CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS by HG. Poulos and E.H. Davis ‘The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Telephone: (02) 692 2109 Telex: AA 26169ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICSSERIES IN SOIL ENGINEERING Edited by T.William Lambe Robert V. Whitman Professors of Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Books in Series: Soil Testing for Engineers by T. William Lambe. 1951 ‘Soil Mechanics by T. William Lambe and Robert V. Whitman, 1968 Elastic Solutions for Rock and Soil Mechanics by Harry G. Poulos and E.Davis, 1974 ‘Soil Dynamics by Robert V. Whitman (in progress) Fundamentals of Soil Behavior by James K. Mitchell (in progress) ‘Tho aim ofthis series isto present the modern concepts of soil ‘engineering, which is the science and technology of soils and their application to problems in civil engineering. The word “soil” is interpreted broadly to include all earth materials whose properties and behavior influence civil engineering construction. Soil engineering is founded upon many basic disciplines? mechanics and dynamics: physical geology and engineering geology: clay mineralogy and colloidal chemistry: and mechanics of granular systems and fluid mechanics. Principles from these basic disciplines are backed by ‘experimental evidence from laboratory and field investigations and from observations on actual structures. Judgment derived from experience and engineering economics are central to soil engineering. “The Books In this series are intended primarily for use in university ‘courses, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The editors also ‘expect that al ofthe books will serve as valuable reference material for practicing engineers. T. William Lambe Robert V. Whitman iiELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS H G Poulos Reader in Civil Engineering University of Sydney EH Davis Professor of Civil Engineering (Soil Mechanics) University of Sydney Originally Published in 1974 by: JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK - LONDON - SYDNEY - TORONTO. Reprinted in 1991 by: CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY itiDetails of original publication: ‘Copyright © 1974, by Jona Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Alright reserved Published simultaneously in Canad. ‘No pat of thia book may be reproduced by any means. ‘or ianamiied, nor Wansiated into a machine language ‘without he writen permission ofthe pubiher. Urary of Congress Cataioging in Puttcaton Date: Povo H G84 laste slitlns for en and rock mechanics. ibiography: p. . 4, Soll mechanics—Probloms, exercises, etc. 2. lock mechanies—Probieme, exerts, ot |. Elastcty—Probiems, exercises, et. Davia, EM, joint author. Ik Tie. Taniope? — e2essia 7371 ISBN 0471-605653, Printed in th United States of America woeaTesaaz1 ivPREFACE TO REPRINTED EDITION The original edition of this book has been out of print for several years, but there have been many requests for it to be reprinted. The original publishers, John Wiley and Son Inc, New York, have been gracious in re-assigning copyright to the surviving author, and hence, the book is now being reprinted through the Centre for Geotechnical Research at the University of Sydney. This reprinted edition contains a significant number of corrections which were brought to the author's attention by a number of users, in particular, Dr John T Christian, Dr Peter T Brown, Professor M R Madhav, Mr J M Shen, Sir Alan Muir Wood, Dr K J Cheverton, Professor Michael J Pender, Dr | D Moore, Associate Professor J C Small and Mr M A Adler. | am very grateful to these persons for their interest in bringing the errors to my attention. | am also grateful for the encouragement of my colleagues within the Centre for Geotechnical Research at the University of Sydney to prepare the corrected edition, and to Ms Monica Martin, who undertook the typing of the corrections and Miss Kim Pham for correcting the figures. Harry G Poulos August, 1991PREFACE ‘The authors have attenpted to asseable as comprehensive a collection as possible