip user
Mi lp gm mt s CTDL v cc hm c gi t
lp trn. Bn thn lp ch gi c cc chc nng
ca lp di h tr
Mi lp khng cn bit HH v cc lp khc c
ci t nh th no. N ch bit nhim v v cc thao
tc trn lp
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50
Cuo troc cou Ho doo hunh 1HL
HH Technische Hogesschool Eindhoven
Lp 5: Chng trnh ng dng
Lp 4: To buffer cho thit b nhp xut
Lp 3: Device driver thao tc mn hnh
Lp 2: Qun l b nh o
Lp 1: Lp lch CPU
Lp 0: Phn cng
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51
Cc lp ca HH VENUS
Lp 6: Chng trnh ng dng
Lp 5: Device driver v b lp lch
Lp 4: B nh o
Lp 3: Knh nhp xut
Lp 2: Lp lch CPU
Lp 1: Thng dch cc a ch
Lp 0: Phn cng
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ng dng ng dng ng dng
Giao tip vi chng trnh ng dng M rng API
H thng con H thng con H thng con
Ht nhn h thng
Qun l b nh
Gi cc tc v
Qun l thit b
Device
driver
Device
driver
Device
driver
Device
driver
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53
My o (Virtual Machine)
HH = <ng dng>|<H thng>|<Nhn>|<Phn
cng>
Nhn HH dng ch th ca phn cng to th
vin Li gi h thng
Cc chng trnh h thng c th s dng li gi h
thng hoc ch th phn cng: (SysCall+HWare)
SysClass
Cc ng dng c th gi cc chng trnh h thng:
(SysFunc+SysClass) Virtual Machine
Bng k thut lp lch CPU v b nh o, HH c th
to nhiu tin trnh phc o hot ng nh mt my
tnh c b x l v b nh ring.
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54
My o (tt)
Cc tin trnh ca my o hot ng nh li gi h
thng cng h thng tp tin khng truy xut trc tip
phn cng
Ti nguyn ca my tnh c chia x to cc
my o: CPU o, b nh o, thit b o, tp tin (v
a) o.
My o thc hin 2 mc: gim st v s dng
Vn c bn ca my o: h thng a (o), vn
chuyn d liu v thi gian thi hnh
Li th ca my o: mi ng dng hot ng c lp
v c cung cp mi trng nh mt my ring
(CPU, b nh, b ch th, thit b ngoi vi).
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55
M hnh client-server
Cc on m h thng c xu hng chuyn dn ln
lp cao.
Chc nng ca ht nhn c chuyn bt cho cc
tin trnh ca user, ch cn li cc chc nng c bn
(vd: kim sot qu trnh thng tin gia client-server)
HH c chia thnh cc phn nh, mi phn kim
sot mt mt ca h thng
M hnh hot ng: client gi yu cu, server thc
hin, gi kt qu cho client
u im: tng thch vi m hnh h thng phn tn
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56
Lch s pht trin cc h iu hnh
Th h 1: 1945-1955
Th h 2: 1955-1965
Th h 3: 1965-1980
Th h 4: 1980 - nay
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Th h 1: 1945-1955
My tnh in t dng n do Howard Aiken v John
von Neuman thit k. Kch thc ln. Tc tnh
ton chm
Cha c NNLT v HH. Cha c s phn cng:
ngi thit k, lp trnh, thao tc, qun l, s dng
u l mt
Lp trnh bng ngn ng my tuyt i
S dng bng iu khin thc hin cc tnh nng c
bn
1950: phiu c l ra i, thay cho bng iu khin
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Th h 2: 1955-1965
My tnh in t bn dn c sn xut cho khch
hng
Kch thc v tc c ci thin
C s phn chia r rng gia ngi thit k, xy
dng, vn hnh, lp trnh, bo tr.
NNLT: s dng Hp ng, FORTRAN m ha ch th
trn phiu c l. Xut kt qu ra my in
H thng x l theo l (lu trn bng t) ra i
Chng trnh iu khin h x l theo l l tin thn
ca cc HH ngy nay
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Th h 3: 1965-1980
My IBM360 c trang b mch tch hp IC
Kch thc gim thiu. Tc gia tng.
Cc thit b ngoi vi bt u xut hin. Thao
tc iu khin dn dn phc tp hn.
H iu hnh ra i, t n gin n phc
tp: h a chng, h chia x thi gian
H my mini bt u pht trin
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60
Th h 4: 1980-nay
My tnh c nhn (PC-Personal Computer) ra
i
H my IBMPC s dng HH MS-DOS chim
lnh th trng my c nhn trn ton th gii
HH mng, HH phn tn pht trin mnh
Giao din ha (GUI-Graphic User
Interface), Multimedia, Internet
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61
Choong 2: Co thoo l so Ho doo hu nh
H iu hnh MSDOS
H iu hnh Windows
H iu hnh Windows NT
H iu hnh Novel Netware
H iu hnh Unix
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H iu hnh MSDOS
Khi nim
Lch s pht trin
Qu trnh khi ng
Tp lnh ca MSDOS
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63
Khi nim v MSDOS
Microsoft Disk Operating System l mt trong nhng
HH c s dng rng ri nht trn th gii
MSDOS (gi tt l DOS) l h iu hnh c cu trc
n gin, n nhim (monotasking), mt ngi dng,
truy xut h thng nhiu cp t cao n thp
Giao tip dng lnh dng tham s (Shell t DOS 4.0)
i hi cu hnh thp: CPU AT/XT, 640KB b nh,
mn hnh mu CGA/EGA/VGA hoc n sc. Cho
php m rng thit b
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Khi nim v MSDOS (tt)
T chc cc chng trnh ca MSDOS bao
gm:
Chng trnh khi ng
Chng trnh Shell
Chng trnh chc nng
Chng trnh nhp xut
H thng cc tin ch
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Lch s pht trin ca MSDOS
Thng 8-1981, Microsoft pht hnh HH MSDOS 16 bits cho
my PC c CPU 8088 theo n t hng ca IBM
Version 1.0 c 4000 dng Hp ng, 12KB b nh, t chc thnh
3 tp tin:
IBMBIO.COM: h thng nhp xut tun t v a
IBMMSDOS.COM: h thng tp tin, kim sot IO, giao tip
COMMAND.COM: trnh x l lnh (ni tr, ngoi tr)
xut khi nim thit b IO c lp (CON, PRN, AUX), nh
dng tp tin ng dng COM, EXE. H tr x l lnh theo l
Version 1.1: a mm lu tr 5.2 inch (360 KB, 2 mt).
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Lch s pht trin ca MSDOS (tt)
Version 2.0: pht hnh vo 3-1983 gm 20,000 dng
lnh, ci trn a cng 10MB.
Chuyn IBMMIO.COM thnh tp danh sch lin kt
thit b.
S dng cu trc a th bc, th file, ng ng, lc
sp xp, device driver cu trc m
Ci t thit b, nh dng ngy thng, tin t, m
quc gia vo lc khi ng trong CONFIG.SYS.
Version 2.11 c chuyn thnh hn 60 ngn ng
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Version 3.0 pht hnh 8-1984 gm 40,000 dng lnh.
H tr my IBMPC AT, 20MB a cng, a mm
1.2MB
S dng cu hnh CMOS, a o VDISK
Version 3.1 (11-1984) gii thiu Microsoft Network
Version 3.2 (1986) h tr a mm 3.5". Cung cp
cc lnh REPLACE, XCOPY, DRIVER.SYS
Version 3.3 h tr cng truyn thng, a 1.44MB,
a cng 32MB trn my AT 80286, 80386
Version 4.0 (7-1988) h tr a cng n 2GB. S
dng RAM m rng lm a o. Gii thiu MS-DOS
Shell.
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Version 5.0 (4-1991), s dng RAM m rng lu
user device driver. Tn dng vng nh 640-1MB
gii phng bt vng nh c s
Ci tin Shell cho php np nhiu ng dng cng lc
Ch trng nhiu hn n user. B sung Help m rng
Version 6.0 (1993): tng dung lng a bng
DBLSPACE. To cache a bng SMARTDRV. Ti
u b nh bng MEMMAKER. Chng virus vi
MSAV. Phc hi tp tin bng UNDELETE. Kim tra
a bng SCANDISK.
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69
Qu trnh khi ng. Cc khi nim c bn ca
DOS
Lnh ni tr: th vin x l cc lnh ph bin, thng
tr trong b nh
Lnh ngoi tr: lnh c bit, t dng, lu trn a
di dng cc tp tin thi hnh
Cc dng thng bo li: khng tm thy lnh, lnh sai
c php, khng th thc hin lnh
Khi ng my bng a mm hoc a cng.
Mc tiu ca qu trnh khi ng:
Kim tra s hot ng ca thit b
Ci t chng trnh ca HH
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Qu trnh khi ng my tnh
POST-Power On Self Test: do chng trnh trong
ROM thc hin (trc khi HH c kch hot):
Kim tra thit b
Ci t thng s h thng vo RAM
Np Master boot/Boot sector vo b nh. Chuyn iu khin
Khi ng t a mm: POST-Boot sector-HH
Khi ng t a cng: POST-Master boot-Boot
sector-HH
Master boot cha on chng trnh np Boot sector
vo b nh chnh v bng phn hach a cng
Boot sector cha on chng trnh np HH vo b
nh chnh v bng tham s a
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Qu trnh khi ng HH MSDOS:
Ci t MSDOS vo RAM
Khi to cc vector ngt tng ng
Tm c tp tin cu hnh CONFIG.SYS:
Nu tm thy, thit lp cu hnh theo ch dn.
