Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

I. TNG QUAN V HP THC PHM. 1.1. Lch s pht trin v vai tr ngnh cng nghip hp. - Nm 1804, mt ngi Php tn l Nicolas Appert bit ch bin thc phm ng trong bao b thy tinh sn xut phc v trn tu, du lch. - 1809 bo ch vit v ng v tc phm Lart de fixer les saisons v n nm 1810 c dch qua nhiu th ting. - Nm 1810, mt ngi Anh tn l Pertet Durand dng hp st ng thc phm thay cho bao b thy tinh . - n nm 1825, vic sn xut hp hnh thnh. Hp st c sn xut, nhng cn bng phng php th cng . - Nm 1849, ngi ta ch to c my dp np hp. Trong sut nhng thi gian ny, ngi ta ch bit cho rng nguyn nhn gy h hng thc phm l do khng kh, m cha c c s khoa hc xc nh. - n nm 1860, nh pht minh ca Louis Pasteur (ngi Php) v vi sinh vt v phng php thanh trng, mi tht s t c c s khoa hc cho ngnh cng nghip hp. Cng t ngnh cng nghip hp pht trin. - Nm 1861, bit dng joint cao su lm vng m trong np hp. - Nm 1880, ch to c ni thanh trng hp. - Nm 1896, dng bt cao su c bit (Pasta) lm vng m np hp khi ghp kn hp. Nn cng nghip hp pht trin mnh nhiu nc vo cui th k 19, u th k 20. Hin nay trn th gii c hn 1000 mt hng hp khc nhau. Cc nc sn xut hp pht trin nh: M, Php, Nht, , H Lan, Trung Quc... nc ta t thi thng c, t tin ta bit ch bin cc loi bnh gi l, cc loi gi ch nu chn v bo qun c mt thi gian ngn. Nhng sn phm cng gi l hp . n nm 1954, ta c Lin X v cc nc gip xy dng mt s c s ch bin hp ti min Bc. Nm 1957, nh my c hp H Long, Hi Phng c xy dng xong. Nm 1958, tin hnh th nghim v sn xut th. n nm 1959, bt u sn xut mt s mt hng tht c, rau, qu hp xut khu
1

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

v phc v chin trng. Cng cng nm y xng ch bin chui sy c xy dng xong ti H Ni. Nm 1960, nh my c hp H Long sn xut c vi nng sut gn bng vi nng sut thit k. Nm 1961, pht trin nhiu mt hng rau , qu, tht c hp. Cn min Nam, mi n nm 1970 mi bt u hnh thnh mt s c s sn xut hp, ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. n sau nm 1975, ngnh cng nghip hp min Nam mi c ch trng v pht trin, sn xut c nhiu mt hng thc phm c gi tr. Cho n nay, nc ta th nghim nghin cu c hng trm mt hng v a vo sn xut c hiu qu, t cht lng cao. Trong c cc mt hng c gi tr trn th trng quc t nh: da, chui, da chut, nm rm ng hp...Cc vng c nh my sn xut hp thc phm: H Ni, Hi Phng, Nam nh, Sn Ty, Bin Ha, ng Nai, Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, Kin Giang, Cn Th, Tin Giang ... 1.2. ngha ca ngnh cng nghip hp. Ngnh cng nghip hp thc phm pht trin mnh c ngha to ln ci thin c i sng ca nhn dn, gim nh vic nu nng hng ngy. Gii quyt nhu cu thc phm cc vng cng nghip, cc thnh ph, a phng thiu thc phm, cho cc on du lch, thm him v cung cp cho quc phng. Gp phn iu ha ngun thc phm trong c nc. Tng ngun hng xut khu, trao i hng ha vi nc ngoi. Hin nay nh cc ngnh c kh, in lc, cht do, v.v... pht trin mnh, lm cho cng nghip hp c c kh, t ng ha nhiu dy chuyn sn xut. Cc ngnh khoa hc c bn nh: ha hc, vi sinh vt hc, cng ngh sinh hc ang trn pht trin: c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm ni chung v hp ni ring, lm cho gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm c nng cao v ct gi c lu hn. 1.3. Phn loi hp. Hin nay nc ta cng nh cc nc khc sn xut c rt nhiu sn phm hp khc nhau: t rau, qu, tht, c, tm, cua, sa ...
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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

1.3.1. Cc loi hp ch bin t rau. - hp rau t nhin: Loi hp ny ch bin t rau ti, khng qua cc qu trnh ch bin s b bng nhit. Nn sn phm vn cn gi c tnh cht gn ging nh nguyn liu ban u. Trc khi s dng loi hp ny thng phi ch bin hay nu li. - hp rau nu thnh mn: Rau c ch bin cng vi tht, c, du, ng, mui, c chua c c v gia v khc, em rn hay hp. Loi hp ny dng n ngay khng cn nu li. - hp rau ngm gim: Ch bin t rau vi gim ng, mui, gia v khc. Loi hp ny dng trc tip trong ba n. - hp rau mui chua: L cc loi rau cho ln men lactic, loi hp ny cng dng n ngay, khng cn nu li . - hp sauce c chua: Ch bin t c chua, c thm cc nguyn liu ph nh: ng, mui, gim, du v cc gia v khc. - hp c chua c c: y l bn ch phm. Dng nu nng v ch bin sauce ca mt s hp tht, c . - hp nc rau: Cc loi hp nc gii kht (c cha nhiu cht dinh dng). c ch bin t cc loi rau, c c th lm nc ung c. 1.3.2. Cc loi hp ch bin t qu. - hp qu nc ng: Loi hp ny c ch bin t cc loi qu, qua cc qu trnh x l s b, ri ngm trong dung dch nc ng, loi hp ny cn gi c tnh cht c trng ca nguyn liu. - hp nc qu: C 2 dng: * Dng nc qu khng c tht qu: Ch bin bng cch p ly dch bo, lng tht qu c rt t. * Dng nc qu c tht qu: Ch bin bng cch ch ly tht qu, bao gm dch bo v phn mm ca qu. hp nc qu dng ung trc tip hoc ly nc qu ch bin mt ng, sir qu, ru... - hp mt qu: Ch bin t qu, c c vi ng n hm lng cht kh:
3

