Chuyen Giao Mem Trong Mang WCDMA

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
C S THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA VIN THNG 2
--------- ---------

N
TT NGHIP I HC

NGNH: IN T - VIN THNG
H: O TO CHNH QUY
NIN KHA : 2005-2010
Tn ti:

CHUYN GIAO MM TRONG MNG WCDMA

M s ti: 09405160029

Sinh vin thc hin : L TRUNG HIU
MSSV : 405160029
Lp : 05VTA1
Gio vin hng dn : NGUYN HUY HNG

TP H CH MINH THNG 11/2009

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
--------- ---------
*V*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------

Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy..thngnm 2009
Gio vin hng dn

Nguyn Huy Hng

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
--------- ---------
*V*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------

Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy..thngnm 2009
Gio vin phn bin

LI CM N

Li u tin, em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trng Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ging dy v truyn t cho em nhng kin thc trong
thi gian qua. c bit, em xin cm n thy Nguyn Huy Hng nh hng v ch
dn cho em. Bng s nhit tnh cng vi nhng gp , gi m, nhng kin thc qu
bu t Thy, gip em c th hiu c mt cch su sc v r rng hn nhng iu
cn vng mc trong thi gian lm lun n ny.
K n, em xin cm n s gip v ch dn ca cc bn lp 05VT, tuy s
gip khng ln nhng cng gip em gii p mt s thc mc khi lm lun n
ny.
V cui cng, em xin gi li cm n su sc n gia nh, ba m cng nh cc
anh ch em ca em, nhng ngi lun ng vin, cng c tinh thn cho em trong
sut thi gian lm lun n ny.
Mc d Em c nhiu c gng hon thin lun vn bng tt c s nhit tnh v
nng lc ca mnh, tuy nhin khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong nhn
c nhng ng gp qu bu ca qu thy c v cc bn.

Tp H Ch Minh, thng 11 nm 2009
Sinh vin
L Trung Hiu

Bo co tt nghip Mc lc
SVTH: L Trung Hiu Lp 05VTA1 Trang 1

MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................................. 1
MC LC HNH V ............................................................................................................ 3
MC LC BNG ................................................................................................................. 4
LI M U ....................................................................................................................... 5
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V MNG THNG TIN DI NG ......................................... 6
1.1 S pht trin ca mng di ng ................................................................................ 6
1.1.1 H thng di ng tng t th h u tin ......................................................... 6
1.1.2 H thng di ng th h th 2 v giai on 2 + ................................................. 6
1.1.3 H thng di ng th h th 3 v cao hn na ................................................... 9
a) Cu trc mng thng tin di ng th h th 3 UMTS ...................................... 11
b) H thng thng tin di ng th h tip theo: .................................................... 13
1.2 Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA ............................................................................ 13
1.2.1 Nguyn l tri ph (CDMA) ........................................................................ 13
1.2.2 Tri ph v gii tri ph .............................................................................. 14
1.2.3 a truy xut ................................................................................................ 15
1.2.4 Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh WCDMA .............................................. 16
1.3 Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RRM: Radio Resource Management) ....................... 17
1.3.1 RRM trong mng di ng ............................................................................... 17
1.3.2 Chc nng ca RRM ....................................................................................... 18
a) iu khin cng sut (Power Control)............................................................. 18
b) iu khin chuyn giao (Handover control) .................................................... 21
c) iu khin thm nhp (Admission control) ..................................................... 21
d) iu khin Ti (iu khin tc nghn) ............................................................ 23
CHNG II: CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG 3G WCDMA ................................... 25
2.1 Tng quan v chuyn giao trong mng di ng ...................................................... 25
2.1.1 Cc kiu chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA ........................................ 25
2.1.2 Cc mc tiu ca chuyn giao ......................................................................... 26
2.1.3 Cc th tc v php o chuyn giao ................................................................ 27
2.2 Chuyn giao mm (SHO) ....................................................................................... 28
2.2.1 Nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm .................................................................... 29
2.2.2 Thut ton chuyn giao mm .......................................................................... 31
2.2.3 c im ca chuyn giao mm ...................................................................... 34
CHNG III : PHN TCH HIU SUT CP NG DN V CP H THNG ...... 37
3.1 Phn tch hiu sut cp ng dn ......................................................................... 37
3.1.1 Phn tch nhiu hng xung ............................................................................... 37
a) Nhiu intra-Cell v nhiu inter-Cell ................................................................ 38
b) Nhng tc ng ca chuyn giao mm n nhiu hng xung ...................... 42
Bo co tt nghip Mc lc

3.1.2 S phn b cng sut hng xung ..................................................................... 43
a) Phn b cng sut khng c SHO ................................................................... 43
b) Phn b cng sut vi SHO ............................................................................ 44
3.1.3 Kt lun ............................................................................................................... 50
3.2 Phn tch hiu sut cp h thng ............................................................................ 50
3.2.1 li chuyn giao mm hng xung ............................................................ 50
a) li chuyn giao mm ................................................................................. 51
b) Nhng tc ng i vi li chuyn giao mm ............................................ 54
3.2.2 S chn la v ti chn la Cell ................................................................. 55
a) Nguyn l c bn ca cc s chn la Cell (CS) khc nhau ........................ 56
b) Nhng tc ng ca cc s chn la Cell khc nhau n li SHO ......... 58
3.2.3 Cc thut ton chuyn giao mm ..................................................................... 58
a) Cc thut ton SHO khc nhau ........................................................................ 59
b) Vng SHO ca cc thut ton chuyn giao mm khc nhau ............................ 62
3.2.4 iu khin cng sut hng xung ................................................................. 62
a) Phn b cng sut di 3 iu kin iu khin cng sut ................................ 63
b) li SHO di nhng tc ng ca iu khin cng sut ............................. 65
CHNG IV: CHIN LC IU KHIN CNG SUT TI U TRONG CHUYN
GIAO MM......................................................................................................................... 67
4.1 Nguyn l ca cch tip cn mi ............................................................................ 67
4.2 nh gi tnh kh thi .............................................................................................. 68
CHNG V: CHNG TRNH DEMO ............................................................................ 72
KT LUN ......................................................................................................................... 73
BNG T VIT TT ......................................................................................................... 74
PH LC ............................................................................................................................ 77
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................... 79

Bo co tt nghip Mc lc hnh v

MC LC HNH V

Hnh I.1 S pht trin ca mng di ng ............................................................................ 7
Hnh I.2 L trnh pht trin t 2G n 3G ......................................................................... 10
Hnh I.3 Tri ph v gii tri ph ..................................................................................... 15
Hnh I.4 Cc cng ngh a truy xut................................................................................. 15
Hnh I.5 Nguyn l a truy xut tri ph .......................................................................... 16
Hnh I.6 Cc v tr in hnh ca RRM trong mng WCDMA .......................................... 18
Hnh I.7 Hiu ng gn xa (iu khin cng sut hng ln) ............................................. 19
Hnh I.8 B nhiu inter-cell (iu khin cng sut hng xung) ..................................... 20
Hnh I.9 Thut ton chung ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ....................................... 21
Hnh I.10 ng cong ti ................................................................................................... 22

Hnh II.1 Cc vin cnh ca cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau ......................................... 26
Hnh II.2 Cc th tc chuyn giao .................................................................................. 28
Hnh II.3 S so snh gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm .................................. 30
Hnh II.4 Nguyn l chuyn giao mm (trng hp 2 ng) ........................................ 31
Hnh II.5 Thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A ........................................................ 32
Hnh II.6 Thut ton chuyn giao mm WCDMA .......................................................... 33
Hnh II.7 Gim nhiu hng ln bng cch s dng SHO .............................................. 35

Hnh III.1 Nhiu hng ln ............................................................................................. 37
Hnh III.2 Nhiu hng xung ........................................................................................ 38
Hnh III.3 ,Nhiu inter-Cell hng xung tng i ..................................................... 40
Hnh III.4 , T s nhiu inter-Cell v intra-Cell ............................................................. 41
Hnh III.5 nhy ca nhiu hng xung tng i vi cc thng s v tuyn ............ 41
Hnh III.6 Nhng tc ng ca chuyn giao mm n nhiu hng xung ...................... 42
Hnh III.7 ngha ca
1
3
vi cc v tr MS khc nhau ............................................. 47
Hnh III.8 Hm phn b tch lu ca
1
2
v
3
.............................................................. 48
Hnh III.9 Cng sut tng trung bnh i vi v tr ca trm di ng ................................ 49
Hnh III.10 Cng sut knh lu lng hng xung .......................................................... 49
Hnh III.11 Vng chuyn giao mm v vng ph sng hiu qu ca Cell .......................... 51
Hnh III.12 S b tr Cell .................................................................................................. 52
Hnh III.13 S chn la Cell......................................................................................... 56
Hnh III.14 Lu chn la Cell hon ho ....................................................................... 57
Hnh III.15 Lu chn la Cell bnh thng ................................................................... 58
Hnh III.16 Lu thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A ................................................... 60
Hnh III.17 Lu thut ton chuyn giao mm UTRA .................................................... 61
Hnh III.18 So snh vng SHO ca cc thut ton khc nhau............................................. 62

Hnh IV.1 iu khin cng sut hng xung trong Chuyn giao mm ........................... 67
Hnh IV.2 Cng sut truyn tng tng i cho cc MS trong chuyn giao mm. ............ 71

Hnh V.1 M hnh chuyn giao ...................................................................................... 72
Bo co tt nghip Mc lc bng

MC LC BNG

TABLE I.1 Cc thng s k thut ca h thng s th h th 2 ........................................... 8

TABLE III.1 Bng lin kt ............................................................................................... 54

TABLE IV.1 Cc thng s h thng ..................................................................................... 71

Bo co tt nghip Li m u

LI M U

Nh ta bit, cc u cui di ng cho php thu bao truy xut cc dch v
trong khi ang di chuyn, iu ny c bit thc y s pht trin 1 cch nhanh
chng ca ngnh cng nghip mng di ng, v thay i n t mt cng ngh mi
thnh mt ngnh cng nghip ln trong vng t hn hai thp k.
Chuyn giao l mt chc nng thit yu i ph vi tnh di ng ca cc
thu bao di ng. So vi chuyn giao cng truyn thng c s dng trong mng di
ng GSM, th chuyn giao mm s dng trong IS-95 v c xut cho mng 3G
c hiu sut tt hn trn c hai cp ng dn v h thng.
Trong hu ht cc phn tch trc y v chuyn giao mm u tp trung vo
hng ln. Tuy nhin, trong cc mng di ng tng lai th hng xung li cc k
quan trng i vi dung lng h thng bi tnh bt i xng ca cc dch v mi,
chng hn nh lu lng Internet. Hiu c vn , nn lun n ny s i su
nghin cu cc c tnh ca chuyn giao mm cng nh nhng tc ng ca n n
dung lng hay hiu sut hng xung trong mng WCDMA. C th l:
Chng 1: s gii thiu tng quan v mng thng tin di ng
Chng 2 + chng 3: gii thiu v chuyn giao mm v nhng tc ng ca n cp
ng dn v h thng.
Chng 4: s a ra chin lc iu khin cng sut ti u sut trong qu trnh
chuyn giao mm.
Trong qu trnh thc hin lun n c th em s khng trnh khi nhng sai st.
Rt mong nhn c s ph bnh, gp ca qu thy c v cc bn. Em xin chn
thnh cm n.

Bo co tt nghip Chng I: Tng quan v mng thng tin di ng

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V MNG THNG TIN DI NG
1.1 S pht trin ca mng di ng
1.1.1 H thng di ng tng t th h u tin
Nm 1980 bt u k nguyn mng in thoi di ng t bo, v t
truyn thng di ng tri qua nhng thay i ng k v pht trin ln v mt kinh
nghim.Hnh I.2 cho thy s tin trin ca mng di ng.
H thng di ng th h u tin s dng phng thc truyn tng t i
vi cc dch v thoi. Nm 1979, h thng di ng u tin trn th gii c a
vo hot ng bi Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) Tokyo, Japan.H thng
s dng 600 knh hai chiu trn ph tn 30 MHz bng tn 800 MHz, vi khong
cch knh l 25 kHz. 2 nm sau, k nguyn di ng t bo hng ti Chu u. 2
ph bin nht ca h thng tng t l Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) v Total
Access Communication Systems (TACS).Nm 1981, h thng NMT-450 c
thng mi ho bi NMT Scandinavia. H thng hot ng di tn 450 MHz v
900 MHz vi bng thng tng cng l 10 MHz. TACS, c ra mt ti Anh vo nm
1982, hot ng ti tn s 900 MHz vi bng tn dnh cho mi ng l 25 MHz v
bng thng mi knh l 25 kHz. TACS c m rng trin khai vo nm 1985. Ngoi
NMT v TACS, mt s h thng tng t khc cng c gii thiu vo nm 1980
trn ton Chu u. V d, c, h thng di ng t bo C-450 , hot ng ti bng
tn 450 MHz v 900 MHz (sau ny) , c trin khai vo thng Chn nm 1985. Tt c
cc h thng ny cung cp kh nng chuyn vng v chuyn giao nhng mng di ng
t bo li khng cho php lin kt ni gia cc quc gia. y l mt trong nhng kh
khn khng th trnh khi ca mng di ng th h u tin. Ti Hoa K, mng in
thoi di ng AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) c a ra vo nm 1982.
H thng c phn b mt bng thng 40 MHz trong di tn t 800 n 900 MHz.
Nm 1988, AMPS c b sung thm 10 MHz bng thng v gi l ph m rng
Expanded Spectrum (ES).
1.1.2 H thng di ng th h th 2 v giai on 2 +
H thng di ng th h th 2 c gii thiu vo cui nhng nm 1980.Cc
dch v d liu tc thp cng nh cc dch v thoi truyn thng c h tr. Cc
h thng ny s dng k thut truyn dn s ch khng phi truyn dn tng t. Do
vy, so vi h thng di ng th h th nht, hiu sut ph ca th h th 2 cao hn,
dch v d liu v kh nng chuyn vng tt hn. Chu u, h thng ton cu dnh
cho truyn thng di ng c tn gi l GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) c trin khai cung cp mt tiu chun mang tnh thng nht.
iu ny cho php cc dch v khng c ng ni ra khi Chu u bng phng
thc chuyn vng quc t. H thng GSM sm nht hot ng bng tn 900 MHz
vi bng thng tng cng l 50 MHz. Sut trong qu trnh pht trin hn 20 nm, cng
ngh GSM lin tc c ci tin cung cp cc dch v tt hn trn th trng.

Nhng cng ngh mi tin tin hn c bit n nh l h thng th h 2,5 (2,5G)
u c pht trin da trn nn tng ca h thng GSM gc. Cho n nay, nh l mt
h thng di ng ln nht trn ton th gii, GSM l cng ngh ca s la chn ti
hn 190 quc gia vi khong 787.000.000 thu bao.

Hnh I.1 S pht trin ca mng di ng

Ti Hoa K, c 3 dng pht trin ca h thng di ng t bo s. H thng
u tin, c gii thiu vo nm 1991, l IS-54 (North America TDMA Digital
Cellular), trong c mt phin bn mi h tr cc dch v b sung (IS 136) c
gii thiu vo nm 1996. Trong , IS-95 c trin khai vo nm 1993. S u
nhim truyn thng lin bang M Federal Communications Commision (FCC) cng
bn u gi mt khi ph mi trong di tn 1900 MHz (PCS), cho php GSM 1900
nhp vo th trng M. Nht Bn, h thng Personal Digital Celluar (PDC), ban
u c bit n nh l JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular) bc u c nh ngha
vo nm 1990. Dch v thng mi c bt u bi NTT vo nm 1993 bng
tn 800 MHz v nm 1994 bng tn 1,5 GHz. Bng I.1 cho thy cc thng s k
thut ca bn h thng di ng s th h th hai in hnh.


