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Trn th gii tn ti hai h lut mang c trng khc bit l h lut Chu u lc a v h lut Anh - M (cn gi l h thng lut). Xut pht t s khc bit ca cc h lut m cc nc thuc h lut Chu u lc a, ngun lut iu chnh cc hot ng ngn hng l cc vn bn cha cc quy phm php lut v ngn hng. Cc nc thuc h lut Anh - M ngoi cc vn bn quy phm php lut, ngun Lut ngn hng cn c n l. Ngoi ra, ni n ngun lut iu chnh cc hot ng ca ngn hng ca cc nc trn th gii, chng ta cn phi k n cc tp qun v thng l quc t, cc hip c v hip nh quc t song phng v a phng trong lnh vc ti chnh - ngn hng. 1. Lut Ngn hng cc quc gia Cng ging nh Lut Ngn hng ca Vit nam, Lut Ngn hng ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii cng bao gm ch yu hai loi quy phm php lut, l cc quy phm php lut iu chnh cc quan h qun l nh nc v ngn hng v cc qui phm php lut iu chnh cc quan h t chc v kinh doanh ngn hng. Di y chng ti xin gii thiu lut ngn hng ca mt s nc trn th gii. Php lut iu chnh hot ng ngn hng M Lut v Ngn hng M phn nh ton b lch s pht trin ca h thng ngn hng nc ny trong sut qu trnh hon thin v cc hot ng cng nh h thng ngn hng ca cc bang. S hnh thnh ca cc h thng ngn hng vo gia th k 19 li du n trong h thng php lut Hoa k, hin nay mt phn ln cc vn bn php lut c thng qua bi Quc hi v cc bang, ban hnh vo gia v cui th k 19 vn c hiu lc. Vo nhng nm 70 v 80 c mt cuc cch mng i vi h thng ngn hng M, l s i mi v cng ngh v cc hot ng ngn hng. Tnh n 31/12/2004, h thng ngn hng M c 7630 ngn hng thng mi, 211 ngn hng nc ngoi t 60 nc trn th gii, ngoi ra cn phi k n cc t chc nhn tin gi khc nh qu tn dng, hip hi tit kim v mt h thng cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc ti chnh v khng nhn tin gi khc1 Nhng ni dung chnh ca lut iu chnh hot ng ngn hng ch yu c quy nh ti Tuyn tp lut Hoa k - bn chnh thc do chnh ph pht hnh. Chng 12 ca Tuyn tp lut c tn gi l Ngn hng v cc hot ng ngn hng gm c 22 phn iu chnh lnh vc ht sc rng ln: Gim st hot ng tin t, h thng d tr lin bang, thu, cc hot ng ca Ngn hng M nc ngoi, ngn hng xut nhp khu, cp tn dng cho cc trang tri, tn dng nng nghip quc gia, ngn hng cp tn dng mua nh, cc t chc tit kim, cc ngn hng chuyn* bit v cc t chc tin gi - tit kim. Trong qu trnh tn ti, b lut lin tc c hon chnh v sa i vi tn gi hin nay l Tp hp cc quy nh v hng dn ca Lin bang2. Giao dch ngn hng theo lut M c hiu l cc hot ng k ton, mua v bn cc hi phiu n gin v hi phiu chuyn nhng, cc giy t ghi nhn n khc, nhn tin gi, mua v bn ngoi t, tin hoc cc vt c gi tr khc, cho vay c bo lnh bi cc ng sn. Cc hn ch trong cc giao dch

ngn hng c hnh thnh bi cc ch kim sot tin t trong Lin bang. Ngoi ra lut cng quy nh cho vay 1 khch hng hoc u t vo 1 d n khng c vt qu 10% vn thc c ca cc d n hoc khch hng ny. Cc hip hi Ngn hng quc gia c th c cc chi nhnh khng ch thnh ph, ni c tr s chnh m cn bt k ni no trong bang v bt k bang no. Ngn hng quc gia c quyn c pht hnh tin vi cc n v l 1, 2, 20, 50, 100, 500 v 1000 la US. Hot ng ny c kim sot cht ch t pha nh nc. Cc hot ng ngn hng c c iu chnh ti iu 