Nu khng thy, thit lp cu hnh chun
Np DOS Shell, chuyn iu khin
Thc hin tp tin l AUTOEXEC.BAT
Xut du i lnh (DOS Prompt):
Khi ng t a mm: A:\>_
Khi ng t a cng: C:\>_
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Cc tp lnh ca MSDOS:
Thng tin h thng
Lm vic vi a
Lm vic vi th mc
Thao tc vi tp tin
Qun l nhp xut
Thit lp mi trng
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H iu hnh Windows
Khi nim
Lch s pht trin
Qu trnh khi ng
Tp lnh
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Khi nim v H iu hnh Windows
HH a nhim ca Microsoft. Giao din ha thn
thin, d s dng, thch hp cho mi i tng ngi
dng
Yu cu phn cng khng cao: 386SX, VGA, 4MB
RAM, 80MB HDD. Qun l thit b tt, trong sut vi
user
Tng thch vi my IBMPC. Cc HH khc c th
cng hat ng vi Windows. DOS tr thnh ng
dng ca Windows. HH c tnh n nh cao, t hng
hc.
Khai thc c kh nng ti a ca my. Ci t thay
i cu hnh h thng d dng: Plug and Play
(Windows 95)
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75
Khi nim v H iu hnh Windows (tt)
Giao din ca s, biu tng. H tr tn file di, giao
tip d liu OLE.
Chy trong ch bo v (protected mode). nh v
b nh phng. Ph v ro cn 640 MB b nh c s.
H tr cc ng dng 32 bits. Giao tip trc tip vi
cc thit b thng tin. Lin kt trong cc h thng
mng.
D hc, d s dng, h tr lp trnh ttWindows
a Microsoft tr thnh 1 trong nhng cng ty
hng u th gii trong lnh vc CNTT
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Lch s pht trin ca HH Windows
11-1983 cng b. 11-1985 pht hnh version 1.0
Version 2.0 (11-1987) thay i giao din, ca s ph lp. M
rng giao tip bn phm, chut cho menu v dialog box
1987-1990: Windows 2.x (80386 Virtual mode). Multitask cc
ng dng DOS, Windows. Truy xut trc tip phn cng
5-1990: Windows 3.0 protect mode 80x86. Truy cp 16MB b
nh. Shell (Program, Task, File Manager) hon chnh.
4-1992: Windows 3.1 protect mode. H tr font True type,
multimedia, OLE, common dialog box.
9-1995: Windows 95 GUI hon chnh. c lp thit b, h tr CD-
ROM, Plug&Play. H tr mng cc b, remote control.
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Qu trnh khi ng ca HH Windows
POST-Power On Self Test
Np cc thnh phn cho ch thc
Np VxD tnh v ch bo v
Np HH Windows v khi to desktop
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Np cc thnh phn cho ch thc (real-mode)
Boot sector np IO.SYS. Chuyn iu khin
IO.SYS c chc nng qun l cu hnh real-mode, graphic
mode. IO.SYS np cc tp tin ti thiu, phn tch tp tin
CONFIG.SYS, thi hnh ha (real-mode, protected mode)
Xc nh tiu s phn cng (hardware profile). Khi to thit b
phn cng cho ch thc. Np MSDOS.SYS
MSDOS.SYS nh v a ch cc tp tin v cc chc nng khi
ng Windows 95.
X l CONFIG.SYS. Np COMMAND.COM x l lnh ch
DOS thc. Thi hnh AUTOEXEC.BAT. Chuyn iu khin
cho qu trnh np b qun l my o VMM32 ch thc
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Np VxD tnh v ch bo v (protected-
mode)
VMM32 np cc thit b m t trong SYSTEM.INI.
Tm driver cho thit b. Nu tm khng thy, np driver
mc nh
Chuyn t ch thc sang ch bo v
Khi ng b qun l cu hnh ch bo v. Khi
to cc VxD c sn. Xc nh cc VxD cn np thm
Nhn dng thng tin phn cng
Gii qut cc xung t v ti nguyn
Khi to cc thit b
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Np Windows 95 files, khi to desktop
Np SYSTEM.INI: thng tin cu hnh h thng
Np KERNEL32.DLL: ht nhn ca Windows 95
Np GDI.EXE, GDI32.DLL: c ch ha ca
Windows 95
Np USER.EXE, USER32.DLL giao tip user, qun l
ca s
Lin kt ti nguyn, font
Np WIN.INI cha cc cu hnh v chng trnh v
user
Np Shell (EXPLORER.EXE), cc thnh phn ca
desktop
Nu s dng mng, xut hin hp thoi login.
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Tp lnh (Shell) Windows 95
Thao tc vi cc i tng
Cc i tng: file, folder, program, printer, modem
Tn: dng m t v xc nh i tng
Thuc tnh: kch thc, v tr, tn, thi gian
Cc thnh phn ca desktop
My Computer: Drives, Control Panel, Printer, DialUp
Shortcut: Name, Address, Icon, Application
Network Neighborhood: Workgroup, Server, Printer, Shared
Folder
Recycled Bin: Restore Deleted Items
Taskbar: Start button, Quick Launch, System Tray
Start: Programs, Documents, Settings, Find, Run, Help,
Shutdown
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H iu hnh Windows NT. Khi nim
HH mng dnh cho LAN v Workgroup ca
Microsoft
c kt t u im ca cc HH khc nh Unix,
OS/2
Windows NT c 2 phin bn: Server v Workstation
Windows NT Workstation phc v nhiu chc nng
mng: print server, router TCP/IP
Windows NT s dng profiles lu tr thng tin chi tit
v mi trng ca user qua cc phin lm vic
Va l HH my n, va l file server, application
server, print server, Windows NT l HH thn
thin, mnh m v linh hot
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H iu hnh Windows NT. c im
D toong thch (portability):
NT c vit bng ngn ng C
Cc phn c xy dng trn lp phn cng tru tng
Chy c trn cc my Intel x86, RISC (MIPS, AXP,
PowerPC)
Kh nng b nh: nh v n 4GB a ch b nh
a nhim: thc hin nhiu tin trnh cng lc
H tr nhiu CPU:
Workstation 4.0: 2 CPU
Server 4.0: 4 CPU
Chuyn dng: 255 CPU
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H iu hnh Windows NT. c im (tt)
H thng tp tin NTFS (New Technology File
System):
Tn file di n 255 k t. Phn bit ch hoa, thng
Logical Partition n 1064 GB
Nn file/folder gim kch thc 40-50%
An ton: nhiu cp an tan trn mc chia x,
quyn truy cp d liu mng
Tng thch: h tr nhiu loi ng dng t nhiu
HH khc nhau (MSDOS, Windows 16bits, Windows
32 bits, OS/2, POSIX)
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H iu hnh Windows NT. c im (tt)
H tr mng:
D qun tr: user profiles, qun tr domain, lp lch tc v
H tr API (Application Programming Interface): NetBIOS ,
Socket
H tr giao thc truyn thng: NetBEUI, NWLink, TCP/IP,
DLC
Giao tip vi Netware: cc phn mm client c th truy xut
n server Netware
Dch v truy xut t xa (RAS-Remote Access Service) cho
php user kt ni vo LAN thng qua modem, vo WAN s
dng X25
Dch v Internet: h tr cho mng TCP/IP cc dch v world
wide web, FTP server, Gopher server
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Qun tr user, nhm user trn Windows NT
B qun l User Manager for Domain
To shortcut cho User Manager for Domain
La chn Domain
Thm user account
Copy user account
Thay i thuc tnh ca user acount
Gn user vo cc nhm
Qun l nhm
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S dng Windows NT Workstation Client
Windows NT Workstation c 3 thnh phn
chnh:
Nghi thc mng
nh hng li network client
Cu hnh ti nguyn
Logon/Logoff Windows NT Workstation
Logon cc b
Logon domain
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H iu hnh Novell Netware
1983: mng S-Net ra i, l tin thn ca Novell Netware
Cc nm sau, Novell gii thiu Netware 86 (file server, truy xut
h thng tp tin an ton, h tr qun tr mng)
1986: Advanced Netware h tr LAN, cho php ni nhiu kiu
mng trong file server hoc workstation bn ngoi
Advanced Netware 286 xy dng trn CPU 80286, multitasking,
protected mode. Server h tr 4 kiu mng
Version Netware 386 3.0 (1989) l HH 32 bits thch hp cho
cc mng ln. An ton, hiu qu, linh ng, tin cy
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H iu hnh Novell Netware (tt)
1991: Netware 3.11 h tr tp tin DOS,
Macintosh, Windows, OS/2, Unix v cc dch
v in n
1995: Netware 4.1 cung cp cc dch v thit
yu: th mc, tp tin, thng ip hp nht,
nh hng a nghi thc, qun tr mng, an
tan, in n.