GSM IS-136 IS-95 PDC
a truy xut TDMA TDMA CDMA TDMA

iu ch

GMSK
/4-DQPSK
Coherent /4-DQPSK
Coherent 8-PSK

QPSK/O-QPSK

/4-DQPSK

rng knh 200 kHz 30 kHz 1.25 kHz 25 kHz
Tc bit 270.833 kbit/s 48.6 kbit/s(/4-DQPSK)
72.9 kbit/s(8-PSK)
1.2288 Mchip/s 42 kbit/s
di khung 4.615 ms 40 ms 20 ms 20 ms
S khe/khung 8/16 6 1 3/6
Bng tn
(ln/xung)
(MHz)
880 915/935 960
1720-1785/1805-1880
1930-1990/1850-1910
824-849/869-894
1930-1990/1850-1910
824-849/869-894
1930-1990/1850-
1910
810 826/910 956
1429-1453/1477-
1501
Tc d liu
cho php ti a
(kbit/s)
HSCSD: 57.6
GPRS: 115.2-182.4
IS-136+: 43.2 IS 95A: 14.4
IS 95B: 115.2
28.8
Chuyn giao Cng Cng Mm Cng

TABLE I.1 Cc thng s k thut ca h thng s th h th 2

Ngy nay, h thng di ng t bo s th h th hai vn chim u th trong
ngy cng nghip di ng trn ton th gii. Tuy nhin, h ang tin trin theo hng
h thng th h th ba (3G) v nhng nhu cu v lu lng di ng v s xut hin ca
cc loi hnh dch v mi. Cc h thng mi, chng hn nh l HSCSD (High Speed
Circuit Switched Data), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), v IS 95B, thng
c gi chung l th h 2,5 (2,5G).
HSCSD, GPRS v EDGE tt c u da trn nn tng ca h thng GSM ban
u. HSCSD l s ci tin u tin ca giao tip v tuyn GSM: n b cc khe thi
gian GSM cho ra mt tc d liu ti a v mt l thuyt l 57,6 Kbit/s ( 4
14,4 Kbit/s). HSCSD cung cp c 2 loi hnh dch v i xng v bt i xng v n
c trin khai tng i d dng. Tuy nhin, HSCSD khng d dng v mt gi c
cnh tranh.
Sau HSCSD, GPRS l bc pht trin tip theo ca giao tip v tuyn GSM.
Ngoi b cc khe thi gian, th 4 s m ho knh mi c xut. GPRS cung
cp always on cc gi d liu chuyn mch gi vi bng thng ch c s dng khi
cn thit. V vy, GPRS cho php GSM truy xut Internet vi hiu sut ph cao bng
cch s dng cc khe thi gian khc nhau gia cc User. V mt l thuyt, GPRS c

th h tr tc d liu ln ti 160 Kbit/s (hin ti GPRS cung cp 40 Kbit/s). Trin
khai GPRS khng d dng nh l HSCSD v mng li cn phi c nng cp tt.
EDGE s dng cu trc v tuyn GSM v khung TDMA nhng vi mt s
iu ch mi, 8QPSK, thay v GMSK, qua tng gp 3 ln so vi GSM thng qua
vic s dng cng mt bng thng. EDGE kt hp vi GPRS s cung cp tc d
lieu cho mi User ln n 384 Kbit/s.
1.1.3 H thng di ng th h th 3 v cao hn na
H thng thng tin di ng chuyn t th h 2 sang th h 3 qua mt giai on
trung gian l th h 2,5 s dng cng ngh TDMA trong kt hp nhiu khe hoc
nhiu tn s hoc s dng cng ngh CDMA trong c th chng ln ph tn ca th
h hai nu khng s dng ph tn mi, bao gm cc mng c a vo s dng
nh: GPRS, EDGE v CDMA2000-1x. th h th 3 ny cc h thng thng tin di
ng c xu th ho nhp thnh mt tiu chun duy nht v c kh nng phc v tc
bit ln n 2 Mbit/s. phn bit vi cc h thng thng tin di ng bng hp hin
nay, cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 gi l cc h thng thng tin di ng bng
rng.
Nhiu tiu chun cho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 IMT-2000 c
xut, trong 2 h thng W-CDMA v CDMA2000 c ITU chp thun v a
vo hot ng trong nhng nm u ca nhng thp k 2000. Cc h thng ny u
s dng cng ngh CDMA, iu ny cho php thc hin tiu chun ton th gii cho
giao din v tuyn ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3.
- W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l s nng cp ca cc
h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng cng ngh TDMA nh: GSM, IS-136.
- CDMA2000 l s nng cp ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng
cng ngh CDMA: IS-95.


Hnh I.2 L trnh pht trin t 2G n 3G
Yu cu i vi h thng thng tin di ng th h 3:
Thng tin di ng th h th 3 xy dng trn c s IMT-2000 c a vo
phc v t nm 2001. Mc ch ca IMT-2000 l a ra nhiu kh nng mi nhng
cng ng thi bo m s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng th h 2.
Tc ca th h th ba c xc nh nh sau:
- 384 Kb/s i vi vng ph sng rng.
- 2 Mb/s i vi vng ph sng a phng.
Cc tiu ch chung xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba (3G):
- S dng di tn quy nh quc t 2GHz nh sau:
+ ng ln : 1885-2025 MHz.
+ ng xung : 2110-2200 MHz.
- L h thng thng tin di ng ton cu cho cc loi hnh thng tin v
tuyn:
+ Tch hp cc mng thng tin hu tuyn v v tuyn.
+ Tng tc vi mi loi dch v vin thng.
- S dng cc mi trng khai thc khc nhau: trong cng s,ngoi
ng trn xe, v tinh.
- C th h tr cc dch v nh:

+Mi trng thng tin nh o (VHE: Virtual Home Environment)
trn c s mng thng minh, di ng c nhn v chuyn mng
ton cu.
+m bo chuyn mng quc t.
+m bo cc dch v a phng tin ng thi cho thoi, s liu
chuyn mch theo knh v s liu chuyn mch theo gi.
- D dng h tr cc dch v mi xut hin.
a) Cu trc mng thng tin di ng th h th 3 UMTS
H thng W-CDMA c xy dng trn c s mng GPRS. V mt chc nng
c th chia cu trc mng W-CDMA ra lm hai phn : mng li (CN ) v mng truy
nhp v tuyn (UTRAN ), trong mng li s dng ton b cu trc phn cng ca
mng GPRS cn mng truy nhp v tuyn l phn nng cp ca W-CDMA. Ngoi ra
hon thin h thng, trong W-CDMA cn c thit b ngi s dng (UE) thc hin
giao din ngi s dng vi h thng. T quan im chun ha, c UE v UTRAN
u bao gm nhng giao thc mi c thit k da trn cng ngh v tuyn
WCDMA, tri li mng li c nh ngha hon ton da trn GSM. iu ny cho
php h thng W-CDMA pht trin mang tnh ton cu trn c s cng ngh GSM.

Cu trc ca UMTS

- UE (User Equipment)
Thit b ngi s dng thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi s dng vi h thng.
UE gm hai phn :

- Thit b di ng (ME : Mobile Equipment) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng
cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu.
- Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha thng
tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc kha
nhn thc v mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho u cui.
- UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network)
Mng truy nhp v tuyn c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy
nhp v tuyn. UTRAN gm hai phn t :
- Nt B : Thc hin chuyn i dng s liu gia cc giao din Iub v Uu. N cng
tham gia qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
- B iu khin mng v tuyn RNC : C chc nng s hu v iu khin cc ti
nguyn v tuyn trong vng (cc nt B c kt ni vi n). RNC cn l im truy
cp tt c cc dch v do UTRAN cung cp cho mng li CN.
- CN (Core Network)
- HLR (Home Location Register) : L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng
tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng. Cc thng tin ny bao gm : Thng tin
v cc dch v c php, cc vng khng c chuyn mng v cc thng tin v dch
v b sung nh : trng thi chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln chuyn hng cuc gi.
- MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Location Register) : L
tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh
cho UE ti v tr ca n. MSC c chc nng s dng cc giao dch chuyn mch knh.
VLR c chc nng lu gi bn sao v l lch ngi s dng cng nh v tr chnh xc
ca UE trong h thng ang phc v.
- GMSC (Gateway MSC) : Chuyn mch kt ni vi mng ngoi.
- SGSN (Serving GPRS) : C chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng cho
cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS).
- GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) : C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch
phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
- Cc mng ngoi
- Mng CS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
- Mng PS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
- Cc giao din v tuyn
- Giao din CU : L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny
tun theo mt khun dng chun cho cc th thng minh.
- Giao din UU : L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h
thng v v th m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS.

- Giao din IU : Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN , n cung cp cho cc nh khai
thc kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
- Giao din IUr : Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh sn xut
khc nhau.
- Giao din IUb : Giao din cho php kt ni mt nt B vi mt RNC. IUb c
tiu chun ha nh l mt giao din m hon ton.
b) H thng thng tin di ng th h tip theo:
H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 sang th h 4 qua giai on trung gian l
th h 3,5 c tn l mng truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao HSDPA. Th h 4 l
cng ngh truyn thng khng dy th t, cho php truyn ti d liu vi tc ti a
trong iu kin l tng ln ti 1 cho n 1.5 Gb/giy. Cng ngh 4G c hiu l
chun tng lai ca cc thit b khng dy. Cc nghin cu u tin ca NTT
DoCoMo cho bit, in thoi 4G c th nhn d liu vi tc 100 Mb/giy khi di
chuyn v ti 1 Gb/giy khi ng yn, cho php ngi s dng c th ti v truyn ln
hnh nh ng cht lng cao. Chun 4G cho php truyn cc ng dng phng tin
truyn thng ph bin nht, gp phn to nn cc nhng ng dng mnh m cho cc
mng khng dy ni b (WLAN ) v cc ng dng khc.
Th h 4 dng k thut truyn ti truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDM, l k thut nhiu tn hiu c gi i cng mt lc nhng trn nhng tn s
khc nhau. Trong k thut OFDM, ch c mt thit b truyn tn hiu trn nhiu tn s
c lp (t vi chc cho n vi ngn tn s). Thit b 4G s dng my thu v tuyn
xc nhn bi phn mm SDR (Software - Defined Radio) cho php s dng bng
thng hiu qu hn bng cch dng a knh ng thi. Tng i chuyn mch mng
4G ch dng chuyn mch gi, do , gim tr thi gian truyn v nhn d liu.
1.2 Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA
1.2.1 Nguyn l tri ph (CDMA)
H thng truyn thng s c thit k ti a ho dung lng s dng.T
nguyn tc dung lng knh ca Shannon c biu din (1.1), hin nhin rng
dung lng knh c th c tng ln bng cch tng bng thng knh.

(1.1)

Trong B l bng thng (Hz), C l dung lng knh (bit/s), S l cng sut tn
hiu v N l cng sut nhiu.Do , i vi mt t s S/N c th (Signal to Noise
ratio:SNR), dung lng s c tng ln nu bng thng s dng truyn thng tin
c tng ln.CDMA l mt cng ngh tri ph ca tn hiu bng hp thnh tn hiu
bng rng trc khi truyn.CDMA thng c gi l Spread-Spectrum Multiple
Access (SSMA).
) 1 ( log .
2
N
S
B C + =


T s ca bng thng truyn v bng thng d liu c gi l li x l G
p

(cng c gi l h s tri ph):

Hoc (1.2)

Trong B
t
l bng thng truyn, B
i
l bng thng ca tn hiu mang thng tin,
B l bng thng RF v R l tc thng tin d liu.T s S/N lin quan n t s
E
c
/N
0
, trong E
b
l nng lng ca 1 bit, v N
0
l mt ph cng sut nhiu, iu
ny dn n:

(1.3)

Do vy, i vi yu cu E
b
/N
0
c nh, li x l cao th t s S/N phi nh.
Trong h thng CDMA u tin IS 95, bng thng truyn l 1,25 MHz. Trong h
thng WCDMA, bng thng truyn l khong 5 MHz.
Trong CDMA, mi User c gn mt chui m duy nht (m tri ph) c
s dng tri tn hiu bng hp thnh tn hiu bng rng trc khi c truyn i.
i vi my thu, do bit c chui m i vi mi User nn n c th gii m phc
hi li d liu ban u.
1.2.2 Tri ph v gii tri ph
Tri ph v gii tri ph l nhng hot ng c bn nht ca h thng
DS-CDMA, c a ra hnh I.3. D liu ngi dng y c gi s l iu ch
BPSK vi tc chui bit l R. Nguyn l tri ph l nhn mi bit d liu ngi dng
vi mt chui m chu k n bit, c gi l chips. y, n=8, do h s tri ph l
8.D liu sau khi tri ph c tc l 8 R v n c cng dng ngu nhin ging nh
l m tri ph.S gia tng tc d liu bng h s 8 tng ng vi s m rng ph
ang s dng ca tn hiu d liu ngi dng. Tn hiu bng rng sau s c
truyn i thng qua mt knh v tuyn n u cui nhn.

i
t
p
B
B
G =
R
B
G
p
=

p
b b
G I
E
B I
R E
N
S 1
0 0
=
=


Hnh I.3 Tri ph v gii tri ph
Trong gii tri ph, tn hiu cao tn nhn c t my thu s c nhn tr li
vi mt chui m ging ht nh trong qu trnh tri ph.Nh c hin th trn hnh,
d liu ngi dng ban u c phc hi hon ton.
1.2.3 a truy xut
Mt mng truyn thng di ng l mt h thng a ngi dng, trong mt s
lng ln ngi s dng cng chia s chung mt ti nguyn vt l truyn v nhn
thng tin.Kh nng a truy xut l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn. Vic tri ph
tn hiu c truyn cho mt tnh kh thi v a truy xut ca h thng CDMA. Hnh
I.4 a ra ba cng ngh a truy xut khc nhau l : CDMA, TDMA, FDMA
Hnh I.4 Cc cng ngh a truy xut

Trong FDMA (Fequency Devision Multiple Access), cc tn hiu ca cc User
khc nhau c truyn trong mi knh khc nhau vi mt tn s iu ch khc nhau.
Trong TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), tn hiu ca cc User khc nhau c
truyn trong cc khe thi gian khc nhau. Vi hai cng ngh trn, s User ti a c th
chia s cc knh vt l ng thi l c nh. Tuy nhin, trong CDMA, tn hiu ca cc
User khc nhau c truyn trn cng mt bng tn ti cng mt thi gian. Mi tn
hiu ca User ny nh l nhiu i vi tn hiu ca User khc v do dung lng ca
h thng CDMA c mi lin quan cht ch n cp nhiu: khng c s lng ti a

c nh, do , dung lng gii hn mm c a vo s dng. Hnh I.5 a ra mt
v d v cch 3 User c th truy xut ng thi trong mt h thng CDMA.
Ti u thu, User 2 thc hin gii tri ph tn hiu thng tin ca n tr li dng
tn hiu bng hp, nhng cc User khc khng lm c. iu ny l bi mi tng
quan cho gia m ca User ch nh v m ca cc User khc l rt nh: mch d ch
t cng sut ca tn hiu ch nh v mt phn nh tn hiu t cc User khc vo
trong bng thng thng tin.
li x l, cng vi bn cht bng rng ca qu trnh x l a ra nhng
li ch ca h thng CDMA, nh l dung lng mm v hiu sut ph cao.
Tuy nhin, tt c nhng li ch ny i hi vic s dng chuyn giao mm v
iu khin cng sut cht ch trnh tn hiu ca mt User che khut tn hiu ca
User khc.iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao mm s c gii thch chi tit hn
cc phn sau.
Hnh I.5 Nguyn l a truy xut tri ph
1.2.4 Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh WCDMA
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h ba gip
tng tc truyn nhn d liu cho h thng GSM bng cch dng k thut CDMA
hot ng bng tn rng thay th cho TDMA. Trong cc cng ngh thng tin di ng
th h ba th WCDMA nhn c s ng h ln nht nh vo tnh linh hot ca lp
vt l trong vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau c bit l dch v tc bit thp
v trung bnh.
WCDMA c cc c im c bn sau :
- L h thng a truy cp phn chia theo m tri ph trc tip, c tc
bit ln cao (ln n 2 Mbps).
- Tc chip 3,84 Mcps vi rng sng mang 5 MHz, do h tr
tc d liu cao em li nhiu li ch nh li a phn tp.

- H tr tc ngi s dng thay i lin tc. Mi ngi s dng
cung cp mt khung, trong khung tc d liu gi c nh
nhng tc c th thay i t khung ny n khung khc.
- H tr hai m hnh v tuyn FDD v TDD. Trong m hnh FDD
sng mang 5 MHz s dng cho ng ln v ng xung, cn trong
m hnh TDD sng mang 5 MHz chia x theo thi gian gia ng
ln v ng xung.
- WCDMA h tr hot ng khng ng b ca cc trm gc, do
d dng pht trin cc trm gc va v nh.
- WCDMA s dng tch sng c tham chiu n sng mang da trn
knh hoa tiu, do c th nng cao dung lng v vng ph.
- WCDMA c thit k d dng nng cp hn cc h thng CDMA
nh tch sng a ngi s dng, s dng anten thng minh nng
cao dung lng v vng ph.
- WCDMA c thit k tng thch vi GSM m rng vng ph
sng v dung lng ca mng.
- Lp vt l mm do d thch hp c tt c thng tin trn mt sng
mang.
- H s ti s dng tn s bng 1
- H tr phn tp pht v cc cu trc thu tin tin.
Nhc im chnh ca W_CDMA l h thng khng cho php trong bng TDD
pht lin tc cng nh khng to iu kin cho cc k thut chng nhiu cc mi
trng lm vic khc nhau.
H thng thng tin di ng th h ba WCDMA c th cung cp cc dch v vi
tc bit ln n 2 Mbps. Bao gm nhiu kiu truyn dn nh truyn dn i xng v
khng i xng, thng tin im n im v thng tin a im. Vi kh nng , cc
h thng thng tin di ng th h ba c th cung cp d dng cc dch v mi nh:
in thoi thy hnh, ti d liu nhanh, ngoi ra n cn cung cp cc dch v a
phng tin khc.
1.3 Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RRM: Radio Resource Management)
1.3.1 RRM trong mng di ng
Radio Resource Management (RRM) trong mng 3G c trch nhim ci thin
vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn giao tip khng gian.Cc mc tiu ca RRM c th
c tm tt nh sau:
m bo QoS i vi cc ng dng khc nhau.
Duy tr vng ph sng theo k hoch.
Ti u ho dung lng h thng.

Trong mng 3G, tin phn b (pre-allocating) ti nguyn v qu kch thc
(over-dimensioning) mng l khng kh thi bi v khng d on trc c s cn
thit v cc yu cu khc nhau ca cc dch v khc nhau. V vy, qun l ti nguyn
v tuyn bao gm 2 phn: cu hnh ti nguyn v tuyn v ti cu hnh. Cu hnh ti
nguyn v tuyn c trch nhim phn b ti nguyn mt cch hp l khi c cc yu
cu mi vo h thng mng n nh v khng ri vo tnh trng qu ti. Nhng, s
tc nghn c th xy ra trong mng 3G bi v tnh di ng ca ngi dng, ti cu hnh
ti nguyn v tuyn chu trch nhim phn b li ti nguyn trong mng khi ti tng
ln hoc tt nghn bt u xut hin. N c trch nhim iu chnh li h thng qu ti
mt cch nhanh chng v iu khin tr li ti mc tiu.
1.3.2 Chc nng ca RRM
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c th c chia thnh cc chc nng l iu khin
cng sut, chuyn giao, iu khin thm nhp v iu khin ti. Hnh I.6 th hin cc
v tr in hnh ca RRM trong mng WCDMA.

Hnh I.6 Cc v tr in hnh ca RRM trong mng WCDMA

a) iu khin cng sut (Power Control)
iu khin cng sut l mt yu t cn thit trong tt c cc h thng di ng
bi cc vn v pin v cc l do an ton, nhng trong h thng CDMA, iu khin
cng sut l iu cn thit bi bn cht nhiu c gii hn trong h thng CDMA.
Trong GSM, iu khin cng sut chm (tn s xp x 2 Hz) c trin
khai.Trong IS-95 iu khin cng sut nhanh vi tn s 800 Hz c h tr ng
ln, nhng ng xung, mt vng iu khin cng sut tng i chm (xp x 50
Hz) iu khin cng sut truyn i.Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut nhanh vi
tn s 1,5 kHz c h tr trong c 2 ng ln v ng xung. iu khin cng
sut nhanh v cht ch l mt trong nhng kha cnh quan trng ca h thng
WCDMA.

