CHUOI SO CHUOI HAM

<VI.1> Tnh tong a) x n = q n c) x n =

2

x
n =1

vi : b) x n = d) x n = 1 n(n + 1)

(| q |< 1)

1 (n 2) n -1

1 n +1 + n

n(n + 1)

. Giai: at Sn = x1 + x 2 + ... + x n a) Sn = q + q 2 + ... + q n = q 1 - qn 1- q

q n 1- q n =1 1 1 b) Ta co x k = , t o k k +1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sn = 1 - + - + ... + =1n +1 2 2 3 n n +1

= lim Sn =

x
n =1

= lim Sn = 1
n 2

c) Ta co x k =

1 1 1 1 = , k 2 k -1 2 k -1 k +1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sn = x 2 + x 3 + ... + x n = 1 - + - + - + ... + 2 3 2 4 3 5 n -1 n +1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + - 2 2 n n +1 1 1 3 x n = nlim Sn = 2 1 + 2 = 4 n =1

d) Ta co x k =

1 k +1 + k

k(k + 1)

= =

k +1 - k k. k + 1

1 1 k k +1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nen Sn = + + ... + 2 2 3 n +1 1 n 1 = 1. n +1

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Vay

x
n =1

= lim Sn = 1
n

<VI.2> Khao sat s hoi tu cua cac chuoi sau : 1 a) 2 n =1 n n c) n n =1 2 e)

b) d)

2
n =1

1
n

n
n =1

2n + 3n 1 f) ln n 6n n=2 n =1 . Giai: 1 1 1 1 hoi tu nen 2 hoi tu. a) 2 , "n 1 va n n(n + 1) n =1 n(n - 1) n =1 n 1 1 1 b) n = q n vi 0 < q = < 1 nen n hoi tu. 2 n =1 2 n =1 2

c) do

n
n

22

( 2)
n

n n

0 nen n < 2 2 , "n n 0 .

n 22 T o n n , n n 0 2 2 n 1 hay n , n n0 n 2 2

( )
1
n

ma

( 2)

hoi tu nen 1 1 + ... + 2 n

2
n =1

n
n

hoi tu.

d) at Sn = 1 + vi e0 =

1 , va moi so nguyen n N lay n N va m =2n 2 1 1 1 1 th Sm - Sn = + + ... + ( = e) n +1 n + 2 n+n 2

do o theo tieu chuan Cauchy, ( Sn )n khong hoi tu, nen e) T n > ln n , n 2 ta co 1 1 > ln n n 1 1 ma phan ky nen phan ky. n n = 2 ln n

phan ky.

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2 n + 3n 1 1 f) Vi x n = = n + n va cac chuoi : 6n 3 2 2n + 3n Vay hoi tu. 6n n =1

1
n

va

1
n

hoi tu.

<VI.3> Chng minh rang chuoi: 2.4 2.4.6 1+ + + ... phan ky. 1.3 1.3.5 . Giai: 2.4.6...2n >1 So hang tong quat x n = 1.3.5...(2n - 1) day ( x n ) n khong co gii han la 0 nen <VI.4> Cho

x
1

phan ky.

(a )
n =1 n

va

( b ) vi a
n =1 n

0 "n

b n 0 "n va lim an = c ( 0 ) . CMR n b n

a) c = 0 , va b) c = , va

( bn ) hoi tu th ( a n )
n =1 n =1

hoi tu.
n

( bn ) phan ky th
n =1

(a )
n =1 n

phan ky.

c) 0 < c < th . Giai: a) do lim Vay

n

(a n )
n =1

va

( b ) cung ban chat, ngha la cung phan ky hay cung

n =1

hoi tu, luc o se ghi a n ~ b n (n ) an = 0 nen $n 0 sao cho 0 a n b n , "n n 0 bn

( bn ) hoi tu dan en
n =1 n

(a )
n =1 n

hoi tu.

b) do lim Vay

an = nen $n 0 sao cho b n a n , "n n 0 bn

( bn ) phan ky dan en
n =1

( a ) phan ky.
n =1 n

c) lim
n

an = c vi 0 < c < , $n 0 : bn c 3c b n a n .b n , "n n 0 2 2

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neu neu

( bn ) hoi tu th
n =1

(b )
n =1 n

3c .b n hoi tu, do o ( a n ) hoi tu 2 n =1 n =1 c phan ky th .b n phan ky do o ( a n ) phan ky. n =1 2 n =1