Cc sn phm ca Novell: Netware SFT III
3.12, Netware 4.1 for OS/2, Netware for Unix.
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c im ca HH Netware 4.1
HH mng 32 bit CPU 80386, cung cp cc dch v cho trm
Dch v xc minh user v login
Dch v tp tin: user c gn quyn truy cp server, th mc,
tp tin, qun l h thng tp tin, quyn truy cp
Bo v an ton d liu: kim tra ghi d liu, to mirror, duplicate
th mc, FAT, HotFix, TTS (Transaction Tracking System), gim
st SFT (System Fault Tolerance)
nh hng: server c th c nhiu card giao tip mng (NIC-
Netware Interface Connector). Netware h tr nh hng thng
tin gia nhng ngi s dng trn mng
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c im ca HH Netware 4.1 (tt)
Thng ip: cung cp h thng qun tr thng ip
Qun tr: cung cp nhiu tin ch qun tr, gim st v ti u
Dch v in n: cho php chia x tp tin, in n trn mng
Internet: h tr WAN v mobile device
Cu hnh nng ng: s dng b nh to cache cho th mc,
buffer nh hng, ch mc Turbo FAT, TTS
Qun tr b nh hiu qu
H thng tp tin: tm kim theo c ch thang my, cache file, ghi
background, Turbo FAT, nn file, kch thc file n 4GB, 2 triu
th mc/volume, m cng lc 10,000 files
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H iu hnh Unix
Sn phm HH 32 bits ca Bell Lab dnh cho my
trm, my mini, notebook v cc h my c bit
Cung cp mi trng tt cho pht trin ng dng (x
l vn bn, x l tnh ton, CASE/CAD/CAM)
D chuyn i gia cc h thng, kt ni cc chng
trnh. T khi IBMPC ra i, Unix c chuyn t my
mainframe, mini sang PC vi h Microsoft's XENIX,
AT&T System V.
Multitasking, multi-user, Unix l HH c s dng
rng ri trong cc chin lc m rng h thng
Unix truyn thng c c ch dng lnh. Ngy nay
Unix c cc HH giao din ha thn thin hn.
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Lch s pht trin ca HH Unix
1965-1969: Bell Lab pht trin h Multics trn mainframe
1969: Ken Thompson thit k li cho my DEC PDP-7
1970: Unix ra i cho h my PDP-11. Cha h tr multitasking,
multiprogramming. 24 (16+8) KB b nh. File ti a 64KB. Son
tho vn bn. Cha h tr bo v lu tr.
1973: Denis Ritchie vit li Unix bng C
1975: Unix m ngun m ph bin trong cc trng i hc
1979: Unix vi h thng chia x thi gian ra i. File ti a 1 t
byte. Ngn ng C m rng. B sung nhiu shell mnh h tr
chui, lp trnh cu trc, chuyn file gia cc my.
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Lch s pht trin ca HH Unix (tt)
1980: XENIX, h Unix ca Microsoft cho b x l 16
bits. C c tnh sa cha khi phc tp tin t ng,
chia s d liu, tng cng x l bn trong
Unix ca i hc Berkeley: HH chia s thi gian, h
tr khng gian a ch ln hn. B nh o phn trang,
h thng tp tin nhanh v mnh hn. X l thng tin
ni ti. H tr mng cc b. Son tho ton mn hnh
v shell
1982: Unix System III, V ca AT&T h tr truy xut
cng vic t xa, iu khin m ngun
C rt nhiu cng ty cng tham gia xy dng Unix.
Ngy nay Unix chim khang 20% trn cc h thng
my tnh
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Hut nhun |NlX
Cc ng dng Th vin
User
Ht nhn
Giao tip li gi h thng
Qun l tp tin
Lin lc gia cc tin trnh
Lp lch
Qun l b nh
Qun l
tin trnh
Buffer cache
K t khi
Device drives
Kim sot phn cng
Ht nhn
Phn cng
Phn cng
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Cu trc HH Unix: user, ht nhn v phn cng
Cc phn chnh ca nhn: Qun l tp tin, qun l tin trnh
Cc th vin lin kt vi li gi h thng truy cp HH
Cc nhm Li gi h thng: nhm tp tin, nhm tin trnh
H thng qun l b nh ng b ha tin trnh, lin lc gia
cc tin trnh, cp pht b nh, lp lch tin trnh
H thng qun l tp tin v h thng qun l tin trnh cng
tng tc khi np tp tin vo b nh
Unix Shell, chng trnh giao tip ca user vi Unix
Unix c nhiu loi shell (Bourne:sh, Korn: ksh, C: csh)
Mi shell c du nhc khc nhau ($, %)
Cc shell c th thi hnh cng lc, 1 shell trn 1 shell khc
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Tp lnh Unix
Cc lnh c bn
Cc lnh lin quan n tp tin, th mc
Cc lnh son tho
Cc lnh tin ch
Cc lnh v mng
Cc lnh chuyn tp tin
Cc lnh thng tin lin lc
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Choong 3: oun y ton trnh
2.l Khu no m
v1on trnh u mot choong trnh dung xo y, so hoo mot con
tro onh, tup thunh gh vu cuc bon.
vChoong trnh u thoc tho tho dong chou dong cuc tn hoo
doo khon muy tnh do thoc hon tuc vo nuo do.
vHDH ho tro du choong, du nhom. 1rong HDH co nhoo
ton trnh cong hout dong. V vuy voc so dong thout toun
do doo pho cuc ton trnh u nhom vo cou HDH.
vo phun thoc hon choc nung nuy go u bo doo pho.
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1rung thu cou mot ton trnh:
vkonnng: cac ch |h |cn |rnh dang duoc xu ,.
vockod: |cn |rnh cho cap pha| |a ngu,cn, ha, u |cn
nao do xa, ra.
vkoudy: |cn |rnh cho cap pha| C|U.
tCrouto: tuo mo, Dostroy: kot thoc)
Cho do xo y ton trnh:
H!H co ha chc do xu , |cn |rnh:
Che o ac quyen: ch co HDH mo hout dong dooc vo
cho do doc qoyon, nho so gop do phun cong.
Che o khong ac quyen: ngoo so dong
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Choong 3: oun y to n trnh
Choyon trung thu ton trnh
READY
RUNNING
BLOCKED
Dispatch
Timer run-out
Wake-up
Sleep
New
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vHDH qoun y thong tn ton trnh qou kho doo khon
tlC: lrocoss Contro ock). Cuo troc do oo cou HDH
do qoun y qou trnh
v Chou thong tn nhun dung, trung thu, dnh v tu ngoyon
cho qou trnh buo gom thong tn suo:
Dunh dnh cho qou trnh tllD)
o dom choong trnh
Vong oo gu tr thunh gh Cl|
Do oo ton cou qou trnh
1hong tn dnh v bo nho qou trnh
1hong tn buo mut
Con tro don cuc qou trnh chu, con
..
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V do
Trong Ta| \anagcr
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1huo tuc tron ton trnh
HDH cong cup cuc thuo tuc cho yoo cho ton trnh u:
FCrouto: tuo up ton trnh
!nh danh |cn |rnh
!ua |cn |rnh vao danh ach quan ,
Xac dnh muc do uu |cn
Cung cap |a ngu,cn ban dau
Tao |ho dcu |hcn |cn |rnh |C)
FDostroy: kot thoc ton trnh
Thu ho |a ngu,cn da cap
Hu, bo |cn |rnh |ho danh ach quan ,
Hu, bo |ho dcu |hcn |cn |rnh
tLoo y: ton trnh con khong tho top toc kh ton trnh chu kot thoc)
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2.2 1oo trnh tthrouds)
vMo ton trnh thong thoong co mot khong gun du ch vu
dong xo y.
v1rong troong hop ngoo so dong moon nhoo dong xo y
cong chu so mot khong gun du ch vu cuc dong do oo
xo y song song nho cuc ton trnh rong bot. HDH cong
cup co cho nho vuy go u too trnh.
vMot too trnh u mot don v xo y co bun trong ho thong.
vMot too trnh co tho tuo nhoo ton trnh con.
vMot ton trnh co tho so hoo nhoo too trnh.
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2.3 Doo pho ton trnh
1rong mo troong du choong nhoo ton trnh dong tho sun
sung nhun xo y. 1on trnh top thoo nuo dooc chon do xo
y cun co gu thout thch hop do thoc hon nhom vo nuy.
HDH co bo phun thoc hon nhom vo nuy dooc go bo
doo pho ton trnh.tdsputchor)
l. Moc too doo pho u:
Y So cong bungtlurnoss)
Y 1nh hoo qou tLconcy)
Y 1ho gun dup ong hop ytkosponso tmo)
Y 1ho gun oo u trong ho thong t1oruroond 1mo).
Y 1hong oong to du tthrooghpot)
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2. Cuc duc dom cou ton trnh
\uc |cu co ban |rong dcu pho |cn |rnh:
v HUcng xUcl]nhcp cUc l|en lr|nh
v HUcng xU |y cUc l|en lr|nh
v ChUcng lr|nh lUcng lcc hcy xU |y lhec |c
v c UU l|en cUc l|en lr|nh
v fhc| g|cn cc U cUng CPU cUc l|en lr|nh.
v fhc| g|cn ccn |c| cUc l|en lr|nh ccn g|c| Uyel
!cu pho doc qu,cn va |hong doc qu,cn
!cu pho doc qu,cn: 1on trnh chom Cl| don kh houn tut houc
to ngoyon gu phong.
