Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc

Thut ng tin hc(A)

Absolute: Tuyt i. (ca mt gi tr), thc v khng i. V d, absolute address (a ch tuyt i) l mt v tr trong b nh v an absolute cell reference (tham chiu tuyt i) l mt c nh n trong mt mn hnh bn tnh. Phn ngha ca absolute (tuyt i) l relative (lin quan). Accelerator borad: Th tng tc. Kiu bn m rng lm cho mt my tnh chy nhanh hn. N thng cha mt n v x l trung ng b sung. Access time: Thi gian truy cp. Hay reaction time (thi gian hot ng), thi gian cho my tnh sau mt lch c cho, c t b nh hay vit ln b nh. Accumulator: Thanh ghi tm thi: mt b ng k c bit hay v tr b nh trong mt n v s hc v logic trong b x l my tnh. N c s dng gi kt qu ca mt s tnh ton tm thi hay lu d liu ang c chuyn. Accustic coupler: B ghp m thanh. Thit b cho php d liu my tnh c tuyn v nhn thng tin qua mt in thoi c nh (in thoi con) thng thng, my in thoi ny gn trn b ghp to s ni. Mt loa nh trong thit b c s dng chuyn d liu tn hiu dng k thut s ca my tnh thnh tn hiu m thanh m phng sau c in thoi con NHN. IN THOI NHN, MT B GHP M THANH TH hai hay mt mdem chuyn cc tn hiu m thanh tr li thnh d liu k thut s cho tn hiu vo my tnh. Khng ging nh mem, mt ghp m thanh khng yu cu s ni trc tip ti h thng in thoi. Acrobat: H thng m do h Adoble pht trin cho cc ng dng in n (xut bn) in t. M Acrobat c th c pht ra trc tip t tp tin Post Script. Acronym: T vit tt t ch u, t c to ra t cc ch u v/hay vn ca cc t khc, c dng nh mt ch vit tt pht m c. V d, RAM (random access memory: b nh truy cp ngu nhin) v FORTRAN (formula translation: phin dch cng thc). Ngc li, cc ch u to thnh mt ch vit tt c pht m tch ring mi ch, v d, ALU (arithmetic and logic unit: n v s hc v logic). Ada Ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc cao, do US Department of Defense (B quc phng M) pht trin v gi bn quyn, c thit k s dng trong cc tnh hung m mt my tnh trc tip iu khin mt qu trnh hay my, nh mt my bay qun i. Phi mt hn 5 nm chuyn mn ha ngn ng ny v n ch tr nn tin dng ph bin vo cui nhng nm 1980. N c t theo tn nh ton hc Anh Ada Augusta Byron. ADC Ch vit tt ca Analogue to digital converter: b chuyn i k thut m phng thnh k thut s. Adder: B cng: mch in t trong mt my vi tnh hay my tnh ton thc hin qu trnh cng
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
hai ch s nh phn. Mt b cng ring cn thit cho vic cng mi cp bit nh phn. Cc mch nh th l nhng thnh phn thit yu ca mt n v thut ton v logic ca my tnh (ALU). Address: A CH: S CH TH MT V TR C BIT CA B NH MY TNH. MI A CH, MT MU N CA D LIU C TH C LU. I VI MY VI tnh, a ch ny c tng li thnh 1 byte ( biu th mt k t n, nh l mt ch hay s). Address bus: THANH GP A CH: NG DN IN T HAY l thanh gp c dng chn hnh trnh cho bt c d liu ring no nh khi n di chuyn t phn ny n phn khc ca my tnh. AI: Ch vit tt artificial intelligence: tr thng minh nhn to. Algol: (t ch u ca algorithmic language: ngn ng thut ton) ngn ng lp trnh mc cao trc y, c pht trin vo nhng nm 50 v 60 cho cc ng dng khoahc. Mt ngn ng mc dch tng qut, ALGOL l thch hp nht i vi cng vic ton hc v c mt kiu i s. D khng cn thng dng na nhng n nh hng ln n cc ngn ng ngy nay nh ADA v PASCAL. Algorithm: Thut ton: trnh t hay chui cc bc c dng gii quyt mt vn . Trong khoa hc my tnh, trnh t logic cc thao tc c thc hin bi mt chng trnh. Mt s dng l s biu th nhn thy c ca mt thut ton. Aliasing: C BIT DNH CANH PHI: NH HNG C nhn thy trn mn hnh hay tn hiu ra my in, khi cc ng cong mn xut hin cu thnh cc bc do phn gii khng cao. Chng bit hiu l mt k thut phn mm gim nh hng ny bng cch dng cc thang o mu xm. Alpha: Mt th mch RISC 64 bit c phng ra vo nm 1993 bi thit b k thut s (DEC). N c xem nh l mt cnh tranh vi th mchPentium ca Intel. Alphanumeric data: D liu ch s, d liu