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

65 - 70% . Gm nhiu dng: * Mt ng: Ch bin nc qu trong sut, sn phm c trng thi ng v trong sut. * Mt nhuyn: Ch bin t qu nghin mn, sn phm c, nhuyn. * Mt ming ng: Ch bin t ming qu, sn phm l 1 khi ng c ln ming qu. * Mt rim: Ch bin t nguyn qu nu vi ng, sn phm dng nguyn qu, dng sir c . * Mt kh: Ch bin t nguyn qu hoc ct ming sn phm dng kh, ng dng kt tinh. 1.3.3. Cc loi hp ch bin t tht. - hp tht t nhin: Loi hp ny khng thm gia v, dng bn ch phm . - hp tht gia v: L loi hp ch bin t tht nc, c th c 1 t m. Tht em ch bin, lc vo hp l tht ti, tht nu hoc rn vi gia v . - hp tht u: Ch bin t tht vi cc loi u v gia v . - hp ch bin t tht ch bin: nh xc xch, jampon, pat, lp xng... - hp tht gia cm: Ch bin t tht g, vt, ngng...vi gia v. - hp tht p, tht hun khi: Tht c mui NaNO3, NaNO2 v xng khi 1.3.4. Cc loi hp ch bin t thy sn. - hp thy sn khng gia v * hp c thu khng gia v * hp tm khng gia v * hp cua khng gia v * hp nhuyn th khng gia v - hp thy sn c gia v : * hp c c gia v * hp mc c gia v - hp c sauce (st) c chua: c ch bin t cc loi c bin, hp, sy hoc rn, cng vi sauce (st) c chua.
4

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

- hp c ngm du: c ch bin t cc loi c qua cc qu trnh hun khi, sy, hp hoc rn, ngm trong du . * hp c ngm du * hp c hun khi ngm du * hp ln hun khi ngm du 1.3.5. Cc loi hp ch bin t sa. - hp sa c c c ng: L sn phm sa c bc hi nc trong nhng ni c chn khng. C c sa ha ng nhit khng cao lm (khong 50oC), nn cht lng sa khng thay i nhiu. - hp sa bt: Sa sau khi c c, c sy kh. C th sy theo 2 phng php: Sy nng v sy lnh. Sy lnh bo m c phm cht ca sa hn, nhng tn km nhiu nng lng v thi gian . - hp sa ti: Sa khng qua giai on ch bin li, ch kh trng, cho ra thnh phm. Ngoi ra cn c nhng loi hp sa ln men, cho ra sn phm c hng v khc sa: yaourt, sa chua...

Ni chung, hp thc phm rt a dng, mi loi sn phm c cch ch bin khc nhau, dng cc thit b khc nhau. Nhng phn ln cc loi hp u c ch bin theo qui trnh cng ngh c bn nh sau:

Nguyn liu

La chn, phn loi, ra

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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

Ch bin s b bng c hc Ch bin s b bng nhit

Cho sn phm vo bao b Bi kh - Ghp kn

Thanh trng - Lm ngui

Bo n - Dn nhn Thnh phm Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin hp. 1.4. Tiu chun hp. Yu cu ca thnh phm. Khi a ra th trng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng phi t cc yu cu: + V hnh thc bn ngoi. hp phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc mc : c quan qun l, c s ch bin, tn mt hng, phm cp, ngy sn xut, khi lng tnh v khi lng c b.Hp st hay cc hp kim loi khc khng b r, np hp khng b phng di mi hnh thc. + V vi sinh vt : hp khng h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh, lng tp trng khng qu qui nh.
6

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

+ V ha hc : Khng vt qu qui nh v hm lng kim loi nng : Thic : 100 - 200 mg/kg sn phm ng : 5 - 80 mg/kg sn phm Ch : khng c

Km : vt m bo cc ch tiu v thnh phn ha hc, ch yu nh nng ng, acid, mui... + V cm quan : Lp vecni phi nguyn vn, phi m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c trng ca sn phm theo nhng qui nh ca tng loi sn phm. 1.5. H vi sinh vt v tc nhn gy h hng hp. Cc h vi sinh vt tn ti trong hp nguy him nht l cc loi vi khun, sau mi n nm men v nm mc. 1.5.1. Vi khun Cc loi vi khun ph bin nht thng thy trong hp :

-Loi hiu kh. + Bacillus mesentericus : c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau. Nha bo b ph hy 110oC trong 1 gi. Loi ny c trong tt c cc loi hp, pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 37oC. + Bacillus subtilis : c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 100 oC trong 1 gi, 115oC trong 6 pht. Loi ny c trong hp c, rau, tht. Khng gy mi v l, pht trin rt mnh 25 35oC. - Loi k kh
7

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

+ Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2. Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c c t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Loi ny c trong mi hp, pht trin rt mnh 27 58oC. Nhit ti thch l 37oC. + Clostridium putrificum: l loi vi khun ng rut, c nha bo, khng gy bnh. Cc loi nguyn liu thc vt khng mnh vi Clostridium putrificum v c phitonxit. Loi ny c trong mi hp, nhit ti thch l 37oC. -Loi va hiu kh va k kh. + Bacillus thermophillus: c trong t, phn gia sc, khng gy bnh, c nha bo. Tuy c rt t trong hp nhng kh loi tr. Nhit ti thch l 60 70oC. + Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus : c trong bi v nc, khng c nha bo. Thnh thong gy bnh v sinh ra c t, d b ph hy 60 70oC. Pht trin nhanh nhit thng. -Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t. + Bacillus botulinus : cn c tn l Clostridium botulinum. Triu chng gy bi lit rt c trng : lm c s iu tit ca mt, ri lm lit cc c iu khin bi thn kinh s, sau ton thn b lit. Ngi b ng c sau 4 - 8 ngy th cht. Loi ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu. Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 100oC l 330 pht, 115oC l 10 pht, 120oC l 4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht. + Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha bo nhng c c t. -Nm men, nm mc.