Cc l do s dng iu khin cng sut l khc nhau i vi ng ln v
ng xung. Cc mc tiu ca iu khin cng sut c th c tm tt nh sau:
Khc phc hiu ng gn xa ng ln
Ti u ho dung lng h thng bng cch iu khin nhiu
Ti a ho tui th pin ca u cui di ng
Hnh I.7 cho thy vn gn xa hng ln. Cc tn hiu t cc MS (mobile
station) khc nhau c truyn i ng thi trn cng mt bng tn trong h thng
WCDMA. Nu khng c iu khin cng sut, tn hiu n t mt MS gn BS nht
s c th chn cc tn hiu t cc MS khc ang xa hoc rt xa BS (Base station).
Trong trng hp xu nht mt MS cng sut qu cao c th chn ton b cc MS
trong mt cell. Gii php a ra l s dng iu khin cng sut m bo rng cc
tn hiu n t cc u cui khc nhau c cng mt cng sut v SIR (Signal-to-
interference Ratio) khi chng n trm gc BS.

Hnh I.7 Hiu ng gn xa (iu khin cng sut hng ln)

hng xung, khng c vn gn xa trong vin cnh mt MS nh hng
n nhiu MS khc.iu khin cng sut c trch nhim b nhiu inter-cell m cc
trm di ng phi chu, c bit l ranh gii gia cc cell gn nhau nh trong hnh I.8.
Hn na, iu khin cng sut hng xung c nhim v gim thiu nhiu tng
gi gi tr QoS cho php.


Hnh I.8 B nhiu inter-cell (iu khin cng sut hng xung)

Trong hnh I.8, mobile 2 phi chu nhiu inter-cell nhiu hn mobile 1. Do ,
p ng cng mt mc tiu cht lng, phn cng sut thm vo cn thit phi
c phn b cho cc knh hng xung gia BS v mobile 2.
C 3 kiu iu khin cng sut trong h thng WCDMA l: iu khin cng
sut vng h, iu khin cng sut vng ng v iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.
iu khin cng sut vng h
iu khin cng sut vng h c s dng ch FDD UMTS dnh cho
thit lp cng sut ban u cho di ng.Trm di ng c tnh suy hao ng truyn
gia trm gc v trm di ng bng cch s dng mt mch iu khin li t ng
(AGC:Automatic Gain Control) o cng tn hiu nhn c.Theo c tnh suy
hao ng truyn , trm di ng c th quyt nh cng sut truyn hng ln. iu
khin cng sut vng h c hiu qu trong h thng TDD bi v hng ln v hng
xung l i ng, nhng n khng phi rt hiu qu cho h thng FDD bi cc knh
hng ln v hng xung hot ng cc di tn khc nhau v fading Rayleigh
ng ln v ng xung l c lp nhau. V vy, iu khin cng sut vng h c
chnh xc khng cao.V l l do ti sao n ch c s dng nh l thit lp
cng sut ban u trong h thng FDD.
iu khin cng sut vng kn
iu khin cng sut vng kn, cng cn c gi l iu khin cng sut
nhanh trong h thng WCDMA, c nhim v iu khin cng sut truyn ca MS
(hng ln) hoc ca trm gc (hng xung) chng li fading ca knh v tuyn
v p ng SIR mc tiu thit lp bi vng ngoi. Ly v d, hng ln, trm gc so
snh SIR nhn c t MS vi SIR mc tiu. Nu SIR nhn c ln hn mc tiu,
BS s truyn mt lnh TPC 0 n MS thng qua knh iu khin c ch nh
hng xung. Cn nu SIR nhn c nh hn mc tiu, BS s truyn mt lnh TPC
1 n MS.Bi v tn s ca iu khin cng sut vng kn l rt ln nn n c th b
fading nhanh cng nh fading chm.Mt v d khc hng xung, MS s cn c vo

SIR nhn c t BS v s iu khin cng sut t trm gc, n s iu khin cng
sut pht ca n mt cch thch hp.
iu khin cng sut vng ngoi
iu khin cng sut vng ngoi l cn thit duy tr cht lng ca truyn
thng ti mc yu cu bng cch thit lp gi tr mc tiu cho iu khin cng sut
vng kn. N nhm mc ch cung cp cht lng yu cu l khng xu v khng
tt. Tn s ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi in hnh l t 10-100 kHz. Hnh I.9
th hin cc thut ton chung ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.

Hnh I.9 Thut ton chung ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi
iu khin cng sut vng ngoi so snh cht lng thu c vi cht lng
yu cu. Thng thng cht lng c nh ngh a nh l mt BER (Bit Error Rate)
hoc FER (Fame Error Rate) mc tiu nht nh. Mi quan h gia SIR mc tiu v
cht lng mc tiu ph thuc vo tc di ng v cu hnh a ng. Nu cht
lng nhn c l tt, iu c ngha l SIR mc tiu hin ti cao m bo
QoS yu cu. gim thiu khong tha, SIR mc tiu s c gim. Tuy nhin, nu
cht lng thu c xu hn cht lng yu cu, SIR mc tiu cn phi c tng ln
m bo yu cu v QoS.
b) iu khin chuyn giao (Handover control)
Chuyn giao l mt phn cn thit ca cc h thng truyn thng di ng t
bo. Tnh di ng l nguyn nhn dn n nhng bin ng v cht lng ng dn
v mc nhiu trong h thng di ng t bo, i khi i hi mt User c th phi
thay i trm gc dch v ca n. V s thay i ny c gi l Chuyn Giao
(Handover). Phn sau s trnh by chi tit hn v vn ny.
c) iu khin thm nhp (Admission control)
Nu ti giao tip khng gian c php tng qu mc th vng ph sng ca
Cell s gim xung di gi tr mong mun ( cn c gi l t bo th) v QoS ca
cc kt ni ang tn ti s khng th m bo. L do ca hin tng t bo th l v
Cht lng nhn
c tt hn cht
lng yu cu
ng Sai
Tng SIR mc tiu Gim SIR mc tiu
c tnh gii hn nhiu ca h thng CDMA. Do , trc khi nhn mt kt ni mi,
iu khin thm nhp cn phi kim tra rng vic nhn kt ni mi s khng hi sinh
i vng ph sng mc tiu hoc QoS ca cc kt ni tn ti. iu khin thm nhp
s chp nhn hoc t chi mt yu cu thit lp mt ng bao truy xut v tuyn
trong mng truy xut v tuyn. Chc nng ca iu khin thm nhp c t RNC,
ni m c th thu c thng tin ti ca nhiu Cell.
Gii thut iu khin thm nhp c tnh s tng ln ca ti thit lp ng
bao trong mng truy xut v tuyn. c tnh ti c a vo trong c 2 hng ln v
hng xung. ng bao yu cu ch c th c chp nhn nu iu khin thm
nhp trong c 2 hng chp nhn n, ngc li n s b t chi bi nhiu thm vo
mng l qu mc.
Ni chung, cc chin lc iu khin thm nhp c th c chia thnh 2 loi
l: chin lc iu khin thm nhp da trn cng sut bng rng v chin lc
iu khin thm nhp da trn s lng a vo.

Hnh I.10 a ra iu khin thm nhp da trn cng sut bng rng.

Hnh I.10 ng cong ti

Ngi s dng mi s khng c chp nhn nu kt qu mi ca mc nhiu
tng cao hn gi tr ngng:

(1.4)

:
:
_
_
threshold old total
threshold old total
I I I admid
I I I reject
< A +
> A +


Gi tr ngng ging nh l mc tng ln nht ca nhiu hng ln v c th
c thit lp bi quy s hoch mng v tuyn.
Trong chin lc iu khin thm nhp da trn s lng a vo, mt User
yu cu mi s khng c chp nhn vo mng truy xut v tuyn nu kt qu mi
ca ti tng cao hn gi tr ngng:

(1.5)

Cn lu rng chin lc iu khin thm nhp c p dng ring r cho
hng ln v hng xung, cc chin lc iu khin thm nhp khc nhau c th
c s dng trong mi hng.
d) iu khin Ti (iu khin tc nghn)
Mt nhim v quan trng ca chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn l chc
chn rng h thng khng b qu ti v vn n nh. Nu h thng ng mc tiu, v
iu khin thm nhp lm vic tt th tnh trng qu ti s him khi xy ra. Tuy nhin,
trong mng di ng, tnh trng qu ti mt vi ni l khng th trnh khi bi ti
nguyn v tuyn khng th c phn b trc trong mng. Khi gp phi tnh trng
qu ti th iu khin ti (cng c gi l iu khin tc nghn) s tr li h thng
mt cch nhanh chng v iu khin tr li tnh trng ti mc tiu, c nh ngha
bi s quy hoch mng v tuyn. Cc cng vic iu khin ti gim bt hoc cn
bng ti c lit k bn di:
- T chi cc lnh cp ngun hng xung nhn c t MS.
- Gim t s E
c
/N
0
mong mun hng ln c s dng bi iu khin cng sut
nhanh hng ln.
- Thay i kch c vng chuyn giao mm cha nhiu User hn.
- Chuyn giao n mt sng mang WCDMA khc.(inter-frequency handover)
- Chuyn giao n mng chng lp khc(mng UMTS hoc mng GSM khc)
- Gim tc bit ca ngi s dng thi gian thc, v d m ho thoi AMR.
- Gim lu lng d liu gi vo (dch v khng thi gian thc).
- Rt cuc gi trong cch iu khin.
Hai cng vic u tin trong danh sch l 2 thao tc nhanh c thc hin trong
BS. 2 thao tc c th t trong 1 khe thi gian,vi tn s 1,5 kHz v cung cp u
tin cho cc dch v khc nhau. Gii php th 3, thay i kch c vng chuyn giao
mm c bit hu dng trong mng gii hn hng xung v s c tho lun r hn
cc chng sau.
Cc thao tc iu khin ti khc c trng chm hn.Chuyn giao inter-
frequency v chuyn giao inter-system c th khc phc tnh trng qu ti bng cch
threshold old total
threshold old total
L admid
L reject
q q
q q
< A +
> A +
_
_
:
:


cn bng ti.Thao tc cui cng l rt User thi gian thc (thoi hoc User d liu
chuyn mch knh) gim ti. Cng vic ny ch c a vo nu ti ca ton b
mng vn rt cao ngay c khi a vo cc thao tc iu khin ti khc gim qu
ti. Giao tip khng gian WCDMA v s gia tng d kin ca lu lng khng thi
gian thc trong mng th h th 3 a ra mt s la chn ln v cc thao tc c th
x l tnh trng qu ti, v v vy vic gim ti bng cch thc hin rt User thi gian
thc l rt him khi.

Bo co tt nghip Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

CHNG II: CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG 3G WCDMA

2.1 Tng quan v chuyn giao trong mng di ng
Trong mng di ng cc thu bao c th truy nhp dch v khi ang di chuyn
hay ni cch khc mng di ng cung cp tnh t do cho thu bao trong mt phm di
ng nht nh. Tuy nhin, tnh t do ny mang n s khng chc chn trong h
thng di ng. Tnh di ng ca cc thu bao l nguyn nhn dn n nhng bin ng
trong c cht lng ng dn v mc nhiu, i khi i hi rng mt thu bao c
th phi thay i trm gc dch v ca n. V thao tc ny c gi l chuyn giao
(Handover:HO).
Chuyn giao l mt thnh phn thit yu i ph vi tnh di ng ca thu
bao. N m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v khng dy khi thu bao di ng di
chuyn qua cc ranh gii t bo.
Trong h thng di ng t bo th h th nht nh AMPS, chuyn giao l tng
i n gin. Trong h thng di ng th h th 2 nh GSM v PACS th chuyn giao
c a ln mt mc cao hn nhiu hnh thc bao gm cc gii thut c s
dng. Phc tp hn, cc th tc quyt nh chuyn giao v x l tn hiu c tch
hp trong nhng h thng ny v s tr hon quyt nh chuyn giao cng c gim
thiu ng k. T lc cng ngh CDMA c gii thiu, mt tng khc c
xut ci tin qu trnh chuyn giao, l chuyn giao mm v y l cng vic
trng tm trong lun n ny.
2.1.1 Cc kiu chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA
C 4 kiu chuyn giao khc nhau trong mng di ng WCDMA. l:
Chuyn giao trong cng mt h thng ( Intra-system HO )
Chuyn giao trong cng h thng c th c chia thnh chuyn giao cng tn
s v chuyn giao khc tn s. Chuyn giao cng tn s xut hin gia cc cell thuc
cng sng mang WCDMA. Chuyn giao khc tn s xut hin gia cc cell hot ng
trn cc tn s sng mang khc nhau.
Chuyn giao ngoi h thng ( Inter-system HO )
Chuyn giao ngoi h thng xut hin gia cc Cell thuc 2 cng ngh truy
xut v tuyn (RAT) khc nhau hoc cc ch truy xut khc nhau. Trng hp
c mong i thng gp nht trong kiu th nht l gia h thng WCDMA v
GSM/EDGE. Chuyn giao gia cc h thng CDMA khc nhau cng thuc kiu
chuyn giao ny. Ly mt v d v chuyn giao gia cc ch truy xut khc nhau
l gia UTRA FDD v UTRA TDD.
Chuyn giao cng ( Hard Handover:HHO )

Chuyn giao cng l mt th loi ca cc th tc chuyn giao, trong tt c
cc kt ni c ca mt trm di ng c gii phng trc khi mt kt ni mi c
thit lp. i vi cc knh yu cu thi gian thc th n c ngha l ngt mt kt ni
ngn ca knh, cn i vi cc knh khng yu cu thi gian thc th HHO c ngha l
khng tn hao. Chuyn giao cng c th t trong kiu chuyn giao cng tn s hoc
khc tn s.
Chuyn giao mm ( SHO ) v chuyn giao mm hn ( Softer HO )
Chuyn giao mm l chuyn giao gia hai BS khc nhau, cn chuyn giao mm
hn l chuyn giao gia t nht 2 sector ca cng mt BS. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn
giao mm, MS giao tip mt cch tc th vi hai (chuyn giao hai ng) hoc nhiu
cell ca cc BS khc nhau thuc cng RNC (Intra-RNC) hoc cc RNC khc nhau
(Inter-RNC). Trn ng xung my di ng nhn hai tn hiu vi t s kt hp ln
nht; ng ln, knh m ho di ng c pht hin bi c hai BS (chuyn giao hai
ng), v c gi n RNC cho vic la chn kt hp. Hai vng iu khin cng
sut tch cc tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao mm, mi vng cho mt BS. Trong
trng hp chuyn giao mm hn, MS c iu khin t nht bi hai sector ca cng
BS, do RNC khng c tham gia v ch c mt vng iu khin cng sut tch
cc. Chuyn giao mm v mm hn ch s dng mt sng mang, do chng l cc
qu trnh chuyn giao trong cng mt tn s.

Hnh II.1 cho thy mt vi vin cnh ca cc loi chuyn khc nhau.

Hnh II.1 Cc vin cnh ca cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau
2.1.2 Cc mc tiu ca chuyn giao
Chuyn giao c th c bt u trong 3 cch khc nhau l: bt u t thu
bao di ng, bt u t mng v h tr thu bao.

Bt u t thu bao: thu bao thc hin cc php o v cht lng, la
chn trm gc tt nht, v chuyn mch, vi s iu phi ca mng. Kiu
chuyn giao ny thng c kch hot bi cc lin kt km cht lng
c o t thu bao.
Bt u t mng: Trm gc thc hin cc php o v bo co v RNC
quyt nh c nn chuyn giao hay khng. Ngoi iu khin ng dn v
tuyn, chuyn giao bt u t mng cn c thc hin bi nhng l do
khc hn, v d nh iu khin s phn phi lu lng gia cc Cell.
Chng hn nh chuyn giao v l do lu lng c iu khin bi trm
gc (TRHO). Nu ti ca Cell ngun vt qu mc cho php, v ti ca
mt Cell ln cn thp hn mt mc cho php khc, th khi Cell ngun s
thu hp vng ph sng ca n, chuyn giao mt s lu lng n Cell ln
cn. V vy, t l chn tng th c th gim, dn n vic s dng ti
nguyn Cell tt hn.
H tr thu bao: y mng v thu bao u thc hin cc php o. Thu
bao bo co cc kt qu o lng t nhng trm gc gn v mng s
thc hin quyt nh c nn chuyn giao hay khng.
Cc mc tiu ca chuyn giao c th c tm tt nh sau:
- m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v khng dy khi cc thu bao di
ng di chuyn qua cc ranh gii ca Cell.
- Gi QoS c yu cu
- Gim ti a mc nhiu ca ton h thng
- Chuyn vng gia cc mng khc nhau
- Phn phi ti t cc khu vc im nng.(Cn bng ti)
Cc yu t c th c s dng khi xng qu trnh chuyn giao c l:
cht lng ng dn (hng ln hoc hng xung), s thay i dch v, thay i tc
, v cc l do lu lng hoc s can thip ca O&M (Operation and Maintenance).
2.1.3 Cc th tc v php o chuyn giao
Th tc chuyn giao c th c chia thnh ba giai on: o lng, quyt nh
v thc hin, c minh ho trong hnh II.2.
Trong giai on o lng chuyn giao, cc thng tin cn thit thc hin
quyt nh chuyn giao c o. hng xung, trm di ng thc hin cc php o
o t s E
c
/I
0
ca knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH: Common Pilot Channel) ca Cell
dch v ca n v cc Cell ln cn. i vi mt s loi chuyn giao no , cc php
o khc l ht sc cn thit. Ly v d trong mng bt ng b nh UTRA FDD
(WCDMA), thng tin nh thi tng i gia cc Cell cn c o iu chnh
nh thi truyn trong chuyn giao mm cho php 1 s kt hp cht ch my thu

Rake. Tuy nhin, vic truyn dn t cc trm gc khc nhau s rt kh kt hp v
c bit l hot ng iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm s b tr hon thm.