!cu pho |hong doc qu,cn: 1on trnh co tho b tum dong but co
kh nuo.
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J. !cu pho: H!H u dung 2 oa danh ach |rong dcu
pho:
Dunh such sun sung
Dunh such hung do
Danh ach an ang: Chou nhong choong trnh thoong tro
trong bo nho chnh. O trung thu sun sung
Danh ach hang do: Chou nhong ton trnh trung thu
koudy.
Cac cap do dcu pho:
* !cu pho |ac vu : qoyot dnh so ton trnh vuo bo nho
* !cu pho |cn |rnh: qoyot dnh ton trnh nuo top thoo
nhun Cl|
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4. Cuc chon ooc doo pho
A. Chon ooc lllOtlrst ln lrst Oot)
^gu,cn |ac: Cl| so dooc cup phut cho ton trnh
duo ton trong dunh such sun sung. Duy thout
toun doo pho thoo ngoyon tuc doc qoyon. Cl|
ch co tho thout kho ton trnh kh kot thoc huy
co yoo cuo xout / nhup.
Danh ach an ang
CPU
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V do: chon ooc doo pho lllO
3 2 l3
3 l l2
24 0 ll
1ho gun xo y 1ho dom vuo 1on trnh
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V do: chon ooc doo pho lllO
P 1 P 2 P 3
Th t cap phat:
Thi gian ch: P1 la 0
P2 la 24
P3 la 27
Thi gian ch trung bnh:(0+24+27)/3=17ms
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Nhun xo t: chon ooc doo pho lllO
v1ho gun cho khong du t coc too. Co tho xuy
hon toong tch oy tho gun cho.
v 1huy do du ng ko tho gun cho noo thuy do tho
to duy.
v Cu thout khong pho ho p vo voc phu n chu
tho gun
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. Cho n ooc phun pho vong qouytkoond kobn)
^gu,cn |ac: Dunh such sun sung xo y u dunh such
vong, bo doo pho un oot cup phut tong ton trnh
trong dunh such khoung tho gun t.tCu thout doo
pho khong doc qoyon)
Danh ach an ang
CPU
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V do: chon ooc doo pho kk
3 2 l3
3 l l2
24 0 ll
1ho gun xo y 1ho dom vuo 1on trnh
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V do: chon ooc doo pho kk
Thi gian ch trung bnh:(0+4+7+6)/3=5,66ms
Nhan xet:
FGiai thuat phu thuoc vao rat nhieu gia tr t
Ft qua nho -> s dung CPU kem hieu qua
Ft qua ln -> tang kha nang hoi ap, giam kha
nang tng tac he thong.
P1 P2 P3 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
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C. Chon ooc Doo pho vo do oo ton
^gu,cn |ac: Mo ton trnh kh vuo ho thong dooc
gun gu tr oo ton. 1on trnh co do oo ton cuo so
dooc nhu n Cl| trooc. Do oo ton dou tron rut
nhoo to o ch nho: tho gun xo y, yoo cuo bo
nho.
Cu thou t nuy co tho thoo ngoyon tuc doc qoyon
vu khong doc qoyon
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V do: chon ooc doo pho |o ton
3 2 l3
3 l l2
24 3 ll
1ho gun xo y Do oo ton 1on trnh
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V do: chon ooc doo pho |o ton
Thi gian ch trung bnh:(0+3+6)/3=2ms
Nhan xet:
Co the dan en tien trnh co mc u tien cap thap ch vo
han.
Khac phuc bo ieu phoi tien hanh giam o u tien
xuong sau moi ngat ong ho cho en khi tien trnh co
mc u tien thap hn tien trnh ke can va chuyen
CPU.
P2 P3 P1
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D. Chon ooc cong voc ngun nhut
tSl: Shortost ob lrst)
^gu,cn |ac: Do o pho vo do oo ton, do oo ton
p dooc gun cho to n trnh u nghch duo cou tho
gun xo y t mu ton trnh yoo cuo: p=l/t. 1on
trnh ko top u ton trnh yoo cuo t tho gun nhut
do kot thoc.
F Cu thout nuy cong co tho u doc qoyon huy
khong doc qoyon
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V do: chon ooc doo pho Sl
3 l4
7 l3
8 l2
6 ll
1ho gun xo y 1on trnh
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V do: chon ooc doo pho Sl
Th t cap phat:
Thi gian ch trung bnh:(3+9+16+0)/4=7ms
Nhan xet:
Cho phep at thi gian ch trung bnh la cc tieu
Xac nh thi gian yeu cau x ly con lai la rat kho khan:
Bieu thc d oan
P4 P1 P3 P2
n n n
t t a a t ) 1 (
1
- + =
+
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l. Chon ooc doo pho nho o moc do oo to n
^gu,cn |ac: lhun op ton trnh toy thoo do oo ton
cou chong do co cuch doo pho thch hop cho
tong nho m. Dunh such sun sung doo c phun tu ch
thunh cu c dunh such rong bo t thoo cup do oo
ton. Mo dunh su ch buo gom cuc ton trnh co
cong moc do oo ton vu doo c up dong gu thout
doo pho thch ho p do doo pho .
Cu thout so dong u gu thout khong doc qoyon.
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Ticn trnb dcadIock : do mot so kon khong buo go
xuy ru.
Mot ho thong b doudock : co ton trnh b doudock.
15KB
buffer
8KB
4KB
3KB
printer
10KB
8KB
7KB
P1
P2
P3
spooler
Tac nghen trong giao thong Tac nghen trong quan ly in an
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Hu ton trnh b doudock:
Process2
P(S2);
P(S1);
Critical
Section;
V(S2);
V(S1);
Process
1
P(S1);
P(S2);
Critical
Section;
V(S1);
V(S2);
Process1
R1
Process2
R2
Dung doudock:
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DlL| KlL N XA Y kA DLADLOCK
Doo kon motoaI cxcIosion: cuc ton trnh cun
thoc hon ou tro toong ho tron vong trunh chup
Doo kon boId & wait: ton trnh dung go tu
ngoyon co tho yoo cuo thom tu ngoyon khuc
Doo kon no-prccmption: tu ngoyon ch dooc
gu phong kh ton trnh dong xong
Doo kon circoIar-wait: cuc ton trnh go vu do
tu ngoyon tuo thu nh vong oun qoun
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ClA l |YL1 DLADLOCK
Ngun ngou doudock (deadlock prevention)
o dnh cup , dong tu ngoyon ngho m ngut
Khong cho cuc do o kon doudock xuy ru
1runh doudock (deadlock avoidance)
Vun cho cuc doo kon doudock ton tu
Cup tu ngoyon hop y, un toun
lhut hon doudock (deadlock detection)
lhoc ho doudock (deadlock recovery)
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Cum doo kon moItoaI-cxcIosion ?
Cum doo kon boId & wait
1on trnh yoo cuo tut cu tu ngoyon mot un
Ch dooc xo y kh du do tut cu tu ngoyon cun thot
Cum doo kon no-prccmption
Noo yoo cuo tu ngoyon khong dooc, ton trnh phu
gu phong tut cu tu ngoyon dung go vu yoo cuo u.
Lou bo circoIar-wait
Sup xop tu ngoyon thoo trut to vu chong cup cho ton
trnh thoo dong trut to do
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V do
k3, k7, kl l3
k2, k5, k4 l2
k6, k4, kl ll
Yoo cuo
thoc to
1on
trnh
R1 R5 R2 R3 R4
R6 R7
P2
P1
P3
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Cu thout nhu bung tunkors Agorthm)
Ho doo hunh ~ Nhu ung
1on trnh ~ Khuch hung
1u ngoyon ~ Von vuy
kung booc
Yoo cuo vuy coc du von nhu bung
Khuch khong tru von noo vuy chou do yoo cuo coc du
Kh vuy do, khuch phu tru do von suo tho gun hoo hun
1rung thu nhu bung
An toun tSafc): thou yoo cuo mo khuch, ngun hung tho
von do
Khong un toun t nsafc) : ngooc u co tho doudock
Ho thong phu cup phut tu ngoyon suo cho khong ro vuo trung
thu |nsuo
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1rung thu suo u un toun. 1u suo ?
2
3
2
Cun thom
Von l2 , con u l
3 l l3
5 2 l2
l0 8 ll
Cun to du Dung moon
1rung thu suo u khong un toun. 1u suo ?
3
2
3
Cun thom
Von l2 , con u 2
8 5
l3
6 4
l2
4 l
ll
Cun to du Dung moon
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lHA1 HlLN DLADLOCK
Ch nhun, thoo do yoo cuo, so cup phut tu ngoyon cho
cuc ton trnh.
