SKKN Hoa Hoc

Sng kin kinh nghim Bc THPT
Phng php gii bi tp in phn dung dch Trang 1

PHN I: T VN

Trong qu trnh ging dy mn Ha hc trng THPT, c bit l trong qu
trnh n luyn cho hc sinh thi hc sinh gii cc cp v cc k thi i hc; chuyn
in phn dung dch l mt chuyn hay v kh quan trng nn cc bi tp v
in phn thng c mt trong cc k thi ln ca quc gia.
Vi hnh thc thi trc nghim nh hin nay th vic gii nhanh cc bi ton Ha
hc l yu cu hng u ca ngi hc; yu cu tm ra c phng php gii ton
mt cch nhanh nht, i bng con ng ngn nht khng nhng gip ngi hc tit
kim c thi gian lm bi m cn rn luyn c t duy v nng lc pht hin vn
ca ngi hc.
Trong thc t ti liu vit v in phn dung dch cn t nn ngun t liu
gio vin nghin cu cn hn ch do ni dung kin thc v k nng gii cc bi tp
in phn cung cp cho hc sinh cha c nhiu. V vy, khi gp cc bi ton in
phn cc em thng lng tng trong vic tm ra phng php gii ph hp.
Qua qu trnh tm ti, nghin cu trong nhiu nm ti h thng ha cc dng
bi tp in phn dung dch v phng php gii cc dng bi tp cho hc sinh mt
cch d hiu, d vn dng, trnh c nhng lng tng, sai lm v nng cao kt qu
trong cc k thi. Trn c s , ti mnh dn chn ti Phng php gii bi tp
in phn dung dch lm sng kin kinh nghim cho mnh. Vi hy vng ti ny
s l mt ti liu tham kho phc v cho vic hc tp ca cc em hc sinh 12 v cho
cng tc ging dy ca cc bn ng nghip.


PHN II: GII QUYT VN
A. Nhng thun li v kh khn khi gii bi tp in phn trong dung dch.
I. Thun li:
- HS vit c phng trnh in phn tng qut v tnh ton theo phng trnh .
- HS bit p dng cng thc Faraday (
A.I.t
m
n.F
= ) vo gii cc bi tp in phn .
- HS vit c cc bn phn ng xy ra cc in cc.
II. Kh khn:
- Ti liu vit v in phn cn t nn ngun t liu gio vin nghin cu cn
hn ch do ni dung phn in phn cung cp cho hc sinh cha c nhiu.
- a s cc bi tp in phn thng tnh ton theo cc bn phn ng cc in
cc nhng hc sinh thng ch vit phng trnh in phn tng qut v gii theo n.
- Hc sinh t s dng cng thc h qu ca Faraday ( n
e
trao i
I.t
F
= ) gii
nhanh bi ton in phn .
- Hc sinh thng lng tng khi xc nh trng hp H
2
O bt u in phn
cc in cc (khi bt u si bt kh catot hoc khi pH ca dung dch khng i).
- Hc sinh nhm ln qu trnh xy ra cc in cc.
- Hc sinh vit sai th t cc bn phn ng xy ra cc in cc tnh ton sai.
- Hc sinh thng b qua cc phn ng ph c th xy ra gia cc sn phm to
thnh nh: in phn dung dch NaCl khng mng ngn to ra nc Giaven v c kh
H
2
thot ra catot ; Phn ng gia axit trong dung dch vi kim loi bm trn catot.
B. PHNG PHP GII BI TP IN PHN TRONG DUNG DCH
I. CC QU TRNH IN PHN
I.1. IN PHN DUNG DCH MUI
I.1.1. in phn cc dung dch mui ca Kim loi kim, kim th, Nhm
a. catot (cc m)
Cc ion kim loi kim, kim loi kim th v ion Nhm khng b in phn v
chng c tnh oxi ha yu hn H
2
O; H
2
O b in phn theo phng trnh:
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
.
b. anot (cc dng):
- Nu l S
2-
, Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
th chng b in phn trc H
2
O theo th t tnh kh:
S
2-
>I
-
> Br
-
> Cl
-
> H
2
O (F
-
khng b in phn )
Phng trnh in phn tng qut: S
2-
S + 2e; 2X
-
X
2
+ 2e
Sau khi ht cc ion , nu tip tc in phn th H
2
O s in phn theo phng trnh:
2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
- Nu l cc ion: NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, CO
3
2-
, PO
4
3-
...th chng khng b in phn m
H
2
O b in phn.
V d 1:Vit PTHH xy ra khi in phn dung dch NaCl :
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

Catot (-) Anot (+)
Na
+
khng b in phn 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-

Phng trnh : 2Cl
-
+ 2H
2
O Cl
2
+ H
2
+ 2OH
-

2NaCl + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2

Xy ra tng t khi in phn cc dung dch : NaCl , CaCl
2
, MgCl
2
,
BaCl
2
, AlCl
3

Khng th iu ch kim loi t : Na Al bng phng php in phn
dung dch .
V d 2 : Vit PTHH xy ra khi in phn dung dch Na
2
SO
4
:
Na
2
SO
4
2Na
+
+ SO
4
2-