Hnh II.2 Cc th tc chuyn giao
Trong giai on quyt nh chuyn giao, cc kt qu o lng c so snh vi
ngng c xc nh trc v sau n quyt nh c bt u thc hin chuyn
giao hay khng. Cc gii thut chuyn giao khc nhau s c cc iu kin kch hot
khc nhau.
Trong giai on thc hin, qu trnh chuyn giao c hon thnh v cc thng
s lin quan cng c thay i tu theo cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau. V d, trong
giai on thc hin ca chuyn giao mm, khi trm di ng vo hoc ri b trng thi
chuyn giao mm th mt trm gc mi s c a vo hoc gii phng, cc ci t
tch cc c cp nht v cng sut ca mi knh tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao
mm c iu chnh.
2.2 Chuyn giao mm (SHO)
Chuyn giao mm c gii thiu bi cng ngh CDMA. So vi tiu chun
chuyn giao cng th chuyn giao mm c mt s u im li th hn. Tuy nhin, n
cng c nhng nhc im nh s phc tp v s tiu th ngun ti nguyn b sung.
Vic quy hoch tng ph Chuyn giao mm (soft handover overhead) l mt trong
nhng thnh phn c bn ca vic quy hoch v ti u ho mng v tuyn. Trong phn
ny s trnh by cc nguyn l c bn ca chuyn giao mm.

o lng thng tin cn thit quyt nh
chuyn giao.(vd: E
c
/I
0
ca knh CPICH ca
Cell dch v v cc Cell ln cn,thng tin
nh thi tng i gia cc Cell.
Tho tiu chun
chuyn giao
Hon thnh qu trnh chuyn giao.
Cp nht cc thng s lin quan.

Giai on o lng
Giai on quyt nh
Giai on thc hin
Yes
No

2.2.1 Nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm
Chuyn giao mm khc vi qu trnh chuyn giao cng truyn thng. Vi
chuyn giao cng, mt quyt nh xc nh c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng
chuyn giao v trm di ng ch truyn thng vi mt trm gc ti thi gian . Cn
vi chuyn giao mm, mt quyt nh c iu kin c thc hin quyt nh c
chuyn giao hay l khng. Tu thuc vo nhng thay i ca cng tn hiu knh
hoa tiu t 2 hoc nhiu trm gc tham gia vo qu trnh, mt quyt nh tt nht cui
cng s c thc hin truyn thng vi mt v ch mt trm gc m thi. V iu
ny thng xy ra sau khi chc chn rng tn hiu n t trm gc c chn mnh
hn tn hiu n t cc trm gc khc. Trong chu k chuyn tip ca qu trnh chuyn
giao mm, trm di ng truyn thng ng thi vi tt c trm gc ang kt ni vi
n. S khc nhau gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm ging nh s khc nhau
gia cc cuc thi bi tip sc v chy tip sc. Chuyn giao cng xy ra ti mt im
thi gian, trong khi chuyn giao mm ko di trong mt chu k thi gian.
Hnh II.3 a ra qu trnh c bn ca chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm
(trng hp 2 ng). Gi s c mt u cui di ng bn trong chic xe hi di
chuyn t Cell 1 n Cell 2, BS
1
l trm gc ban u ca trm di ng. Trong khi di
chuyn, trm di ng o ng thi cng tn hiu knh hoa tiu nhn c t cc
trm gc ln cn. Vi chuyn giao cng a ra hnh II.3(a), vic kch hot c m
t n gin nh sau:

If (pilot_E
c
/I
0
)
2
(pilot_E
c
/I
0
)
1
> D v BS
1
l BS dch v
Handover to BS
2

Else
Do not handover
end

Trong (pilot_E
c
/I
0
)
1
v (pilot_ E
c
/I
0
)
2
ln lt l t s E
c
/I
0
knh hoa tiu
nhn c t BS
1
v BS
2
; D l s d tr tr.


Hnh II.3 S so snh gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm
L do gii thiu s d tr tr D trong gii thut chuyn giao cng l trnh
tc ng ca hin tng ping-pong , l hin tng m khi trm di ng di chuyn
trong v ngoi bin gii ca Cell, th qu trnh chuyn giao cng thng xut hin.
Ngoi tnh di ng ca thu bao, hin tng fading ca knh v tuyn cng lm cho
tc ng ping-pong cng tr nn nghim trng hn. Bng vic gii thiu s d tr
tr D, tc ng ca ping-pong s gim nh hn bi khi trm di ng s khng
chuyn giao ngay n trm gc tt hn. S d tr cng ln th tc ng ca hin tng
ping-pong cng gim. Tuy nhin, nu s d tr ln th iu cng ng ngha vi
tr hon tng. Hn na, trm di ng cng gy thm nhiu i vi cc Cell ln cn
do cc kt ni cht lng km sut trong thi gian tr hon. Do , i vi chuyn
giao cng th s d tr tr D l kh quan trng. Khi qu trnh chuyn giao cng xut
hin, kt ni lu lng ban u vi BS
1
s b rt trc khi thit lp mt kt ni mi
vi BS
2
v cng v l do m ta ni chuyn giao cng l mt qu trnh Break before
make c ngha l ngt trc khi ni.
Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm, c a ra hnh II.3(b), trc khi
(pilot_ E
c
/I
0
)
2
vt qu (pilot_E
c
/I
0
)
1
,ch cn iu kin kch hot chuyn giao mm
c tho mn th trm di ng s vo trng thi chuyn giao mm v mt kt ni mi
c thit lp. Trc khi BS
1
b rt (iu kin rt chuyn giao c tho mn) th
trm di ng s truyn thng ng thi vi c BS
1
v BS
2
. V vy, khng ging nh
chuyn giao cng, chuyn giao mm l mt qu trnh ni trc ngt sau hay ngi
ta cn gi l make before break. Cho n nay, mt s thut ton c xut

h tr chuyn giao mm v cc tiu chun khc nhau c s dng trong cc thut
ton khc nhau.
Qu trnh chuyn giao mm l khng ging nhau trong cc hng truyn khc
nhau. Hnh II.4 minh ho cho iu . hng ln, trm di ng truyn tn hiu n
khng gian thng qua ngten ng hng ca n. Hai trm gc ang kt ni vi n c
th nhn c tn hiu mt cch ng thi bi h s ti s dng tn s ca mt trong
nhng h thng CDMA. Sau , nhng tn hiu ny s c truyn thng ti RNC
thc hin kt hp la chn. Khung no tt hn s c chn v khung kia s b b i.
Do , hng ln, khng c knh b sung cn thit h tr cho qu trnh chuyn
giao mm.

Hnh II.4 Nguyn l chuyn giao mm (trng hp 2 ng)

hng xung, c 2 BS s cng truyn cc tn hiu ging nhau n trm di
ng, v khi trm di ng nhn thy chng th n c th kt hp mt cch d dng cc
tn hiu ny. Thng thng, chin lc kt hp t l ti a s c s dng cung
cp mt li ch b sung c gi l phn tp a dng. Tuy nhin, h tr cho qu
trnh chuyn giao hng xung th cn t nht mt knh hng xung b sung (SHO
2 ng). Knh hng xung b sung ny tc ng n cc User khc ging nh
nhiu b sung trong giao tip khng gian. V vy, h tr cho qu trnh chuyn giao
mm hng xung th yu cu phi c thm ti nguyn. V kt qu l, hng
xung, hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn giao mm ph thuc vo s cn bng gia
li phn tp a dng (macrodiversity) v s tiu th ngun ti nguyn b sung.
2.2.2 Thut ton chuyn giao mm
Thut ton c mt tm nh hng ln n hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn giao
mm. Hnh II.5 a ra thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A (cng cn c gi l
thut ton CDMAone c bn)

Hnh II.5 Thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A
Trong hnh:
- The Active set (Tp tch cc): l danh sch cc Cell m hin ang kt ni
vi trm di ng.
- The Candidate set (Tp ng c): l danh sch cc Cell m hin khng
c s dng trong kt ni chuyn giao mm, nhng cc gi tr E
c
/I
0

knh pilot ca chng l mnh c b sung vo tp tch cc.
- The neighbouring set ( Tp ln cn): l danh sch cc Cell m tram di
ng o lng lin tc, nhng cc gi tr E
c
/I
0
knh pilot ca chng
khng mnh b sung vo tp tch cc.
Trong IS-95A, ngng chuyn giao l mt gi tr E
c
/I
0
c nh nhn c t
knh hoa tiu. N rt d thc hin, nhng li gp nhiu kh khn khi phi i mt vi
nhng thay i ti ng. Da trn thut ton IS-95A, nhiu bin i ca thut ton
cdmaOne vi tnh nng ng hn ngng c nh c xut cho h thng IS-
95B v cdma2000.
Trong WCDMA s dng cc thut ton phc tp hn, c minh ho nh trn
hnh II.6

Hnh II.6 Thut ton chuyn giao mm WCDMA

Thut ton chuyn giao mm WCDMA c th c m t nh sau:

- Lc u. Ch c 1 v 2 nm trong tp tch cc
- Ti s kin A. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 > (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 - (R1a-H1a/2)
trong (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca
1 mnh nht, (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa
tiu ca 3 nm ngoi tp tch cc v R1a l hng s di bo co (do
RNC thit lp, H1a/2 l thng s tr v (R1a-H1a/2) l ca s kt np
cho s kin 1a. Nu bt ng thc ny tn ti trong khong thi gian T
th 3 c kt np vo tp tch cc
- Ti s kin C. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH4 > (Ec/I0)P-CPICH2 +H1c/2, trong
(Ec/I0)PCPICH4 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 4 nm ngoi tp tch
cc v (Ec/I0)PCPICH2 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 2 ti nht trong
tp tch cc, H1C l thng s tr. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong thi gian
T v tp tch cc y th 2 b loi ra khi tp tch cc v 4 s th
ch ca n trong tp tch cc
- Ti s kin B. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 < (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3- (R1b+H1b/2)
trong (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca
1 yu nht trong tp tch cc, (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 l t s tn hiu trn
nhiu ca 3 mnh nht trong tp tch cc, R1b hng s di bo co (do
RNC thit lp), H1b/2 l thng s tr v (R1b+H1b/2) l ca s loi cho

s kin 1B. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong khong thi gian T th 3 b
loi ra khi tp tch cc
Trong thut ton WCDMA, ngi ta s dng ngng tng i ch khng s
dng ngng tuyt i. So vi IS-95A, li ch ln nht ca gii thut ny l s biu
din tham s mt cch d dng, v nh c cc gi tr ngng tng i nn khng yu
cu bt k mt s thay i tham s no i vi cc khu vc c nhiu cao v thp.
Hu ht cng vic trong lun n ny u da trn thut ton chuyn giao mm
WCMDA.
2.2.3 c im ca chuyn giao mm
So vi chuyn giao cng truyn thng th chuyn giao mm cho thy nhng u
im r rng hn, v d nh l loi b hin tng ping pong v lm cho ng
truyn dn lin tc hn, khng b gy khc. Khng c hin tng ping pong c
ngha l s lng ti trn mng bo hiu thp hn v vi chuyn giao mm cng s
khng b mt d liu do s ph v truyn dn tm thi (xy ra trong chuyn giao
cng).
Ngoi l do x l tnh di ng ca thu bao, cn c mt l do khc na thc
hin chuyn giao mm trong CDMA; l s dng n nh mt c ch gim nhiu
(c thc hin cng vi iu khin cng sut). Hnh II.7 a ra 2 vin cnh. vin
cnh th nht (hnh a), iu khin cng sut c s dng. vin cnh th 2 (hnh b),
iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao mm u c h tr. Gi s rng trm di ng
ang di chuyn t BS
1
n BS
2.
Ti v tr ang xt, tn hiu nhn c t BS
2
mnh
hn t BS
1
iu ny c ngha l BS
2
tt hn BS
1
.


Hnh II.7 Gim nhiu hng ln bng cch s dng SHO
hnh (a), vng iu khin cng sut lm tng cng sut truyn ca trm di
ng m bo QoS hng ln khi trm di ng di chuyn ra xa trm gc dch v
ca n (BS
1
). hnh (b), trm di ng ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm v c 2
trm gc truyn thng mt cch ng thi vi trm di ng, cc tn hiu thu c sau
c trm gc truyn thng ti RNC thc hin kt hp. hng ln, vic kt
hp la chn c s dng trong chuyn giao mm, khung no mnh nht s c
chn v khung yu hn s b xo b i. Bi v BS
2
tt hn BS
1
nn t c cng
mt QoS mong mun th yu cu cng sut truyn ca trm di ng hnh (b) phi
nh hn so vi hnh (a). V vy, nhiu gp vo h thng bi trm di ng hng ln
s thp hn bi qu trnh chuyn giao mm lun lun gi cho trm di ng lin kt vi
BS tt nht. hng xung th c v phc tp hn, mc d t l kt hp ti a ra
mt li v phn tp a dng nhng cng cn thit phi h tr thm knh hng
xung b sung vo qu trnh chuyn giao mm.
C th tm tt cc c im chnh ca chuyn giao mm nh sau:
u im
- Gim hin tng ping-pong, t dn ti gim tng ph v s lng
ti trn mng bo hiu

- Truyn dn lin tc, khng xy ra gin on sut trong qu trnh chuyn
giao mm.
- Khng c s d tr tr, dn ti tr hon thp hn.
- Gim nhiu hng ln, dn n: cht lng truyn thng tt hn cho mt
s lng ngi dng nht nh ng thi tng s lng ngi dng vi
cng mt Qos yu cu.
- Cc rng buc v thi gian trn mng t hn, iu ny c ngha l thi
gian xp hng c c mt knh mi t BS mong mun s di hn,
gip cho xc sut chn v rt cuc gi gim i.
Nhc im
- Phc tp hn trong vic thc hin qu trnh chuyn giao cng
- Cn phi b sung thm ngun ti nguyn mng hng xung ( ti
nguyn v m v cng sut )

Bo co tt nghip Chng III: Phn tch hiu sut cp ng dn v cp h thng

CHNG III : PHN TCH HIU SUT CP NG DN V
CP H THNG

3.1 Phn tch hiu sut cp ng dn
3.1.1 Phn tch nhiu hng xung
Tng quan
Nh cp trong chng 1, cc h thng CDMA l cc h thng gii hn
nhiu v do vic nh gi nhiu l mt trong nhng th tc c bn phn tch h
thng CDMA. Nhiu tng c tri nghim bi trm di ng c th c chia thnh 2
phn l : nhiu trong cng mt Cell(intra-Cell) v nhiu gia cc Cell khc
nhau(inter-Cell).
hng ln, xt mt trm di ng no th nhiu intra-Cell n t tt c
nhng trm di ng khc c phc v bi cng mt trm gc; i vi nhiu inter-
Cell th bao gm tt c nhng tn hiu thu c t tt c cc trm di ng trong cc
Cell ln cn khc ngoi tr Cell dch v ca trm di ng. Do , hng ln, nhiu
c lin quan n vic phn phi ti trong mng ch khng lin quan n v tr ca
chnh trm di ng .

Hnh III.1 Nhiu hng ln
hng xung, c a ra trn hnh III.2, nhiu intra-Cell ca mt trm di
ng no n t chnh trm gc dch v ca n: loi nhiu ny l do mt mt phn
tnh trc giao gia cc User do hiu ng a ng. WCDMA s dng cc m trc giao
khc nhau hng xung i vi cc User ring bit v khng c bt k mt s lan
truyn a ng no cng nh khng c nhiu intra-Cell khi tnh trc giao vn cn.
Thng thng, tnh trc giao nm gia 0,4 n 0,9 (trng hp l tng l bng 1).
Nhiu intra-Cell trong thc t bao gm mt phn cng sut ca cc knh iu khin
chung v cc knh lu lng hng xung i vi cc User khc trong cng mt Cell.
Nhiu inter-Cell l cng sut nhn c ca trm di ng t tt c cc trm gc ln
cn khc ngoi tr trm gc dch v ca n. Bi v trong ch FDD WCDMA, cc
trm gc l khng ng b, nn tnh trc giao khng c tc dng trong nhiu inter-
Cell, v vy c s xut hin ca nhiu inter-Cell.

Hnh III.2 Nhiu hng xung
Bi v cc ngun nhiu c c nh bi nhng trm gc hng xung, nn
i vi mt trm di ng no th lun xut hin nhiu hng xung n v tr ca
n.
a) Nhiu intra-Cell v nhiu inter-Cell
i vi mt MS ti khong cch r t trm gc dch v ca n, s suy gim lan
truyn l t l vi:

Trong , l mt ng dn vi gi tr in hnh l 4; (dB) c phn b
Gaussian, biu din s suy gim do hiu ng mn chn, vi trung bnh 0 v mt
lch chun c lp vi khong cch; n khong t 5 n 12 vi mt gi tr in hnh
8-10dB i vi macroCell.
Xt trm di ng c t ti v tr (r
1
,
1
) trong hnh III.2, gi s rng BS
1
l
trm gc dch v ca n. Khi nhiu intra-Cell hng xung I
intra-Cell
nhn c t
BS
1
c th c biu din l:

(3.1)

Trong P
T1
l cng sut truyn tng ca BS
1
; a l h s trc giao hng
xung (bng 1 i vi trc giao l tng v bng 0 i vi khng trc giao). Bi v c
nhiu intra-Cell v tn hiu mong mun u c truyn t mt ngun, nn chng chu
cng mt s suy gim.V vy, khng cn thit phi s dng iu khin cng sut trong
mt h thng Cell ring l.
Nhiu inter-Cell I
inter-Cell
c th c biu din nh sau:

10
10 . ) , (
,
o
,

= r r L

10
1 1 int
1
10 ) 1 (
,
o
= r a P I
T cell ra


(3.2)

Trong P
Ti
i
; r
i
l khong cch t trm di ng
n BS
i
; M l ch s ca cc trm gc gy nhiu inter-Cell. V l thuyt, nhiu inter-
Cell n t tt c cc trm gc xung quanh ngoi tr trm gc dch v. y, ch c
cc trm gc thuc lp th nht v lp th hai c s dng bi v cng sut nhn
c t nhng trm gc bn ngoi lp th 2 l khng ng k.
T (3.1), c th thy c rng nhiu intra-Cell da vo khong cch t trm di
ng n trm gc dch v ca n ,r
1
, nhng n khng ph thuc vo
1
. Tuy nhin,
nhiu inter-Cell li khng nhng ph thuc vo r
1
m cn ph thuc vo
1
bi khong
cch t trm di ng n cc trm gc khc, r
i
, l mt hm s ca r
1
v
1
.