cu thnh cc ch ci v bt k ch s t 0 n 9. S phn loi ca d liu ty theo kiu k t c cha cho php h thng hiu lc my tnh kim tra chnh xc ca d liu; mt my tnh c th c lp trnh loi b cc u vo cha cc k t sai. V d, tn ca mt ngi c th c loi b nu n cha bt k d liu s v mt s ti khon ngn hng c loi b nu n cha bt k d liu ch ci. So vi s ng k xe th s cha d liu ch s nhng khng c cc du chm cu. Alu Ch vit tt ca arithmetic and logic unit (n v s hc v logic). American National Dtandards Institute (ANSI): Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K. Vin t cc th tc chnh thc trong (gia cc lnh vc khc) my tnh v in t.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Annalogue: Tng t, lin bin (ca mt s lng hay thit b) t l hay song song vi cc gi tr thay i lin tc v so snh trc tip bng cch i chiu mt s lng m phng hay thit b thay i trong cc chui bc ring bit. V d, mt ng h m phng o thi gian bng cc phng tin ca mt chuyn ng lin tc bng tay xung quanh mt mt s ni mt ng h k thut s o thi gian vi mt hin th s thay i trong mt chui cc c ring bit. Analogue computer: My tnh m phng, my tnh tng t: my tnh c thc hin mch v x l d liu k thut (m phng) thay i lin tc. Cc my tnh k thut s m phng him hn nhiu so vi cc my k thut s v thng l cc my c mc ch c bit c xy dng vi mn hnh v iu khin cc thit b khc. Analogue to -didital converter (ADC): B chuyn i k thut m phng thnh k thut s: mch in chuyn mt tn hiu k thut m phng thnh mt tn hiu k thut s. Mt mch nh th th chng trnh chuyn tn hiu t mt thit b k thut m phng thnh mt tn hiu k thut s cho vic nhp vo my tnh. V d, nhiu cm bin c thit k o cc gi tr vt l nh nhit v p sut, sinh ra mt tn hiu m phng di dng in th v c truyn qua mt ADC trc khi my tnh nhp v x l n. Mt b chuyn i k thut s thnh k thut m phng (DAC) thc hin qu trnh ngc li. Analytical engine: NG C PHN TCH. THIT B MY TNH C TH lp trnh c do nh ton hc ngi Anh Charles Baddage thit k nm 1833. N c da trn cc ng c khc nhau nhng c hng ti t ng ha c qu trnh tnh ton. N gii thiu nhiu quan im v my tnh k thut s nhng do hn ch trong qu trnh sn xut, n khng c xy dng cho ti nm 1992 khi mt phin bn lm vic c gii thiu trong bo tng KHOA HC, LUN N. AND gate: Cng AND. Kiu cng logic. ANSI: Vit tc ca American National Standards Institule. Vin Tiu Chun Quc gia Hoa K. API: Vit tt ca Applications Program Interface: Giao din Chng trnh ng dng. Apple: Cng ty my tnh Hoa K, nh sn xut loi my Macintosh. Application: Chng trnh ng dng, chng trnh cng vic c thit k tin li cho ngi s dng nh mt h bng lng hay b x l t ng. Cch dng nhn bit cc chng trnh nh th, t iu khin my tnh hay gip tho chng vin mt b bin dch. Application package: B chng trnh ng dng. B chng trnh v cc ti liu lin quan (nh s tay hng dn) c dng trong mt ng dng c bit. Application program: Chng trnh ng dng. Chng trnh thnh lp thc hin mt cng tc cho s tin li ca
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
ngi s dng my tnh - v d, tnh ton s tr lng hay x l t. Ngc li, mt chng trnh h thng thc hin nhiu cng tc lin quan ti hot ng v thc hin ca chnh my tnh. Application program Interface (API) : Giao din chng trnh ng dng, trng tiu chun bao gm cc dng c, th tc v cc trnh t khc trong cc chng trnh c th c vit. Mt API bo m rng tt c cc ng dng l ph hp vi h iu hnh v c mt giao din s dng tng t. Argument argumen, i s, gi tr trn mt hm s thc hin. V d, nu argument 16 c thc hin trn hm s ''cn bc hai th a ra kt qu l 4. Arithemetic and logic unit (ALU): N V THUT TON V LOGIC: PHN CA N V x l trung ng thc hin cc thao tc s hc c bn v logic trn d liu. Array Chui: trong mt my tnh lp trnh, mt chui cc gi tr c th c tham kho ti bi mt tn bin i n. Cc gi tr ring c phn bin bng cch dng mt hay nhiu ch s di dng vi mi tn bin i. V d, xem danh sch v nhit cao nht mi ngy. Nhit (0C) 22 23 19 21