Catot (-) Anot (+)
Na
+
khng b in phn SO
4
2-
khng b in phn
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn:
dpdd
2 2 2
2H O 2H +O
Xy ra tng t khi in phn cc dung dch: NaNO
3
, K
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
,
MgSO
4
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
....
V d 3: in phn 100ml dung dch cha NaCl vi in cc tr ,c mng ngn,
cng dng in I l 1.93A. Tnh thi gian in phn c dung dch pH = 12,
th tch dung dch c xem nh khng thay i, hiu sut in phn l 100%.
A. 50s B. 100s C. 150s D . 200s
Hng dn gii
V dung dch c PH = 12 Mi trng kim .
pH = 12 [H
+
] = 10
-12
[OH
-
] = 0,01 S mol OH
-
= 0,001 mol
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

Catot (-) Anot (+)
Na
+
khng b in phn
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
0,001 0,001
S mol e trao i l : n = 0,001 mol
p dng cng thc Faraday : n =
I.t n.F 0, 001.96500
t= 50s
F I 1, 93
= =
Chn p n A
p dng tng t gii bi tp V.7
I.1.2. in phn cc dung dch mui ca cc kim loi ng sau Al trong dy in ha
1. catot (cc m)
- Cc cation kim loi b kh theo phng trnh: M
n+
+ ne M
Sau khi ht cc ion , nu tip tc in phn th H
2
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
.
2. anot (cc dng): (Xy ra tng t mc I.1.1b)
V d 1 : Vit PTHH xy ra in phn dung dch CuSO
4
:
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

Catot(-) Anot (+)
SO
4
2-
khng b in phn .
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn : Cu
2+
+ H
2
O Cu + 2H
+
+ O
2

CuSO
4
+ H
2
O Cu + H
2
SO
4
+ O
2

Xy ra tng t khi in phn cc dung dch mui ca kim loi t Zn Hg
vi cc gc axit NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
: Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O Cu + 2HNO
3
+ O
2

V d 2 : Vit PTHH xy ra in phn dung dch ZnCl
2
:
ZnCl
2
Zn
2+
+ 2Cl
-

Catot (-) Anot (+)
Zn
2+
+ 2e Zn 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
Phng trnh in phn:
dpdd
2 2
ZnCl Zn+Cl |

V d 3: in phn 100ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,1M vi cc in cc tr cho n
khi va bt u si bt bn catot th ngng in phn. Tnh pH dung dch ngay khi y
vi hiu sut l 100%. Th tch dung dch c xem nh khng i. Ly lg2 = 0,3
A. pH = 0,1 B. pH = 0,7 C. pH = 2,0 D. pH = 1,3
Hng dn gii
n khi va bt u si bt kh bn catot th Cu
2+
va ht .
in phn dung dch : CuSO
4
:
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

Catot(-) Anot (+)
SO
4
2-
khng b in phn .
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
0,01 0,02 0,02 0,02
S mol e cho anot = s mol e nhn catot n
H+
= 0,02 mol
[H+] = 0,02/0,1 = 0,2 pH = -lg0,2 = 0,7 Chn p n B
p dng tng t gii cc bi tp: V.3, V.4, V.5
I.1.3. in phn hn hp cc dung dch mui
* catot: Cc cation kim loi b kh theo th t trong dy th in cc chun
(ion c tnh oxi ha mnh hn b kh trc): M
n+
+ ne M

* anot : (Xy ra tng t mc I.1.1b)
V d 1: Vit PTHH xy ra in phn dung dch hn hp NaCl v Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu
2+
+ 2NO
3
-

Catot (-) Anot (+)
Na
+
khng b in phn NO
3
-
khng b in phn
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn: 2NaCl + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
+ Cl
2

Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O Cu + O
2
+ 2HNO
3

Phng trnh in phn tng qut: 2NaCl + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu + Cl
2
+ 2NaNO
3

V d 2: (Trch i hc khi A- 2010)
in phn (vi in cc tr) mt dung dch gm NaCl v CuSO
4
c cng s mol, n
khi catot xut hin bt kh th dng in phn. Trong c qu trnh in phn trn, sn
phm thu c anot l
A. kh Cl
2
v O
2
. B. kh H
2
v O
2
. C. ch c kh Cl
2
. D. kh Cl
2
v H
2
.
Chn p n: A
V d 3: in phn hon ton dung dch hn hp gm a mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
v b mol
NaCl vi in cc tr , mng ngn xp . dung dch thu c sau khi in phn c
kh nng phn ng vi Al
2
O
3
th
A. b = 2a B. b > 2a C. b < 2a D. b < 2a hoc b > 2a
pdd
pdd
pdd
Hng dn gii
Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu
2+
+ 2NO
3
-

a a
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

b b
Catot(-) Anot (+)
Na
+
khng b in phn NO
3
-
khng b in phn .
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
Phng trnh : Cu
2+
+ 2Cl
-
Cu + Cl
2
(1)

a b
Nu d Cu
2+
sau (1) : a > b/2 ( 2a > b ) th c phn ng : Cu
2+
+ 2H
2
O Cu + 4H
+
+ O
2

Dung dch thu c c axit nn c phn ng vi Al
2
O
3

Nu d Cl
-
sau (1) : a < b/2 ( b > 2a) c phn ng : 2H
2
O + 2Cl
-
2OH
-
+ H
2
+ Cl
2

Dung dch thu c c mi trng baz C phn ng vi Al
2
O
3
: NaOH + Al
2
O
3

NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O Chn p n D .
p dng tng t gii bi tp V.2.
V d 4: (Trch i hc khi A- 2010)
in phn (in cc tr) dung dch X cha 0,2 mol CuSO
4
v 0,12 mol NaCl bng dng
in c cng 2A. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot sau 9650 giy in phn l
A. 2,240 lt. B. 2,912 lt. C. 1,792 lt. D. 1,344 lt.
Hng dn gii
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