96 Lut v cc hot ng ngn hng bang Nu York, bao gm: 1. Mua bn cc hi phiu n gin v hi phiu chuyn i, cc giy nhn n khc, mua bn ngoi t, tin kim loi v cc sn phm t vng, bc, cho vay mua nh v cc ti sn l ng sn, nhn tin gi, giy t c gi hoc v ng sn khc t bt c c nhn, t chc no. 2. Thanh ton bng u nhim thu, chi, m th tn dng; 3. Nhn lu gi theo cc iu kin ca ngn hng cc chng ch, chng t c gi, trang sc, kim loi qu, cc giy t ti liu, cho thu kt, cc dch v bo qun v k gi khc; 4. Pht hnh, di s ng ca Hi ng qun tr Ngn hng, cc hi phiu, cc chng t c gi khc; 5. L thnh vin ca D tr Lin bang, c hng ton b cc quyn thnh vin, vic ny khng lm gim bt c trch nhim no ca ngn hng trc php lut; 6. C ngha v thc hin cc quy nh ca tp on bo him Lin bang trong cc hot ng bo him tin gi; 7. Thc hin cc quyt nh v tin t, c tuyn b bi Ta n bang, ca ta n bang khc hoc Ta n lin bang; 8. Hot ng nh i din ti chnh v lu gi tin ca Hp chng quc Hoa k. Cc hot ng ti tr cho vay bt ng sn khng c vt qu 2/3 tr gi ca bt ng sn. Cc ngn hng khng c chim gi 80% vn iu l ca mt ngn hng khc. Php lut iu chnh hot ng Ngn hng Php Vn bn quan trng nht iu chnh hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng l Lut s 84-46 ngy 1/1/1984 V cc t chc tn dng v kim sot hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng3. Php lnh s 85-371 ngy 27/3/1985 v Mt vi thay i trong iu chnh hot ng ngn hng ca cc t chc tn dng v kim sot hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng4 Php vic quc hu ho v t nhn ho h thng ngn hng din ra khng ch mt ln, v nhm cc quy phm php lut iu chnh v vn vn ca cc ngn hng phi k n Lut quc hu ho Ngn hng Php v cc ngn hng ln, cc t chc h thng ngn hng tn dng s 45-015 ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1945, Lut quc hu ho s 82-155 ngy 11 thng 2 nm 19825 Mt trong nhng yu t quan

trng trong h thng php lut ny l s kim sot cht ch cc cc hot ng ngoi hi vi cc i tc nc ngoi. Trong lnh vc ny phi k n Php lnh s 89-938 ngy 29 thng 12 nm 1989 V iu chnh cc quan h ti chnh vi nc ngoi. Ngn hng c thnh lp di hnh thc cng ty c phn, v vy hot ng ca ngn hng cng chu s iu chnh ca B lut thng mi nm 1999: Cc t chc thng mi v cc nhm lin quan n li ch kinh t (quyn 2). Theo lut s 84-46 ngy 24 thng 12 nm 1984, ch c cc t chc tn dng, trong bao gm cc ngn hng c th thc hin cc giao dch ngn hng. Theo iu 1 ca lut ny nh ngha cc hot ng ngn hng bao gm huy ng tin gi, cp tn dng, cung cp cc dch v thanh ton Deposit l cc giao dch, qua ngn hng huy ng tin gi t cc khch hng ca mnh. y l ngun vn ch yu ca ngn hng. C 2 loi tin gi: khng k hn v c k hn. i vi tin gi khng k hn ngn hng khng tr li, ngi gi c th rt tin bt* k lc no, b vo ngn hng cung cp cho ngi gi cc dch v thanh ton. i vi tin gi c k hn ngi gi khng c rt trc thi hn. S hn ch ny i vi ngi gi mang li cho ngn hng ngun vn vng chc v cho php ngn hng cung cp cc hot ng cho vay ngn hn v di hn. V vy ngn hng quan tm n vic gi tin c k hn v vic tnh li sut ph thuc vo thi hn v s lng tin gi. Tin gi tit kim cho php thay i s lng tin gi trong mt ti khon c bit ca khch