(3.3)

R rng rng i vi mt trm di ng no , nhiu hng xung c mi quan
h cht ch vi v tr ca trm di ng. iu ny l bi cc ngun nhiu c c nh
bi nhng trm gc hng xung. Gi s rng ti trong h thng c phn b mt
cch thng nht v cng sut truyn tng ca mi trm gc l ging nhau, k hiu l
P
T
, (3.2) c th c vit li thnh:

(3.4)

Trong , h s cung cp cho ta mt php o v nhiu inter-Cell vi cng sut
truyn tng BS. c mi quan h vi v tr ca trm di ng. y, bn knh Cell
c tiu chun ho n 1. Hnh III.3 cho thy ngha ca i vi cc trm di ng
ti cc v tr khc nhau trong cng mt Cell lc gic. Trc x-y biu din v tr ca trm
di ng v trc z biu din gi tr ca . Bi v bn knh Cell R c tiu chun ho
n 1 nn khng phi l gi tr thc t ca t s nhiu inter-Cell vi P
T
nhng mc
nhiu inter-Cell tng i c tri nghim bi cc trm di ng ti cc v tr khc
nhau.
=
M
i
i Ti cell er
i
r P I
2
10
int
10
,
o

| |
| |
| |
= + +
= + +
s s + +
=
19 ,.... 11 , 9 6 / ) 8 ( cos 3 . . 2 ) 3 (
18 ,.... 10 , 8 6 / ) 8 ( cos 3 2 . . 2 ) 3 2 (
7 2 3 / ) 2 ( cos 3 . . 2 ) 3 (
1 1
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
1
i i R r R r
i i R r R r
i i R r R r
r
i
t u
t u
t u

= = =
M
i T
cell er
T i T cell er
P
I
P r P I
2
int 10
int
. 10
1
_ _
,
o


Hnh III.3 ,Nhiu inter-Cell hng xung tng i
R rng l nhiu inter-Cell c mi quan h cht ch vi v tr trm di ng,
khng ch c khong cch r m cn ph thuc c vo gc . Cc trm di ng gn
bin gii Cell ( c gc v cnh ) s nhn c nhiu inter-Cell ln nht. Biu din khu
vc gn c (r = R, = 30) nh l gc ca Cell v khu vc gn c (r = |
.
|
\
|
2
3
R,
= 0) nh l cnh ca Cell. Trong hnh a, = 0dB, ch c thnh phn tn hao ng
dn. Trong hnh b, = 8dB th bao gm c cc tc ng ca s che khut v ngha
ca cng c tnh ton. V cng c th thy c rng s che khut n s lm tng
gi tr nhiu trung bnh.
B qua nhiu nhit, t s ca nhiu inter-Cell v nhiu intra-Cell, k hiu l
c th c biu din l:

(3.5)

Hnh III.4 cho thy ngha ca t s nhiu inter-Cell v intra-Cell i vi cc
trm di ng ti cc v tr khc nhau trong mt Cell lc gic. Khi khng c s che
khut trn vng ph sng, th gi tr ca nhiu inter-Cell s gp khong 5,5 ln so vi
nhiu intra-Cell i vi cc User gn gc ca Cell lc gic. S che khut lm cho gi
tr trung bnh ca tng n 32. Nh cp Chng 1 ( phn 1.3.2), nhiu inter-
Cell l nguyn nhn chnh s dng iu khin cng sut hng xung v n c
bit quan trng i vi cc User gn gc Cell lc gic ca cc h thng a Cell.

a
r
r
r a P
r P
I
I
M
i
i
T
M
i
i T
cell ra
cell er
i i
= =

=
1
10 ) (
10 ) 1 (
10
2
10
) (
1
10
1
2
10
int
int
1
1
, ,
o
,
o
,
o
q


Hnh III.4 , T s nhiu inter-Cell v intra-Cell

Hnh III.5 biu din nhy ca cc h s v vi cc thng s v tuyn
khc nhau: trc x biu din khong cch t trm di ng n trm gc dch v ca n,
l mt ng dn; l lch chun ca s che khut v a l h s trc giao
hng xung.
Hnh III.5 nhy ca nhiu hng xung tng i vi cc thng s v tuyn

Trong hnh III.5, ta thy khi khong cch t MS n trm gc dch v tng s
dn n c v cng tng theo, iu ny l d hiu bi c v u ph thuc va
r
1
,.Ti 1 v tr nht nh, xt 2 ng cong c cng = 4 v = 8, do c lp vi a
nn tng ng vi 2 gi tr a khc nhau (a = 0.6 v a = 0.9) th 2 ng cong vn
trng nhau cn vi th ng cong no c a ln hn s c cao hn. Ly 1 dn
chng khc, xt 2 ng cong xanh dng v xanh lam trong c 2 hnh, ng cong
no c cao hn th s c v ln hn (do s gia tng ca l ln hn ca ). Qua
, ta c th thy c rng c v u rt nhy vi s thay i ca cc thng s
lin quan (, , a, r
1
).
V trong ch FDD WCDMA, cc trm gc l khng ng b vi nhau nn
tnh trc giao khng ci thin c nhiu inter-Cell, v vy h s trc giao a ch tc
ng n . Khi tnh trc giao gia cc knh hng xung trong cng mt trm gc
c duy tr tt th nhiu intra-Cell c th c gim bt. Mt vi im cn lu na
l mt ng dn cng ln s tng ng vi nhiu inter-Cell cng thp v s
che khut s lm tng nhiu inter-Cell v t s nhiu tng i.
b) Nhng tc ng ca chuyn giao mm n nhiu hng xung
m bo QoS, trm gc cn phn b gi tr cng sut n mi trm di ng
mt cch hp l b cho s can nhiu. Nu trm di ng khng trong trng thi
chuyn giao mm, nh trm di ng 1 a ra trong hnh III.6(a) th ch duy nht c
mt knh hng xung c thit lp gia trm di ng v trm gc dch v ca n l
BS
1
.Theo yu cu dch v v nhiu hng xung tng nhn c bi mobile 1 (k
hiu l I
0
) th cng sut P c phn b trn knh hng xung gia trm di ng v
trm gc. Knh ny hot ng nh l nhiu inter-Cell v nhiu intra-Cell n mobile 2
v mobile 3 tng ng.
Nu mobile 1 ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm th n s truyn thng
ng thi vi c 2 trm gc BS
1
v BS
2
. Khi 2 knh dnh ring hng xung c
thit lp h tr cho qu trnh chuyn giao mm, c a ra trn hnh III.6(b).
Trong hnh, P
1
v P
2
ln lt l cng sut c phn b cho cc knh t trm gc BS
1

v BS
2
tng ng. P
1
tc ng nh l nhiu intra-Cell i vi mobile 2 v nhiu inter-
Cell i vi mobile 3, cn P2 th tc ng nh l nhiu inter-Cell i vi mobile 2 v
nhiu intra-Cell i vi mobile 3.
Hnh III.6 Nhng tc ng ca chuyn giao mm n nhiu hng xung
So snh 2 trng hp th ta thy nhng tc ng ca chuyn giao mm n
nhiu hng xung l kh phc tp. Khi khng c chuyn giao mm, th mobile 1 gp

mt phn cng sut P n nhiu hng xung tng. Khi c chuyn giao mm, th s
gp phn ny s bao gm c P
1
v P
2
. S gia tng nhiu do mobile 1 s nh hng n
cc trm gc tch cc khc trong h thng: tt c cc trm gc ny cn iu chnh cng
sut knh ca chng p ng c nhng thay i v nhiu. iu ny b li s lm
thay i mc nhiu tng m mobile 1 nhn c, kt qu l s thay i ca P hoc P
1
v P
2
(trng hp SHO). S tun hon ny s lp i lp li cho n khi h thng t
n mt s cn bng mi. Trong cc h thng CDMA, iu khin cng sut c trch
nhim i vi vic iu chnh ny. Bi cc c tnh gii hn nhiu nn trong cc h
thng CDMA, s chu ng nhiu thp lun lun l nguyn l chnh ca s phn b
ti nguyn v tuyn. Do , qu trnh chuyn giao mm c dn n mc nhiu thp
hn chuyn giao cng thng thng hay khng, cn ph thuc cht ch vo gi tr ca
P, P
1
v P
2
. Nhng gi tr cng sut ny lin quan n cc s kin nht nh, nh l v
tr ca trm di ng, s suy gim knh v tuyn v chin lc phn chia cng sut
c s dng trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm.
3.1.2 S phn b cng sut hng xung
S phn b cng sut l mt th tc rt quan trng i vi cc h thng CDMA.
Cng sut truyn tng ca trm gc c chia thnh 2 phn: mt phn l dnh cho cc
knh iu khin chung hng xung, nh l knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) v knh
ng b (SCH) v phn cng sut cn li c phn b cho cc User nh l cc knh
hng xung dnh ring. Thng thng, phn cng sut dnh cho cc knh iu khin
chung chim khong 20 n 30% cng sut truyn tng ca trm gc. ti thiu ho
can nhiu v s tiu th ti nguyn v tuyn, th h thng c gng phn b cng mt
lng cng sut thp nht c th n mi knh dnh ring i vi cc User ring r,
nhng iu ny l c lp vi yu cu QoS. Di s iu khin cng sut hng
xung mt cch hon ho, th t s nng lng bit trn mt ph cng sut nhiu
E
b
/I
0
nhn c ca cc trm di ng s c gi gi tr mong mun. Khi trm di
ng ch c kt ni vi mt trm gc,th ch c mt knh dnh ring hng xung l
tch cc i vi trm di ng ny, nhng khi trm di ng ang trng thi chuyn
giao mm, th c t nht 2 trm gc c tham gia vo s phn b cng sut. V c 2
tnh hung ny s c phn tch ring r phn sau.
a) Phn b cng sut khng c SHO
Vn s dng v tr ti (r
1
,
1
) ca trm di ng c a ra hnh III.2. Khi
khng c chuyn giao mm, trm di ng ch truyn thng vi duy nht mt trm gc
ti mt thi im. Gi s rng BS
1
l trm gc dch v ca n, t s E
b
/I
0
nhn c
ca trm di ng c th c biu din l:

(3.6)

+
=
19
2
10 10
1 1
10
1
0
1 1
1
10 10 ) 1 (
10
R
i
i Ti T
s b
r P r a P
r P W
I
E
,
o
,
o
,
o
v


Trong , W l tc chip; R l tc bit dch v; l h s hot ng; y
khng quan tm n nhiu nhit. V vy, gi gi tr QoS mong mun, th cng sut
truyn yu cu ca knh hng xung P
s
c th c suy ra t (3.6) l:

(3.7)

Trong (E
b
/I
0
)
t
l gi tr mong mun ca E
b
/I
0
. Gi tr ca E
b
/I
0
c quyt
nh bi RNC. Theo BER, RNC c th thay i gi tr mong mun duy tr QoS.
Gi nh rng ti c phn phi ng u trn ton h thng, tt c cc trm
gc truyn cng mt gi tr cng sut. P
s
c th c vit li l:

(3.8)

H s
1
biu din cng tng i ca cng sut yu cu i vi trm di ng
ti v tr (r
1
,
1
) m khng c chuyn giao mm.
b) Phn b cng sut vi SHO
Khi mt trm di ng ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm, tt c cc trm
gc nm trong tp tch cc cn phn b cng sut mt cch thch hp i vi cc knh
hng xung c lin kt vi trm di ng . y, chuyn giao mm 2 ng v
3 ng c tham chiu mt cch ring r.
SHO 2 ng
Vi SHO 2 ng, gi s rng BS
1
v BS
2
l 2 trm gc dch v ca trm di ng,
tn hiu mong mun t 2 trm gc ny c tng hp vi nhau. Cc m hnh tng hp
khc nhau c th c s dng, nhng nh vi hu ht cc phn trc trong lun
n ny th t s tng hp ti a c s dng y. T s E
b
/I
0
nhn c ca trm i
ng c th c biu din l:

(3.9)
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

=
19
2
10
) (
1
1
0
1
10 ) ( ) 1 (
i
i
Ti T
t
b
s
i
r
r
P a P
I
E
W
R
P
, ,
o
v

T T
i
i
t
b
s
P P
r
r
a
I
E
W
R
P
i
. . 10 ) ( 1
1
19
2
10
) (
1 0
1
|
v
, ,
o
=
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

=

(
(
(
(
+
+
+
=
(
+
(
=

= =

19
2 , 1
10 10
2 2
10
2 2
19
2
10 10
1 1
10
1 1
2
0
1
0 0
10 10 ) 1 (
10
10 10 ) 1 (
10
2
2
1
1
j j
j Tj T
s
i
i Ti T
s
b b b
j
i
r P r a P
r P
r P r a P
r P
R
W
I
E
I
E
I
E
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
o
v


Trong r
1
v r
2
biu din khong cch t trm di ng n BS
1
v BS
2
tng
ng; P
s1
v P
s2
l cng sut truyn t BS
1
v BS
2
tng ng. Sut trong qu trnh chuyn
giao mm, 2 vng iu khin cng sut c tch cc. ngn chn s tri dt cng
sut th c mt s chin lc c xut v chin lc iu khin cng sut cn
bng, c thng qua bi 3GPP c s dng. Cng nh bn trong iu khin cng
sut vng kn, th mt vng iu chnh c thc hin cn bng cng sut hng
xung gia cc Cell trong tp tch cc trong phn tp a dng. Chin lc iu khin
cng sut ny trnh c s tri dt cng sut, dn n cng sut truyn ti tng ln v
cc vn tr nn n nh. Trong trng hp l tng, P
s1
= P
s2
. S dng cng mt
gi nh, cng sut truyn i vi mi knh hng xung c th c biu din l:

(3.10)

Do , cng sut tng cn thit h tr cho trm di ng ny l:

T T
j j
j
i
i
t
b
s s
P P
r
r
a
r
r
a
I
E
W
R
P P
J i
. .
10 1
1
10 1
1
2
2
19
2 , 1
10
) (
2
19
2
10
) (
1
0
2 1
2 1
|
v
, ,
o
, ,
o
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +

= =

(3.11)

H s
2
biu din cng tng i cng sut yu cu (cng sut tng) ca
trm di ng di qu trnh chuyn giao mm 2 ng.
SHO 3 ng
Tng t nh cc phn tch i vi SHO 2 ng, mt trm di ng di SHO 3
ng s c t s E
b
/I
0
nhn c l:

= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
19
2 , 1
10
) (
2
19
2
10
) (
1
0
2 1
2 1
10 1
1
10 1
1
j j
j
i
i
T
t
b
s s
J i
r
r
a
r
r
a
P
I
E
W
R
P P
, ,
o
, ,
o
v

3
0
2
0
1
0 0
(
+
(
+
(
=
I
E
I
E
I
E
I
E
b b b b


T a ra:

= =
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
19
3 , 1
10
) (
3
19
2 , 1
10
) (
2
19
2
10
) (
1
0
3 2 1
3 2 1
10 1
1
10 1
1
10 1
1
k k
k
j j
j
i
i
T
t
b
s s s
K J i
r
r
a
r
r
a
r
r
a
P
I
E
W
R
P P P
, ,
o
, ,
o
, ,
o
v

(3.12)

Cng sut tng cn thit h tr cho trm di ng ny l:
T T
k k
k
j j
j
i
i
t
b
s s s
P P
r
r
a
r
r
a
r
r
a
I
E
W
R
P P P
K J i
. .
10 1
1
10 1
1
10 1
1
3
3
19
3 , 1
10
) (
3
19
2 , 1
10
) (
2
19
2
10
) (
1
0
3 2 1
3 2 1
|
v
, ,
o
, ,
o
, ,
o
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + +

= =
= =

(3.13)
H s
3
biu din cng tng i cng sut yu cu (cng sut tng) ca
trm di ng khi chuyn giao mm 3 ng.
Cng sut c phn b n mt User no ng vai tr nh l nhiu i vi
cc User khc. Do , cc gi tr
1
3
c s dng ch ra mc nhiu m cc
trm di ng phi chu trong cc tnh hung khc nhau l bao nhiu. Hnh III.7 cho
thy ngha ca cc gi tr
1
3
i vi cc trm di ng ti cc v tr khc nhau.
Trong hnh r
1
/R l khong cch c tiu chun ho t trm di ng n BS
1
. Cc
trng hp (a), (b), (c), (d) tng ng vi cc gi tr v
1
khc nhau. Cc thng s
khc s dng cc gi tr in hnh nh W=3840kchip/s, R=12.2kbit/s, =0.5, =4,
a=0.6, (Eb/I0)t=5dB.