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

+ Nm men: ch yu l Saccharomyces ellipsoides, hin din rng khp trong thin nhin. Nm men thng thy trong hp c cha ng. Bo t ca nm men khng c kh nng chu ng c nhit cao, chng c th cht nhanh nhit 60oC. + Nm mc : t thy trong hp. Ni chung men, mc d b tiu dit nhit thp v d loi tr bng cch thc hin v sinh cng nghip tt. 1.6. Cc dng h hng ca hp. hp h hng hay mt phm cht l cc hp cha thc phm bin cht, c th lm hi n sc khe ngi s dng hoc cc bao b c nhng bin i lm nh hng xu n gi tr dinh dng v gi tr thng phm ca hp. hp h hng do rt nhiu nguyn nhn, c th pht hin qua hnh thc bn ngoi ca bao b hoc phi qua kim tra vi sinh v ha hc mi xc nh c. Thng phn bit theo 3 nguyn nhn : 1.6.1. hp h hng do vi sinh vt Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi hp h hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3...hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin khng sinh ra cht kh. V vy hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy phng hp nn kh pht hin. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp do vi sinh vt : - Do thanh trng khng ch Cc hp thanh trng khng ch tc l cha nhit v thi gian thanh trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp y cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b chua, hp b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp. Vic thanh trng khng ch c th do thiu st ca cng nhn vn hnh : qu trnh vn hnh thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, lng khng kh cn li nhiu trong
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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

thit b thanh trng, lm nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi nhau na. Khi xp hp vo gi v xp gi v thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, s lm cn tr s truyn nhit v i lu, cng lm cho hp khng t ch thanh trng. C mt s hp do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch bin trc khi thanh trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh thanh trng theo cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch . - Do lm ngui khng thch hp Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit khong 49 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di khong nhit , th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp. - Do mi ghp b h Hin tng ny cng xy ra kh ph bin trong sn xut hp. hp b h c th do my ghp np lm vic khng ng qui tc, hay cc mi hn dc ca bao b khng c kn. Khi thanh trng do p sut trong hp tng ln qu mc, lm h cc mi ghp, vi sinh vt nhim vo (ngun nhim vi sinh vt ch yu vo hp b h l nc dng lm ngui hp sau khi thanh trng) pht trin lm hng hp. - Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi thanh trng Hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v sinh thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i thanh trng qu lu. nhit khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp trc khi thanh trng. 1.6.2. hp h hng do cc hin tng ha hc. hp b hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia cc thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b. Cc phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i nhiu. Trong thi gian bo qun hp thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hp ng trong bao
10

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

b st ty, b n mn kim loi mt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thic b n mn. Kim loi nhim vo sn phm. Hin tng ny thng thy nhiu cc hp c acid cao. Lng kim loi nng nhim vo sn phm, c th gy bin i mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, v gy c i vi c th. Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng. Nhit cng cao, s n mn kim loi cng xy ra nhanh. Ty thuc acid ca sn phm, phm cht ca bao b, m hm lng kim loi nng tch t trong sn phm nhiu hay t. 1.6.3. hp h hng do cc nh hng c l. Xy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng, bo qun v vn chuyn. - hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b thanh trng. Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh thanh trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh, th to thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu. - hp h hng do bi kh khng . Trong qu trnh thanh trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c. - hp h hng do xp hp qu y. Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi thanh trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn phm vo hp lc ngui, thanh trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu. - hp h hng v b mp, mo, r. + Mt s sn phm hp ng trong bao b st ty kch thc ln, khi ghp kn vi chn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sut ln, bao b st ty mng th d b mo. Hoc khi xp hp vo gi thanh trng v vn chuyn trc khi thanh trng, lm hp b mp, mo, lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng sn phm dn n s lm cng phng hp, c th lm h mi ghp kn ca hp.
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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

+ hp vi bao b st ty d c cc vt r: khi bo qun ni m. Khi trn b mt st c cc vt bn ca cht bo, trong qu trnh bo qun, cc cht bo b oxy ha li cc vt r. Hoc hp b thng do cc vt nhn gy ra khi vn chuyn, lc bo qun nc trong hp chy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n. 1.7. Cch x l hp h hng. + Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng hay khng b phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n. Phi hy b. + Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn ( nh lm mt, nu ru, tht xay...). Nhng khi c mi ca kim loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao, th khng th s dng lm thc n. + Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, th v cht lng sn phm c th khng gim. Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi tr thng phm. C th thay bao b khc, tin hnh nu li, c th x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph. II. HP V CHT PH GIA. T xa xa con ngi bit dng nhng cht c sn trong t nhin nhm gi thc phm c lu hn, Mt s ph gia thc phm hay gia v ht sc quen thuc nh ng, mui, mu thc phm... cng c cnh bo l khng tt cho sc khe. Danh sch cc cht ph gia hay gia v nn trnh khng ch bao gm nhng cht c cho rng "c" cng c, khng cng c" nh mui dim, bt ngt... iu ng ngc nhin l cc nh khoa hc cng khng nh gi cao cc loi gia v cn thit cho hng v mn n nh ng v mui. Ngoi ra danh sch cn ni di vi nhng loi ph gia thc phm khc. 2.1.Cht ph gia l g? Cc ph gia thc phm l cc cht c b sung thm vo thc phm bo qun hay ci thin hng v v b ngoi ca chng. Mt s ph gia thc phm c s dng trong nhiu th k; v d bo qun bng lm da chua (vi dm), p mui- chng hn nh vi tht p mui xng khi, hay s dng ixt lu hunh nh trong mt s loi ru vang. Vi s ra i v pht trin ca cng nghip ch bin thc phm trong na sau
12