<VI.5> Khao sat s hoi tu cua cac chuoi sau: 1 1 a) b) 1+ n2 n(n + 1) c) e)

( ln n )
n!
2

d) f)

1 n(n + n 2 ) 1 n ln n

xn g) n (x 0) n 2n + 1 i) 2 n = 4 n - 4n + 3 . Giai: 1 1 a) ~ (n ) va do n(n + 1) n b)

xn h) n! p 1 j) sin n n =1 n

n
n =1

phan ky nen

n =1

1 phan ky. n(n + 1)

1 1 1 2 nen hoi tu. 2 1+ n n 1+ n2 1 c) at x n = ta co n ( ln n )

n

xn =
n

1 0 (< 1) ln n n

d)

( ln n )
1

hoi tu ~ 1
3 2

n ( n + 1)! n 2 = n 2 , nen chuoi n! x e) x n = 2 t o n +1 = 2 n xn ( n + 1) n! n + 1 f) Xet 1 n ln n = n 1 ln n n

n(n + n )
2

( n ) nen

1 n(n + n 2 )

hoi tu.

n!
2

phan ky.

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ma g) h)

phan ky, vay

1 phan ky. n ln n

xn n n hoi tu theo tieu chuan Cauchy.

xn n! hoi tu theo tieu chuan DAlembert. 2n + 1 1 2n + 1 ~ ( n ) nen 2 phan ky i) do 2 n - 4n + 3 n n - 4n + 3 1 p sin n = n sin p p j) Xet n 1 n n 2 n p 1 1 p nen n sin ~ 2 ( n ) . Vay sin hoi tu. n n n n < VI.6> Cho chuoi so . Giai: 1.3.5...(2n - 1) at x p = n 2.4.6...2n 1 3 5 (2n - 1) 3 5 (2n - 1) (2n + 1) 1 ta co x 2 = . . ... .1. . ... . . n 2 4 6 2n 2 4 (2n - 2) 2n 2n + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 - 1 - ... 1 - . 1 + 1 + ... 1 + . 2 4 2 2 4 2n 2n + 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 - 2 1 - 2 ... 1 . 2 2 4 (2n) 2n + 1 do 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + ... + = 2 2= 2 2 2 4 ( 2n ) 4 k =1 k 4 2
p

1.3.5...(2n - 1) 2.4.6...2n n =1 Chng minh rang chuoi hoi tu khi va ch khi p > 2

1 1 nen x 2 . n 2 2n + 1 1 1 ma v . phan ky, ta co 2 2n + 1 T o suy ra

x
1

2 n

phan ky.

p 2 : ta co x p x 2 nen n n p > 2:

p n

phan ky.

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 1 1 1 1 Ta co x p = (x ) = 1 - 2 1 - 2 .. 1 n 2 2 4 (2n) 2n + 1 1 p 2n + 1) 2 (
p 2 2 n

p 2

ma

n =1

1 (2n + 1)
p 2

hoi tu (

p > 1) , nen 2

x
n +1

p n

hoi tu.

<VI.7> Khao sat s hoi tu tuyet oi cua x 2n +1 2n +1 a) (-1) ( 2n + 1) ! . Giai: a) at a n = (-1)

2n +1

b)

(-1)

n +1

xn

( x + 2)

x x 2n +1 = ( 2n + 1)! ( 2n + 1)!
2

2n +1

x x ( 2n + 1)! = a Ta co n +1 = . 0 2n +1 an ( 2n + 3)! x ( 2n + 2 )( 2n + 3) n
2n + 3

Vay hay

hoi tu vi "x .
2n +1

(-1)

x 2n +1 hoi tu tuyet oi tai "x . ( 2n + 1) !

n +1

b) at a n = (-1)
n

xn

( x + 2)

n n

x+2

("x -2) .

an =

x x+2

Ta co

x <1 x < x + 2 x+2

x > -1

x > 1 x < -1 x+2 x = -1 th an =1 nen Vay

a
n

phan ky.

(-1)

n +1

xn

( x + 2)

hoi tu tuyet oi khi va ch khi x > -1

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<VI.8> Cho ( b n )n b chan va a n 0, "n . Gia s . Giai: Do ( b n )n b chan nen $M > 0 : | b n | M, "n nen va M.a n | a n .b n |, "n ( a n 0 ).

hoi tu. CMR

a b
n

hoi tu.

Ma

hoi tu nen

a b
n

hoi tu, do o
k

a b
n

hoi tu.