Hnh III.7 ngha ca
1
3
vi cc v tr MS khc nhau

Cc kt qu trong cc trng hp(c hay khng c s che khut) c th c
gii thch nh sau. Khi khng tnh n s che khut, c a ra hnh (a) v (c), th
mi quan h gia
1
2
v
3
l
1
<
2
<
3
. iu ny c ngha l c thm mt phn
cng sut cn thit h tr cho qu trnh chuyn giao mm gi cng mt t s E
b
/I
0
mong mun:cng nhiu trm gc trong tp tch cc th cng sut yu cu cng ln. Khi
c tnh n s che khut, th s suy gim knh v tuyn s thay i mt cch t ng.
p ng cng mt gi tr E
b
/I
0
mong mun th tt nht l phi thay i cng sut
phn b cn thit. Trong hnh (b) v (d), ngha ca cc gi tr
1
2
v
3
c a ra
vi gi tr bng 8dB. R rng l i vi cc trm di ng gn bin gii Cell, vi
chuyn giao mm, th cng sut trung bnh cn thit p ng cng mt gi tr E
b
/I
0
mong mun s thp hn. i vi cc User gn gc ca Cell, th thm ch cng sut
tng ca SHO 3 ng cn thp hn c SHO 2 ng. hnh (b) khi r/R > 0,8 th
3
<

2
. Tuy nhin, i vi cc trm di ng nm trn ng c = 0, th SHO 2 ng
lun lun c hiu sut tt hn SHO 3 ng.
Hnh III.8 biu din Hm phn b tch lu (Cumulative Distribution
Function:CDF) ca
1
2
v
3
i vi cc User gn gc ca Cell ti (r
1
=R,=30).
3
c lch chun v gi tr trung bnh l nh nht. lch chun ca cng sut truyn
tng nh s tng ng vi d tr fade nh. Do , tng t nh nhng tc ng
hng ln, chuyn giao mm cng c nhng ch li hng xung l gim d
tr fade cn thit p ng mt QoS nht nh ti cnh ca Cell. SHO 3 ng thm
ch c hiu sut hn c SHO 2 ng trong vic gim d tr fade.
Hnh III.8 Hm phn b tch lu ca
1
2
v
3

Hnh III.9 biu din mi quan h gia gi tr trung bnh ca
1
2
v
3
trong
mt mt phng Cell 2 chiu. Nhng mu sc khc nhau s tng ng vi nhng tnh
hung khc nhau c a ra nh trong phn ch thch. R rng l chuyn giao mm
c th lm gim cng sut yu cu i vi cc knh hng xung ca cc trm di ng
ti bin gii Cell. iu ny c ngha l vi chuyn giao mm th nhiu hng xung
trung bnh t MS ny nh hng n cc MS khc s c gim bt.
Cn lu rng tt c cc kt qu cho n nay u l da trn trng hp l
tng: QoS c m bo, iu khin cng sut hon ho v khng c nhng gii hn
cng sut. Tuy nhin, trong mt mng thc t th li c nh sn nhng gii hn v
cng sut. Mc ch l trnh s m rng can nhiu c gy ra bi vic iu khin
cng sut nhanh chng li mt knh v tuyn xu. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, iu
khin cng sut nhanh v chnh xc c th mang li nhng li ch cho h thng bng
cch b s tn hao truyn dn trong knh v tuyn. Tuy nhin, i vi mt knh v
tuyn xu th trm gc c th phn b cng sut cao, iu ny dn ti s m rng can
nhiu n cc knh hot ng khc.


Hnh III.9 Cng sut tng trung bnh i vi v tr ca trm di ng

Cc gi tr in hnh ca nhng gii hn cng sut i vi mt mi trng
macroCell l 43dBm(20W) v 30dBm(1W) tng ng vi cng sut truyn tng
ln nht ca trm gc v cng sut knh lu lng hng xung ln nht. Gi s rng
tt c cc trm gc ang truyn mt gi tr cng sut l ln nht, P
T
= 43dBm, hnh
III.10 biu din cng sut knh lu lng hng xung trung bnh i vi cc trm di
ng ti nhng v tr khc nhau( = 30). Trc x biu din khong cch tng i t
MS n bn knh Cell. Gi s rng khi r/R > 0,82 th MS ri vo trng thi chuyn
giao mm.

Hnh III.10 Cng sut knh lu lng hng xung

R rng rng khi khng thc hin chuyn giao mm, gi t s E
b
/I
0
mong
mun th cng sut knh lu lng hng xung trung bnh cn thit cho MS ti bin
gii ca Cell l ln hn gii hn cng sut ti a khi tt c cc trm gc truyn cng

sut mc ti a. User c th b t chi hoc phc v vi mt QoS di gi tr mong
mun. Chuyn giao mm c th gii quyt vn bng cch phn chia cng sut gia
2 trm gc. i vi mt MS ti bin gii Cell, t s E
b
/I
0
c th c m bo p
ng gi tr mong mun m khng cn phn b cng sut cao n mi knh hng
xung. Tt nhin, nu h thng khng c np ti y , th cng sut ca cc User
gn gc ca Cell c th khng vt qu mc ti a ngay c khi chuyn giao mm
khng c h tr. im quan trng y l chuyn giao mm s lm gim xc sut
xu i ca QoS. Mt u im khc khi thc hin chuyn giao mm l s suy gim
cng sut do tn hao ca s che khut (hiu ng mn chn) l khng nhiu nh trong
trng hp vi mt trm gc ring l bi v 2 tn hiu c tng hp xut pht t 2
knh v tuyn khc nhau.
3.1.3 Kt lun
Da trn cc phn tch v nhiu hng xung v nhng tc ng ca chuyn
giao mm trn mt lin kt ring l, c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
- hng xung, nhiu inter-Cell c quan h cht ch vi v tr ca thu bao di
ng.
- i vi cc User bin gii ca Cell, nhiu inter-Cell l thnh phn chnh ca
nhiu tng, nht l i vi tnh trc giao cao hn.
- Nhng tc ng ca chuyn giao mm trn nhiu hng xung l kh phc tp,
n tu thuc vo cc yu t nh v tr ca MS, s suy gim knh v tuyn v chin
lc phn chia cng sut c thc hin.
- SHO lm gim d tr fade ca nhng kt ni ring l hng xung cng nh
l hng ln.
- SHO lm gim cng sut trung bnh tng cn thit cho cc MS ti bin gii Cell.
- i vi cc User gn gc ca Cell, th nhiu trung bnh trong SHO 3 ng l
thp hn SHO 2 ng.
- SHO lm gim xc sut qu cng sut v xu i ca QoS i vi cc User ti bin
gii ca Cell.
3.2 Phn tch hiu sut cp h thng
3.2.1 li chuyn giao mm hng xung
Gii thiu:
Nh cp trong chng 2, hiu sut cp h thng ca chuyn giao mm c
th c nh gi bi cc ch tiu khc nhau. Mt trong s c lin quan n QoS,
chng hn nh l xc sut ngn, xc sut chn cuc gi v t l li chuyn giao; mt
loi khc na c lin quan n s ti u ho h thng, chng hn nh li v dung
lng v vng ph sng i vi yu cu v QoS c a ra. Xut pht t nhu cu
ngy cng tng nhanh ca dung lng hng xung trong cc mng di ng tng lai,

bi tnh bt i xng ca cc loi dch v nn trong lun n ny s phn tch nhng tc
ng ca chuyn giao mm n dung lng hng xung trong h thng WCDMA.
V cng t , li dung lng hng xung c to ra bi chuyn giao mm c
nh ngha l li chuyn giao mm (soft handover gain).
Cc h thng CDMA l cc h thng gii hn nhiu. Mt trong nhng im
khc bit chnh gia h thng CDMA v cc h thng FDMA/TDMA l dung
lng ca h thng CDMA l dung lng mm. C bao nhiu ngi dng hoc bao
nhiu u cui c th c h tr trn mt Cell, iu ny c lin quan cht ch n
mc nhiu ca h thng. Trong lun n ny, s i vo nh gi gii hn dung lng
ca h thng. Bng cch so snh gii hn dung lng h thng khi c hay khng c
chuyn giao mm, ngi ta c th thu c li ca chuyn giao mm vi mt tng
ph chuyn giao mm (soft handover overhead:c nh ngha nh l tng s kt ni
chia cho tng s ngi s dng tr 1, trong trng hp ch c SHO 2 ng th SHO
overhead s bng phn s ca s User ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm trn
tng s User ang hot ng) nht nh no . Trong phn sau, phng php phn
tch li chuyn giao mm s c trnh by v hu ht cc phn tch sau u da
trn phng php ny.
a) li chuyn giao mm
Hnh III.11 cho thy mt phn ca h thng WCDMA vi 1 topo mng l tng.
Hnh III.11 Vng chuyn giao mm v vng ph sng hiu qu ca Cell

Trong hnh, khu vc khong trng l vng khng c chuyn giao mm, cn khu
vc c mu l vng chuyn giao mm. Tt c cc trm di ng nm trong vng chuyn
giao mm s truyn thng ng thi vi 2 hoc nhiu trm gc. h tr cho qu
trnh chuyn giao mm, trm di ng phi nm khu vc chng lp ln nhau ca cc
trm gc trong tp tch cc. Do , i vi Cell 1 v Cell 2 trong hnh III.11, vng ph
sng thc t phi t c cc vng trn mu v mu xanh (A v B). Trong cc
phn phn tch pha sau, S s c s dng biu th vng khng c chuyn giao
mm v S c s dng biu th vng chuyn giao mm.
Gi s rng cc User hot ng c phn b ng u trn ton h thng, gii
hn dung lng ca h thng c th c dn xut theo cc bc sau:
Bn ngoi vng chuyn giao mm
i vi 1 User bn ngoi vng chuyn giao mm (nh User 1 trong hnh
III.12), ch c kt ni vi BS
1
, th cng sut truyn ca knh dnh ring hng
xung t BS
1
n User 1, P
s1
, c th c tnh ton t phng trnh sau y:

(3.14)

Trong E
b
/I
0
l t s ca nng lng bt trn mt ph cng sut nhiu nhn
c bi User, L
1
l s suy gim lan truyn ca knh v tuyn gia BS
1
v User; I
total
l cng sut nhiu tng. L
1
v I
total
c hai u c lin quan n v tr ca User. li
x l v gi tr mong mun ca E
b
/I
0
ph thuc vo loi hnh dch v m User yu cu.

Hnh III.12 S b tr Cell
Bn trong vng chuyn giao mm
Nh trong hu ht cc phn trnh by pha trc, t s tng hp ti a c gi
nh l c a vo trong u cui di ng. Do , i vi 1 User bn trong vng
chuyn giao mm, th t s E
b
/I
0
nhn c l tng ca ca cc E
b
/I
0
t tt c cc trm
gc nm trong tp tch cc. Gi s rng chuyn giao mm 2 ng c h tr v BS
i
1
1 1
0
. 1 user of gain Processing
s
total
S b
P
I
L P
I
E
=


l mt trm gc khc tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao mm, khi E
b
/I
0
ca User 2
trong hnh III.12 c th c biu din l:

(3.15)

Trong P
s1-SHO
v P
si-SHO
tng ng vi cng sut truyn ca cc knh dnh
ring t trm gc BS
1
v BS
i
n User 2. Mi quan h gia P
s1-SHO
v P
si-SHO
c lin
quan n s phn chia cng sut c a vo trong chuyn giao mm. Thay
P
si-SHO
bng 1 hm ging nh ca P
s1-SHO
vo 3.15, ta c th thu c P
s1-SHO
. Cng xin
lu rng I
total1
v I
totali
l khng ging nhau.
Dn xut ca dung lng hng xung
Cng sut truyn tng ca BS
1
l nh sau:

(3.16)

Trong l t l cng sut truyn tng ca trm gc dnh cho cc knh dnh
ring; (1- ) c dnh cho cc knh iu khin chung hng xung; N l s User hot
ng trung bnh trn mi Cell; S i din cho vng khng c chuyn giao mm v S
i din cho vng c chuyn giao mm, c S v S u da vo tng ph v thut ton
chuyn giao mm; l mt User. Theo gi thit cc User di ng c phn phi
mt cch ng u, c th c biu din nh sau:

(3.17)

Trong A l khu vc ca mi Cell v R l bn knh Cell lc gic.
Thay , P
s1
v P
s1-SHO
vo (3.16), dung lng hng xung trung bnh N trn
ton h thng vi vic thc hin chuyn giao mm c th thu c l:

(3.18)

Dn xut ca li chuyn giao mm
Bng cch so snh dung lng khi c chuyn giao mm v khi khng c
chuyn giao mm, ta c th xc nh c li x l ca chuyn giao mm nh sau:

SHO s
total
i SHO si
total
SHO s
i
b b b
P
I
L P
I
L P
I
E
I
E
I
E
i
_ 1
_ 1 _ 1
0
1
0 0
2. user of gain processing
1
(
(
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

}} }}
=
+ + = + =
N
j
S S
SHO s s T j s T T
ds P ds P P P P P
1
_ 1 1 1 , 1 1 1
'
. . . . ) 1 .( ) 1 .(
2
3 3
2
R
N
A
N
= =

}} }}
+
=
S S
SHO s s
T
ds P ds P
P R
N
'
_ 1 1
1
2
. .
. .
2
3 3


(3.19)
Dung lng hng xung khi khng thc hin chuyn giao mm c th c
biu din nh sau:

(3.20)

Trong , A l khu vc ca Cell. Thay (3.20) v (3.18) vo (3.19), li
chuyn giao mm c th c tnh ton l:

(3.21)

b) Nhng tc ng i vi li chuyn giao mm
Trong phn trc, dn xut ca li chuyn giao mm c m t. C mt
vi vn tc ng n dung lng hng xung c a ra trong bng III.1. Trong
bng, s lin kt s c biu th bng du trn (c) hoc du cho (khng).

li x l v
E
b
/I
0
mc tiu
P
s1
P
s1_SHO
S &S
Mi quan h
gia P
s1_SHO
& P
si_SHO
N
S chn
la Cell
X

X

Thut ton
SHO
X X X

X

Tng ph
SHO
X X X

X

iu khin c/s
hng xung
X

X X

S phn
chia c/s
X X

X

Loi dch v X X

TABLE III.1 Bng lin kt

| | | | dB
_
_
log . 10 or % 100 1
_
_
_
noSHO capacity
SHO capacity
noSHO capacity
SHO capacity
gain SHO
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
}}
=
A
s
T
noSHO
ds P
P R
N
.
. .
2
3 3
1
1
2
_

| | % 100 1
. .
.

'
_ 1 1
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
}} }}
}}
S S
SHO s s
A
s
ds P ds P
ds P
gain SHO

- S chn la Cell s quyt nh trm gc no lu tr n u tin. S phn
chia khc nhau tng ng vi mc cng sut khc nhau i vi knh hng xung.
Do s khc nhau gia cc iu kin ban u v kt thc ca thut ton chuyn giao
mm nn n cng c tc ng n S v S.
- Cc thut ton v tng ph chuyn giao mm khc nhau s dn n S v S khc
nhau.
- Cc iu kin iu khin cng sut khc nhau s cho ra P
s1
v P
s1-SHO
khc nhau.
- Cc s phn chia cng sut khc nhau dn ti cc mi quan h khc nhau gia
P
s1-SHO
v P
si-SHO
.
- Cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau s tng ng vi li x l v t s E
b
/I
0
mong
mun khc nhau.
Trong cc phn sau, s tc ng ca cc vn khc nhau n dung lng
hng xung v li chuyn giao mm s c phn tch tng ng chi tit hn.
3.2.2 S chn la v ti chn la Cell
Gii thiu
Chn la v ti chn la Cell l hai chc nng c bn ca cc mng di ng.
Chn la Cell c nhim v tm mt Cell cho trm di ng lu nhp vo: s quyt nh
chn la c thc hin da trn cng ca t s E
c
/I
0
thu c t knh hoa tiu
chung hng xung (CPICH: Common Pilot Channel). S ti chn la Cell c nhim
v m bo QoS yu cu bng cch lun lun gi cho trm di ng c lu tr ti
mt Cell c cht lng tt. Bng vic gim st thng tin cc Cell ln cn, trm di
ng c th ti chn la mt trm gc lu tr n khi cht lng ca trm gc hin
thi xu i hoc khi mng cn cn bng ti gia cc Cell. Th tc chuyn giao thc
cht l mt loi ca qu trnh ti chn la Cell. Nhng trm di ng Yu gn bin
gii Cell c th ti chn la mt trm gc c cht lng tt hn truyn thng vi
n (chuyn giao cng) hoc ti chn la 2 hay nhiu hn cc trm gc truyn thng
mt cch ng thi(chuyn giao mm) vi n duy tr QoS yu cu.
Nh bit, cc h thng CDMA l cc h thng gii hn nhiu. Trong nhng
h thng ny, vic iu khin chuyn giao v chn la/ti chn la Cell khng ch c
nhim v m bo QoS ca cc thu bao di ng ring r m chng cn c th mang
n nhng ch li trn ton h thng bi vic gim thiu can nhiu bng cch chn la
nhng trm gc c cht lng tt hn. Trong hu ht cc nghin cu trc y, iu
khin chuyn giao v chn la/ti chn la Cell c nghin cu mt cch ring r.
Vic chn la Cell c phn tch ch yu trong cc h thng Cell phn cp v hu ht
cc phn tch v chuyn giao mm n gin ho s chn la Cell ban u thnh
mt qu trnh da trn khong cch. Trong lun n ny, li chuyn giao mm
hng xung c nghin cu di 3 s chn la Cell (CS:Cell Selection) khc
nhau: CS da trn khong cch, CS hon ho v CS bnh thng.
a) Nguyn l c bn ca cc s chn la Cell (CS) khc nhau
Xt mt trm di ng nm gn bin gii Cell c a ra trong hnh III.13. E
P1
,
E
P2
, E
P3
, v E
P4
biu din t s E
c
/I
0
knh hoa tiu nhn c tng ng t 4 trm gc
xung quanh: BS
1
, BS
2
, BS
3
v BS
4
. Gi s rng tt c cc knh hoa tiu hng xung
u c phn b cng mt gi tr cng sut, E
Pi
:

(3.22)

Trong P
Ti
i
, P
pilot
l cng sut truyn ca
knh hoa tiu hng xung; a l h s trc giao hng xung; j l ch s ca trm gc
xung quanh BS
i
.

Hnh III.13 S chn la Cell

Chn la Cell da trn khong cch
Trong s CS da trn khong cch, trm di ng lun lun chn mt trm
gc gn nht lu tr n. Trong trng hp c a ra nh trong hnh III.13, mt
knh dnh ring hng xung s c thit lp gia MS v BS
1
.