Catot (-) Anot (+)
(Cu
2+
; Na
+
, H
2
O) (SO
4
2-
, Cl
-
, H
2
O)
Na
+
khng in phn SO
4
2-
khng in phn
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
n
e
(trao i)= =
F
I.t
0,2 mol 0,12 0,12
2H
2
O 4H
+
+O
2
+ 4e
0,02 0,08
V
kh
= (0,06 + 0,02). 22,4 = 1,792 lt p n C
p dng tng t gii bi tp V.8.
V d 5: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,2M v AgNO
3
0.1M vi cng
dng in I = 3.86A.Tnh thi gian in phn c mt khi lng kim loi bm bn
catot l 1.72g ?
A. 250s B. 1000s C. 500s D. 750s
Hng dn gii
S gam kim loi Ag ti a c to thnh : 0,01.108 = 1,08 gam
S gam Cu ti a to thnh : 0,02.64 = 1,28 gam
V 1,08 < 1,72 < 1,08 + 1,28 in phn ht AgNO
3
, V cn d mt phn CuSO
4

Khi lng Cu c to thnh : 1,72 1,08 = 0,64 gam n
Cu
= 0,01 mol
p dng cng thc Faraday :
Cho Ag : 0,01 = 3,86.t
1
/ 96500.1 t
1
= 250s
Cho Cu : 0,01 = 3,86.t
2
/ 96500.2 t
2
= 500 s
Tng thi gian : 250 + 500 = 750 s Chn p n D .
p dng tng t gii bi tp V.9
V d 6: (Trch i hc khi B 2009)
in phn c mng ngn 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm CuCl
2
0,1M v
NaCl 0,5M (in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) vi cng dng in 5A trong
3860 giy. Dung dch thu c sau in phn c kh nng ho tan m gam Al. Gi tr
ln nht ca m l
A. 4,05 B. 2,70 C. 1,35 D. 5,40
Hng dn gii
S mol e trao i khi in phn : 2 , 0
96500
3860 . 5
F
I.t
n = = = mol
n
CuCl2
= 0,1.0,5 = 0,05 mol ; n
NaCl
= 0,5.0,5 = 0,25 mol
n
Cu2+
= 0,05 mol , n
Cl-
= 0,25 + 0,05.2 = 0,35 mol Vy Cl
-
d , Cu
2+
ht , nn ti
catot s c phn ng in phn nc (sao cho s mol e nhn catot l 0,2)
Ti catot : Ti anot :
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
0,050,1 0,20,2
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-

0,1 (0,2-0,1) 0,1
Dung dch sau khi in phn c 0,1 mol OH
-
c kh nng phn ng vi Al theo phng
trnh : Al + OH
-
+ H
2
O AlO
2
-
+ 3/2 H
2

0,10,1
m
Al max
= 0,1.27= 2,7 (g) Chn p n B
V d 8:: Mc ni tip hai bnh in phn: bnh (1) cha dung dch MCl
2
v bnh (2)
cha dung dch AgNO
3
. Sau 3 pht 13 giy th catot bnh (1) thu c 1,6 gam kim
loi cn catot bnh (2) thu c 5,4 gam kim loi. C hai bnh u khng thy kh
catot thot ra. Kim loi M l:
A. Zn B. Cu C. Ni D. Pb
Hng dn gii
Do hai bnh mc ni tip nn ta c:
Q = I.t =
108
5,4.1.F
M
1,6.2.F
= M = 64 Cu Chn p n B
p dng tng t gii bi tp V.10, V.11.
I.2. IN PHN CC DUNG DCH AXIT:
* catot: Cc ion H
+
(axit) d b kh hn cc ion H
+
(H
2
O): 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Khi ion H
+
(axit) ht , nu tip tc in phn th H
2
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
.
* anot: (Xy ra tng t mc I.1.1b)
V d 1: Vit PTHH xy ra in phn dung dich HCl:
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
Catot(-) Anot (+)

2H
+
+ 2e H
2
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
Phng trnh in phn: HCl H
2
+ Cl
2

V d 2: Vit PTHH xy ra in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4

H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
4
2-

Catot(-) Anot (+)
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
SO
4
2-
Khng in phn
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn: H
2
O H
2
+ O
2

I.3. IN PHN CC DUNG DCH BAZ
* catot:
- Nu to bi cc ion kim loi t Li
+
Al
3+
th H
2
O s b in phn :
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH

- Nu to bi cc ion kim loi sau Al trong dy in ha : l cc baz khng tan
in li yu khng xt qu trnh in phn.
* anot: ion OH
-
in phn theo phng trnh sau: 4OH
-
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e
Nu tip tc in phn th H
2
O s in phn: 2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
V d 1 : Vit PTHH xy ra in phn dung dch NaOH:
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

Catot(-) Anot (+)
Na
+
khng b in phn
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
4OH
-
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e
Phng trnh in phn: H
2
O H
2
+ O
2

V d 2: Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc Pt) 200 gam dung dch NaOH 10 %
n khi dung dch NaOH trong bnh c nng 25 % th ngng in phn. Th tch kh
( ktc) thot ra anot v catot ln lt l:
pdd
A. 149,3 lt v 74,7 lt B. 156,8 lt v 78,4 lt
C. 78,4 lt v 156,8 lt D. 74,7 lt v 149,3 lt
Hng dn gii:
m
NaOH
(trc in phn) = 20 gam
in phn dung dch NaOH thc cht l in phn nc
Phng trnh in phn: : H
2
O 1/2 O
2
(anot) + H
2
(catot)
m
NaOH
khng i m
dd sau in phn
= 80 gam m
H2O b in phn
= 200 80 = 120 gam
n
H2O in phn
= 20/3 mol V
O2
= 74,7 lt v V
H2
= 149,3 lt Chn p n D
I.4. IN PHN HN HP CC DUNG DCH IN LI ( dd mui, axit, baz)
* catot: Th t in phn: ion c tnh oxi ha mnh hn b in phn trc:

* anot: Th t in phn: S
2-
> I
-
> Br
-
> Cl
-
> OH
-
> H
2
O theo cc phng
trnh sau:
S
2-
S + 2e
2X
-
X
2
+ 2e
4OH
-
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e
2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
V d 1: in phn hn hp cc dung dch: HCl, CuCl
2
, NaCl vi in cc tr, c
mng ngn. Gi tr pH ca dung dch thay i nh th no trong qu trnh in phn:
A. Tng B. Gim C. Tng ri gim D. Gim ri tng
Chn p n A
V d 2 : in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,1M v CuSO
4
0,5M
bng in cc tr . Khi catot c 3,2 gam Cu th th tch kh thot ra Anot l
A.0,56 lt B.0,84 lt C.0,672 lt D.0,448 lt
Hng dn gii
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

0,1 0,1
HCl H
+
+ Cl-
0,02 0,02

Catot(-) Anot (+)
SO
4
2-
khng b in phn .
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
0,1 0,05 0,02 0,01
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
0,02 0,08 mol
Khi catot thot ra 3,2 gam Cu tc l 0,05 mol S mol Cu
2+
nhn 0,1 mol ,
m Cl
-
cho ti a 0,02 mol 0,08 mol cn li l H
2
O cho
T s in phn kh thot ra ti anot l : Cl
2
0,01mol ; O
2
0,02 mol
Tng th tch : 0,03.22,4 = 0,672 lt
Chn p n C .
V d 3: in phn 100 ml hn hp dung dch gm FeCl
3
1M , FeCl
2
2M ,
CuCl
2
1M v HCl 2M vi in cc tr c mng ngn xp cng dng in l 5A
trong 2 gi 40 pht 50 giy catot thu c:
A.5,6 g Fe B.2,8 g Fe C.6,4 g Cu D.4,6 g Cu
Hng dn gii
Theo : n
Fe3+
= 0,1 mol ; n
Fe2+
= 0,2 mol ; n
Cu2+
= 0,1 mol ; n
HCl
= 0,2 mol
Sp xp tnh oxi ha ca cc ion theo chiu tng dn : Fe
2+
< H
+
< Cu
2+
< Fe
3+

Th t b in phn catot (-) :
Fe
3+
+ 1e Fe
2+
(1)
0,1 0,1 0,1
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu (2)
0,1 0,2 0,1
H
+
+ 1e H
o
(3)
0,2 0,2
Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe (4)
Theo cng thc Faraday s mol e trao i hai in cc :
n = It/96500 = 5.9650/96500 = 0,5 mol
V s mol e trao i ch l 0,5 mol Khng c phn ng (4) , kim loi thu c ch
phn ng (2) Khi lng kim loi thu c catot l : 0,1.64 = 6,4 gam
Chn p n C.
p dng tng t gii bi tp V.12, V.13
* Lu :
- Mi trng dung dch sau in phn:
+ Dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit nu in phn mui to bi kim
loi sau Al (trong dy in ha) v gc axit c oxi nh: CuSO
4
, FeSO
4
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
.....
+ Dung dch sau in phn c mi trng baz nu in phn mui to bi kim loi
ng trc Al (Al, Kim loi kim, kim th) v gc axit khng c oxi nh: NaCl, AlCl
3
, KBr....
+ Dung dch sau in phn c mi trng trung tnh: in phn cc dung dch
in li cn li nh : HCl, H
2
SO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
....
- Cc loi in cc:
* in cc tr: (v d : platin...)
* in cc tan: ( v d: bc, ng...) Chnh anot b oxi ha, n mn dn (tan dn).
Cc ion khc c mt trong dung dch hu nh cn nguyn vn, khng b oxi ha.
V d: in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi bnh in phn c anot lm bng kim loi Cu:
Phng trnh in phn:
dpdd
( m anot)tan 4 4 ( m catot)
uSO uSO
l b
Cu C C Cu + + +
- ngha s in phn: phng php in phn c ng dng rng ri trong thc t
sn xut v trong phng th nghim nghin cu nh dng iu ch kim loi tinh khit; iu
ch mt s phi kim v mt s hp cht; tinh ch mt s kin loi hoc trong lnh vc m in...
II. NH LNG TRONG QU TRNH IN PHN
* Mun tnh khi lng cc cht gii phng cc in cc ta c th tnh theo
phng trnh in phn.
V d:
dpdd
4 2 2 2 4
2CuSO + 2H O 2Cu + O + 2H SO
160(g ) 64(g) 11,2(lit) 1(mol)
a(g) x (g) y (lit) z(mol)
* Khi bit cng dng in ( I) v thi gian in phn (t) ta c th tnh theo
cng thc Faraday:
. . .
. .
AQ AI t
m
n F n F
= = hoc
.
.
x
m I t
n
A n F
= =