Dong do th kAC tRcourcc oca|on Craph)
Tien trnh
Tai nguyen
P1 yeu cau n tai nguyen loai R1
P1
n
R1
P2
R2
P2 ang gi 1 tai nguyen loai R2
Tai nguyen
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Cun ooc kAC
l. 1u ngoyon runh cup cho ton trnh yoo cuo
2. 1on trnh do tu ngoyon
xou mo cunh vuo, xou ton trnh
3. Lup u l vo cuc ton trnh khuc don kh to gun
Kh gu thout do ng
kAC khong con cunh: khong co doudock
kAC co cho trnh tcyco): doudock
Nhun xo t
lh ton on
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P2
R1
P1 R2
P3 R3
P4
P2
R1
P1 R2
P3 R3
P4
P2
R1
P1 R2
P3 R3
P4
P2
R1
P1 R2
P3 R3
P4
V D| l : ClAN |OC kAC
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Choong 4: Ho thong qoun y lo
4.l 1ONC |AN VL D| LlL| & llLL
Yoo cuo oo tro do oo cou ngoo dong:
Loo tro uo du
1roy cup nhunh
Loo dooc nhoo do oo
Chu so vu buo vo tot
Do so dong
Cun so ho tro cou phun cong vu OS do do o o
oo tro ru bo nho ngou.
1up tn vu tho moc
Tap |n: don v oo tro thong tn do HDH, cuc ong
dong, ngoo dong qoun y.
Thu muc: cuo troc to choc tup tn tron du.
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4.2 MO HNH LY VA 1O CH|C 1A l 1lN
Tcn tap tin:
1uo bo HDH, ton trnh houc osor
Cuch dut ton tup tn cou mo HDH u khuc nhuo: So ky
to dut ton tcho cu, cho so, ky to duc bot), phun
bot/khong phun bot cho hou/thoong.
Nhoo ho tuo ton o nhoo com, ngun cuch bo duo
chum '.'
Cao troc tap tin, gom 3 Ioai:
Duy toun to cuc byto khong cuo troc.
Duy cuc rocord co choo du co dnh.
Cuo troc cuy tmo rocord co troong khou gop tm kom
nhunh).
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4.2 MO HNH LY VA 1O CH|C 1Al 1lN
kic o tap tin
Tap |n |huong: tup tn toxt/nh phun chou thong tn
cou ngoo dong.
Thu muc: ttup tn) oo go cuo troc ho thong tup tn.
Tap |n co |, |u dac bc |: on qoun don nhup xout
tmun hnh, muy n, mung)
Tap |n |ho: troy xout tho t b kho dung du
Cac Ioai tap tin
Tap |n van ban: tup cuc ky to
Tap |n nh phan: gom duy cuc byto to choc thoo dnh
dung xuc dnh tvd: houdor, toxt, dutu, roocuton bts,
symbo tubo)
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1roy xout tup tn:
v Tru, xua | |uan |u : thch ho p cho cuc thot b oo tro
toun to tbung to ).
v Tru, xua | ngau nhc n: thch hop cho cuc thot b
oo tro nguo nho n tdu to, CD-kOM)
1hooc tnh tup tn: uo vo, Mu t khuo, Ngoo tuo,
Ngoo so hoo, Ch doc, An, Ho thong, Loo tro,
ASCll/nury, 1roy xout nguo nhon/1oun to, 1omp,
Khou tock), Do du rocord, V tr kho u, Nguy go tuo,
1ho do m troy cu p, 1ho dom thuy do , Kch thooc
hon tu , Kch thoo c to du.
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1ho moc: ho thong oo tro thoo cup buc
1ho moc chou cuc do moc ton + thooc tnh + du ch tup
tn.
Kh co yoo cuo mo o, HDH tm trong tho moc ton o
cun mo, xuc dnh thooc tnh vu du ch o, doc o vuo
bo nho chnh.
So oong tho moc tron mo ho thong u khuc nhuo. Do
ton cho voc troy xout, so dong, oo tro, du so cuc HDH
doo to choc tho moc thoo cuo troc phun cup hnh cuy.
Doong dun: cuch xuc dnh du ch tup tn
1ho moc hon hunh [.], tho moc chu [..]
Doong dun toyot do: /osr/ust/mubox
Doong dun toong do: [.]/drl/dr2
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Cuc choc nung cou ho thong tup tn
Tap |n: 1uo, Xou, Mo, Doc, Ch, 1ho m, Dong,
1m, Luy thooc tnh, 1hot up thooc tnh, Do to n.
Thu muc: 1uo, Xou, Mo tho moc tvd: mo trooc kh
o t ko), Dong tho moc, Do to n, Lon kot to co tho
xout hon trong nhoo tho mo c khuc nhuo), o on
kot.
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CAC lH|ONC lHAl DNH V ANC lHAN lHOl DA
Dnh v on top:
Do cu dut, do thuo tuc
Khong nh dong, du b phun munh
Dnh v bung dunh such on kot
Lntry ch chou du ch duo. Mo kho doo dooc cup phut, t
ung ph.
Kho do oo b tho hop. 1roy xout nguo nhon chum
Dunh such on kot so dong ndox
1oong to nho cuch 2 nhong thuy con tro bung bung ndox
1roy xout nguo nhon do dung hon
go hun bo kch thooc bo nho
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|AN LY DA
Co 2 phoong phup oo tro:
Loo toun to tron N byto on top: kho ng hoo qou kh
o on
Loo do o o tron du thoo don v kho
Kch thoo c kho thong thoong u 5l2byto, l houc 2 K
Loo go cuc kho trong. Co 2 phoong phup
So dong dunh such on kot cou kho du
So dong btmup: du N kho unh xu thunh N bt
tl:trong, 0: du dong). Du 20M cun 20Kbt do oo tro =
2.5 ~3 kho
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Do un tou n cou ho thong tu p tn
oun y kho b hong:
Cu phup phun mom: xuy dong tup tn chou cuc kho b hong
Cu phup phun cong: dong soctor tron du oo go dunh such
kho hong
uckop:
Chop do phong bun suo tho cup do oo tdu mom, bung to)
Chu du cong um 2 phun: do oo hout dong vu buckop.
1nh khong do cou ho thong tup tn
Ngong ho thong dot ngot co tho guy mut do oo
Ho thong phu co co cho kom tru tnh toun von do oo tron 2
phun kho vu tup tn
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1roy xout ho thong tup tn thoo MSDOS
Nhup xout thoo tho o
Thc fc Handc fc): u do toong mu MSDOS dong do qoun y
cuc o dung dooc mo tron bo nho. Kh o dooc mo DOS so gun
cho o mot so xuc dnh. tAX, X)
1uo: 3C
Mo: 3D
Dong: 3L
Hoy: 4l
Dut con tro: 42
Doc to tup tn/thot b: 3l
Ch on tup tn/thot b: 40
lOC1L: 44
Dnh hoong u: 46
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Cac chc nang ve tap tin va th muc
Tao th muc: 39
Huy th muc: 3A
Chuyen th muc: 3B
oi ten tap tin: 56
Thiet lap ngay gi: 57
Hoi kch thc file: 42
Thay oi thuoc tnh: 43
Tm tap tin: 4E
Tm th muc: 11
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Cuc choc nung th hunh:
1h hunh: 4
1up lSl: 26
Luy du ch lSl: 62
Kot thoc thoong tro : lnt 27
Kot thoc choong trnh: lnt 20
Kot thoc go mu thout vo ton trnh chu: 4C
Luy mu thout cou ton trnh kot thoc: 4D
Kot thoc qou Ctr-rk: lnt 23
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M tap tin mi
AH=3Ch
CL= t0: doc; l gh; 2 doc/gh)
DS:DX: u du ch xuo ton o tkot thoc 0).
=> AX chou tho o
ong tap tin
AH=3Lh
X= tho o
oc noi dung tap tin
AH=3lh CX= so byto cun doc
X= tho o DS:DX: vong dom oo
Ghi noi dung tap tin
AH=40h CX= so byto cun gh
X= tho o DS:DX: vong dom chou doo
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kAlD tRcdundan| rra, of ncxpcnvc D|)
1up hop cuc du cong dooc ho doo hunh xom nho mot
thot b oo tro
Do oo dooc phun bo tron tut cu cuc du
Cuc moc too chnh
v1ung dong oong oo tro
v1ung hoo sout l/O
v1ung tnh sun sung cuo
v1ung khu nung phoc ho ho thong
Cuc ou kAlD
vkAlD 0 kAlD l0 tpho bon kAlD 0, l, 3, 5)
vSotwuro kAlD/ Hurdwuro kAlD
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RAID-0
Do oo oo tro tru doo tron cuc du
1ung khong gun oo tro
1ung hoo sout ho thong
1nh sun sung cou do oo thup
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RAID-1
Nhun bun do oo tron cuc du tuch bot
1nh sun sung & toc do doc do oo rut cuo
Yoo cuo dong oong du gup do
1oc do gh chum hon
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RAID-3
Loo do o o tru doo tron cuc du
So dong mot du oo thong tn ko m tru do oo
1nh sun sung cuo, ch ph hop y
Hoo sout l/O thup
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RAID-5
Do oo, thong tn kom tru dooc oo tru doo tron cuc du
1nh sun sung do oo trong bnh, ch ph hop y
1oc do gh thup
Yoo cuo phun cong duc bot
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Choong 5: oun y bo nho
5.l Dut vun do
HDH nguy nuy cho phop chuy cho do du nhom=> Nho
cuo chu so bo nho gou cuc ton trnh khuc nhuo.