of graphs, tables and explicit solution of probleas in elasticity relevant to soil and rock nechanies. Many of these solutions are well known and‘widely used in geotechnical practice, and are available in standard xeferences. However, new solutions of relevance appear at frequent intervals and in diverse publications, and it is~ difficult for the practising engineer to locate, or even to kmow of the existence of, solution which may be of interest. ‘The large majority of solutions are for an isotropic hono- geneous nass, but some important solutions are also included for cross-anisotropic and non-hopogeneous elastic materials. Because of the vast literature in the theory of elasticity and the need to keep the book to a reasonable size, coverage of solutions in this book is by no means exhaustive, and solutions which nay be considered of relevance by sone people will doubt- Jess have been onitted. In a number of instances, a reference is given even though no solution is reproduced in the book. Tt has not been found practicable to maintain 2 uniform notation throughout the book; where there appeared to be valid reasons for doing so, the original author's notation has been adhered to, but particularly in the nore basic material, a comon notation has been used. However, a uniform sign con- vention has been used in that the following are considered as positive: compressive stress, reduction in length or volme, and displacement in the positive co-ordinate direction. ‘The authors have not attempted the imense task of a full check of all the solutions they have reproduced, but a more Jimited check has been carried out by testing solutions for self= consistency and consistency with other solutions and this has uncovered a mmber of errors in the original solutions which have ‘been corrected. However, it is probable that some further errors vill have escaped the-authors' notice and any information on such errors will be gratefully received by then, ‘The book is divided into essentially four parts: (2) __an introductory sumary of the basic equations and relationships in elastic theory (Chapter 1) and then basic solutions for problens involving concentrated leads on elastic nedia (Chapter 2); () __ solutions for loading of simple geonetrical areas, both unifornly loaded and rigid (Chapters 3 to 9); (©)___ solutions of a nore complicated nature having relevance to practical soil mechanics, rock mechanics and foundation problens (Chapters 10 to 15); (@__ appendices containing complete solutions for various cases of surface loading on an anisotropic or isotropic elastic half space.PREFACE As a reference for students, research workers and practising engineers, this book may be used in a umber of ways: (2) __as an immediate source of solutions for use in solving geotechnical problems; (b) __as a source of basic solutions from which nore complicated solutions may be evaluated by the user; (6)___ as a source of reference solutions against which numerical computer solutions (e.g. from the finite elenent method) may be checked. Grateful achnowledgenent is given to the great mmber of persons and institutions, too mmerous to list individually, who have given permission for their solutions to be reproduced. Special thanks are due to Dr. T. William Lanbe; Edmund K. Tumer Professor of Civil Engineering at M.I.T., for his original encouragenent of the preparation of the book; Dr. J.P. Giroud of the University of Grenobie, France, for his generous permission to reproduce many of his results, both published and unpublished; Drs. J.R, Booker and P.T, Brown of the University of Sydney for their coments and advice, and Dr. C. M, Gerrard and Mes. W.J. Harrison for permission to reproduce ‘their papers in full as Appendices A and B. Finally, the authors are greatly indebted to Mrs. M. Brown, who cheerfully and patiently carried out the major task of typing the manu- seript, and to Mr. R. Brew, Mes. H. Papallo and Miss A. Chittendon, who undertook the onerous task of preparing the diagrans. H. G. Poulos EH. Davis June 1973 viiLae 12 Ls Ls Ls 1.6 Lar 1g HAPTER 2 