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

th k 20 th c thm nhiu ph gia thc phm c gii thiu, c t nhin ln nhn to. y l nhng cht ngi ta c tnh trn thm vo thc n hoc thc ung cho chng khi b h thi, ko di thi gian bo qun c lu hn, nhng vn khng lm thay i cht lng v hng v ca sn phm. i khi ngi ta cng s dng cht ph gia c c mt tnh cht mong mun no , nh cho sn phm c dai, c dn, c mt mu sc hoc mt mi v thch hp no hu d hp dn ngi tiu th hn! Nh cht ph gia m bnh m c th gi c lu ngy hn m khng s meo mc, bnh biscuit, creal, chip, gi c dn rt lu di, c kiu c trng ngn dn khu, jambon saucisse vn gi c mu hng ti tht hp dn, du n v margarine nh c trn thm mt s cht chng oxy ha nn khng b hi (rancid) theo thi gian. Cht ph gia c th c ngun gc thin nhin, hay c tng hp hoc bn tng hp ha hc (nh bicarbonate de sodium), i khi chng cng c tng hp t vi sinh vt, chng hn nh cc loi enzymes dng sn xut ra yogurts. Cht ph gia cng c th l cc vitamins c ngi ta cho thm vo thc phm tng thm tnh b dng 2.2.Cc loi ph gia thc phm in hnh thng dng. + Cc axt :Cc axt thc phm c b sung vo lm cho hng v ca thc phm "sc hn", v chng cng c tc dng nh l cc cht bo qun v chng xi ha. Cc axt thc phm ph bin l dm, axt citric, axt tartaric, axt malic, axt fumaric, axt lactic. + Cc cht iu chnh chua :Cc cht iu chnh chua c s dng thay i hay kim sot chua v kim ca thc phm. + Cc cht chng vn :Cc cht chng vn gi cho cc cht bt, chng hn nh sa bt khng b vn cc. + Cc cht chng to bt: Cc cht chng to bt lm gim hoc ngn chn s to bt trong thc phm.

13

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

+ Cc cht chng xi ha: Cc cht chng xi ha nh vitamin C c tc dng nh l cht bo qun bng cch kim ch cc tc ng ca xy i vi thc phm v ni chung l c li cho sc khe. + Cc cht to lng: Cc cht to khi lng chng hn nh tinh bt c b sung tng s /khi lng ca thc phm m khng lm nh hng ti gi tr dinh dng ca n. + Cc cht to mu thc phm: Cht to mu thc phm c thm vo thc phm thay th cc mu sc b mt trong qu trnh sn xut hay lm cho thc phm trng bt mt hn. + Cht gi mu: Ngc li vi cc cht to mu, cc cht gi mu c s dng bo qun mu hin hu ca thc phm. + Cc cht chuyn th sa :Cc cht chuyn th sa cho php nc v du n duy tr c th hn hp cng nhau trong th sa, chng hn trong maint, kem v sa. + Cc cht to v :Cc cht to v l cc ph gia lm cho thc phm hng v hay mi c th no v c th c to ra t cc cht t nhin hay nhn to. + Cc cht iu v :Cc cht iu v lm tng hng v sn c ca thc phm. + Cc cht x l bt ng cc :Cc cht x l bt ng cc c thm vo bt ng cc (bt m, bt mch v.v) ci thin mu sc ca n hay s dng khi nng bnh. + Cc cht gi m :Cc cht gi m ngn khng cho thc phm b kh i. + Cc cht bo qun :Cc cht bo qun ngn hoc kim ch s thi hng ca thc phm b gy ra bi cc hot ng ca nm mc, vi khun hay cc vi sinh vt khc. + Cc cht y :Cc cht y l cc loi kh nn c s dng y thc phm ra khi cha ng n. + Cc cht n nh:Cc cht n nh, to c v to gel, chng hn aga hay pectin (s dng trong mt s loi mt hoa qu) lm cho thc phm c kt cu c v chc. Trong

14

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

khi chng khng phi l cc cht chuyn th sa thc th, nhng chng gip cho cc cht th sa n nh hn. + Cc cht lm ngt :Cc cht lm ngt c b sung vo thc phm to v ngt. Cc cht lm ngt khng phi ng c thm vo gi cho thc phm cha t nng lng (calo) nhng vn c v ngt ca ng hay v chng c cc tc ng c li cho cc bnh nhn b bnh i ng hay su rng. + Cc cht lm c :Cc cht lm c l cc cht m khi thm vo thc phm s lm tng do m khng lm thay i ng k cc thuc tnh khc ca thc phm. 2.3.Tc dng tch cc ca ph gia thc phm Nu s dng ng loi, ng liu lng, cc ph gia thc phm c tc dng tch cc: 1. To c nhiu sn phm ph hp vi s thch v khu v ca ngi tiu dng. 2. Gi c cht lng ton vn ca thc phm cho ti khi s dng. 3. To s d dng trong sn xut, ch bin thc phm v lm tng gi tr thng phm hp dn trn th trng. 4. Ko di thi gian s dng ca thc phm. 2.4.Nhng nguy hi ca ph gia thc phm Nu s dng ph gia thc phm khng ng liu lng, chng loi nht l nhng ph gia khng cho php dng trong thc phm s gy nhng tc hi cho sc khe: 1. Gy ng c cp tnh: Nu dng qu liu cho php. 2. Gy ng c mn tnh: D dng liu lng nh, thng xuyn, lin tc, mt s cht ph gia thc phm tch ly trong c th, gy tn thng lu di.Th d: Khi s dng thc phm c hn the, hn the s c o thi qua nc tiu 81%, qua phn 1%, qua m hi 3% cn 15% c tch lu trong cc m m, m thn kinh, dn dn tc hi n nguyn sinh cht v ng ha cc aminoit, gy ra mt hi chng ng c mn tnh: n
15

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

khng ngon, gim cn, tiu chy, rng tc, suy thn mn tnh, da xanh xao, ng kinh, tr tu gim st. 3. Nguy c gy hnh thnh khi u, ung th, t bin gen, qui thai, nht l cc cht ph gia tng hp. 4. Nguy c nh hng ti cht lng thc phm: ph hu cc cht dinh dng, vitamin...