Ngy Ngy Ngy Ngy

1 2 3 4

Chui ny c th c xem vi tn bin i n temp. Cc yu t ring ca chui sau s c xc nh vi cc ch s di dng. V d, phn t chui temp1 s lu gi tr 22, 'temp 3 s lu gi tr 19. Mt chui c th s dng nhiu hn mt ch s di dng. V d, xem danh sch sau y ch s panh sa (n v o lng bng 0,57 1 Anh v 0,47 1 M) c phn ra trong bn nh. Nh 1 Ngy 1 2 Ngy 2 2 Ngy 3 3 Ngy 4 2 Ngy 5 4 Ngy 6 4 Nh 2 2 1 2 1 1 5 Nh 3 3 2 0 2 2 4 Nh 4 1 1 1 1 2 4

Nu chui ny c cho tn bin i pint (panh) th cc yu t ca n s c xc nh vi hai ch s: mt i vi nh v mt i vi ngy trong tun. Do , phn t chui pints (,2,6) s lu gi tr 5, pints (3,3) lu gi tr 0. Cc chui th hu dng v chng ch cho php cc tho chng vit cc trnh t tng qut c th x l cc danh sch d liu di. V d, nu mi gi c lu trong mt chng trnh k ton s dng mt tn bin i khc nhau th cc lnh chng trnh phn tch s c yu cu x l mi gi. Tuy nhin, nu tt c cc gi c lu trong mt chui th mt trnh t tng qut c th c vit x l, ni nh gi (J) v bnh cch cho php J ly cc gi tr khc nhau, sau c th x l bt c cc d liu ring no.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Artificial imtelligence (AI): Tr thng minh nhn to. Mt ngnh khoa hc lin quan ti vic to cc chng trnh my tnh c th thc hin cc hot ng so snh vi nhng hot ng ca mt con ngi thng minh. Nghin cu AI hin thi bao trm cc lnh vc nh lp k hoch (cho cch x rb), hiu bit ngn ng, nhn bit mu, biu th kin thc. Cc chng trnh AI trc kia c pht trin nm 1960 t c s m phng tr thng minh con ngi hay c gip k thut gii quyt vn tng qut. By gi ngi ta ngh rng cch c x thng minh ty thuc nhiu vo kin thc mt h thng c c nh trn ngun l l ca n. Do , s nhn mnh hin c trong cc h thng da trn kin thc. Ascii (t ch u ca American Standard Code for Information Interchange) h lp m trong cc s c quy nh cho cc ch, ch s v cc biu tng chm cu. D cc my tnh lm vic trong m s nh phn, cc s ASCII thng c nh nh cc s thp phn hay thp lc phn, 32 m u c dng cho cc chc nng iu khin nh tr hp bng v xa ngc. Ni chnh xc, ASCII l mt m nh phn 7 bit cho php 128 k t khc nhau c biu th nhng mt bit th tm th thng c dng cung cp tnh chn l hay cho php i vi cc k t ph. H thng ny c dng rng ri i vi vic lu vn bn. Assembly language: Ngn ng chng trnh hp ng, ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc thp lin quan mt thit ti cc m bn trong mt my tnh. N gm ch yu mt b cc chui ngn vi ch (thut nh) c b dch hp ng dch thnh m my cho n v x l trung ng ca my tnh lm theo mt cch trc tip. Trong ngn ng chng trnh hp ng, JMP c ngha l nhy (Jump) v LDA c ngha l Load accumulation (b tr ti) m chng trnh hp ng c cc tho chng vin s dng vit cc chng trnh rt nhanh v hiu qu. Asynchronus: Khng ng b (d b). Khng theo qui lut hay khng ng b. Thng c cung cp trong s truyn thng truyn d liu khng qtho qui lut so vi mt dng n nh. S thng tin khng ng b dng cc bit bt u v bit kt thc ch s bt u v s kt thc mi mu d liu. Audit trail: Vt kim tra. bn ghi li cc hot ng my tnh ch nhng g c thc hin v ai thc hin n (nu thng tin ny c sn). Thut ng ny c ly trong k ton nhng cc vt kim tra (chui kim ton trong k ton ngy nay c dng rng ri kim tra nhiu kha cnh an ton my tnh cng nh trong cc chng trnh k ton. Autoexec.bat File trong iu hnh MS-Dos bao gm cc lnh c thi hnh khi my tnh c khi ng, n c chy t ng vo lc ny.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc

Thut ng tin hc (B)

Bandwidth rng di tn. Trong my tnh v trong thng tin lin lc, khi nim ny xc nh tc chuyn d liu, c o bng s bit mi giy.

Benchmark Mc, chun Php o hiu qu ca mt mu thit b hay phn mm, thng bao gm mt chng trnh tiu chun hay mt b chng trnh. Cc mc c th ch ra xem mt my tnh c mnh thc hin mt tc v c bit no hay khng v cho php so snh cc my vi nhau. Tuy nhin, chng ch o cc thng s c bit v c th khng a ra mt hng dn chnh xc tng tc cc ng dng thc t. Mc o bao gm Whetstones, Dhrystones, TPC v SPECmarks. SPECmarks da trn 10 chng trnh c chp nhn bi h thng thc hin nh ga kt hp cho cc trm lm vic chun. Mc TCP-B ca hi ng thc hin x l giao dch c s dng th c s d liu v h thng trc tuyn trong phm vi ngn hng. Beta version Bn th nghim trc pht hnh Phin bn trc khi tung ra chnh thc ca mt phn mm hay chng trnh ng dng, thng c phn phi ti mt s hn ch cc chuyn vin s dng (v thng l cc nh ph bnh). S phn phi ca phin bn ny cho php ngi s dng kim tra v phn hi li ngi pht trin bt c bin i cn thit no cng c th c thc hin trc khi pht hnh. Bitmap S bit L mng bit c s dng m t mt t chc d liu. Cc s bit c dng lu cc hnh nh ha bng cch dng gia tr 1 biu th en (hay mu) v gi tr 0 biu th trng. Tuy nhin ha dng s bit khng c s dng cho cc hnh nh yu cu o c (trong trng hp ny ngi ta s dng ha vc t lu di dng cng thc hnh hc). Cc s bit c th c s dng lu tr kiu ch hay phng ch nhng mi c hay kiu ch i hi phi c mt bt s bit ring. Mt b phng kiu vc t c th c gi lm d liu mu v o c khi cn thit. Bridge Cu ni Thit b ni hai mng a phng tng t nhau. Cc cu ni l th tc c lp, chuyn d liu trong cc b gia hai mng m khng lm mt bt k thay i no. Brouter Cu ch ng Thit b kt ni cc mng t hp chc nng ca c hai thit b l cu ni v b ch ng. Cc cu ch ng thng a ra hnh trnh c th theo v ni cu nhng th tc cn li. Bus Thanh gp NG DN IN T THNG QUA MT B VI X L my tnh lin lc vi cc thnh phn khc ca n hay vi cc thit b ngoi vi. V mt vt l, thanh gp l mt b cc ng song song c th mang cc tn hiu k thut s . N c th c dng vt lt ng trn bng mch in my tnh (PCBs) hay ca mt cp bn ngoi hay s ni kt. Mt my tnh in hnh c ba
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
thanh gp bn trong nm trn bn mch chnh ca n, mt thanh gp d liu (data bus) mang d liu gia cc thnh phn my tnh, mt thanh gp a ch (address bus) chn cc th tc c lm theo bi bt c mu d liu ring bit no i dc thanh gp d liu v mt thanh gp iu khin (control bus) c dng quyt nh xem d liu c c hay ghi t thanh gp d liu. Mt thnh gp m rng (expansion bus) bn ngoi c dng cho vic ni b x l my tnh ti thit b ngoi vi nh modem v my in. Backing storage: B nh d liu, b nh bn ngoi n v x l trung ng dng lu cc chng trnh v o lng khng c dng hin thi. B nh d tr phi khng d bay hi ngha l ni dung ca n phi khng c mt khi ngun cung cp ti my tnh khng c ni na. Backup: Sao chp d tr, cc file sao chp c chuyn ti cc phng tin khc, thng l ly i c, l a mm hay bng. Mc ch ca iu ny l c bn sao ca mt file m n c th c phc hi trong trng hp c d h hng trong h thng hay trn chnh file . cc file sao chp cng c to bi nhiu ng dng (vi phn m rng l BAC hay BAK), do , mt phin bn l s c sn ca mt file gc trc khi n c bin i bi ng dng hin thi. Backup system: H thng sao chp: mt h thng my tnh sao chp m c th tip nhn hot ng ca my my tnh trong bin c ca s h hng thit b hay cho nhu cu bo tr. Cc h thng sao chp m rng sao chp d phng tng v h thng sao chp y . Bar code: M thanh: mu ca cc thanh v cc khong trng c th c c bng mt my tnh. Cc m thanh c s dng rng ri trong s bn l, phn phi cng nghip v cc th vin cng cng. Cc m ny c c bi mt thit b qut, my tnh xc nh m t cc rng ca cc thanh v khong trng. Basic : ( t vit tt ch u ca beginer's all purpose symbolic instruction code: m ch dn biu tng tt c mc ch ca ngi mi s dng), ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc cao, c pht trin nm 1964, c thit k nguyn thy nhn s tin b ca cc h thng nhiu ngi s dng (c th c s dng bi nhiu ngi cng lc). Ngn ng ny d lin h hc v ph bin trong s nhng ngi s dng my vi tnh. N l phn c bn tip theo cho cc ngn ng mi nh Visual Basic. Batch processing: X l b, h thng x l d liu vi t hay khng c s can thip ca ngi vn hnh. Cc b d liu c chun b tin ti c x l trong qu trnh chy bnh thng (v d, mi ti). IU NY CHO PHP MY TNH S DNG C HIU QU V thch hp tt cho cc ng dng ca mt kiu lp li nh mt bn lng cng ty. B x l tng phn vi my tnh tc ng xen k, trong d liu v cc lnh c nhp vo trong khi chng trnh x l ang chy. Baud: N V O TC CHUYN D LIU. Nu mt tn hiu hiu th mt bit, sau mt baud biu th mt tc chuyn ca mt bit mi giy (bps).