24 22 23 GUAPTER S aa 3.2 33 34 CHAPTER 4 4a. 42 43 CONTENTS FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS Analysis of stress Analysis of strain Equilibein equations Strain-displacenent and compatability equations Stress-strain relationships Digferential equations of isotropic elasticity Convenient methods of considering loaded areas ‘Superposition of solutions for various loadings Equations of simple bending theory BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR CONCENTRATED LOADING Point Loading Line loading Line loading-axial symetry DISTRIBUTED LOADS ON THE SURFACE OF A SEMI- INFINITE YASS Loading on an infinite strip Loading over half the infinite surface Loading on a circular area Loading on a rectangular area Loading on an elliptical area ‘Loading over any area - DISTRIBUTED LOADING BENEATH THE SURFACE OF A ‘SEMI-INFINITE MASS Vertical Loading on a horizontal area Horizontal loading on a vertical rectangle Rectangles subjected to shear loading wean 10 2 “ 1s 16 26 41 a3 54 4 92 7 99CHAPTER 5 Sal 5.2 5.3 5.4 GUPTER 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 CHAPTER 7 7 7.2 73 78 1s 7.6 17 7.8 79 CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 85 CHAPTER 9 9. 9.2 9.3 CONTENTS SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE LAYER UNDERLAIN BY A RIGID BASE Loading on an infinite strip Loading on a circular area Loading on a rectangular area Vertical loading over any area ‘SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS ‘Tworlayer systems ‘Three-layer systens Four-layer systens Approximate solutions for mlti-layer systens RIGID LOADED AREAS Infinite strip on a seni-infinite mass Cirele on semi-infinite mass Circular ring on seni-infinite mass Rectangle on semi-infinite nass Ellipse on semi-infinite mass Infinite strip on finite layer Circle on finite layer Rectangle on finite layer Rigid areas enbedded within a semi-infinite mass ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN CROSS- ANISOTROPIC MEDIA Concentrated loading on a semi-infinite mass Strip on semi-infinite mss Circle on seni-infinite mass Loading on miti-layer systems Particular cases of anisotropy STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC MASS Seni-infinite mass with linear variation of nodulus Generalized Boussinesq theory for non- homogeneous semi-infinite mass Finite layer with linear variation of modulus 103 a us 182 138 us 162 162 165 16 167 168 169 17 178 180 180 183 184 18s 187 191 193 195. 198CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 CHAPTER 11. iL 1.2 CHAPTER 12 12a 12.2 12.3 CHAPTER 15 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 CHAPTER 14 Web 14.2 14.3 CHAPTER 15 15.1, 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 CONTENTS ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN EMBANKMENTS ‘AND SLOPES Enbankeent on rigid base Exbankeeht on elastic foundation Infinite slope ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND UNDERGROUND OPENINGS Unlined openings Lined openings RAFT FOUNDATIONS Strip foundations on a seni-infinite mass Circular rafts Rectangular rafts AXIALLY LOADED PILES Single incompressible floating pile Single compressible floating pile Single compressible end-bearing pile Negative friction in a single end-bearing pile Floating pile groups End-bearing pile groups PILES SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD AND MOMENT Single floating pile ‘Tip-restrained piles Pile groups MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS ‘Thick-wall cylinder in triaxial stress field Cylinder with rough rigid end plates Inclusien in an infinite region Stigé plate subjected to moment and horizental load Stresses in a layer with @ yielding base Stresses ‘behind retaining walls 199 208 226 29 245 249 235 260 269 27. 