Trong : m - khi lng cht (rn, lng, kh) thot ra in cc (gam).
A - Khi lng nguyn t (i vi kim loi) hoc khi lng phn t (i vi
cht kh) n - s electron trao i
I - Cng dng in ( A)
t - Thi gian in phn (s)
F - Hng s Faraday F= 96500C
- S mol e trao i mi in cc :
F
I.t
n = .
* T l A/n c gi l ng lng in ha (). Mt ng lng gam in
ha c khi lng A/n (gam)
S ng lng gam n cht (hay ion ) X = S mol nguyn t( hay ion) X .n
Ta c :
.
96500
A Q A
m
n n
= =
khi Q= 96500C hay 1F
III. CC BC THNG THNG GII MT BI TP IN PHN
Bc 1: Vit phng trnh in li ca tt c cc cht in phn; Xc nh cc ion
mi in cc.
Bc 2: Vit cc PTHH ca cc bn phn ng (Vit phng trnh cho, nhn e
ca cc ion ti cc in cc); Tnh s e trao i mi in cc (Nu gi thit cho
cng dng in v thi gian in phn) :
n
e
(cho anot) = n
e
(nhn catot).
Bc 3: Biu din cc i lng theo cc bn phn ng hoc theo phng trnh in phn chung.
Bc 4: Tnh theo yu cu ca bi ton
+ Trong nhiu trng hp, c th dng nh lut bo ton mol electron (s mol
electron thu c catot bng s mol electron nhng anot) gii cho nhanh.
IV. MT S KINH NGHIM GII BI TP TRC NGHIM IN PHN
(1) H
2
O bt u in phn ti cc in cc khi:
+ catot: bt u xut hin bt kh hoc khi lng catot khng i ngha l
cc ion kim loi b in phn trong dung dch b in phn ht.
+ Khi pH ca dung dch khng i c ngha l cc ion m hoc dng (hay c hai loi)
c th b in phn b in phn ht. Khi tip tc in phn s l H
2
O b in phn.
(2) Khi in phn cc dung dch:
+ Hiroxit ca kim loi hot ng ha hc mnh (KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)
2
,)
+ Axit c oxi (HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, HClO
4
,)
+ Mui to bi axit c oxi v baz kim (KNO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
,)
Thc t l in phn H
2
O cho H
2
( catot) v O
2
( anot).
(3) Khi in phn dung dch vi anot l mt kim loi khng tr (khng phi Pt
hay in cc than ch) th ti anot ch xy ra qu trnh oxi ha in cc.
(4) C th c cc phn ng ph xy ra gia tng cp: cht to thnh in cc,
cht tan trong dung dch, cht dng lm in cc nh: in phn dung dch NaCl
khng mng ngn to ra nc Giaven v c kh H
2
thot ra catot ; Phn ng gia
axit trong dung dch vi kim loi bm trn catot .
(5) Khi lng catot tng chnh l khi lng kim loi to thnh sau in phn bm vo.
-
dd sau dp dd truoc dp
m m m m = + |

- gim khi lng ca dung dch: m = (m
kt ta
+ m
kh
)
(6) Vit bn phn ng (thu hoc nhng electron) xy ra cc in cc theo ng
th t, khng cn vit phng trnh in phn tng qut v s dng CT:
e
m I.t
n
A F
= = .
- Vit phng trnh in phn tng qut (nh nhng phng trnh ha hc thng
thng) tnh ton khi cn thit.
(7) T cng thc Faraday s mol cht thu c in cc .
- Nu bi cho I v t th trc ht tnh s mol electron trao i tng in cc
(n
e
) theo cng thc:
F
I.t
n
e
= (*) (vi F = 96500 khi t = giy v F = 26,8 khi t = gi). Sau
da vo th t in phn, so snh tng s mol electron nhng hoc nhn vi n
e

bit mc in phn xy ra.
(8) Nu bi cho lng kh thot ra in cc hoc s thay i v khi lng
dung dch, khi lng in cc, pH,th da vo cc bn phn ng tnh s mol
electron thu hoc nhng mi in cc ri thay vo cng thc (*) tnh I hoc t .
(9) Nu bi yu cu tnh in lng cn cho qu trnh in phn th p dng
cng thc: Q = I.t = n
e
.F .
(10) C th tnh thi gian t cn in phn ht mt lng ion m bi cho ri
so snh vi thi gian t trong bi. Nu t < t th lng ion b in phn ht cn
nu t > t th lng ion cha b in phn ht.
(11) Khi in phn cc dung dch trong cc bnh in phn mc ni tip th cng
dng in v thi gian in phn mi bnh l nh nhau s thu hoc nhng
electron cc in cc cng tn phi nh nhau v cc cht sinh ra cc in cc cng tn
t l mol vi nhau.
(12) Trong nhiu trng hp c th dng nh lut bo ton mol electron (s mol
electron thu c catot = s mol electron nhng anot) gii cho nhanh.
V. BI TP P DNG
V.1. Khi in phn cc dung dch: NaCl, KNO
3
, AgNO
3
, CuSO
4
vi in cc
tr, mng ngn xp. Dung dch c pH tng trong qu trnh in phn l:
A. NaCl B. KNO
3
C. AgNO
3
D. CuSO
4