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Baudot code: M Baudot, m 5 bit c pht trin bi mt k s ngi Php Emil Baudot vo nhng nm 1870. N cn dng trong telex. Bzier curve : NG CONG BZIER, NG CONG NI MT CHUI im (hay nt) bng phng php mn nht c th. Hnh dng ng cong MI NT C IU HNH BI BA IM IU KHIN. NG cong Bezier c s dng trong ha my tnh v CAD (computer aided design: my tnh gip thit k ). Binary number code: M s nh phn, m s da trn h thng s nh phn, c dng biu th cc lnh ch dn v d liu trong tt c cc my tnh k thut s iu s dng trong hu ht cc my vi tnh, ch hoa A u th bi s nh phn 01000001 Do cc s nh phn ch dng cc ch s 0 v 1 nn chng c th c biu th bi bt c thit b no c th tn ti trong hai trng thi khc nhau. Trong mt my tnh k thut s, nhiu thit b hai trng thi khc nhau c dng lu hay chuyn cc m s nh phn v d nh - cc mch, c th hay khng th mang in th, a hay bng m cc phn ca n c th khng th c t ha v cng tc (chuyn mch) c th m hay ng. Cc my tnh k thut s c thit k theo cch ny bi hai l do. Th nht, to thit b hai trng thi th d v r hn nhiu so vi thit b tn ti nhiu hn hai trng thi. Th hai s truyn thng gia cc thit b hai trng thi th rt ng tin cy v ch c hai tn hiu khc nhau, 0 hay 1 (m hay tt cn c nhn bit. Binary number system: H thng s nh phn, h thng s c s hai c dng trong my tnh v in t. Tt c cc s nh phn c vit bng cch dng s kt hp ca cc ch s 0 hay 1. S thp phn thng thng hay c s 10, cc s c th c xem nh c vit dc cc u ct da trn s 10. V d, s thp phn 2,567 vit tt ca: 1.000 s (103) 2 100s (102) 5 10s (101) 6 1s (10) 7

Nh phn, hay c s 2, c s c vit di cc u ct da tn s 2. V d, s nh phn ca 1101. 8s (23) 4s (22) 2s (21) 1s (20)