278 278 279 281 283 287 291 297 297 304 305APPENDIX A STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A LOADED ORTHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE APPENDIX B CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A CROSS~ ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE REFERENCES AUTHOR DXDEX 309 337 399 405 407Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 1.1 Analysis of Stress 1.1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION Since it is often convenient in soil nechanics to consider compressive stresses as positive, this conventional will be adopted here. The normal and shear stresses acting on an elenent are shown in Fig.11, the stresses all being of positive sign. ‘The normal stresses Gz, Jy, dz are positive when directed into the surface. The notation for the shear stress Tj; is as follows: is the shear stress acting inthe direction on a plane normal to the i axis. ‘The sign convention for shear stress is as follows: ‘The shear stress is positive when directed in a negative Cartesian direction while acting on a plane whose outward normal points in a positive direction, or, when directed in a positive Cartesian direction while acting on a plane whose outward normal points in a“hegative Cartesian direction. Equilibriua requires that wy" ye Tye = ty Te 7 Teg For the definition of stresses in other coordin- ate systems, see Section 1.3. 1.1.2 STRESS COMPONENTS ON ANY PLANE Referring to Fig.1.2, the stress components Pres Pays Pra on any plane with a directed normal » can be expressed in tems of the stresses in the 2, y and 2 coordinates as PIG.1.2,2 FUNDAMENTAL DEPINITIONS AND RELATIONSEIPS Paz Tye Tee | | eo ua Pry | = | Tay Sy Tay | [orate Jos G0 Paz Tee Tys Sx | [e082 where cos(njz) is the cosine of the angle between the 7m and = directions, and similarly for cos(ny) and cos(n,z). y Zi Nem FIG.1.2 1,1,3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES If anew set of orthogonal axes !, y', x! are chosen, the stress components in this coordinate system are related to the stress components in the original =, y, 2 system as follows: 8 =Asat see (1.2) where $, is the stress matrix with respect tothe xty'z! axes, Sis the stress matrix with respect tothe zy = axes, A is the direction cosine matrix, ies, A= | cos(s',2) cos(a',y) qos(s',z) cos(y',2) coa(y',y) cos(y',a) eoe(a",2) cos(a',y) cos(a',z) AT is the transpose of A. 1.1.4 PRINCIPAL STRESSES It is possible to show that there is one set of axes with respect to which all shear stresses are zero and the nornal stresses have their extreme values. The three mutually perpendicular planes where this condition exists are called the princtpal planes, and the normal stresses acting on these planes are the principal stresses. The principal stresses, 01, 62 and os (the maximum, intermediate and ninimm stresses respect- ively) may be found as the roots of the equation o oe OD 9,3-s10;2 + d20, - Js where Jy = 0_40,40,,= @(bulk stress) oie see (Leda) 2g tag 2 Ja Oye tey “ys ee see (edb) - 0.1.2 tiga? Je = 00,9508 yg Oy an ~Oa*ay + Ryytyeteg -++ 40) Jy (or 0), Jz, Js are often known as the first, second and third stress invariants, as they remain constant, independent of the coordinate system. In terms of the principal stresses, T= 6 =o +02 +03 see G52) Jz = 0102 + 0203 + 0302 + (50) Ty = 010203 see G50) The directions of the normals to the principal planes are given by 208 (3,2) ss Q.6a) 2s c09(nzs4) = + (1.66) Ma tas,240,2 fy 8240; ses G62) F004) 0,r0,) Ty kyy Tykes ~ Tey (6, yo Tay ys “Tee and ©, are the principal stresses = 1,2,3)6 © 1.1.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS ‘The maximm shear stress occurs on a plane whose normal makes an angle of 45° with the o; and oy directions. The maximm shear stress, Tmar at @ point is given byANALYSIS OF STRESS 3 paz 7 (01-03) we ON 1.1.6 OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES The octahedral normal stress yoy and the octahedral shear stress Tost at a point are the stresses acting on the eight planes of an imaginary octahedron surrounding the point, the normals to the faces of the octahedron having direction cosines of 41/73 with the direction of the principal stresses. ‘The magnitudes of the octahedral stresses are 6,49, Sete ve (1.8) 3 Tot = 2 ((or-o2)* Horas? #103-01)*)* = ty) *#(0,,-0,,)*+(0,-0,)* Ht Hg Hyg )) ves 2.9) 1.1.7 TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS SYSTEMS Many situations in soil mechanics can be treated as two-dimensional problems in which only the stresses in a single plane need be considered. The most important case is that of plave strain, in which the strain (see Section 1.2) in one of the coordinate directions (usually the y direction here) is zero. Another class of problems are those involving plane ‘stress conditions, in which the stress in one of the coordinate directions (usually y here) is zero. In two-dimensional stress situations, the stress relationships are considerably simplified in relation ‘to the general three-dimensional case. Referring to Fig.1.3, the stresses on a plane making an angle @ with the 2 direction are 1g = H(0,40,)44(0,-0,)ovs20+t,.sin2® ... (1.10) = 1,,00820-K(0,, -0,)sinze se Qa % ‘The principal stresses are given by By soso) e((or0,J*4r,,7)* ... 0.12) ‘The principal planes are inclined at an angle a, 6 = Hart Sart see 2.13) and 490° to the 2 axis. ¥IG.1.3 ‘The maxim shear stress occurs on planes inclin~ ed at 45° to the principal planes and is of magnitude Tne = ¥ ((0,7,)*4 40,,2)¥ see Qed) (It should be noted that the sign of this maxim shear stress is opposite on the two planes, in order to confora to the sign convention given in Section Lip. 1.1.8 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRESS A geometrical solution for stresses in any dir- ection is provided by Mohr's circle, shown in Fig.1.4 for a two-dimensional stress systen. The circle is drawn in relation to a set of orthogonal axes, one for normal stress (c) and the other for shear stress (1). The seale of these two axes mst be equal. I£ the principal stresses 1, 6 are known, the circle can be drawn with the centre at o=4(01403) and of radius (01-03)/2. If the normal and shear stresses are known, the cirele can be drawn with the centre at o=k(oztdy) and passing through the points (0_, t,,) and (0,,-T,)» The radius of the circle thus constructed is equal to the maximm shear stress Taz (see Equation 1.14). ‘The angle 28; is twice the angle between the a coordinate axes and the axes corresponding to the directions of principal stress (the 1-3 axes in Fig.1.4). The direction of rotation of the radius fron its original constructed position to where the circle intersects the normal stress axis is in the same angular sense as the direction of rotation of the axes for the =-z axes to becone the principal 3-7 axes: The stresses in any other directions x’, 2! nay similarly be determined by drawing a diameter, through the ‘centre of the circle, at an angle 20 to the diameter describing the stress conditions on the4 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 2-2 axes, where 0’ is the angle between the az axes and the x!‘ axes (see Fig.2.4). It should be noted that shear stresses are con- sidered positive if they tend to produce a clockwise rotation about a point, outside the elenent, at the plane on which they act (Fig.1.5). This convention is consistent with that previously developed for ‘three-dimensional conditions. Q 1.1.9 POLE CONSTRUCTION ‘The pole construction is a useful way of Linking the stresses at a point in the physical plane (Fig. 1.60) to the Mohr circle diagram for the stresses (Fig.1.6a). The pole, P, is the point on the circle such that the normal and shear stresses on any plane & (perpendicular to the physical plane) are given by the intersection with the Mohr circle of a line ‘through P parallel with the plane a. For example the stresses on vertical and horizontal planes are as indicated in Fig.1.6a and the major principal plane is inclined at the angle 8 above the horizontal. 1.2 Analysis of Strain 1.2.