III. CHT PH GIA V SC KHO CON NGI. Tt c cc cuc thm d d lun u cho bit l ngi tiu th rt i quan tm n s hin din ca cc loi ho cht c trong thc phm. Khng ai c th bit c nhng g s ch i chng ta hai, ba chc nm sau? Nhng cuc nghin cu v an ton ph gia thc phm c thc hin nhiu trn ng vt. Chng ch ra mt s cht ph gia c th gy ung th. Tuy nhin, iu ny vn cha kt lun cc cht trn cng nh hng n con ngi tng t nh i vi ng vt, bi vn l mt vn cn ang trn bn tranh lun.Du th, ngi tiu dng vn nn bit n danh sch cc cht ph gia c xem l nguy him hn ch nu c th c. 3.1.Quy nh v s dng ph gia thc phm 1. Ch c php sn xut, nhp khu, kinh doanh ti th trng Vit Nam cc ph gia thc phm trong danh mc v phi c chng nhn ph hp tiu chun cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm ca c quan c thm quyn. 2. Vic s dng ph gia thc phm trong danh mc trong sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn thc phm phi thc hin theo Quy nh v cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm ca B Y t. 3. Vic s dng ph gia thc phm trong danh mc phi bo m: - ng i tng thc phm v liu lng khng vt qu gii hn an ton cho php. - p ng cc yu cu k thut, v sinh an ton quy nh cho mi cht ph gia.
16

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

- Khng lm bin i bn cht, thuc tnh t nhin vn c ca thc phm. 4. Cc cht ph gia thc phm trong "Danh mc lu thng trn th trng" phi c nhn y cc ni dung theo quy nh. 5. Yu cu i vi c s sn xut, ch bin thc phm: Trc khi s dng mt ph gia thc phm cn ch xem xt: - Cht ph gia c nm trong Danh mc hay khng? - Cht ph gia c c s dng vi loi thc phm m c s nh s dng hay khng? - Gii hn ti a cho php ca cht ph gia i vi thc phm l bao nhiu? (mg/kg hoc mg/lt) - Ph gia c phi dng cho thc phm hay khng? C bo m cc quy nh v cht lng v sinh an ton, bao gi, ghi nhn theo quy nh hin hnh khng? 3.2.Cc loi cht ph gia c hi cho sc khe. Nhiu cht ph gia c trong thc phm gy hi n sc khe nhng chng ta t khi quan tm n.
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Cht khng sinh trong thc phm lm t sa.

Theo chuyn gia dinh dng Ashley Koft, ng thi l nh t vn dinh dng cho s ri truyn hnh thc tin Shedding for the wedding ca Los Angeles (M), ngoi tr vic n nhng thc phm lm t sa hu c th sa, yogurt v pho mai m mi ngi ang dng c ch bin t sa ca nhng con b c bm cc cht khng sinh. Vic hp th mi ngy loi khng sinh trn c th git cht nhng vi khun tt rut ng vai tr quan trng trong h min dch ca c th. Cc loi vi khun c hi vng tiu ha cng s lm phnh v mp vng eo. trnh vic n thc phm lm t sa c cha hc mn v khng sinh, ngi tiu dng nn c nhn mc ghi ch ca sn phm trc khi dng. Nn dng sn phm t sa c ghi khng dng cc hc mn v cht khng sinh trn bao b. Nhng cht ha hc c trong thc phm ng hp

17

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

Mt cuc nghin cu mi y do chng trnh bo co ngi tiu dng (M) cho thy 19 nhn hiu sn phm ng hp c cha cc cht ha hc gy ung th v, tiu ng v cc bnh v tim mch. Theo thnh vin nhm nghin cu - Tin s Urvasi Rangan, Gim c chnh sch k thut ca Lin on ngi tiu dng, cho bit d ch mt lng nh nhng cht ny cng rt nguy hi. Nn trnh n thc phm ng hp, thay vo l dng rau qu, n ti nu c th v thc n hm nng trong vt ng bng thy tinh. Natri trong cht gia v cho vo s lch trn.

T l mui nhiu trong loi gia v ny cng s nh hng nsc kho v n gi nc v lm ta cm thy b y hi. Cc chuyn gia khuyn ch nn c 1500 - 2300 mg Natri trong gia v trn. Nhng theo Marisa More, ngi pht ngn ca y ban dinh dng M, th ch 2 mung gia v ny cha hn 400mg Natri. Tt nht l nn dng loi gia v ny km vi du liu hoc gim theo t l 2-1. Mt t mui c th thm hng v cho ba n ca bn. Nhng mui l mt cht ph gia khc nh hng n sc kho. Mt lng nh mui th cn cho c th v c li cho vic bo qun thc n, nhng dng mui vt mc cho php c th gy nguy him cho sc kho ca bn, nh hng n chc nng tim mch, tng huyt p, au tim, t qu v suy thn. ng fructose trong nc ung sa v sn phm ng gi.