V.2.(Trch i hc khi B-2007): in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b
mol NaCl ( vi in cc tr, c mng ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm
phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l:
A. b = 2a B. 2b = a C. b > 2a D. b < 2a
V.3: in phn 100ml dung dch CuSO
4
0.2M vi cng I = 9.65 A.Tnh khi
lng Cu bm bn catot khi thi gian in phn t
1
= 200s v t
2
= 500s (vi hiu sut l 100%).
A. 0.32g ; 0.64g B. 0.64g ; 1.28g C. 0.64g ; 1.32g D. 0.32g ; 1.28g
V.4.(Trch i hc khi B-2010): in phn (vi in cc tr) 200 ml dung
dch CuSO
4
nng x mol/l, sau mt thi gian thu c dung dch vn cn mu
xanh, c khi lng gim 8g so vi dung dch ban u. Cho 16,8g bt Fe vo , sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 12,4g kim loi. Gi tr x l
A. 2,25 B. 1,5 C. 1,25 D. 3,25
V.5. Ha tan 4,5 gam tinh th MSO
4
.5H
2
O vo nc c dung dch X. in
phn dung dch X vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1,93A. Nu thi gian in
phn l t (s) th thu c kim loi M catot v 156,8 ml kh ti anot. Nu thi gian in
phn l 2t (s) th thu c 537,6 ml kh . Bit th tch cc kh o ktc. Kim loi M v
thi gian t ln lt l:
A. Ni v 1400 s B. Cu v 2800 s C. Ni v 2800 s D. Cu v 1400 s
V.6. (Trch i hc khi A-2007): in phn dung dch CuCl
2
vi in cc tr,
sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32 gam Cu catt v mt lng kh X ant. Hp th
hon ton lng kh X trn vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng). Sau phn
ng, nng NaOH cn li l 0,05M (gi thit th tch dung dch khng thay i).
Nng ban u ca dung dch NaOH l (cho Cu = 64)
A. 0,15M. B. 0,2M. C. 0,1M. D. 0,05M.
V.7. in phn dung dch NaCl (d=1,2g/ml) ch thu c mt cht kh in
cc. C cn dung dch sau in phn, cn li 125g cn kh. Nhit phn cn ny thy
gim 8g. Hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn l:
A. 25% B. 30% C. 50% D.60%
V.8: in phn 2 lt dung dch hn hp gm NaCl v CuSO
4
n khi H
2
O b in
phn hai cc th dng li, ti catt thu 1.28 gam kim loi v ant thu 0.336 lt kh (
iu kin chun). Coi th tch dung dch khng i th pH ca dung dch thu c bng
A. 2 B. 13 C. 12 D. 3
V.9: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp AgNO
3
0,1 M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2 M vi
in cc tr v cng dng in bng 5A. Sau 19 pht 18 giy dng in phn, ly
catot sy kh thy tng m gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,16 gam B. 1,72 gam C. 2,58 gam D. 3,44 gam
V.10. C hai bnh in phn mc ni tip nhau. Bnh 1 cha dung dch CuCl
2
,
bnh 2 cha dung dch AgNO
3
. Tin hnh in phn in cc tr, kt thc in phn
thy trn catot bnh 1 tng 1,6 gam. Khi lng catot bnh 2 tng:
V.11. Mc ni tip 3 bnh in phn A, B, C ng 3 dung dch tng ng CuCl
2
,
XSO
4
, v Ag
2
SO
4
ri tin hnh in phn vi in cc tr cng dng in l 5A.
Sau thi gian in phn t thy khi lng kim loi thot ra ti catot bnh A t hn bnh
C l 0,76g, v catot bnh C nhiu hn catot bnh B v bnh A l 0,485g. Khi lng
nguyn t X v thi gian t l:
A. 55 v 193s B. 30 v 133s C. 28 v 193s D. 55 v 965s
V.12. in phn dung dch hn hp cha 0,15 mol FeCl
3
; 0,3 mol CuCl
2
; 0,1mol
NaCl n khi catot bt u si bt kh th ngng in phn. Ti thi im ny, catot tng:
V.13. Ho tan a mol Fe
3
O
4
bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
va , thu c dung dch X.
in phn X vi 2 in cc tr bng dng in cng 9,65A. Sau 1000 giy th kt
thc in phn v khi trn catot bt u thot ra bt kh. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,025. B. 0,050. C. 0,0125. D. 0,075.


PHN III: KT LUN
Trn y l mt s k nng v phng php gii mt s dng bi ton c bn v in
phn dung dch. Qu trnh tm ti nghin cu ti gii quyt c nhng vn sau:
- Nghin cu c s l thuyt ca in phn dung dch; cc qu trnh xy ra trong .
- T rt ra cc bc thng thng gii mt bi ton in phn.
- Sp xp mt cch c h thng cc dng bi tp in phn dung dch
- a ra c cc dng bi tp c bn nht v hng dn gii chi tit, ngn gn
cc dng bi tp .
Trong cc nm ging dy v n luyn thi vi vic p dng phng php trn ti
thy kh nng gii bi tp in phn dung dch ca hc sinh c nng cao ; cc em
hng th hn trong hc tp. cc lp luyn thi vi i tng l hc sinh trung bnh
kh th s hc sinh hiu v c k nng gii c cc dng bi tp trn l tng i. c
bit c ng nghip xem y l mt ti liu rt b ch dng b tr n thi hc sinh
gii v n thi i hc. Mc d ti c gng tm ti, nghin cu song khng trnh khi
nhng hn ch v thiu st. Rt mong nhn c s quan tm ng gp ca cc bn ng
nghip trong ton tnh.
Phn IV. Kin ngh v xut
Qua thc t ging dy nhiu nm khi p dng cc phng php trn, ti thy
rng c th gip hc sinh ch ng hn trong qu trnh lnh hi kin thc v gii
nhanh cc bi tp in phn dung dch th vai tr ch yu thuc v gio vin ging dy.
Mun lm c iu gio vin cn:
- Nghin cu, tm ti cc ti liu lin quan n bi tp in phn dung dch, h thng
cc ni dung c bn v phn loi cc dng bi tp, c bit tm ra c phng php
gii ph hp nht truyn th cho hc sinh mt cch c hiu qu.
- Trong qu trnh ging dy cc tit lin quan n kim loi cn lng ghp cc bi tp
in phn dung dch rn luyn k nng gii bi tp in phn cho hc sinh.
* i vi hc sinh:
- Cn nm c bn cht ca cc qu trnh in phn.
- C k nng nhn dng bi tp, bit cch vn dng linh hot cc phng php
gii, cng thc tnh ph hp.
* i vi nh trng:
- Nh trng cn t chc cc bui hi ging nhiu hn na thc y s i
mi phng php ging dy, nng cao hiu qu nghin cu cho gio vin; c t sch
lu li cc chuyn bi dng hc tp ca gio vin hng nm lm c s nghin
cu pht trin thnh ti.
- ngh cc cp lnh o to iu kin gip hc sinh v gio vin c nhiu ti
liu, sch tham kho trong nh trng; cn c thit b in phn cho cc phng th
nghim; cc chuyn SKKN hng nm a ln cc trang web ca s GD- T gio
vin tham kho.
in phn dung dch l mt mng trong chuyn in phn, rt mong cc
ng nghip c th m rng ti ny gp phn vo vic nng cao cht lng hc tp
ca hc sinh.