S nh phn 1101 do tng ng vi s thp phn 13 v (1x8) + (1x4) + (1x1) = 13 Binary search: Tm h nh phn, k thut nhanh c dng tm bt c bn ghi no trong mt danh sch cc bn ghi c gi trong th t sp xp. My tnh c lp trnh so sch bn ghi c tm thy vi bn ghi gia trong DANH SCH TH T. IU NY ANG C THC HIN, my tnh loi b na danh sch trong bn ghi khng xut hin do gim s bn ghi tm kim xong ti phn na, qu trnh ny c lp li cho ti khi bn yu cu c tm thy. Biological computer: My tnh sinh hc, xut k thut i vi cc thit b my tnh da trn d tng trng cc phn t hu c phc tp ( phn t sinh hc) nh l cc cu t, c s l thuyt ca n l cc
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
, khi xy dng ca tt c vt th sng c cc h thng ha hc c th lu v trao i cc in t v do hot ng nh cc cu t c in. N l ti hin thi c nghin cu lu di. Bios: (t ch u ca basic input/output system: h nhp xut c bn) phn ca h iu hnh iu khin nhp v xut. Thut ng ny cng c dng m t cc chng trnh c lu trong ROM (v c gi l ROM Bios), m n chy t ng khi mt my tnh c bt ln cho php n khi ng. BIOS khng b nh hng bi s nng cp ln h iu hnh c lu trn a. Bestable circuit: Mch lt, hay mch in n gin bp bnh cn tn ti trong mt hay hai trng thi n nh cho ti khi n nhn mt xung (tn hiu logic 1) thng qua mt trong nhng u vo ca n, trong n chuyn hay ''flip trn trng thi khc. Do n l thit b hai trng thi nn n c th c s dng lu cc ch s nh phn v c s dng rng ri trong mch t hp. Bit: Ch s nh phn, ch s nh phn n, hoc l 0 hoc l 1. Mt bit l n v nh nht ca d liu c lu trong my tnh, tt c cc d liu khc phi c m ha thnh mt mng ring bit. Mt byte biu th b nh my tnh y lu mt k t d liu n v thng cha 8 bit. V d, trong h m ASCII c dng trong hu ht cc myvi tnh, th ch hoa A c lu trong mt byte n ca b nh nh mt mng bit 01000001. S bit ti a m mt my tnh c th x l thng thng vo mt lc c gi l mt t. Bit mapped font: Phng c lp s bit, phng c gi trong b nh my tnh nh mt b s bit. Bit pad: M BIT: THIT B NHP CA MY TNH, XEM BNG ha. Block : Khi; nhm h s c x l nh mt n v hon chnh cho vic chuyn i hay chuyn li b nh d tr. V d, nhiu a chuyn d liu trong khi 512 byte. Bollean algebra: I S BOOLEAN, B QUI TC I S, C T TN THEO NH TON HC GEORGE BOOLE, TRONG TRUE (NG) v False gm mt chui ton t AND (v), OR (hoc), Not (khng), NAND (NOTAND: khng, v), NOR (hoc khng) v XOR (exclusive OR: hoc loi tr) m n c th C DNG NH TN HIU NG (TRUE) V SAI (False) (xem bng tht) v l c s ca logic my tnh v gi tr tht c th c nhn bit trc tip bng cc bit. I S BOOLEAN: CC TON T Ton t x AND y x OR y x XOR y NOT x Ngha Kt qu ng nu c hai x & y u ng, ngc li kt qu sai. Kt qu ng nu x hoc y ng, ngc li kt qu sai Kt qu ng ch nu x v y khc bit, ngc li kt qu sai Kt qu ng nu x sai, kt qu sai nu x ng.