Nh chng ta bit, cc thc phm v thc ung c ng lun c kh nng tng nguy c v cc bnh huyt p. Kt qu mt cuc nghin cu mi y ca i hc Denver cho thy nhng ngi tiu th khong 74mg ng mi ngy s tng nguy c cao mc bnh huyt p hn nhng ngi n t. Lng ng fructose cao trong cc loi nc ngt hay bnh ngt c cho l nguyn nhn lm gim vic sn sinh ra oxit nitric, mt loi hi gip cc mch mu c th gin v n rng. Nn thay nhng n bng tri cy hoc dng ng cc. Mt vi loi thc phm c cha ng t nhin nh tri cy v c rt. Nhng hy cn thn vi nhng thc phm thm ng vo nh nng, ng cc, bnh qui gin, thm ch l nc xt v nhiu loi thc phm qua ch bin khc. Mc d khng c hi,
18

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

nhng s dng ng vi lng nhiu s khng an ton cho sc kho chng ta. ng khng nn chim hn 10% tng lng calori bn tiu th hng ngy. Qu nhiu ng khng ch dn n vn v trng lng, su rng, hay lng ng trong mu tng ln bnh tiu ng m n cn thay th nhng cht dinh dng c li. nui nhng calori khng cn thit ny, c th bn cn cht dinh dng chuyn ho ng, v th n ly i nhng vitamin v khong cht c gi tr. Bt ngt (MSG) trong cc loi khoai ty chin

Mt nghin cu mi y c ng trn tp ch Bo ph cho bit, nhng ngi thng n thc phm cha MSG c nguy c tng cn gp 3 ln ngi khng n. Theo Tin s Koff, mi ngi thng ngh cht ny c nhiu trong mn n chu nhng thc ra n cng c dng trong nhng gi khoai ty chin c hng v trn th trng hin nay. Acesulfame - K

y l mt loi ng nhn to, c cho php s dng trong nc gii kht bi C quan qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K. N cng c tm thy trong nng, chewing gum, cc mn trng ming. Ch "K" trong Acesulfame - K l nguyn t ho hc Kali, c xem l ngt gp 200 ln ng thng. Nhng cuc th nghim cht ny khng nhiu v Gerbstadt cng khng c ch nh g lin quan n s dng cht ny. Tuy nhin, mt vi cuc nghin cu ni rng cht ny c th gy ung th chut. V iu lm n nm trong danh mc 12 cht ph gia cn trnh l v nhng cuc nghin cu trong tng lai s kt lun l n c hi hay khng. Olestra

Olestra, mt dng m tng hp, cn c tn Olean c tm thy trong mt s loi khoai ty chin, ngn s hp thu m ca h tiu ho. iu ny thng dn n bnh tiu chy cp, y hi kh tiu. "Khi bn n m c Olestra, lng m s i thng vo ngi bn. ng ni hn l Olestra ngn s hp th tin vitamin A l carotenoid, cht ho tan trong m, c tm thy trong tri cy v hoa qu. Olestra c cho l nguy c gy ra bnh tim v ung th: "N ngn s hp th m, nhng ng thi cng ngn s hp th vitamin".
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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

Mu thc phm: Blue1,2; Red 3; Green 3; v Yellow 6

Tt c mu thc phm nhn to c hi b FDA cm t lu, nhng c 5 loi vn cn tn ti trn th trng, nhng cht c th gy ra ung th khi th nghim ng vt . Hy chn nhng sn phm khng c mu. iu khng c ngha l trnh mi th c mu sc. C nhiu sn phm c mu t nhin. Nhng mt s loi phm mu c th gy ra ung bu nu gp iu kin thch hp. Blue 1 v 2, c tm thy trong nhng thc ung gii kht nh (tr, sa, ru, bia...) ko, nng v thc n cho th cng c mc nguy him thp nhng n lin quan n ung th chut. Red 3, to ra mu anh o, ru cocktail, ko, nng, c chng minh gy ra khi u tuyn gip chut. Green 3, c trong ko v thc ung gii kht, d l t s dng, gy ra ung th bng quang. Nhng cuc nghin cu thy rng yellow 6 l cht hay c s dng nht cho vo thc ung gii kht, xc xch, gelatin, nng v ko. Yellow 6 c th gy ra khi u thn v tuyn thng thn. Potassium bromated

Tuy him gp nhng potassium bromated vn c cho php dng M nh mt cht ph gia tng khi lng cho bt m, bnh m. Hu ht bromated phn gii thnh nhng dng khng c, nhng n c bit n nh l nguyn nhn gy ra ung th ng vt thm ch nhng lng nh trong bnh m c th gy hi cho con ngi. Ti M, tiu bang California yu cu phi c cnh bo v ung th trn nhn ca sn phm c dng potassium bromated.
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4 cht ph gia trong thc phm gy hi cho no tr em.

Cc nh khoa hc Anh mi nghin cu v pht hin 4 cht ph gia thng s dng trong ch bin thc phm n sn cho tr em nh ko, khoai ty rn ng hp, ung v kem c th gy tc hi n s pht trin ca h thn kinh v no ca tr. l 4 ha cht ph gia - gm brilliant blue E133, quinoline yelow E104, monosodium glutamate E621 (MSG) v E951 aspartame. Theo cc nh nghin cu, MSG c s dng trong khoai ty chin, pho mt, thc n nhanh, M133 c trong ko, ung, thc phm ng hp, cc n trng ming v kem, E104 c trong ko, cc thc phm mui chua v E951 c dng trong hng ngn mn n v ung dnh cho ngi n king v ko.Do , cc nh khoa
20

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

hc Anh khng nh nu tr ung mt cc nc c gas v n mt gi khoai ty chin th cng lc s b nh hng ca c 4 cht ph gia ny. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng bo m sc khe cho tr, tt c cc cht ph gia trn v cc cht phm mu thc phm khng nn s dng trong cc loi thc n lm sn cho tr. 3.3.Cht ph gia cn hn ch. "Nn c k nhn v mua thc phm dng ph gia cng t cng tt", l li khuyn ca cc chuyn gia, bi trong thc phm, c bit l cc thc phm ng gi, thng cha nhng loi ph gia c th nh hng n sc khe lu di ca bn. Nhng cuc nghin cu v an ton ph gia thc phm c thc hin nhiu trn ng vt. Chng ch ra mt s cht ph gia c th gy ung th. Tuy nhin, iu ny vn cha kt lun cc cht trn cng nh hng n con ngi tng t nh i vi ng vt, bi vn l mt vn cn ang trn bn tranh lun.Du th, ngi tiu dng vn nn bit n danh sch cc cht ph gia c xem l nguy him hn ch nu c th c. Cc cht ni trn bao gm:
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Mui dim.( Nhm nitrite v nitrate (de sodium, de potassium)).