Ho doo hunh co nhom vo cup phup bo nho cho cuc ton
trnh kh co yoo cuo.
Do thoc hon tot nhom vo nuy, HDH xom xot bo nho
dou tron nhoo khu cunh:
o So toong tuc gou du ch ogc vu vut y.
o oun y bo nho vut y.
o Chu so thong tn gou cuc ton trnh qou bo nho.
o uo mo so troy xout but hop phup.
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5.l Dut vun do
ou trnh unh xu du ch too ng trong cou l choong
trnh ngoon vuo bo nho chnh vuo 3 tho do m:
1ho do m bon dch
1ho do m nup
1ho do m xo y
Khong gun du ch vu khong gun vut y
Du ch ogc- du ch uo do bo xo y tuo ru.
Du ch vut y- du ch thoc.
Khong gun du ch - u tup hop du ch uo phu t
snh bo l choong trnh.
Khong gun vut y u tu p ho p du ch vut y
toong ong du ch uo.
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lHAN CAl O NHO
CACHE
PRIMARY STORAGE
SECONDARY STORAGE
T tren xuong
Toc o giam
Dung lng tang
Gia thanh giam
Cac van e quan tam
Bo nh chnh cha 1 hay nhieu tien trnh ?
Cac quy trnh dung vung nh nh nhau / khac nhau ?
Bao ve vung nh cua OS va cua tng tien trnh ?
Vung nh cua quy trnh la lien tuc / gian oan ?
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CHlL N L|OC |AN LY O NHO
Chon ooc nup tfc|ch |ra|cgc)
Nup phun nuo cou ton trnh vuo bo nho vu kh
nuo nup ?
Nup thoo yoo cuo & nup ton doun
Chon ooc sup du t tpaccmcn| |ra|cgc)
Nup ton trnh mo vuo duo ?
Chon ooc thuy tho trcpaccmcn| |ra|cgc)
Dou ton trnh nuo ru bo nho pho ?
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1O CH| C CA l lHA1 O NHO
Cup phut bo nho on toc
Don up trnh
Du u p trnh phun doun co dnh
Du u p trnh phun doun thuy do
Du u p trnh co thuy tho vong nho
Cup phut bo nho khong on toc
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5.2 Cup phut on toc
Cuc ho don choong trnh
Y |uo ng: o nho ch chu so cho ho doo hunh vu mo t
choong trnh doy nhut ngoo so dong. Mo t phun bo
nho do HDH chom go phun con u thooc vo ton
trnh ngoo do ng.
Thao uan:
F Cun buo vo vong nho kho so xum phum to n trnh
ngoo dong.tso dong thunh gh go hun)
F1u mo t tho do m ch co tho dup ong mot to n trnh.
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OS
USER
UNUSED
CPU
Boundary
register
Moi lan tien trnh ngi dung truy xuat can kiem tra vi
noi dung thanh ghi gii han =>Toc o truy xuat khong cao.
S dung CPU khong hieu qua.
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2. Ho thong du choong trnh vo phu n vong co dnh.
Y |uong: o nho dooc chu thunh n phun vong co
kch thoo c co dnh tcuc phun vong co kch thooc
khuc nhuo). 1on trnh co yoo cuo bo nho dooc oo
tro trong hung do . Hung do dooc to choc:
So dong mo phun vong mot hung do.
So dong mot hung do doy nhut.
Process queue
P0 P2 P1
OS
1
2
3
P0 P2 P1
P5 P7 P6
Process queue
OS
1
2
3
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Thao uan:
Kch thoo c ton trnh khuc nhuo => phun munh no.
Moc do du choong cou ho thong b go hu n bo
phun vong.
CPU CPU
Limit Limit
register register
Base Base
register register
Bo Bo nh nh
+
<
a a ch ch loi loi
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3. Ho thong du choong trnh vo phu n vong dong.
Y |uong: 1on trnh dooc dou vuo ho thong, cup
phut mot vong nho vou dong kch thooc ton
trnh. lhu n con u cup cho ton trnh khuc.
OS
User A 15KB
User B 25KB
User C 40KB
P0 P2 P1
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Thao uan:
Khong co hon toong phun munh no v, nhong xout
hon phu n munh ngou v.
Kh kch thooc ton trnh tung troong trong qou trnh
xo y mu khong con vong nho trong ko nhuo do rong.
Ch u hon trung bo nho do cup phut do cup phut
dong cho dong.
Co 2 phoong phup:
oun y bung mot bung cuc bt.
oun y bung dunh sucht lrst t, ost t, \orst t)
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HL 1HONC DA CH|ONC
lHAN DOAN 1HAY DOl
OS
Free space 20KB
Free space 35KB
Free space 15KB
Free space 10KB
12KB
?
Best fit
First fit
Worst fit
Chien lc sap at
Van e phan manh vung nh (fragmentation)
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D C B A
111001111100111
D(4) (3) C(2) B(3) (2) A(4)
4 0 P 2 4 H
3 6 P 2 9 P
3 1
1
H 4 14 P
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4. Cuc ho thong du choong vo ky thou t S\AlllNC
Y |uong: Mot ton trnh cho toong do du tu m tho
choyon ru bo nho pho tswup oot). Kh kot thoc voc
cho ton trnh tro u bo nho chnh do xo y tswup n.)
OS
SWAPPING
AREA
Programs on Secondary
storage
swap in
swap out
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5.3 Cup phut kho ng on toc
l. lhun trungtpugng)
Y |uong:
l. lhun bo nho thunh cuc kho co kch thooc co dnh bung
nhuo.
Mot ton trnh kch thooc n trung so yoo cuo n khong trung
to do.
Co cho MM|tMunugor Momory |nt) trong ky thout phun
trung.
Ho tro phun cong thoc hon choyon do du ch trong co
cho phun trung u bung trungtpugos tubo). Mo phun to
trong bung cho bot cuc du ch but duo cou v tr oo tro
trung toong ong trong bo nho vut y.
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5.3 Cup phut kho ng on toc
Choyon do du ch:
Mo du ch phu t bo Cl| buo gom 2 thunh phu n:
+ So hoo trung tp)
+ Du ch toong do trong trung td)
Kch thooc mo trung do phun cong qoy dnh thoong
oy thou cou 2 nu m trong mo n tr t5l2 ->8l92).
Noo kch thooc cou khong gun du ch u 2
m
vu
kch thooc trung 2
n
, th m-n bts cuo cou du ch uo
so boo don so trung, vu n bts thup cho bot du ch
toong do trong trung.
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ANH XA DA CH 1k| C 1lL l 1kONC HL
1HONC lHAN 1kANC
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ANH XA 1kANC D|NC O NHO KL1 HOl
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Ky thou t phun trung ou bo hon toong phu n munh
ngou v.
Vun con xout hon toong phun munh no v kh kch
thooc ton trnh khong u bo so kch thooc cou trung.
Mot ton trnh ngoo dong co bo nho phun trung nho
khong gun on toc, dong nhut vu ch chou doy nhu t
mot to n trnh.
lhun cong nho m vo do du ch ogc thunh du ch
vut y.
Do oo tro thong tn ch to t qou trnh cup phut bo
nho, HDH so dong mo t bung khong trung.
Thao luan
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KHAl NlLM O NHO AO
Lu hnh unh cou bo nho thoc
vDu ch uo V: thum khuo bo procoss
vDu ch thoc k : co trong bo nho thoc
|V| >> |k|
Du ch uo dooc unh xu thunh du ch thoc mo kh qou
trnh thoc th dynumc uddross trunsuton
So cun thot cou bo nho uo
Do phut tron ong dong
Loo tro dooc nhoo qou trnh trong bo nho
1u dnh v troocuton) cuc qou trnh
Cho cuc qou trnh chu so vong nho do dung
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ANH XA DA CH 1kONC HL 1HONC
lHAN DOAN
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lHO l HO l lHAN 1kANC & lHAN DOAN
Du ch uo V=ts, p, d)
v s: ch so doun tsogmont #)
v p : ch so trung trong doun tpugo #)
v d : do do cou o nho trong trung tdspucomont)
Du ch thoc k=tp, d)
v p : ch so trung thoc trumo #)
v d : do do cou o nho trong trung thoc
Anh xu du ch
ts, p) Assocuto momory p
Houc ss ts, p) p
ts : du ch duo bung unh xu trung vo mo doun)
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ANH XA DA CH 1kONC HL 1HONC
lHAN DOAN KL1 HOl lHAN 1kANC
b
+
b+p
Virtual address
p d
Real address
p
p
Associative map
p d s
s
Segment
table
Page
table
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CA| 1k|C ANH XA O NHO
Process
table
Segment
tables
Page
table
Real
memory
(trong he thong phan oan ket
hp phan trang)
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CAC CHlLN L|O C |A N LY O NHO AO
Cuc cho n ooc qoun y
Cbicn Iooc nap (Fetch strategies)
Cbicn Iooc sap dat (Placement strategies)
Cbicn Iooc tbay tbc(Replacement strategies)
Chon ooc nup
Nup trung thoo yoo cuo tDcmand pagng)
Nup trung ton dou n tn|cpa|or, pagng)
lugo uot vu cuc booc xo y pugo uot
Chon ooc sup du t
Chon ooc thuy tho
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CAC ClA l 1H|A1 1HAY 1HL 1kANC
Yoo cuo : 1o thoo so pugo uot
Ngoyon tuc to oo : Chon trung thuy tho u :
1rung khong con dong nou
1rung so khong dong u trong tho gun xu nhut
Cuc too choun ttho c to ) do chon trung thuy tho
Cuc trung khong b thuy do
Cuc trung khong b khou
Cuc trung khong thooc qou trnh nhoo pugo uot
Cuc trung khong thooc tup um voc cou qou trnh
Mot so gu thout thuy tho trung
1huy tho trung nguo nhon
lllO, Lk|, gu thout xup x Lk|, Ll|, N|k
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ClAl 1H|A1 1Ol || tOl1)
Chon |rang |ha, |hc a |rang c |ho ng duoc |ham
|hao |rong |ho gan au nha |.