hng. Khi ngn hng m cho khch hng ti khon ny c ngha l ngn hng cng cho php khch hng quyn yu cu thanh ton s lng tin bt k trong ti khon vo bt k thi gian no. Ngoi 2 hnh thc huy ng tin gi trn ngn hng cn huy ng tin gi di hnh thc khc, l pht hnh chng ch tin gi di 2 hnh thc: ghi danh v v danh. Hnh thc v danh cho php ngi s hu c quyn yu cu rt tin khi xut trnh cc chng ch ny, cn hnh thc ghi danh: tr tin cho ngi c tn trn chng ch hoc theo lnh ca h. Hot ng cp tn dng: C cc hnh thc cp tn dng nh cho vay hoc thu mua. Hin nay Php c nhiu loi hnh cho vay khc nhau. i vi cc t chc kinh t c cc lai tn dng truyn thng l: cho vay ngn hn (2 nm), cho vay trung hn (2 n 7 nm), cho vay di hn (trn 7 nm). Ngn hng cn cho vay vi khong thi gian rt ngn l t 1 n 3 thng di hnh thc quay vng. Vic cho vay theo hnh thc no tu thuc vo mc ch: cho vay lm vic theo ma v, cho vay nhp khu i vi cc c th ngn hng thng cho vay tiu dng ngn hn nh cho vay mua t, cho vay mua nh Cc giao dch tn dng khc nhau ph thuc vo cc mc ch v hnh thc s dng tin khc nhau ca bn vay: - Cho vay n gin: Ngn hng ch chuyn vo ti khon ca khch hng s tin nht nh

- Cho vay ngn hn: Ngn hng m mt ti khon thanh ton cho khch hng v khch hng c th s dng ti khon vo mc ch thanh ton. - Thu mua ti chnh: Ngn hng mua cc trang thit b theo s la chn ca khch hng v cho chnh khch hng thu li. Chnh sch ca cc ngn hng l pht trin cc loi hnh khch hng phong ph vi mc ch bo m ph hp ca ngn hng. Php lut iu chnh hot ng ngn hng c: Lut ca c v h thng ngn hng v cc hot ng ngn hng cha ng cc quy phm php lut iu chnh quan h ca cc t chc thng mi di cc hnh thc, v cc qui phm php lut iu chnh ring i vi cc t chc ngn hng tin t. Cc lut ny bao gm lut Cng ty c phn, Lut chng cnh tranh nm 1980, Lut chng khon 1986, Lut v Ngn hng Lin bang c nm 1957, Lut tn dng nm 1976 (bn sa nm 1985), Lut v ngn hng cho vay nng nghip nm 1989, Lut v Hp tc ngn hng nm 1975, lut v bo m ngn hng nm 19866. Khi nim v t chc tn dng rt rng: T chc tn dng l cc t chc thc hin cc giao dch ngn hng, nu khi lng cc giao dch ny i hi phi thnh lp mt t chc chuyn nghip thc hin cc giao dch (khon 1 iu 1 Lut Tn dng). Cc ngn hng thng mi c thc hin cc loi hnh giao dch ngn hng rt phong ph. Gim st hot ng ca cc t chc ny l Cc Gim st ca Lin bang v cc hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng, cc ny c quyn gii hn cc loi hnh nghip v ngn hng, cho php cc ngn hng c thc hin hay khng thc hin cc loi hnh dch v ngn hng. Hot ng huy ng tin gi l mt loi hnh hot ng ph bin nht ca ngn hng. Trong cc giao dch cho vay cp tn dng, ngn hng l ngi cho vay, cung cp tn dng. Trong cc giao dch thanh ton ngn hng l ngi mua, thanh ton v c ngha v thanh ton cc sc, hi phiu cho khch hng. Mua v bn cc giy t c gi theo lnh ca cc ch s hu c thc hin bi cc qu tn dng. Theo lnh ca cc khch hng ca mnh, ngn hng thc hin cc giao dch thanh ton t ti khon ca khch hng v ghi n i vi khch hng trong h thng thanh ton lun chuyn tin t bng tin mt hoc cc hnh thc thanh ton khc khng bng tin mt. Lut ngn hng c quy nh rt rng v khi nim cho vay n, trong