Mui dim l mt trong 12 cht ph gia nguy him nht, dng bo qun, to mu v hng v cho cc sn phm t tht. Mui dim thng c thm vo tht mui, jambon, c xng khi, hotdog, tht hp gi hng v v to mu . Cht ny ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun, nhng nhiu cuc nghin cu cho thy n c lin quan n nhiu loi ung th. Du cha c kt lun chnh xc v nh hng trn c th ngi, nhng nhiu chuyn gia dinh dng khuyn nn hn ch mui dim trong thc phm
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BHA v BHT.

BHA v BHT l nhng cht chng oxi ha. Chng gi cho du m khng b i (oxi ha) nhng chng c th gy ra ung th. BHA v BHT c tm thy trong ng cc, singgum, khoai ty chin v du thc vt. Cu trc ca BHA v BHT s thay i trong sut qu trnh bo qun thc n. Chng c th to thnh mt hp cht phn ng li vi c th v khng c bi tit ra bi c th.
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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

Hin nhin chng khng phi c thm vo lm con ngi b ung th, nhng vi mt vi ngi, vo mt thi im nht nh th li l mt nguy c.

Propyl gallate.

Propyl gallate l 1 cht bo qun na cn phi hn ch. N l mt cht chng oxi ha, c dng gi cho du m khng b hi, thng dng kt hp vi BHA v BHT. Cht ny thnh thong thy trong cc sn phm t tht, sp g v ko cao su. Propyl gallate cha c chng minh l gy ung th cho ngi nhng cc nghin cu trn ng vt cho thy n c lin quan n ung th.
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Bt ngt.

Bt ngt (MSG) l mt loi axit amin lm tng hng v cho canh, rau trn, khoai ty chin, thc phm ng lnh v thc phm trong nh hng. Cc qun n chu thng dng cht ny. tng v ngn ca mn n, bn c th s dng mt cht bt ngt nhng nn gim bt lng mui n d kin chm vo mn n.
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Cht bo th ng phn.

Cht bo th ng phn (trans fats) cng nm trong 12 cht ph gia nn hn ch bi v n n qu nhiu s dn n bnh tim. Trans fats c chng minh l nguyn nhn gy ra ung th v l iu kin l tng hnh thnh chng t qu, au tim, bnh mch vnh, suy thn. Nh sn xut phi iu chnh gim lng trans fat trong thc phm v k khai trn nhn lng trans fat. Nhng thc phm trong nh hng, c bit l nhng ca hng thc n nhanh vn cha rt nhiu cht bo. Cc chuyn gia khuyn rng chng ta khng nn n qu 2g trans fat mi ngy. Lu vic n tht v ung sa khng lin quan nhiu n trans fat. Aspartame

Aspartame, thng c bit n vi tn Nutrasweet v Equal, l mt cht ph gia c tm thy trong thc phm cho ngi n king nh mn trng ming vi hm lng

22

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

calori thp, c th c trong gelatins, nc hoa qu v thc ung khng cn. N cng c dng lm nhng gi ng ha hc. Tnh an ton ca aspartame l tm im ca hng trm cuc nghin cu khoa hc. C quan qun l thc, dc phm Hoa K (FDA), T chc y t th gii (WHO), Hip Hi Dinh Dng Hoa K (ADA) v T chc Nng Lng Lin Hip Quc (FAO) cho rng cht ph gia ny an ton. Ngc li, Trung tm khoa hc v li ch cng cng (the Center for Science in the Public Interest) cho n s im thp nht trong bn bo co v ph gia thc phm. Nhng cuc nghin cu trn ng vt cho rng aspartame c lin quan n ung th. Mt pht ngn vin ca ADA - t chc ng h tnh an ton ca aspartame - ni rng cht ph gia ny c th nh hng sc khe mt s ngi, c bit i vi ai c bnh PKU (phenylketonuria), l mt loi bnh rt him, do s lch lc ca mt gen khin c th khng to ra c enzyme kh b cht phenalalanine. IV. S DNG THC PHM HP V SC KHE.

4..1.nh hng n thai nhi : Trong thai k, ph n thng thch n v chua, thch n hoa qu ng hp. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu loi hoa qu ng hp c cha cht bo qun, ph gia, cht ty trng... c th gy nh hng khng tt n s pht trin ca thai nhi, v th cc b bu cn tm hiu k v c cch phng trnh ph hp.