TI LIU THAM KHO
1. L Xun Trng (ch bin), Sgk Ha hc 12 (nng cao)- NXB gio dc, H ni 2008.
2. thi i hc Cao ng cc nm 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010.
3. Hong Nhm, Ha hc v c Tp 1 NXB gio dc, 2003.
4. Ng Ngc An, Phn ng oxi ha- kh v in phn- NXB gio dc, H ni 2006.
5. Nguyn Xun Trng, Bi tp Ha hc trng ph thng - NXB s phm, 2003.
6. Nguyn Xun Trng, n luyn kin thc ha hc i cng v v c trung hc ph
thng NXB Gio dc, H Ni 2008.


PHN V: PH LC
HNG DN GII CC BI TP NH LNG PHN BI TP P DNG
V.3: n
CuSO4
= 0,2.0,1 = 0,02 mol
Tnh thi gian in phn ht 0,02 mol CuSO
4
l :
I.t 2.n.F 2.0, 02.96500
n t= 400s
2.F I 9, 65
= = =
Phng trnh in phn :
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O Cu + H
2
SO
4
+ O
2

- Khi in phn trong thi gian t
1
= 200 s :
1
I.t 9, 65.200
n 0, 01
2.F 2.96500
= = = mol Khi lng Cu = 0,01.64 = 0,64 gam
- Khi in phn trong 500 s : V in phn ht 0,02 mol CuSO
4
ht 400s , nn 100s
cn li s in phn H
2
O theo phng trnh : H
2
O H
2
+ O
2

Khi lng kim loi Cu thu c : 0,02.64 = 1,28 gam Chn p n B .
V.4: CuSO
4
+ H
2
O Cu + H
2
SO
4
+ O
2

a a a a mol
64.a + a.32 = 8 a = 0,1
n
Fe
= 0,3 mol
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2

0,1 0,1 mol
m
Fe cn li
= 16,8 0,1.5,6 = 11,2g
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (3)
n
CuSO4
(3) = 15 , 0
8
2 , 11 4 , 12
=
mol
x = 25 , 1
2 , 0
15 , 0 1 , 0
=
+
Chn p n C .
V.5: Gi
+
=
2
4 M
MSO
n n = x mol
Ti anot: in phn trong t (s) th thu c 007 , 0
4 , 22
1568 . 0
1
= = n mol kh in phn
trong 2t (s) thu c 0,014 mol kh s mol kh thot ra catot l:
01 , 0 014 , 0
4 , 22
5376 , 0
= mol
Cc qu trnh: Ti catot(-): Ti anot (+)
M
2+
+ 2e M 2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
x 2x 0,014 0,056
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-

0,02 0,01
p dng nh lut bo ton e: 2x + 0,02 = 0,056 x = 0,018 M = 64 Cu
Ti thi im in phn t(s):s mol e trao i anot: 4.n
1
=
s 1400
93 , 1
96500 . 4 . 007 , 0
I
.4.F n
t
F
I.t
1
= = =
Chn p n D
V.6: n
Cu
=
0, 32
0, 005
64
= mol ; n
NaOH d
= 0,2.0,05 = 0,01 mol
Phng trnh in phn: CuCl
2
Cu + Cl
2

0,005 0,005
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
0,005 0,01
02 , 0 01 , 0 01 , 0 = + =
NaOH
n mol = 0,2.C
M
C
M
= 0,1 M Chn p n C
V.7: Khi in phn c mt kh thot ra in cc l H
2
, Cl
2
to thnh tc dng vi
NaOH to thnh khi in phn. Cht rn thu c gm NaCl ( nu d), NaCl v
NaClO to thnh.
2
0
dpdd
2 2 2
NaCl + NaClO + H O
t
2
2NaCl + 2H O 2NaOH + Cl + H
2NaClO 2NaCl + O
|
|