<VI.9> Xet tnh hoi tu cua

( ln n )
np

vi k > 1 va p > 1

. Giai: Vi p > 1, ta co p = 1 + a trong o a > 0 .

( ln n )
Xet np 1 n Ma
1+ a 2

( ln n )
n
a 2

k n

0 (

a > 0) 2
k

1 n
1+ a 2

hoi tu, nen

n =2

( ln n )
np

hoi tu.

<VI.10> Khao sat tnh hoi tu cua . Giai:

n
n=2

1 ln b n

(a, b > 0)

1 xac nh tren [2, ) va la ham so giam. x ln b x Hn na bai tap tch phan, ta co dx a >1 x a lnb x hoi tu. 2 Xet ham so f (x) =
a

a <1 a =1

x
2

dx phan ky ln b x

- b >1 - b 1 T o

x x
2

dx hoi tu ln b x dx phan ky ln b x

n
n=2

1 hoi tu khi va ch khi a > 1 hay a = 1 va b > 1 ln b n

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<VI.11> Cho . Giai:

2 n

va

2 n

hoi tu. CMR

a b
n

hoi tu

Ta co a n b n
2 n

a 2 + b2 n n , "n. 2
2 n 2 n 2 n

a 2 + b2 n hoi tu vay ma a , b hoi tu nen a + b hoi tu va do o n 2

a b
n

hoi tu, suy ra

a b
n

hoi tu.

<VI.12> Cho a n 0, "n va CMR . Giai: Gia s

phan ky

a 1 + na phan ky, con n =1 n

1+ n a
n =1 2

an

hoi tu.
n

an 0 , neu ngc lai th 1 + a n n e Ta co : "e > 0 , at e' = 1+ e an $n 0 : n 0 < e' 1+ an an < Vay lim a n = 0
n

1+ a
n =1

an

phan ky.
n

e' = e , n n0 . 1 - e'

t o a n a n , "n N 0 (N0 u ln). Suy ra luc o Hn na Va do

a n phan ky. (a n > 0)

an a 1 n = an 1+ an 2 an 2 an 1 an 1+ an 2

neu an = 0.

2
1
2

a n phan ky nen

1+ a
an

an

phan ky.
n

De dang kiem chng t o do

an 1 2 , "n 2 1 + a n .n n

hoi tu, ta co

1+ n a
2

hoi tu.
n

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<VI.13> Cho a n 0 , "n va . Giai: T

a
1
2

hoi tu. CM

an hoi tu. n

an

) = a
2

va

hoi tu.

Theo <V.11>,

an hoi tu. n

<VI.14> Tm mien hoi tu cua : a) c)

nx 2

b)
n

xn
n

-n

xn d) 2 n + 2n

. Giai: a) a n = n n a n = n n 1 tai x = 1 chuoi phan ky

n

Vay mien hoi tu cua b) a n =

nx

la ( -1,1)

1 1 n an = 0 n n n n xn chuoi n co mien hoi tu la ( -, + ) n 1 c) a n = 2- n n | a n | = 2

-n

x n hoi tu tren "x :| x |< 2 va phan ky vi "x :| x |> 2

x=-2 : X= 2 :

( -2 )
2n

phan ky.

2n 2n phan ky Vay mien hoi tu la ( -2, 2 ) . d) a n = 1 1 n an = 1 n 2 n + 2n n + 2n n

2

x n hoi tu vi "x : | x |< 1

va phan ky vi "x : | x |> 1 tai x = 1 chuoi hoi tu.

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Vay mien hoi tu la [ -1,1] <VI.15> Tm mien hoi tu cua xn a) n c) xn ( 4n - 1)!

b) d)

ln n

2n ( 2n + 7 )! x n

. Giai: a) Ban knh hoi tu la R = 1. x = 1 chuoi phan ky. x = -1 chuoi hoi tu (theo Leibnitz) mien hoi tu la [-1,1) b) Ban knh hoi tu la R=1 tai x = 1 chuoi phan ky. Mien hoi tu la (-1, 1). ( 4n - 1)! = 1 a 2 c) a n = , th n +1 = an ( 4n - 1)! ( 4n + 3)! 4n ( 4n + 1)( 4n + 2 )( 4n + 3) Ban knh hoi tu R = Mien hoi tu la (-, +) d) a n =