+
=
j
j Tj i Ti
i pilot
Pi
j
i
i
r P r a P
r P
E
10 10
10
10 10 ) 1 (
10
,
o
,
o
,
o


Chn la Cell hon ho
Trong s CS hon ho, trm di ng lun lun chn mt trm gc tt nht
lu tr n; t MS c th thu c t s E
c
/I
0
knh hoa tiu mnh nht. V l
do c s che khut nn BS
1
c th khng phi l trm gc tt nht. Hnh III.14 a ra
lu ca chn la Cell hon ho.

Hnh III.14 Lu chn la Cell hon ho

Chn la Cell bnh thng
Nu trm di ng c th lun lun chn trm gc tt nht lu tr th mc
nhiu trong h thng s c gim thiu. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, trm di ng khng
th lun lun lin kt vi trm gc tt nht, l do l v tnh di ng ca User, s tr
hon trong vic ti la chn Cell tt hn, hoc l nhng thay i ng ca knh lan
truyn v tuyn. Trong lun n ny, mt gi tr ngng CS_th c s dng a
vo cc tnh hung khng hon ho trn. Nguyn l c bn l: trm di ng lun lun
chn trm gc gn nht lu tr ngoi tr khi s chnh lch E
c
/I
0
gia trm gc tt
nht v trm gc gn nht cao hn ngng CS_th. on m ca s chn la Cell c
th c biu din nh sau:

If (E
p_best
E
p_nearest
> CS_th
Camping on BS
_best
;
Else
Camping on BS
_nearest
;
end

Hnh III.15 a ra lu chn la Cell bnh thng. Khi ngng CS_th bng
0, th chn la Cell bnh thng s tr thnh trng hp chn la Cell hon ho.

Camping on BS
i
Max{E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pi

Measure E
pi
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4


Hnh III.15 Lu chn la Cell bnh thng
b) Nhng tc ng ca cc s chn la Cell khc nhau n li SHO
Vic chn mt trm gc khc lu tr n s dn ti vic phn b cng sut
dnh cho MS ti v tr nht nh vi mt QoS mong mun nht nh cng s khc.
iu ny tng ng vi P
s1
v P
s1-SHO
trong phng trnh 3.18 cng s khc. Hn na,
s chn la Cell cng c tc ng n khu vc S v S trong 3.18 bi v cc iu kin
khi to v kt thc ca thut ton chuyn giao mm thng l khc nhau. Nhng la
chn trm gc dch v ban u khc nhau c th dn n nhng quyt nh chuyn
giao mm khc nhau. Tt c cc s thay i trn s dn n li SHO thay i.
3.2.3 Cc thut ton chuyn giao mm
Gii thiu
li chuyn giao mm ph thuc cht ch vo cc thut ton chuyn giao
mm. n nay, c kh nhiu cc thut ton c xut v nh gi. Trong s cc
thut ton , thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A, thut ton chuyn giao mm
UTRA v SSDT (Site Selection Diversity Transit Power Control) l cc i din ph
bin nht.
Trong thut ton IS-95A (cng c gi l thut ton cdmaOne c bn),
ngng chuyn giao l mt gi tr E
c
/I
0
knh pilot thu c c nh. N rt d thc
hin, nhng c mt vi kh khn khi phi i mt vi nhng thay i ti ng. Da
trn thut ton IS-95A, mt vi bin i ca thut ton cdmaOne c xut cho
cc h thng IS-95B v cdma2000 vi tnh linh hot hn l cc ngng c nh. Trong
Measure E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4

Min {r
1
,r
2
,r
3
,r
4
} = r
i
;
Max { E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pj

i == j
E
pj
E
pj
> CS_th
Camping on BS
i
Camping on BS
j
Measure E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4

Min {r
1
,r
2
,r
3
,r
4
} = r
i
;
Max { E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pj

No
Yes No
Yes
i == j
E
pj
E
pj
> CS_th
Camping on BS
i
Camping on BS
j
Measure E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4

Min {r
1
,r
2
,r
3
,r
4
} = r
i
;
Max { E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pj

No
Yes No
Yes
i == j
E
pj
E
pj
> CS_th
Camping on BS
i
Camping on BS
j
Measure E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4

Min {r
1
,r
2
,r
3
,r
4
} = r
i
;
Max { E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pj

No
Yes No
Yes
i == j
E
pj
E
pj
> CS_th
Camping on BS
i
Camping on BS
j
Measure E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4

Min {r
1
,r
2
,r
3
,r
4
} = r
i
;
Max { E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pj

No
Yes No
Yes
i == j
E
pj
E
pj
> CS_th
Camping on BS
i
Camping on BS
j
Measure E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4

Min {r
1
,r
2
,r
3
,r
4
} = r
i
;
Max { E
p1
, E
p2
, E
p3
, E
p4
}= E
pj

No
Yes No

Yes

WCDMA, nhiu s phc tp hn c s dng. Trong s chuyn giao mm
UTRA c thng qua bi UMTS, nhng quyt nh chuyn giao c thc hin da
trn cc gi tr ngng tng i. Li ch ln nht ca thut ton ny l s biu hin
tham s d dng ca n. Ngoi thut ton chuyn giao mm UTRA, SSDT l mt s
thay th c thng qua bi 3GPP. So vi tt c cc thut ton khc, c im ni
bt nht l SSDT gim nh can nhiu gy ra bi s truyn dn nhiu v tr khc
nhau, nhng ngc li n khng c li phn tp a dng.
Cho n nay, mt s cng vic c thc hin so snh cc s chuyn
giao mm khc nhau nh phn tch s hay m phng. Tuy nhin, tt c nhng s so
snh u c thc hin da trn nhng ch tiu v QoS hoc s phn b ti
nguyn. Trong lun n ny, s i thc hin so snh nhng nh hng ca cc thut
ton chuyn giao mm khc nhau ln dung lng hng xung.
a) Cc thut ton SHO khc nhau
Tng t nh cch trong s chn la Cell, quyt nh chuyn giao mm
cng c thc hin da trn t s E
c
/I
0
nhn c ca knh hoa tiu chung hng
xung (CPICH). Trm di ng lun lun theo di E
c
/I
0
ca cc knh hoa tiu t nhng
trm gc gn v bo co kt qu v cho trm gc dch v. Sau trm gc dch v
s gi thng tin ny v cho RNC. Bn trong RNC, mt s nh gi nhng iu kin
kch hot v kt thc s c thc hin da trn nhng kt qu o ny. Bi v nhng
thut ton khc nhau c iu kin kch hot v kt thc khc nhau, nn cng mt User
trong cng mt mng c th trong cc trng thi khc nhau khi thc hin nhng
thut ton chuyn giao mm khc nhau. iu ny c ngha l hnh dng ca vng
chuyn giao mm c th s khc nhau vi nhng thut ton chuyn giao mm khc
nhau mc d rng tnh trng mng l ging nhau. Trong lun n ny, c 2 thut ton
chuyn giao mm in hnh c so snh, l IS-95A v UTRA.
Thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A
Thut ton IS-95A c m t trong hnh II.5 trong phn 2.2.2. Trong thut
ton ny, cc gi tr ngng tuyt i c s dng. T_ADD v T_DROP c nh
trc khi nh kch thc mng. Hnh III.16 a ra lu ca thut ton chuyn giao
mm IS-95A. iu kin kch hot ca thut ton c th c biu din nh sau:

(3.23)

Trong , P
T
l cng sut truyn tng ca trm gc, a l h s trc giao hng
xung, P
Pilot
l cng sut truyn ca knh hoa tiu, L
i
l suy gim truyn dn ca
knh v tuyn t trm gc n MS.
ADD T
L P L a P
L P
I
E
E
M
j
j T i T
i pilot
BS pilot
c
pi
i
_
) 1 (
_
0
>
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=


Hnh III.16 Lu thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A

Khng ging nh hng ln, nhiu hng xung c mi quan h vi v tr
ca trm di ng. Do , t s E
c
/I
0
ca knh pilot khng ch lin quan n r
i
m cn
lin quan n gc . V kt qu l bin gii ca vng chuyn giao mm khng phi l
hnh trn nh c gi nh trong cc nghin cu trc y. Phn(a) trong hnh III.18
cho thy mi quan h gia gia vng chuyn giao mm v tng ph chuyn giao mm
da trn thut ton IS-95A. V quyt nh chuyn giao c thc hin da trn t s
E
c
/I
0
knh pilot thu c trung bnh.
Thut ton chuyn giao mm UTRA
Thut ton chuyn giao mm UTRA (cng c gi l thut ton chuyn giao
mm WCDMA) cng c trnh by trong phn 2.2.2, hnh II.6. Khc vi IS-95A,
thut ton UTRA s dng ngng tng i ch khng phi ngng tuyt i. Hnh
III.17 a ra lu ca thut ton chuyn giao mm UTRA.

E
pi
> T_ADD
a BS
i
vo tp ng c
a BS
i
vo tp ln cn

Begin
BS
i
tp tch cc
Tp tch cc y
a BS
i
vo tp tch cc
E
pi
< T_DROP
Cho n khi ht nh thi rt
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes

Hnh III.17 Lu thut ton chuyn giao mm UTRA
Trong , E
Pi
biu din t s E
c
/I
0
ca knh CPICH t BS
i
, E
P-best
l E
c
/I
0
ca
knh CPICH mnh nht hin ti trong tp tch cc, E
P-worst
l E
c
/I
0
ca knh CPICH yu
nht hin ti trong tp tch cc, Th_add = R1a-H1a/2, Th_drop = R1b+H1b/2, Th_rep
= H1c/2, cc nh ngha ca R1a, H1a/2, R1b,H1b/2 v H1c/2 u c a ra
trong phn 2.2.2
Gi s rng BS
i
l trm gc ban u ca User, iu kin kch hot ca thut
ton chuyn giao mm UTRA c th c biu din l:

(3.24)
Hyst Th AS Th AS
I
E
I
E
j i
BS pilot
c
BS pilot
c
_ _ _
_
0
_
0
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
BS
i
tp tch cc
Tp tch cc y
BS
i
l tt nht
trong tp ng c
Begin
Loi BS
i
ra khi tp tch
cc

E
p_best
E
pi
< Th_add
Trong chu k T
E
pi
E
p_worst
> Th_add
Trong chu k T

Thay BS xu nht trong tp
tch cc bng BS
i
E
pi
< E
p_best
- Th_add
Trong chu k T

Thm BS
i
vo tp tch cc.
Thit lp kt ni mi vi
BS
i
No
No
No
No
No
No (S kin 1A)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (S kin 1B)
Yes (S kin 1C)

Phn (b) trong hnh III.18 cho thy cc vng chuyn giao mm ca thut ton
UTRA vi cc tng ph chuyn giao mm khc nhau. V quyt nh chuyn giao cng
c thc hin da trn t s E
c
/I
0
knh pilot nhn c trung bnh.
b) Vng SHO ca cc thut ton chuyn giao mm khc nhau
Hnh III.18 a ra vng chuyn giao mm ca thut ton IS-95A v UTRA vi
cc tng ph chuyn giao mm khc nhau da trn E
c
/I
0
knh pilot thu c trung
bnh. y, chuyn giao mm 2 ng c s dng v gi s rng s phn phi ti
l ng u. Do , tng ph chuyn giao mm bng t l ca khu vc vng chuyn
giao mm trn khu vc ca Cell.

Hnh III.18 So snh vng SHO ca cc thut ton khc nhau
T hnh III.18, ta thy r rng l hnh dng ca cc vng chuyn giao mm ca
2 thut ton l rt khc nhau khi tng ph chuyn giao mm nh. Khi tng ph tng ln,
nhng s khc nhau s dn mt i. V vy, khi nh gi li chuyn giao mm t
phng trnh (3.21), S v S khc nhau s c thay th theo cc thut ton chuyn
giao mm khc nhau.
3.2.4 iu khin cng sut hng xung
Nh cp trong chng 1, trong cc h thng CDMA, iu khin cng sut
l mt trong nhng chc nng rt quan trng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn. hng
ln, iu khin cng sut c a vo khc phc hiu ng gn xa, cn hng
xung, nguyn nhn chnh s dng iu khin cng sut l gim nhiu inter-
Cell. Bi v iu khin cng sut hng xung khng quan trng bng vic iu khin
cng sut hng ln, nn trong mt s nghin cu trc v chuyn giao mm
khng cp n iu khin cng sut hng xung.
Theo nhng phn tch trong phn 3.1, i vi nhng MS ang trong trng thi
chuyn giao mm gn cnh ca Cell, th nhiu inter-Cell l cao hn nhiu so vi
nhiu intra-Cell. iu ny c bit ng khi tnh trc giao gia cc knh hng xung

c gi mc tt. Do , khng kh khn i n kt lun rng c mt s mi
tng quan no gia vic iu khin cng sut v li chuyn giao mm. Trong
lun n ny, kt lun mang tnh trc quan ny s c kim chng bng cch phn tch
v so snh li chuyn giao mm di 3 iu kin iu khin cng sut khc nhau
mt cch ring r.
a) Phn b cng sut di 3 iu kin iu khin cng sut
Khng c iu khin cng sut
Bi v hng xung, iu khin cng sut l khng quan trng nh hng
ln, nn mt vi nghin cu trc khng quan tm ti n. Khi khng c iu
khin cng sut, mi knh lu lng hng xung s c phn b cng mt gi tr
cng sut. Do ,

(3.25)

Trong x l tng ph chuyn giao mm, N l s User hot ng trn
mt Cell, N(1+x) tng s knh dnh ring hng xung, l t l cng sut truyn
tng dnh cho knh lu lng.
iu khin cng sut hon ho
Phn b cng sut theo iu khin cng sut hon ho c phn tch trong
phn 3.1.2. Vic iu khin cng sut hng xung hon ho s lm cho t s E
b
/I
0

nhn c ti gi tr mong mun ca tt c cc trm di ng bng nhau mi thi
im. Do , cng sut truyn dn ca cc knh dnh ring hng xung c th c
dn xut t cc phng trnh cht lng lin kt. i vi mt User t ti (r
1
,
1
) bn
ngoi vng chuyn giao mm nh User 1 trong hnh III.12, khng quan tm n nhiu
nhit, t s nng lng bt trn mt ph cng sut nhiu E
b
/I
0
nhn c c th
c biu din l:

(3.26)

Trong , W l tc chip; R l tc bit dch v; l h s hot ng; P
T
l
cng sut truyn tng ca tt c cc trm gc; r
1
v rj l cc khong cch t trm di
ng n BS
1
v BSj tng ng; l mt ng dn; l suy gim tnh theo dB
do hiu ng mn chn, vi lch chun ; a l h s trc giao; M l ch s ca trm
gc c a vo tnh ton nhiu inter-Cell. y, nhng trm gc thuc lp th nht
v th hai c s dng, v vy M = 19.
) 1 (
.
1
_ 1 1
x N
P
P P
T
SHO s s
+
= =

+
=
M
j
j Tj T
s b
j
r P r a P
r P
R
W
I
E
2
10 10
1 1
10
1 1
0
10 10 ) 1 (
10
1
1
,
o
,
o
,
o
v


Gi s rng cc User c phn b u trn ton mng v cng sut truyn tng
ca tt c cc trm gc l ging nhau, c k hiu l P
T
. Cng sut truyn yu cu
ca knh dnh ring hng xung t BS
1
, P
s1
c th c gii t phng trnh (3.26)
nh sau:

| |
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=

) 1 ( 1
10
10 10 ) 1 (
0
10
1
2
10 10
1
0
1
1
1
a P
I
E
W
R
r
r r a P
I
E
W
R
P
T
t
b
M
j
j T
t
b
s
j
v
v
,
o
,
o
,
o
(3.27)

Trong (E
b
/I
0
)
t
l gi tr E
b
/I
0
mong mun;

i vi User bn trong vng chuyn giao mm nh User 2 trong hnh III.12,
gi s rng BS
1
v BS
i
nm trong tp tch cc (SHO 2 ng), chin lc phn chia
cng sut cn bng v t s tng hp ti a c s dng trong qu trnh chuyn giao
mm, t s E
b
/I
0
nhn c l:

(3.28)

V vy, P
s1-SHO
c th c tnh l:

(3.29)

Trong :

(3.30)

Phn b cng sut theo SHO 3 ng cng c th c dn xut theo cch tng t.