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS Considering first the case of two-dimensional strain (Fig.1.7), the normal strains e and ¢, are defined as see (L158)ANALYSIS OF STRAT 5 -3 see (Le15b) where Pz, Og are the displacements in the = and 2 directions. A positive normal strain corresponds to a decrease in length. ‘The shear strain Yzz is the angular change in a right angle in a material and is related to the dis- placements pz and pz as + @.16) ‘A positive shear strain represents an increase in the right angle and a negative shear strain represents a decrease in the right angle. = Considering the sy and yz planes similarly, the six strain components are related to the displace- Rents Pz» Pys bg inthe =,y and z directions as ap, 20, 20, oe -aee gt Se 7 Ge Ny 7 Be ee et?) 20, a, 2, ae5t = - oh oe ae ato FE + Gam) ap, a, Pe ce gg ee oes (LT) as a2 Os As for shear stresses Ge! te sro! postion fons exrtigaration oF the ‘origina! right orgie AOB. ‘Shear SOM Yqg 2-017 Oe 1.2.2 STRAIN IN A PLANE Considering again a two-dimensional strain situ- ation, the normal strain cg in 2 plane inclined at @ tothe = axis is x, 00820 + 2 sine & = see 28) and the shear strain is Ye = Yoq 07820 - (6,764) einde see G19) (ote that the above expressions correspond to those for the noraal and shear stresses (Section 1-1), except for a factor of i in the last tem). 1.2.5 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES I£ a new set of orthogonal axes =!, y', 2! are chosen, the strain components in this coordinate system are related to the strain components in the original =, y, 2 system as Dy = ADAT +++ (1.20) where D is the strain matrix in the 3 Ys 2 systea, Fx Ny Fea] pe ye Y My} ... a tse May D, is the strain matrix in the a!, y!, 2! system. A is the direction cosine matrix defined in Section 1.1.3. AT iis the transpose of A. In matrix operations, it is convenient to use the double suffix notation and to define 4ygj as 23. ‘The strain matrix is then ese Sey Se pe ye °w &ya B wes (1.22) az "ye Sa 1.2.4 PRINCIPAL STRAINS Analogous to the principal planes of stress, there are three principal planes of strain. The shear strains in these planes are zero and the normal strains are the principal strains. The major and minor prin- cipal strains are respectively, the greatest and least normal strains at the point. For an isotropic elastic material, the principal planes of strain can be shown to coincide with the principal planes of stress.6 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS ‘The principal strains are determiied, in a sinil- ar manner to principal stresses, as the roots of the ‘equation ef - het +ne,- t= 0 vee 2.25) were Th = 6, + 6, +6, ese (24a) Yet Tenet, +6, + 66, - ere) ate le 4 4. cea ety San? Tyecee, - eae. Stee aty’s G é ey? _ Sale? | Yo Yes 4 4 see (1.240) Ih, Iz, Is are the strain invariants, analogous to ‘the stress invariants. In two-dimensional systens, the principal strains €1, €3 are as follows: see (1.25) a ete = 22s we), pe Sale es and the principal planes are inclined at an angle 6; to the = and 2 axes, where ses 1.26) ran = 827 ss G27 where €, = maximum principal normal strain, €3 = minimm principal normal strain. ‘Ymge _ccours on a plane whose normal makes an angle of 46° with the €, and 3 directions. 1.2.6 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRAIN A geonctrical solution for strains in any direct- ion is provided by Vohr's circle of strain (Fig.1.8). ‘The only difference between the circle of strain and the cizcle of stress is that, in the circle of strain, the ordinate represents only one-half the shear strain Ge. the ordinate axis is y/2). As in Fig.1.4, the axes 1-3 represent the principal axes, 2-2. the horizontal and vertical space axes and ‘2'-2! the axes in direction at an angle @/ to the 2-2 axes. ‘The diameter of the circle is equal to the maximm shear strain Jeaapaeet Ynune = ME greg) + Yaw ‘The pole construction as described for’ the Mohr circle of stress may be adapted for the Mohr circle of strain. FIG.1.8 Mohr circle of strain, 1.3 Equilibrium Equations 1.3.