( 2n + 7 ) ! = a 2n +1 2 2n th n +1 = n an 2 ( 2n + 7 )! ( 2n + 9 )! ( 2n + 8)( 2n + 9 )

mien hoi tu la (-, +) . <VI.16> Chng minh rang 1). . Giai: 1 1 Ta co x n , "x [0, ] 2 2 1 1 Va n hoi tu nen x n hoi tu eu tren [ 0, ] 2 2 2 n at Sn (x) = 1 + x + x + ... + x = 1 - x n +1 1- x
n n

x
n =0

1 hoi tu eu tren [0, ] va khong hoi tu eu tren (0, 2

"x (0,1) ta co limSn (x) = xet Sn (x) 1 x n +1 = 1- x 1- x

1 = S(x) 1- x

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vi n cho trc, ta co : xn xn lim = nen $x : >1 x 1 1 - x 1- x Vay Sn(x) khong hoi tu eu ve S(x) tren (0, 1). <VI.17> CMR . Giai: 1 - x n +1 at Sn ( x ) = (1 - x ) x = (1 - x ) = 1 - x n +1 (k 1) 1- x k =0 Sn (x) = 0 tai x = 1 . 1 , x 1 Vay Sn (x) S(x) = 0 , x = 1
k

(1 - x ) x
n =0

khong hoi tu eu tren [0, 1].

do o : f n (x) = (1 - x ) x n lien tuc tren [0, 1] va S(x) khong lien tuc tren [0, 1] nen Sn (x) khong hoi tu eu ve S(x) tren [0, 1]. <VI.18> Chng minh . Giai: Vi f n (x) = do 1 1 a n = 2 , "x [ 0, ) 2 n +x n
2

1 hoi tu eu tren [0, ) + x2

hoi tu nen

(x) hoi tu eu. sin nx hoi tu eu tren . n n

<VI.19> Chng minh . Giai: sin nx n n 1 do f n (x) va n n Vi f n (x) =

1 n

hoi tu nen

(x) hoi tu eu.

<VI.20> Xet tnh hoi tu eu cua

x e

n - nx

tren [ 0, )

. Giai: Xet ham so f n (x) = x n e- nx ta co f n' (x) = nx n -1.e- nx - nx n e- nx = nx n -1e - nx (1 - x )

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x 0

1 + 0 e- n 0

f (x)
f n (x) 0

' n

Vay 0 f n (x) e- n , "x [ 0, ) ma

-n

hoi tu vay

(x) hoi tu eu.

xn 1 + x n hoi tu eu tren moi oan [0, c] vi 0 < c < 1 , nhng khong hoi tu eu tren [ 0,1) . <VI.21> Chng minh chuoi . Giai: Vi moi so c (0,1) . Xet ham so f n (x) = xn tang (theo bien x) 1+ xn

cn Do o f n (x) cn , " [ 0, c] n 1+ x Do

hoi tu nen
n

(x) hoi tu eu tren [0, c].

Xet tren [0, 1) at Sn (x) = xk k k =1 1 + x "m, n cho trc ta co Sm (x) - Sn (x) =

x n +1 x m +1 + ... + (m > n) 1 + x n +1 1 + x m +1 xn 1 xn 1 do lim = nen $x [ 0,1) : > n x 1 1 + x n 2 1+ x 3 vay

(x) khong hoi tu eu tren [0, 1).

1 2 n =1 1 + n x a) Tm mien xac nh cua f. b) Xet tnh lien tuc cua f. . Giai: a) x = 0 , chuoi khong hoi tu nen f khong xac nh. <VI.22> Cho f (x) =

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1 1 khong xac nh, ham so khong xac nh , so hang tong quat 2 n 1+ n2x -1 -1 -1 1 1 "x \ {0, , 2 , 2 ,...} c chon trc ~ 2 ( n ) nen 2 1 2 3 1+ n x n 1 1 + n 2 x hoi tu tuyet oi , f xac nh. -1 -1 -1 Vay mien xac inh cua f la D = \{0, , 2 , 2 ,...} 1 2 3 b) Lay x0 bat ky tren D. Ton tai a, b : x 0 [ a, b] D x=1 giam (theo bien x) tren [ a, b] nen 1 + n 2x f n (b) f n (x) f n (a), "x [ a, b] , "n N , v vay f n (x) max( f n (b) , f n (a ) ) = a n Do f n (x) =