V do:
5 4 3 2 1 5 2 1 4 3 2 1
1
3 4
4 4
5
5 5 5
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
5
3
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
Bo nh
thc co
3 frame
7 page
fault
Thi
iem t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
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ClAl 1H|A1 lllO
Chon |rang |ha, |hc a |rang o |rong bo nho |hu c
|rong |hoang |ho gan au nha|.
Nghch y oudy
5 4 3 2 1 5 2 1 4 3 2 1
1
3
3 3
2
2 2
4
4
1
2
4
2
1
4
1
4
1
5
2
1
5
1
5
2
3
5
3
5
3
5
2
1
Bo nh
thc co
3 frame
9 page
fault
Bo nh
thc co
4 frame
10 page
fault
1
3
3 3 3 3
2
2 2
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
5
3
1
5
1
5
2
1
5
1
4
5
4
2
1
4
4 4 4 4 3 3 4
3
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ClAl 1H|A1 Lk| tLca| Rcccn|, Ucd)
Chon |rang |ha, |hc a |rang da |hong
duoc |ham |hao |rong |ho gan au nha|.
5 4 3 2 1 5 2 1 4 3 2 1
1
3
3 3
2
2 2 2 2
1
2
4
2
1
4
1
4
1
5
2
1
5
1
5
2
1
3
4
3
4
5
2
1
Bo nh
thc co
3 frame
Thi
iem t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
Chuoi
tham khao
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ClA l 1H|A1 N|k tNot |sod koconty)
Lu gu thout xup x Lk|
Dong thom 2 bt cho mo trung
kooroncod bt k
Modod bt M tcon go u drty bt)
1rung so thooc l trong 4 nhom, thuy tho trung so thoo do
oo ton cou nhom trung
Du thum choo, du sou do l l
Du thum choo, chou sou do 0 l
Chou thum choo, du sou do ! l 0
Chou thum choo, chou sou do 0 0
Y ngbia doi voi trang nbo M k
Th t u tien
thay the trang
giam dan
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Choong 6: oun y xout /nhup
Cc khi nim c bn
HH phi qun l tt c cc thit b nhp xut, ra ch
th cho cc thit b, kim sot cc ngt v li
HH phi cung cp giao tip n gin, tin dng gia
cc thit b v h thng. Giao tip phi c lp vi
thit b
Lp trnh vin nhn cc thit b IO di gc phn
mm
Thit b logic: cha kha ca vn c lp thit b
Thit b logic c t chc thnh 4 lp: kim sat li,
iu khin thit b, phn mm HH c lp thit b,
phn mm mc ngi s dng
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H thng qun l nhp xut
T chc theo tng lp. Mi lp c chc nng nht nh
Cc lp giao tip vi nhau theo s :
X l ca user: to li gi nhp xut, nh dng nhp
xut
Phn mm LTB: t tn, bo v, t chc khi, b
m nh v
iu khin thit b: thit lp thanh ghi TB, kim tra
trng thi
Kim sot ngt: bo cho driver khi nhp xut han tt
Phn cng: thc hin thao tc nhp xut
N
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184
M hnh t chc v qun l nhp xut
M hnh
Thit b nhp xut
Thit b logic
Cc chc nng
Thit b nhp xut
Thit b logic
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185
M hnh thit b nhp xut. Cc loi thit b IO:
Thit b khi:
Thng tin lu tr trong cc khi c a ch xc nh.
Kch thc khi c nh. Thng thng t 128-1024
byte
D liu truy xut theo tng khi ring bit. VD: a
Thit b tun t:
D liu lu trn chui cc bits tun t, khng c a
ch xc nh.
Khng seek c (VD: mn hnh, bn phm, my in,
card mng, chut)
Cc thit b khc, VD: b nh mn hnh, ng h
N
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186
iu khin thit b
Thit b IO c 2 phn: phn c l bn thn thit b v
phn in t l mch (card) iu khin thit b
Mi b phn iu khin c th gn kt /qun l nhiu loi
thit b khc nhau
Nh sn xut thit b (v b iu khin) phi tun theo
chun giao tip. VD: ANSI, IEEE, ISO
Giao tip gia thit b v b iu khin l giao tip mc
thp
DMA (Direct Memory Access)
DMA: knh truyn d liu trc tip t b nh n thit b
IO
a s cc loi thit b (c bit dng khi) u h tr
DMA
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187
Thit b logic. Kim sot ngt
Ngt l tnh hung phc tp, cn c che khut trong
HH
Ngt ch c to sau khi cc tin trnh nhp xut hon
tt
Kha tin trnh bng lnh WAIT hoc RECEIVE thng
ip
Device Drivers
Tt c cc on m c lp u chuyn n device
driver
Mi device driver kim sot tng loi/tp hp thit b
Device driver pht ch th v kim tra thc hin chnh xc
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188
Phn mm nhp xut c lp thit b
c lp v mt thit b
c lp v mt h thng
Phn mm nhp xut mc ngi s dng
Mt phn cc phn mm nhp xut cha cc th vin
lin kt vi chng trnh ca ngi s dng
Li gi h thng nhp xut c cc hm th vin thc
hin
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189
Cc chc nng thit b nhp xut. iu khin thit b:
Chc nng ca b iu khin l giao tip vi HH (qua
bus)
B iu khin chuyn i dy cc bit tun t trong mt
khi cc byte trong buffer ca b iu khin, hiu chnh
v chuyn d liu vo b nh chnh
Mi b iu khin c cc thanh ghi lin lc vi CPU.
Cc thanh ghi ny c nh x thnh mt phn ca b
nh chnh ti a ch xc nh ca tng loi tht b
HH thc hin nhp xut bng cch ghi lnh ln thanh
ghi b iu khin. CPU ri b iu khin thc hin
cng vic khc. Khi thc hin xong, b iu khin to
ngt gi CPU n ly kt qu trong thanh ghi
N
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190
Cc chc nng thit b nhp xut. DMA
DMA: truy nhp b nh trc tip, gip CPU khng
lng ph thi gian
CPU gi cho b iu khin cc thng s nh a ch
trn a (ngun), a ch trong b nh (ch), s lng
byte d liu
Sau khi c tan b d liu t thit b vo buffer,
kim tra checksum han tt, b iu khin chuyn
byte u tin vo b nh chnh ti da ch DMA. Thao
tc c thc hin n khi chuyn xong d liu
N
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191
Thit b logic. Kim sot ngt
Khi 1 ngt xy ra, hm x l ngt khi to tin trnh x l
ngt
Chc nng ca ngt l lm cho tin trnh ang b kha
c thi hnh tr li
Device Drivers
Chc nng ca device driver l nhn yu cu t phn
mm nhp xut c lp thit b lp trn v gim st vic
thc hin cc yu cu ny
Sau khi HH han tt vic kim tra li, driver s chuyn
d liu cho phn mm c lp thit b, tr thng tin v
trng thi cho ni gi, kim tra hng i thc hin tip
hay kha li ch yu cu tip theo
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192
Phn mm nhp xut c lp thit b
Chc nng c bn: cung cp giao tip ng nht cho
phn mm phm vi ngi s dng
Chc nng 1: to nh x gia tht b v tn gi hnh thc
Chc nng 2: bo v thit b (vd: quyn truy nhp ca
user)
Chc nng 3: cung cp khi d liu c lp thit b
Chc nng 4: cung cp buffer ng b ha hot ng
Chc nng 5: nh v lu tr trn thit b khi
Chc nng 6: cp pht, gii phng cc thit b chuyn
dng
Chcnng 7: thng bo li cho lp trn t cc li do
device driver bo v
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193
Phn mm nhp xut phm vi ngi s dng
Th vin nhp xut chun cha mt s hm c chc
nng nhp xut, chy nh chng trnh ngi dng
Cc hm th vin chuyn cc tham s thch hp cho
li gi h thng
Chc nng ca spooling l trnh trng hp mt tin
trnh truy xut v chim gi thit b khin cc tin
trnh khc khng truy xut c thit b
ng dng ca spooling: printing, sending/receiving
email
N
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194
Ci t h thng qun l nhp xut
Ci t h thng nhp xut a
Ci t h thng nhp xut chun
Ci t ng h
N
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195
Ci t h thng nhp xut a
u im ca a: dung lng, chi ph, bo tan thng
tin
Cu trc vt l: cylinder, track, head, sector
Tc a ph thuc vo cc thao tc:
Seek: di chuyn u c n track/cylinder (seek
time *)
Ch cho khi cn thit n di u c (latency
time *)
c d liu t a vo b nh (transfer time)
HH cn c cc thut ton lp lch truy xut a
N
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Cc thut ton c a
Lp lch FCFS
Lp lch SSTF
Lp lch SCAN
Lp lch C-SCAN
Lp lch LOOK
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197
Lp lch FCFS (First Come, First Served)
Phng php n gin, d lp trnh
Khng cung cp dch v tt
V d u c ang khi 53, cn c cc khi theo
th t
98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
u c phi ln lt i qua cc khi
53, 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
N
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198
Lp lch SSTF (Shortest-Seek-Time-First)
Di chuyn u c n cc khi cn thit theo v tr
ln lt gn vi v tr hin hnh ca u c nht
th t
98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
u c ln lt i qua cc khi
53, 65, 67, 37, 14, 98, 122, 124, 183
Thch hp cho h thng cn truy xut d liu lin tc
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Lp lch SCAN
u c di chuyn v 1 pha ca a v t di
chuyn qua pha kia.