bao gm cho vay, chi tr sc v hi phiu, thanh ton qu hn cc khon vay t ngn hng hoc thanh ton trong giao dch thng mi. Khi nim tn dng cn bao gm yu cu likvidnox, y l ngha v ca ngn hng trong vic s dng cc ngun vn ca mnh (ca mnh hoc i huy ng ca khch hng) trong bt k thi im no v i vi bt k khon tin no m bo cho vic ngn hng thanh ton cc ngha v ca mnh cam kt. S lng ngun vn bt buc bo m thc hin cc ngha v thanh ton theo cc cam kt ny c quy nh khc nhau ph thuc vo tng loi hnh t chc tn dng. Php lut iu chnh hot ng Ngn hng Anh

o lut quan trng l Lut v cc hot ng ngn hng nm 1987, lut cng ty nm 1985, iu chnh cc loi hnh cng ty trong cc chuyn ngnh c bit, v cc ngn hng c gi l cng ty ngn hng. Khi nim cng ty ngn hng c lut s dng i vi nhng cng ty c php nhn tin gi theo lut v cc hot ng ca ngn hng* nm 1987. Cc cng ty ny chu s iu chnh ca lut cng ty nm 1985 trong cc vn v bo co ti chnh, thanh ton v cn i ti sn. Ngoi ra cn mt loi hnh t chc ngn hng na c thnh lp v hot ng theo lut cng ty trch nhim hu hn nm 1907. i vi cc hot ng ngn hng cn c cc quy phm php lut iu chnh ring cc nghip v ngn hng. C th k n Lut v Hi phiu nm 1882, Lut v huy ng tin gi v ph sn nm 1954, Lut v Sc nm 1957, Lut v tn dng tiu dng nm 1974, Lut v cc t chc tin gi nm 1985, Lut v cc dch v ti chnh nm 1986. Ngun iu chnh hot ng ngn hng ca Anh cn phi k n n l v cc tp qun, thng l. Ton b h thng ngn hng Anh c gim st bi Ngn hng Trung ng Anh, ngn hng ny thc hin vic kim sot tin t. H thng ngn hng ca Anh bao gm cc ngn hng cung cp dch v bn l, cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr (London, Scotlen), Ngn hng Giro (c thnh lp nm 1968 nh mt n v trc thuc bu in, cung cp dch v ngn hng n gin, r tin v hiu qu), cc ngn hng u t (cc nh ch ti chnh cung cp cc dch v c bit bao gm: chp nhn hi phiu, t vn ti chnh, qun l cc danh mc u t v cc dch v ngn hng khc). C gn khon 100 t chc Anh c gi l ngn hng u t. Chng l thnh vin ca Hip hi cc ngn hng u t v cc hng chng khon (BMBA). Cc tp on Ngn hng (Consortium Ngn hng): c lp ra bi tp hp cc ngn hng, thng l t mt s nc khc nhau. Ngn hng Trung ng Anh nh ngha tp on Ngn hng l mt ngn hng c s hu bi cc ngn hng khc, trong mi ngn hng khng gi trc tip trn 50% c phn v t nht c mt ngn hng nc ngoi l c ng. Ngn hng Standard Chartered l mt trong nhng tp on ngn hng u tin London. Cc tp on ny c thnh lp cng nhau ti tr cc khon vay trn gi nhm p ng nhu cu ti chnh di hn ca cc quc gia7 Hot ng huy ng tin gi c iu chnh bi Lut v cc hot ng ca Ngn hng nm 1987. Khi nim huy ng tin gi c hiu l cc huy ng ca ngn hng i vi cc ngun vn dng vo cc hot ng ti chnh khc nhau. c thc hin hot ng ny cc ngn hng cn np n n Ngn hng Anh xin cp php v phi p ng mt lot cc iu kin. i vi cc hot ng tin gi c 2 loi: tin gi c thi hn v khng c thi hn. i vi tin gi khng thi hn khch hng c th nhn tin hoc vit sc vo bt k thi im no. Cc khon tin gi ny khng c li. Cc loi tin gi c k hn c hng li. Ngn hng cn m cc ti khon tin gi tit kim, khch hng c th chuyn thm tin vo ti khon khi ti khon t c mt s tin nht nh th s c hng li (250 bng Anh).