Trong o a n = f n (a) hay a n = f n (b) va co tuc tai x0 va do o f lien tuc tren D. <VI.23>Xet tnh lien tuc cua f (x) = . Giai:

hoi tu. Suy ra

(x) hoi tu eu

tren [ a, b] , ma cac ham fn lien tuc tren [ a, b] , vay f lien tuc tren [ a, b] . Tc la f lien nx 2 tren [ 0, ) x3 + n3

nx 2 nx 2 x 2 3 = 2 x3 + n3 x n Vi bat ky x 0 ton tai a > 0 thoa 0 x a nen nx 2 n.a 2 a 2 0 3 3 = 2 x + n3 n n 2 a ma 2 hoi tu n Vi x 0 th : nen nx 2 x 3 + n 3 hoi tu eu tren [0, a]

suy ra f (x) =

nx 2 nx 2 lien tuc tren [0, a] (v f n (x) = 3 lien tuc, "n ) x3 + n3 x + n3 f lien tuc tai moi x [ 0, ) . 1 n + x2
2

<VI.24> Tnh ao ham cua f (x) = . Giai:

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vi f n (x) =

1 -2x 2|x | ta co f n' (x) = nen f n' (x) 4 2 2 n +x n (n2 + x2 )

2

vi x 0 cho trc

f f

' n

(x) hoi tu eu tren [ x 0 - 1, x 0 + 1] (x) hoi tu eu tren [ x 0 - 1, x 0 + 1] , ta lai co cac ham f n' lien tuc nen
'

' f n (x) = f n (x), "x [ x 0 - 1, x 0 + 1] -2x , "x vay f ' (x) = 2 (n2 + x2 ) <VI.25> Tnh cac tong vo han: a) -2x + 4x 3 - 6x 5 + ... + (-1)k 2k.x 2k -1... 1 2x 3x nx + 2 + 3 + ... + n + ... a a a a 2 3 n x x x c) x + + + ... + + ... 2 3 n . Giai: b) a) Xet chuoi
2 n -1

| x |< 1 | x |< a | x |< 1

(-1)
n =1 n

2nx 2n -1 (1)

| x |< 1

vi f n (x) = (-1) 2nx 2n -1 co mot nguyen ham la Fn (x) = (-1) n x 2n Chuoi (1) co ban knh hoi tu la R = 1, nen vi moi x 0 (-1,1) $a > 0 : x 0 [ -a, a ] ( -1,1) (1) hoi tu eu tren [ -a, a ] . Hn na
'

F (x) cung hoi tu tren [ -a, a ] nen:

n

Fn (x) = f n (x) , "x [ -a, a ] 1 n =1 Va do o Fn (x) = f n (x) , "x ( -1,1) 1 n =1 Sn (x) = F1 (x) + ... + Fn (x) '

1 - (- x 2 )n = - x 2 + x 4 + ... + (-1) n x 2n = - x 2 2 1+ x -x 2 t o Fn (x) = lim Sn (x) = , x ( -1,1) n 1+ x2 1

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 x2 -2x nen f n (x) = = 2 2 1 + x (1 + x 2 )

'

b) Chuoi cho co dang f n (x) =

(x) vi

nx n -1 vi | x |< a an xn x = , an a
n

co nguyen ham la Fn (x) = Ly luan nh tren :

'

x <1 a

x n a f n (x) = a = (a - x)2 c) Chuoi a cho co dang f n (x) = do nen xn = t n -1dt n 0

x

f
n =1

(x) vi

t
n =1

n -1

hoi tu eu tren [0, x], vi | x |< 1

x n -1 x

f n (x) = t dt = t n -1 dt n =1 0 0 n =1 =
x

dt = - ln (1 - x ) 0 1- t
n

x 2n +1 <VI.26> Cho f (x) = (-1) (2n + 1)! n =0 x 2n (2n)! n =0 a) CMR f (0) = 0 va f (0) = 1 va g(x) = (-1)n f ' (x) = g(x) b) f , g kha vi tren va ' g (x) = -f (x) . Giai: a) Ban oc t kiem tra. b) Cac chuoi f (x), g(x) co ban knh hoi tu la R = nen hoi tu eu tren moi oanj

[ a, b] . Cac ham thanh phan f n (x) = (-1)n

va g n (x) = ( -1) n

x 2n +1 ( 2n + 1) ! x 2n (2n)!

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kha vi lien tuc tren . Do f n' (x) = g n -1 (x) va g 'n (x) = -f n -1 (x) S hoi tu eu cua f (x), g(x) dan en s hoi tu eu cua T o f (x) = fn (x) = fn' (x) = g n (x) = g(x)
' '

' n

(x) va

' n

(x)

va g (x) = g n (x) = + g 'n (x) = - f n (x) = -f (x) .

'

'

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