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
M
j
j
j
r
r
2
10
) (
1
1
10 ) 1 (
, ,
o

(
(
(
(
+
+
+
=
(
+
(
=

= =

19
, 1
10 10
10
_
19
2
10 10
1
10
1 _ 1
0
1
0 0
10 10 ) 1 (
10
10 10 ) 1 (
10
1
1
i k k
k T i T
i SHO si
j
j T T
SHO s
i
b b b
k i
i
j
r P r a P
r P
r P r a P
r P
R
W
I
E
I
E
I
E
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
o
,
o
v

+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) 2 ( 1
1
) 1 ( 1
1
0
_ 1
a a
P
I
E
W
R
P
T
t
b
SHO s
v

= = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
M
j
M
i k k i
k
j
i k
j
r
r
r
r
2 , 1
10
) (
10
) (
1
10 ) 2 ( v 10 ) 1 (
1 , ,
o
, ,
o


iu khin cng sut khng hon ho
Qua vic xc minh bng thc nghim, li iu khin cng sut c th c m
hnh ho nh l mt gi tr ngu nhin vi phn b logarit chun tc. Gi P
e
l gi tr
biu din cho li iu khin cng sut (c tnh bng dB), P
s1
v P
s1-SHO
c th c
vit nh sau:
P
s1
= P
s1
+ P
e
(dB) (3.31)

P
s1-SHO
= P
s1-SHO
+ P
e1
(dB) v P
si-SHO
= P
si-SHO
+ P
ei
(dB) (3.32)

Trong P
e
l mt gi tr ngu nhin c phn b Gaussian vi trung bnh khng
v phng sai,
e
2
. lch chun
e
phn nh mc khng hon ho. Sut trong qu
trnh chuyn giao mm, P
e1
v P
e2
l c lp vi nhau. Thay (3.31) v (3.32) vo (3.26)
v (3.28), ta c th thu c cng sut truyn thc t theo iu kin iu khin cng
sut khng hon ho P
s1
v P
s1-SHO
.
b) li SHO di nhng tc ng ca iu khin cng sut
Dung lng hng xung v li chuyn giao mm vi iu khin cng sut
hon ho hay khng hon ho c th c tnh bng cch thay P
s1
, P
s1-SHO
, P
s1
, v
P
s1-SHO
vo (3.18) v (3.21).
i vi mt User ti (r
1
,
1
) bn ngoi vng chuyn giao mm, thay (3.25) vo
(3.26), E
b
/I
0
c th c biu din l:

(3.33)

R rng l khi khng c iu khin cng sut, E
b
/I
0
l mt hm theo v tr trm
di ng. T (3.33) c th rt ra N:

(3.34)

(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
+ + +
=
M
j
a
j
M
j
j
b
j
j
r
r
a x N
R
W
r x N r a x N
r
R
W
I
E
2
10
) (
1
2
10 10
1
10
1
0
1
1
1
10 1 ) 1 (
10 ) 1 ( 10 ) 1 )( 1 (
10 .
, ,
,
o
,
o
,
o
v

(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
M
j
j
t b
j
r
r
a x
I E R
W
N
2
10
) (
1
0
1
10 1 ) 1 (
) / (
, ,
o
v


i vi mt MS bn trong vng chuyn giao mm nh User 2 trong hnh III.12,
E
b
/I
0
c th c biu din l:

(3.35)

Trong (1) v (2) c a ra trong (3.28).
T (3.35), N c th c suy ra:

(3.36)

Do , dung lng hng xung trung bnh N khi khng iu khin cng sut
hng xung c th c biu din l:

(3.37)

T (3.37) ta c th thy c rng khi khng iu khin cng sut, dung lng
hng xung s b gii hn bi cc User yu nht (User c E
b
/I
0
thp nht) trong Cell.

| | | |
(
(
+ +
+
+ +
=

) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
0
a x N a x N R
W
I
E
b

v

(
(
+
+
+ +
=

) 2 ( 1
1
) 1 ( 1
1
) 1 (
) / (
0
a a x
I E R
W
N
t b
v

| |
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ +
(
(
(
(
+ +
=

zone SHO inside

) 2 ( 1
1
) 1 ( 1
1
) 1 (
/ R
W
E
zone SHO outside
) 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
/
min ) (
0
0
1
a a x
I E
a x
I E R
W
E
r N
b
b
v

Bo co tt nghip Chng IV: Chin lc iu khin cng sut ti u
CHNG IV: CHIN LC IU KHIN CNG SUT TI U
TRONG CHUYN GIAO MM

4.1 Nguyn l ca cch tip cn mi
Nh cp trong nhng chng trc, h thng CDMA l nhng h thng
c gii hn nhiu. Vic gim thiu nhiu tng l mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn
ti u ho ti nguyn v tuyn trong nhng h thng CDMA. Nguyn l c bn ca
cch tip cn iu khin cng sut mi l gim thiu mc tiu th cng sut tng
sut trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm bi v mc tiu th cng sut thp cng ng
ngha vi vic nhiu n cc User khc s t hn.
Xt mt trm di ng ang trong trng thi SHO 2 ng c a ra trong
hnh IV.1, cng sut tng c tiu th bi trm di ng ny l tng ca P
1
v P
2
. P
1

v P
2
l cng sut truyn ca cc knh hng xung dnh ring tng ng t BS
1
v
BS
2
.

Hnh IV.1 iu khin cng sut hng xung trong Chuyn giao mm

Gi s rng ti c phn b ng u trn ton h thng, cng sut truyn
tng P
T
ca mi trm gc l ging nhau. T s E
b
/I
0
ca trm di ng c th c biu
din nh sau:

(4.1)

Vi:
(4.2)

V:
(4.3)

2
0
1
0 0
(
+
(
=
I
E
I
E
I
E
b b b

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
(
=
=
M
i
i
T
M
i
i T T
b
L
L
a P
P
R
W
L P L a P
L P
R
W
I
E
2 1
1
2
1
1 1
1
0
1
) 1 (
.
v v

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
(
= =
= =
M
j j
j
T
M
j j
j T T
b
L
L
a P
P
R
W
L P L a P
L P
R
W
I
E
2 , 1 2
2
2 , 1
2
2 1
2
0
1
) 1 (
.
v v


Trong W l tc chip; R l tc bit dch v; l h s hot ng ca dch
v; a l h s trc giao hng xung; L
i
l suy gim lan truyn t BS
i
n trm di ng;
M l ch s ca cc trm gc c a vo nhiu inter-Cell. Thay (4.2) v (4.3) vo
(4.1) ta c:

(4.4)

Ta nh ngha mt thng s B nh ngha mi quan h gia P
1
v P
2
theo:

(4.5)

Theo nguyn tc Khng hn, khng km, QoS nhn c ca trm di ng
c gi mc gi tr mc tiu. Do , t (4.4) v (4.5), cng sut tng c yu cu
bi trm di ng c th c suy ra l:

(4.6)

Trong (E
b
/I
0
)
t
l gi tr mc tiu i vi dch v m User yu cu.
T (4.6), ta thy r rng l cng sut tng m User tiu th c mi quan h vi
t s cng sut B. Nhng gi tr khc nhau ca t s P
1
v P
2
s dn ti mc tiu th
cng sut tng khc nhau. Mc ch ca chin lc iu khin cng sut ti u mi l
c gng tm mt gi tr t s B thch hp ti thiu ho cng sut tng P
T
.
4.2 nh gi tnh kh thi
S dng chin lc phn chia cng sut cn bng chun [ETSI TS 125 214]
lm tham chiu, dn xut ca B gim bt cng sut tng c th c tin hnh nh
sau:
Gi P
t0
l gi tr i din cho cng sut tng m User tiu th khi thc hin
chin lc phn chia cng sut cn bng chun trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao mm.
Thay P
1
bng P
2
vo (4.6), P
t0
c th c biu din l:

(
(
(
(
+
+
+
=

= = =
M
j j
j
M
i
i T
b
L
L
a
P
L
L
a
P
P R
W
I
E
2 , 1 2
2
2 1
1
0
1
1
1
v

2
1
s
s
P
P
B =

= = =
+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =
M
j j
j
M
i
i
T
t
b
t
L
L
a
B
L
L
a
P
W
R
I
E
B
P P P
2 , 1 2
2 1
0
2 1
1
/ 1
1
1
1
1
v


(4.7)

gim bt cng sut tng th phi tho theo bt ng thc sau y:
P
t
P
t0
(4.8)
t

(4.8) c th c vit li nh

sau:

Do

Nn:

Suy ra:

Suy ra:
(4.9)

tho (4.9), B phi tu thuc vo mi quan h gia X v Y.

Nu

= = =
+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
M
j j
j
M
i
i
T
t
b
t
L
L
a
L
L
a
P
W
R
I
E
P
2 , 1 2
2 1
0
0
1
1
1
1
. 2
v

= =
=
+
=
+
=
M
j j
j
M
i
i
L
L
a
Y
L
L
a
X
2 , 1 2
2 1
1
1
V
1
1

Y X
Y
B
X
B
+
s
+
+
2
1
1
1

0
1
) ( > |
.
|
\
|
+ + Y
B
X Y X
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
s |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
+
Y
B
X Y X
Y X
Y
B
X Y X
Y
B
X
B
1
) (
) (
2 1
) .(
1
1
1

Y
B
X Y
B
X
B
Y X
2
2 .
1
.
1
+ s + + +
X
B
Y
B
.
1
1 .
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
s |
.
|
\
|

1 0
1
1 , > > > B
B
Y X

Nu (4.10)

Gi :

(4.11)

L t s E
c
/I
0
knh Pilot nhn c t trm gc BS
i
. Trong , l t l cng sut
truyn tng ca trm gc dnh cho knh lu lng; a l h s trc giao hng xung.
Do :

(4.12)

(4.10) c th c vit li thnh:

Nu
(4.13)
Nu

Khi ti c phn b ng u trn ton h thng, tt c cc knh hoa tiu
hng xung c phn b cng mt gi tr cng sut, th vic nhn c E
c
/I
0
cao
hn t trm gc BS
i
s tng ng vi s suy gim lan truyn t BS
i
n User s thp
hn. Do , vic chn B = L
1
/L
2
s tho mn c (4.13) ng thi cng tho mn
c (4.8). iu ny c ngha l khi t s cng sut gia nhng trm gc trong tp tch
cc bng t s suy gim lan truyn gia chng th mc tiu th cng sut tng sut
trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm c th c gim bt so vi s phn chia cng
sut cn bng.
Do , trong s iu khin cng sut ti u, nhng trm gc trong tp tch
cc s thay i cng sut truyn ca chng mt cch ph thuc v t s cng sut
c gi bng vi t s suy gim lan truyn.
Lu rng vic chn B = L
1
/L
2
cho s iu khin cng sut ti u l bi v
s suy gim lan truyn t mt trm gc c th c th thu c bng cch o knh Pilot
hng xung ca trm gc . iu ny m bo tnh kh thi ca cch tip cn iu
1 0
1
1 , < < s B
B
Y X
=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
M
i j i
j
i
c
L
L
a
I
E
) 1 (
1
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

= = =
1
1
1
V
1
1
1
2
0
2 , 1 2
1
0
2 1
I
E
L
L
a
Y
I
E
L
L
a
X
c
M
j j
j
c
M
i
i

1 0
1
- 1 ,
2
0
1
0
> >
|
|
.
|
\
|
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
B
B I
E
I
E
c c

1 0
1
1 ,
2
0
1
0
< <
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
B
B I
E
I
E
c c

khin cng sut mi bi v vic o cc knh Pilot l mt th tc c bn ca chuyn
giao mm.
Trong SHO 3 ng th vic phn tch cng hon ton tng t. Gi s BS
1
,
BS
2
v BS
3
l 3 trm gc trong tp tch cc, khi mi quan h gia P
1
, P
2
v P
3
l:

(4.14)

Hnh IV.2 biu din cng sut tng tng i trung bnh m User cn trong qu
trnh chuyn giao mm. Trc X biu din khong cch tiu chun ho t User n
trm gc gn nht trong tp tch cc. Nhng gi nh v h thng v m hnh knh v
tuyn ging nh c a ra trong chng 3 v nhng thng s h thng c ly
t bng IV.1. P
t0
/P
T
v P
t
/P
T
c tnh ton tng ng t (4.6) v (4.7). Nhng kt
qu trong hnh cho thy rng so vi s phn chia cng sut cn bng, th s phn
chia cng sut khng cn bng trong s iu khin cng sut ti u n lm gim
cng sut tng m User tiu th trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm.

TABLE IV.1 Cc thng s h thng

Hnh IV.2 Cng sut truyn tng tng i cho cc MS trong chuyn giao
mm.
Thng s
mt ng dn
lch chun ca hiu ng mn chn
T l cng sut knh lu lng
a H s trc giao
W Tc chip
R Tc bit dch v
H s hot ng
Gi tr
4
8 dB
0.8
0.6
3.84 Mchip/s
12.2 kbit/s
0.5
3
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
, ,
L
L
P
P
L
L
P
P
L
L
P
P
= = =

Bo co tt nghip Chng V: Chng trnh demo

CHNG V: CHNG TRNH DEMO

Phn Demo ny s a ra m hnh chuyn giao ca mt MS trong mt t
ang chuyn ng t Cell A sang Cell B.

Hnh V.1 M hnh chuyn giao

Khi MS ang chuyn ng Cell A (Cell B), MS ch kt ni vi BS ca Cell A
(Cell B), BS Cell A (Cell B) chu s iu khin ca RNC. Khi MS trong vng chuyn
giao ca hai Cell A v B, MS kt ni ng thi vi hai BS ca Cell A v Cell B. Lc
ny, BS ca Cell A v Cell B ng thi chu s iu khin ca RNC.

Bo co tt nghip Kt lun

KT LUN

Trong mt h thng WCDMA, chuyn giao mm c 2 tc ng i lp n
hng xung: l phn tp a dng v s tiu th ngun ti nguyn b sung. Phn
tp a dng ci thin hiu sut cp ng dn, nhng i vi hiu sut cp h thng th
i hi c mt s cn bng gia 2 tc ng ny. ti a ha dung lng hng
xung th phi c mt tng ph chuyn giao mm ti u. Tng ph ti u ny rt nhy
cm vi s chn la Cell, cc iu kin iu khin cng sut v s a dng ca cc
tham s v tuyn.
Dung lng ca tp tch cc khng b chi phi bi tnh cht cng ln cng
tt.Vic b sung thm mt trm gc khi thc hin chuyn giao mm s i km theo
vi s phc tp v gia tng bo hiu trong h thng, chnh v l do nn dung lng
ca tp tch cc nn c gi mc 2.
S iu khin cng sut mi iu khin s phn chia cng sut gia
nhng trm gc trong tp tch cc cho thy hiu sut tt hn s iu khin cng
sut cn bng truyn thng c thng qua bi 3GPP. N gim thiu can nhiu v duy
tr nhng li ch thu c t s phn tp a dng ti cng mt thi im. S phn
chia cng sut ti u ny ci thin dung lng hng xung v lm cho h thng di
ng tr nn vng chc hn trc nhng s suy gim bin ng ca mi trng v
tuyn. V n c bit thch hp vi nhng h thng WCDMA c tng ph chuyn giao
mm cao v hot ng trong mi trng v tuyn c fading che khut cao hn.
Qua nhng phn tch v nghin cu v qu trnh chuyn giao mm, chng ta
thy c nhng c im cng nh nhng li ch m n mang li. Do thi gian
nghin cu c hn v mt vi mt hn ch khc nn Lun n ny s khng trnh khi
nhng sai st, knh mong nhn c s gp ca qu thy c v cc bn. Em xin chn
thnh cm n!

Bo co tt nghip Bng t vit tt

BNG T VIT TT

2G 2
nd
Generation
3G 3
rd
Generation
3GPP 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project (produces WCDMA standard)
3GPP2 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project 2 (produces cdma2000
standard)
4G 4
th
Generation
AC Admission Control
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service
AMR Adaptive Multirate (speech codec)
B(T)S Base (Transceiver) Station
B3G systems systems Beyond 3G
BER Bit Error Rate
BoD Bandwidth on Demand
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CN Core Network
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication
DL Downlink
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
FCC Federal Communication Commission (US)
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HHO Hard Handover
HO Handover
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000
IS-136 D-AMPS, US-TDMA system
IS-95 cdmaOne, US-CDMA system
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU International Telecommunications Union
JDC Japanese Digital Cellular
LOS Line-of-sight
MBWA Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (IEEE 802.20)
MS Mobile Station
MUD Multiuser Detection
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephones
NTT Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
O&M Operation and Maintenance
O-QPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PC Power Control
PDC Personal Digital Cellular
PSK Phase Shift Keying
QoS Quality of Service
RAM Radio Access Mode
RAT Radio Access Technology
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
SCH Synchronization Channel

SHO Soft Handover
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio
SSMA Spread-Spectrum Multiple Access
TACS Total Access Communication Systems
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TPC Transmit Power Control
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services
UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UWC Universal Wireless Communications
WARC World Administrative Radio Conference
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WLAN Wireless Local Access Network
WWRF Wireless World Research Forum

Bo co tt nghip Ti liu tham kho

PH LC
Trong phn ph lc ny s i gii thch cng thc (4.11)

=
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
M
i j i
j
i
c
L
L
a
I
E
) 1 (
1
0

Theo hnh trn, gi nh rng tt c cc knh Pilot u c phn b cng mt
gi tr cng sut P
Pilot
, khi t s E
c
/I
0
knh Pilot nhn c t trm gc BS
1
c th
c biu din l:

+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
M
k
k Tk T
Pilot c
k
r P r a P
r P
I
E
2
10 10
1 1
10
1
1
0
10 10 ) 1 (
10
1
1
,
o
,
o
,
o

Trong P
Ti
i
; l mt ng dn; l
lch chun ca hiu ng mn chn; a l h s trc giao hng xung; k l ch s ca
cc trm gc xung quanh BS
1
; M l s trm gc gy nhiu inter-Cell.
Gi nh rng cc thu bao hot ng c phn b ng u v cng sut
truyn tng ca tt c cc trm gc l ging nhau P
T
. Ngoi ra, cng gi nh rng
knh Pilot l knh iu khin chung hng xung. T phng trnh trn c th
c vit li thnh:

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
M
k
k
c
k
r
r
a
I
E
2
10
) (
1
1
0
1
10 ) 1 (
1
, ,
o

V trng hp tng qut n c th c vit li thnh:


=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
M
i j i
j
i
c
L
L
a
I
E
) 1 (
1
0


TI LIU THAM KHO

Soft Handover Issues in Radio Resource Management for 3G WCDMA
Networks-tc gi Yuchen.
Study of soft handover in UMTS, Stijin N.P.Van Cauwenberge, Technical
University of Denmark, University of Gent, Belgium.
ti nghin cu phng php chuyn giao mm trong h thng thng tin di
ng DS/CDMA, sinh vin Ng V Truyn, i hc Giao Thng Vn Ti, Qun 9, tp
HCM.
Cng ngh GSM v gii php nng cp mng GSM ln WCDMA,
www.4tech.com.vn.
WCDMA for UMTS, Radio access for third Generation Mobile
communicaitions, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Bi ging Thng Tin Di ng S, Ts H Vn Cu & Ths Phm Thanh m,
Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng.
L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Ts Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Hc Vin Cng
Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng.
Bi ging Cng Ngh 3G WCDMA UMTS, Ts Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Hc
Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng.
H thng thng tin di ng WCDMA, Ks Nguyn Vn Thun, Hc Vin Cng
Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng.

Chuyen Giao Mem Trong Mang WCDMA

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chuyen Giao Mem Trong Mang WCDMA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

zone SHO inside

You might also like