4..2.nh hng ca vic s dng hp khi mang thai. Trong qu trnh sn xut to mi v hp dn, bt mt v bo qun c lu
23

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

ngy, nh sn xut thng thm mt lng cht ph gia nht nh vo sn phm ng hp nh: nhng cht to mi ti ngon c: sc t, v thm, m chnh, ng ha hc, axit thc dng Nhng cht c th phng chng thi ra, chng xi ha Nhng cht c th nng cao cht lng thc phm nh cht to xp, cht lm trng, cht lm kt ta. V th, nu s dng hp c cha cc cht ny s to iu kin cho vi khun Clostridium botulinum pht trin, c th dn ti nguy c ng c thc phm, rt nguy him cho sc kho ca m v thai nhi. ng tinh l loi ng nhn to duy nht c php s dng, cn i vi cc loi ng ha hc th t chc Y t th gii quy nh mi ngi c mi kg trng lng c php hp th 0 2.5 g ng ha hc mi ngy v khng c s dng ng ha hc khi ch bin thc phm dnh cho tr s sinh v tr nh. Trong khi , cc sn phm hp li thng c cha ng ha hc nn ph n mang thai cn ht sc lu iu ny. Cht ph gia trong thc phm khng phi l cht dinh dng, ngoi nhng cht bt ngun t ng thc vt, hoc cht tng cng ra th a phn khng phi l thnh phn thc phm t nhin, c kh nng dn ti mn cm, trng c, tch t cht c. Mc d nh hng khng ln ti phm vi tiu chun bnh thng ca con ngi, nhng li c nh hng nghim trng i vi s pht trin phi thai trong bng m. Do vy, d hm lng cht ph gia trong thc phm ng hp khng nhiu, song nu n thng xuyn cng c th dn ti trng c dn dn, thm ch gy ra sy thai hoc thai d tt. Bn cnh , mc d hp c kim nh v cht lng, song mt s loi, nhiu vitamin c th b phn hy trong qu trnh ch bin. Ngoi ra, hp thng c hm lng cht bo khng cn i vi cht x, cht khong nn khng m bo dinh dng cho m v thai nhi. 4..3.Lu khi s dng hp . Khuyn co i vi ph n mang thai l: tt nht khng nn n thc phm ng hp, c bit l trong giai on u mang thai. nhng giai on, sau bn c th s dng hp, nhng cn hn ch v cn mua nhng hp ti nhng ca hng uy tn, cn kim tra k nhn mc v kim nh cht lng trc khi s dng. bo qun c lu, hp phi c ng kn, thanh trng, do nhng
24

Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

hp m np nhng cha dng ht th khng nn dng li. Bn cnh , khi mua hp, cn chn loi hp hn s dng cn di trnh hm lng st, thic t v hp c th ngm vo thc phm. Vi nhng hp b phng 2 u np, mo m th khng nn s dng .

hp tht v rau qu.

V.KT LUN. D mun, d khng chng ta vn phi n, vn phi ung sng v lm vic. Trong x hi hin nay, chng ta khng th no trnh khi hng lot cc ha cht c hi trong thc phm c. Chnh v th, mt cch tt hn ht l nn cn thn trong n ung v sinh hot, nn iu v chng mc. Hy cnh gic v thn trng i vi cc loi thc phm (kh, ti v bin ch). Hn ch s dng nhng loi thc phm sn xut cng nghip nh cc loi nc ngt, cc loi hp, vv Ph gia khng phi l cht dinh dng nn khng c n cng khng sao. D vy, ph gia gip ba n ngon lnh hn cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cht lng sng ca con ngi. iu cn lu l ch nn s dng cc ph gia t thc phm t nhin v ph gia c nghin cu k lng v tnh cht v an ton khi a vo c th. Vi nhng loi ph gia ha hc ny, ngay c khi c cho php, cng nn dng cng t cng tt, v nu khng tht s cn thit th khng nn dng. Tht ra, cm gic ngon ming vi ph gia l mt thi quen, nn hn ch s dng ph gia, th cch n gin nht l tp thi quen khng s dng ph gia. Vi tr em, giai on ang hnh thnh thi quen n ung, nu khng c tp quen vi cc thc phm c ph gia, th s khng c
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Thc phm hp v sinh an ton thc phm.

nhu cu s dng ph gia. Mt v d d thy l cc quc gia chu s dng rt nhiu bt ngt trong ch bin thc phm, nhng cc u bp chu u li hu nh hon ton khng dng n loi ph gia ny, v khng v vy m nhng mn n chu u b ngi chu u t chi. Xt v mt dinh dng, ph gia thc phm hon ton khng cn thit cho c th hng ngy. Th nhng, nu xt v mt vn ha m thc v cng ngh ch bin thc phm, ph gia li hu nh l thnh phn khng th thiu. Ngi tiu dng lun a ra tiu ch l thc phm phi c mu sc p bt mt, mi phi thm tho, v phi m , phi dai, phi dn Th l ngi sn xut c theo cc tiu ch m ci thin thc phm ca mnh theo hng phc v ti a yu cu ca thng khch hng ng thi cng khng th b qua ci yu cu ca chnh mnh l khng c gia tng chi ph sn xut. V kt qu l thc phm ngoi vai tr cung cp cht dinh dng nui c th, li cn nhn thm ci chc nng l a vo c th nhng th chng cn thit t no, thm ch c khi cn c hi cho sc khe. C ci hi thy ngay trc mt, nhng cng c ci hi xut hin t t n hng my chc nm sau, thm ch lu n ni ngay c kh ch cng qun mt ti sao trong c th mnh li tn ti ci th gy bnh .

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TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. Nguyn Vn Tip; Quch nh v Ng M Vn. 2000. K thut sn xut hp rau qu. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. 2. Quch nh; Nguyn Vn Thoa v Nguyn Vn Tip. 1996. Cng ngh sau thu hoch v Ch bin rau qu. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut. 3. L Vn Nhng. 1977. Ha hc trong cng nghip thc phm. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut. 4. Nguyn Vn Thoa. 1981. K thut bo qun v ch bin rau qu. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. 5. H Sng. 1982. Vi sinh vt trong bo qun v ch bin thc phm. 6. Trn Quang Bnh v H Vn Thuyt. 2000. Bo qun rau qu ti v Bn ch phm. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. 7. http://www.suckhoe.vn 8. http://community.h2vn.com/index.php/topic,795.0.html.