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES By considering the equilibrium of the element shown in Fig.1.1 in the Cartesian coordinate systen, the following equilibrium equations are obtained: 20, at, t, pow 3 i, ye see (2.288) te ay ee Mer, Be eng vee 288) az ay asa, », Seep de eee vo Gate here Z, ZZ. are the body forces, per unit volume, in the 2, y and = Siceetionsy eee (1-308) With an ordinary gravity field and the z dir- ection vertically downwards, X and J are zero and a, we Ot Z is the unit weight, y, of the material. = oqte 20 eee (2.306) at 1.5.2 CYLINORICAL coonpmsaTEs 1.5.5. SPHERICAL coonomiaTes (Fig.1.10) 710.1.10 Baoytgtygeots a e+ Q-31a) Stygtlogayieot® F see GL.31b) Corisidering the equilibrium of the elenent in the cylindrical (r,z,0) coordinate system shown in Fig. ‘nga ggoot8 1.9, the equilibriua equations are (neglecting body . oe forces) ses Ge31e) see 1.298) For complete spherical symmetry these become 20, 20,6, . Bp, Mee + (323 oe see G.290)8 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 1.4. Strain-Displacement and Compatibility Equations 2.A.1CARTESEAN CoonDINATES ‘The strain - displacement relationships are given 4m equation (1.17). Since six strain components are derived from only three displacenents, the strains are not independent of each othor. Six further relation- ships, known as the compatibility equations, can be derived. These are as follows: “a se+ (33a) ate, ate, ay, ay, 2 2 Se tat * at ss (1-350) Fe, Fe, ye WtaF "le noe TAateh Be, ye ee %, Ga "at ae tap tae Gs ae, Nye Men, %, -2 G#_—= Ge 3 Ge Fee. asm ae, 9 ty, 37, YY, Zee 2,2. Heap GEE ano 1.4.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES ‘The strain ~ displacement equations are 2, 2, Yap 7 Op 7 Ge sss Qs34e) ‘The corresponding compatability equations are quoted by Lture (1964). 1.4.3. SPHERICAL COORDINATES ‘The strain - displacement equations are: 12% _ Ho te tee e358) ggg oon ae (eg ““reind ap 7 26 ogees —_— > ves (1.358) a, e, ®, night ta Yer oe * yr ” Reine 3p = wig te ‘Feine 3¢ ve Qu350) ‘The compatibility equations, for the case of axial symmetry, are quoted by Lure (1964). 1.5 Stress-Strain Relationships 1.5.1 LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MATERIAL Strains in terms of stress: = Ft, - voy +01 es, = Zio, - vo, +0.) y 7 By” Cet oe 1 «, 7 biez- ve, +o 2 “ey” G tee ei Tye” 6 "ye 1 Yen” G Tee where E = Young's modulus v= Poisson's ratio G = shear modulus E 2(140) Also, volume strain ) 8 e = where. c, = Extoytes © = ot0y40, = bulk ee (36a) ses (1-360) ses 1-360) + (1.368) see G.360) s++ (1.368) see 137) see (1.37) stressSTRESS-STRAIH RELATIONSHIPS 9 X= balk modulus. Stresses in terms of strains: o, = dey + 200, oy = Ae, + 206, o, = Ae, + 26e, see 38a) see 380) vee (1.38e) = Oy, ete see (1.384) where 1,@ are Lame's paraneters ve, (149) (1-20) see (1-398) a= —2_« shear modulus 20) ves (1-396) (© 4s also often denoted as u). Fot the special case of plane stress e.g. in the az plane, o=0 in the above equations. For the special case of plane strain in the mz plane, ey=0 and hence 9, = veo, +6,) a.40) Equations (1.36) then reduce to a= 22 aw - ww) se (sda) gro ves (eae) 6, = SM to,2-) - wo ses Ge4le) = 2 wit vee Qo) Solutions for a plane strain problea can be used for the corresponding plane stress problem provided that the following equivalent values of E and v are used in the plane strain problem: 2, = “ibe see (42a) (a)? x vet ses 1.420) ew Conversely, to use solutions for a plane stress problem for the corresponding plane strain problen, the equivalent moduli are z ey fc Tt (2.438) see (1.436) Plane stress solutions which do not involve the elastic parameters aze therefore identical with the corresponding plane strain solutions e.g. stresses within a semi-infinite plate and stresses due to line loading on a semi-infinite mass. Sumary of Relationships Zetween Elastic Paraiieters (ory) = ses G48) 31+) a= —_ see (1-48) (4) 2-20) : xe —S—. shee see (1-46) 3ti-2v) 5(1-2v) ae 2 + G47) 340 : vy = Gti + (1.48) 2(3x+0) X 2 . Ae - @.49) ope Constrained modulus (1/my in Soil Mechanics) » + @.50) (ey) (2-20) : 1.5.2 CROSS ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL ‘Stresses in terms of strains: Cartesian cobniinates: 1, = 8, + bey + oc, +++ 51a) = be, + ae, tee, ses Q.S1b) = 06, + os, + a, see Q.5lc) Ten = Fogg see G.514) ty fey ses G.Ste) LF fable, + G.514) Gylindeicat coordinates: 0, = at, + bey + ec, see (1.528) % = be, + Oty toe, eee (1.526) O, = 6c, + cg + de, ses @.826) Tye Seng so (1.528) Tee Teg + @.520) Tyg = abe + G52)