th t
98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
53, 37, 14, 0, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124 v 183
Thch hp cho h thng truy xut d liu khi lng
ln
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200
Lp lch C-SCAN
Tng t thut tan SCAN, ch khc khi di chuyn n
mt u no ca a, n s lp tc tr v u bt
u ca a
V d u c ang khi 53, cn c cc khi theo th
t
98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
53, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124, 183, 0, 14, 37
Thch hp cho h thng truy xut d liu khi lng ln
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Lp lch LOOK
Ging C-SCAN nhng ch chuyn n khi xa nht
mi hng ch khng n cui.
V d u c ang khi 53, cn c cc khi theo th
t
98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
53, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124, 183, 14, 37
Thch hp cho h thng truy xut d liu khi lng ln
N
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Qun l li
Li lp trnh: tm khng thy cylinder, sector, head,
a ch buffer. X l bng kim tra tham s, thng bo
li.
Li checksum tm thi: gy ra bi bi trn u c
Li checksum thng trc: a h vt l trn cc khi
Li tm kim: seek u c sai a ch
Li iu khin: b iu khin t chi thi hnh lnh
N
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RAM disk
RAM disk dng mt phn b nh chnh lu tr cc
khi d liu
RAM disk c chia lm nhiu khi ty theo dung lng
yu cu cp pht. Mi khi c cng kch thc vi khi
trn a
Khi nhn c ch th c/ghi cc khi, driver tm trong
b nh RAM disk v tr ca khi, thc hin c/ghi ngay
trong vng nh
RAM disk truy xut nhanh hn a vt l
HH phi lu d liu vo a cng trc khi ngi dng
shutdown
N
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Interleave
Khong cch gia cc sector dng ng b chc nng
c/ghi d liu trn a.
Interleave c xc nh trong qu trnh format a
VD: a c 17 sector/track, interleave=4, s sector nh sau:
1, 14, 10, 6, 2, 15, 11, 7, 3, 16, 12, 8, 4, 17, 13, 9, 5
Ln 1: 1, 14, 10, 6, 2, 15, 11, 7, 3, 16, 12, 8, 4, 17, 13, 9, 5
Ln 2: 1, 14, 10, 6, 2, 15, 11, 7, 3, 16, 12, 8, 4, 17, 13, 9, 5
Ln 3: 1, 14, 10, 6, 2, 15, 11, 7, 3, 16, 12, 8, 4, 17, 13, 9, 5
Ln 4: 1, 14, 10, 6, 2, 15, 11, 7, 3, 16, 12, 8, 4, 17, 13, 9, 5
N
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205
Ci t h thng nhp xut chun (terminal)
Terminal l h thng nhp xut (ch c bn phm,
mn hnh v b iu hp d liu vo ra)
Terminal chuyn d liu Mt my tnh c th lin lc
vi nhiu terminal
HH chia terminal thnh 2 loi: RS-232 v nh x b
nh
RS-232: hard-copy, glasstty, Intelligent, blit
nh x b nh: k t, bit
N
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206
Cc terminal RS-232
Thit b giao tip tun t theo bit vi bn phm, mn hnh...
Connector 25 pins: mass, receiver, sender, 22 reserved pins
Data package: start bit-data to be tranfered-end bit(s)
Tc chuyn:1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 bps (bit per second)
S dng b chuyn UART gn trn card giao tip
Hard-copy/glassttys: nhp k t t bn phm, chuyn cho my
tnh, xut ra my in/mn hnh
Terminal Intelligent: gi k t ASCII ESC sau nhng k t
khc nhau di chuyn con tr trn mn hnh
Blit: b x l mnh vi mn hnh phn gii 1024x800
N
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Cc terminal nh x b nh
Giao tip vi my tnh bng video RAM (khng dng
cng serial)
Chip iu khin trn video card ly thng tin t video
RAM, to ra tn hiu video iu khin mn hnh
Mn hnh to tia in t qut t trn xung di.
B iu khin tn hiu s xc nh mi im (pixel) l
sng hay ti (i vi mn hnh mono), mu g (mn hnh
mu)
Text mode (mono $B000, mu $B800): 2000 k t 2 byte
(thuc tnh-ch), box 9x14, b tr trn 25 dng, 80 ct.
Graphic mode ($A000): phn gii 320x200, 640x480,
800x600, 1027x768... pixels
N
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208
Phn mm nhp cho terminal
D liu nhp t bn phm, chuyn cho ng dng
Khi c phm nhn, ngt bn phm bo cho b iu
khin bit c k t nhp ang lu tr trong buffer ca
b nh chnh. B iu khin s nh x li m ASCII
ca k t phm nhn
C 2 dng buffer bn phm: pool buffer, structred
buffer
Mt s terminal cn phn mm echoing iu khin
hin th k t g: mt khu, tab, backspace, line feed,
carriage return...
N
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209
Phn mm xut cho terminal
Mi loi terminal s dng phn mm xut khc nhau
Terminal RS-232 s dng pool buffer cha d liu
xut: cc k t c xut tun t theo cc tn hiu ngt
Terminal nh x: cc k t c xut 1 ln t video
RAM. Cc k t c bit (backspace, bell, cr, lf...) c
cp nht cho ph hp.
Cc chc nng ca phn mm son tho mn hnh
terminal: di chuyn con tr, chn xa k t/dng, cun
mn hnh ln xung, to hiu ng (tng phn, gch
di, nhp nhy...), to/hy/di chuyn/qun tr ca
s...
N
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Ci t ng h (timer)
Timer l thit b phn cng c bit, khng thuc thit
b khi (vd a) hay thit b tun t (vd bn phm, mn
hnh).
Chc nng chnh ca timer
Kim sot thi gian trong ngy
Phn chia thi gian chia x cho cc tin trnh s
dng CPU
Phn mm ng h hot ng nh device driver
N
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Phn cng ng h:
Dng 1: s dng in th 110/220v, to ngt theo mi
chu k hiu in th 50/60 MHz
Dng 2: b dao ng thch anh, b m v b thanh ghi
Di tc dng ca dng din, tinh th thch anh to
ra dao ng 5-100 MHz, chuyn cho b m
B m gim dn sau mi dao ng, to ngt khi
Counter=0. B thanh ghi s np li gi tr cho b m
Khi ngt ng h kch hot, HH s thc hin trnh x
l ngt ca n
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lhn mm ng h
lhn cng ng h to cuc ngut thoo tng khong th
gun o n
lhn mm tdrvor) ng h co nhm v:
on th gun trong nguy
Khong cho phop tn trnh chuy uo hn th gun
cho phop
o ph k huch s dng Cl|
Cong cp wutchdog tmor cho h thng
N
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Qun l thi gian trong ngy
Tng b m sau mi nhp ng h.
Vn lu : Kch thc b m
Cc loi b m:
B m nhp 32 bits: dao ng 60MHz b trn sau
2 nm
B m 64 bits: tn km
B m giy 32 bits: 2
32
lu c 136 nm
B m nhp lin h vi thi gian khi ng ca
h thng
N
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Qun l thi gian chy ca tin trnh
Khi mt tin trnh bt u, b lp lch s khi to gi
tr cho b m.
Gi tr ny gim dn sau mi ngt ng h
Counter=0, thi gian chy ca tin trnh kt thc. B
iu khin ng h s yu cu b lp lch thit lp gi
tr cho tin trnh khc
iu phi k hach s dng CPU
S dng timer cc b cho tng tin trnh
Khi to, kch hot timer khi tin trnh bt u
Dng timer khi tin trnh kt thc
N
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Cung cp watchdog timer
Mt s thit b nhp xut cn o thi gian t n
trng thi sn sng hot ng
VD: Sau 500 ms t lc khi ng, a mm mi t
c tc cn thit cho cc tc v truy xut
Watchdog timer m thi gian cho cc thit b nhp
xut
VD: Khng tt motor a mm, ch cc thao tc nhp
xut tip theo. Qu thi gian khng c yu cu truy
xut, tt motor.

Nguyen Ly HDH - Nguyen Duc Thuan

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