Khi lng gim khi nhit phn l do NaClO phn hu, c oxi thot ra
S mol oxi =
8
32
= 0,25 mol
n
NaCl
= n
NaClO
= 2n
O2
= 2.0,25 = 0,5 mol
m
NaCl
+ m
NaClO
= 0,5.58,5 +0,5.74,5 = 66,5gam
m
Na
to thnh = 2.0,5.23 = 23 gam
m
NaCl
d = 125 - 66,5 = 58,5 gam m
Na
= 23 gam
Hiu sut in phn:
( )
dp
23
H .100% 50%
23 23
= =
+
Chn p n C
V. 8: n
Cu(sinh ra)
=0.02 mol , n
Kh
=0.015 mol

CuSO
4
+ 2NaCl Cu + Cl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
a mol a mol
+ V n
Kh
= 0.015 mol nn CuSO
4
d
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O Cu + H
2
SO
4
+
2
1
O
2
b mol 0.5b
+Theo ta c h
= +
= +
015 . 0 5 . 0
02 . 0
b a
b a
b = 0.01mol n
H+
= 0.02mol [H
+
] = 0.01pH = 2
Chn p n A .
V.9: 02 , 0 n
Ag
=
+
mol; 04 , 0 n
2
Cu
=
+
mol
- Ta c n
e
(trao i) = 0,06
96500
18) 5.(19.60
F
I.t
=
+
= mol
- Th t cc ion b kh ti catot:
Ag
+
+ 1e Ag (1) sau (1) cn 0,06 0,02 = 0,04 mol electron
0,02 0,02 0,02
pdd
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu (2) sau (2) cn d 0,02 mol Cu
2+

0,02 0,04 0,02
m
catot tng
= m
kim loi bm vo
= 0,02.(108 + 64) = 3,44 gam Chn p n D
V.10: Catot (1): Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Catot (2): Ag
+
+ e Ag
Catot bnh (1) c Cu bm vo, bnh (2) c Ag bm vo
n
Cu
=
1, 6
0, 025
64
= mol
Do bnh (1) v bnh (2) mc ni tip nn trong cng mt khong thi gian lng
electron m catot gii phng ra l nh nhau
n
Ag
= 2. n
Cu
= 2.0,025 = 0,05 mol
Khi lng Ag = 0,05.108 = 5,4 gam Chn p n C .
V.11: CuCl
2

dpdd
Cu + Cl
2

2XSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
dpdd
2X +2H
2
SO
4
+O
2

4AgNO
3
+2 H
2
O
dpdd
2Ag + 4HNO
3
+O
2

Ta c:
Cu
=32,
Ag
=108,
X
=X/2 ( : ng lng in ha)
C ba bnh mc ni tip nn s ng lng gam thot ra trn catot 3 bnh nh nhau,
k hiu l x (lg). Khi ta c:
108x 32x = 0,76 x = 0,01 lg
Mt khc: 108x (32 + A.x/2) = 0,485 A = 55 t = 0,01.96500/55 = 193s
Chn p n A .
V.12:
Ti catot th t in phn l : Fe
3+
, Cu
2+
, OH
-
( H
2
O) , Na
+

Khi bt catot bt u si bt kh( H
2
O bt u b in phn) th Fe
3+
, Cu
2+
in
phn hon ton. Na
+
khng b in phn
m
kl
= m
Fe
+ m
Cu
= 0,15.56 + 0,3.64 = 27,6 gam Chn p n A .
V.13: PTHH: Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4H
2
O
a mol a mol a mol
n khi va bt u si bt kh catot th cc ion kim loi va ht
catot: ) (
2
mol a n
Fe
=
+
; ) ( 2
3
mol a n
Fe
=
+

Th t b in phn catot (-) :
Fe
3+
+ 1e Fe
2+

2a 2a 2a
Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe
3a 6a 3a
e
n (nhn) = 2a + 6a = 8a (mol) (1)
Theo cng thc Faraday s mol e trao i hai in cc :
) ( 1 , 0
96500
1000 . 65 , 9 .
mol
F
t I
n
e
= = = (2)
T (1), (2) 8a = 0,1 a = 0,0125 (mol)
Chn p n C


MC LC

Trang
Phn I: t vn .................................................................................................................. 1
Phn II: Gii quyt vn .................................................................................................... 2
A. Nhng thun li v kh khn khi gii bi tp v in phn ............................................. 2
B. Phng php gii bi tp in phn trong dung dch ....................................................... 2
I. Cc qu trnh in phn ...................................................................................................... 2
I.1. in phn dung dch mui ............................................................................................. 2
I.1.1. in phn dung dch mui kim loi kim, kim th, Nhm ........................................ 2
I.1.2. in phn cc dd mui ca cc kim loi ng sau Nhm trong dy in .................. 4
I.1.3. in phn hn hp cc dung dch mui ....................................................................... 6
I.2. in phn cc dung dch axit ........................................................................................... 9
I.3. in phn cc dung dch baz ......................................................................................... 10
I.4. in phn hn hp cc dung dch in li ( mui, axit, baz) .......................................... 11
II. nh lng trong qu trnh in phn ............................................................................... 13
III. Cc bc thng thng gii mt bi tp in phn ......................................................... 14
IV. Mt s kinh nghim gii bi tp trc nghim in phn dung dch ................................. 15
V. Bi tp p dng .................................................................................................................. 16
Phn III: Kt lun .................................................................................................................. 19
Phn IV: Kin ngh- xut .................................................................................................. 19
Ti liu tham kho .................................................................................................................. 21
Phn V: Ph lc ................................................................................................................... 22

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Sng kin kinh nghim Bc THPT

Phng php gii bi tp in phn dung dch Trang 1

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