Cc hot ng tch cc l cp tn dng v bo m cho cc khon vay. H thng cc ngn hng Anh cn thc hin nhiu loi hnh hot ng ngn hng khc. 2. Cc tp qun v thng l quc t. Ngun lut quan trng th hai sau lut quc gia iu chnh hot ng ca Ngn hng ca cc nc trn th gii l cc tp qun v thng l quc t. l cc chun mc quc t trong lnh vc ngn hng c tha nhn bi Thng l quc t v Cng c Lin hp quc. Mt thc t r rng l tp qun thng mi quc t p dng trong cc giao dch thng mi quc t (v d trong hot ng xut nhp khu gia cc nc) v i theo n l cc quan h thanh ton xut nhp khu vi cc nc l cc hot ng hon ton mang tnh nghip v, k thut chuyn mn v c th gii chp nhn s dng trong quan h thng mi v thanh ton quc t. l: - Cc quy tc thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t ca ICC- UCP 600 - Quy tc thng nht nh thu, bn sa i 1995, s 522 ca ICC (Uniform Rules for Collection of Payment , 522, 1995,ICC-URC522,ICC) - Qui tc bo lnh hp ng URCG, c hiu lc nm 1978, s xut bn 325 - Bn qui tc thng nht v bo lnh theo yu cu URDG, c hiu lc t 4/1992, s xut bn 458 ca ICC - Bn qui tc thng nht v bo chng URCB c thng qua 23/4/1993 v c hiu lc t 1/1/1994, s xut bn 524 ca ICC - Cng c UCILTRAN v bo lnh c lp v tn dng th d phng ca Lin hp quc. - Ngoi ra cn phi k n cc thng l v chun mc quc t trong k ton, kim ton, quy ch quan h bt buc gia cc Ngn hng trung gian vi Ngn hng trung ng v ti cp vn, th trng m, thanh ton quc gia v cc chun mc v thanh tra - gim st Ngn hng 3. Cc hip c v hip nh quc t song phng v a phng trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng Vit Nam tham gia nhiu hip nh hp tc song phng v lnh vc ngn hng c k kt thnh cng vi Chnh ph, NHT, cc t chc song phng trong khu vc ng - Thi Bnh Dng, ng u, Bc M nh Hip nh khung v kt ni kinh t Vit Nam - Singapore trong lnh vc ngn hng, tham gia xy dng chin lc i tc kinh t chung Vit Nam - Thi Lan, Hip nh khung v tng cng hp tc kinh t Asean Singapore, ngy 28 thng 01 nm 1992, k cc tha thun hp tc trao i thng tin trong lnh vc thanh tra ngn hng vi cc c quan thanh tra gim st ngn hng ca Australia, Hng Kng, Malaysia, Singapore, Hoa K. c bit l Hip nh thng mi Vit M v cc cam kt ca Vit nam khi gia nhp WTO trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng. Ni dung ca cc hip nh ny ch yu l cc tha thun hp tc ca cc nc trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng, cc cam kt v vic hon thin mi trng php lut v ngn hng v l trnh hin din thng mi v u t nc ngoi trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng.

Bn cnh l cc hip c quc t trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng, cc hip c ny rng buc cc nc thnh vin phi p ng cc chun mc nht nh trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, l: - Hip c tn dng Quc t Basel I nm 1988: Hip c Basel I mang tnh cht tha thun quc t v cc tiu chun v vn tr thnh chun mc quc t v vn t c. N quy nh v t l an ton vn ti thiu v qun l ri ro tn dng i vi ngn hng, l mt trong nhng cn c, tiu chun cc ngn hng ca cc quc gia trn th gii p dng qun l, bo m an ton trong hot ng. Thc hin tha c an ton vn ti thiu ca Basel I v ang l mt trong nhng mc tiu qun l ri ro i vi cc t chc tn dng cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, Basel I mi ch cp n nhng ri ro v tn dng ch cha cp n nhng ri ro khc nh ri ro hot ng, ri ro th trng, ri ro li sut. - Hip c tn dng Quc t Basel II nm 2004: L hip c quc t v tiu chun an ton vn, tng cng qun tr ton cu ha ti chnh cng nh vic khai thc ti a tim nng li nhun v hn ch ri ro. Basel II quy nh t l vn an ton ti thiu gn cht ch vi mc ri ro ca ti sn ngn hng, mc ri ro ca ti sn c tnh n nhiu yu t nh tn nhim ca khch hng, thi hn khon vay, tp trung ca cc khon vay vo mt nhm khch hng nht nh, qu trnh xem xt gim st ca c quan qun l v cui cng l cc quy tc th trng. - Hip nh Gi ne v v Sc v Hi phiu nm 1930-1931. 1. Regulatory Guide for Foreigner banks in United Stated, 2005- 2006, PricewaterhouseCoopers, p.12*** 2. Code Commerce//P Dalloz.1987-1988.P339, dn theo Lut Dn s v thng mi ca cc nc trn Th gii. tr.425 3. Recueil Dalloz. 1985.No 16.p427, dn theo Lut Dn s v thng mi ca cc nc trn Th gii. tr.425 4. Lut Dn s v thng mi ca cc nc trn Th gii. tr. 426 5 Lut Dn s v thng mi ca cc nc trn Th gii. tr. 428 6 . David Cox, Nghip v Ngn hng hin i, Nh xut bn chnh tr quc gia, H ni 1997, tr. 96

<br>Nguon: Tap Chi Nghe Luat - Hoc Vien Tu Phap

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