Boot: Khi ng (mi) hay qui trnh mi bt u my tnh. Hu ht cc my tnh c mt chng

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
trnh mi nh, gn lin (BIOS) bt u t ng khi my tnh c bt ln - nhng cng tc ca n l ch ti chng trnh ln hn mt cch nh nhng, thng t mt a m ngc li np v b iu hnh. Trong my vi tnh, BIOS thng c gi trong b nh ROM thng tr v chng trnh mi khi ng hot ng ca n mt cch n gin. Bps (vit tc ca bits per second: s bit mi giy) mt php o c dng xc nh tc truyn d liu. Bubble jet printer: My in phun bt kh, my in phun mc trong c nung nng ti im si n to mt bt kh u mt bec phun. Khi bt kh n, mc c chuyn ti giy. Bubble memory: B nh bot, thit b b nh da trn to ra cc bt nh trn mt b mt t tnh. Cc b nh? Bubble in hnh lu ti 4 megabit (4 triu bit) thng tin. Chng khng nhy v va p v s rung ng, khng ging nh thit b b nh khc nh a nhng ging nh a t tnh, chng khng d bay hi v khng lm mt thng tin khi tt my tnh. Bubble sort: Sp xp bot, k thut sp xp d liu. Nhng mc k cn c trao i lin tc cho ti khi d liu thnh mt trnh t. Buffer: B m. Phn ca b nh c dng lu d liu mt cch tm thi. V d, mt chng trnh c th lu d liu trong mt b m my in cho ti khi my in sn sng in chng. Bug: Li trong mt chng trnh. N c th l li trong mt cu trc logic ca chng trnh hay mt li c php nh li chnh t. Mt vi bug lm cho mt chng trnh hng ngay tc khc, mt s khc cn khng l ra, gy ra cc vn ch khi mt s kt hp ring bit ca cc chng c xy ra. Qu trnh tm v tr li i t mt chng trnh c gi l debugging. Bulletin board: Bng thng bo, trung tm lu tr ca cc tn hiu, thng c truy cp trn mng in thoi thng qua th tn mt mem. Cc bng thng bo thng c chuyn dng cc nhm c bit v c th mang tn hiu, lu , v chng trnh. Burreau: T chc a ra mt chui dch v my tnh nh x l bng lng, chuyn mn ha vic in hay ci t kiu. Byte: B nh my tnh y lu mt k t d liu n. K t c lu trong mt byte ca b nh nh mt mng bit (ch s nh phn), dng mt m nh ASCII. Mt byte thng cha 8 bit v d, ch hoa F c th c lu nh mng bit 01000110. Kch c b nh my tnh c o bng kilobyte (1.024 byte) hay megabyte (1.024 kilobyte).

Thut Ng Tin Hc C
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Cache memory B nh m Khu vc dnh ring cho vic nhp d kin tc th, c s dng tng tc hot ng ca chng trnh my tnh. B nh m c th c xy dng t SRAM, n nhanh hn nhng cng t hn DRAM bnh thng. Hu ht cc chng trnh nhp vo vi cng mt ch dn v d liu ging nhau. Nu thng xuyn s dng cc ch dn v d liu c tr sn trong b nh m SDRAM th chng trnh s hot ng nhanh hn. Trong trng hp khc, b nh m l DRAM nhng c s dng lu tr thng xuyn s dng cc ch dn v d liu th s c lu tr tr li mt cch n gin. Nhp d liu vo DRAM nhanh hn lu tr tr li v li mt ln na chng trnh chy nhanh hn. Kiu b nh m ny thng c gi l m a. CAD (Computer Aided Design) Thit k vi s tr gip ca my tnh My tnh s dng trong to dng v thit lp cc bn v thit k. CAD cng cho php ngi s dng thc hin nhng tc v nh kim sot nhng thit k phc tp mt cch t ng hay lm linh hot thm khng gian ba chiu ca thit k. H thng CAD c s dng rng ri trong kin trc, in t v k thut (th d trong cng nghip sn xut xe hi, ni m gi y cc thit k mu xe c s tr gip ca nhng chic my tnh). Mi quan h pht trin ny c gi l CAM CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) Sn xut vi s tr gip ca my tnh My tnh c s dng kim sot qu trnh sn xut, c bit l kim sot my cng c v cc ngi my trong cc x nghip. Trong mt s nh my, ton b h thng thit k v sn xut c kt ni vi nhau mt cch t ng t CAD n CAM. Mng linh hot CAD v CAM trong sn xut n cc my bn hng v phn phi vi phng php ny c th cho php sn xut mt s lng hng ha tiu dng vi gi thp hn. Clipboard Bng ghi tm Tp tin tm thi hay vng nh ti d liu c th c lu tr trc khi c sao chp vo mt tp tin ng dng. V d nh c dng trong cc thao tc ct v dn tp tin. Clock interrupt Ngt tn hiu C PHT SINH BI NG H IN T BN TRONG MY tnh. Clock rate Tn s ng h Tn s ca ng h in t bn trong my tnh. N sinh ra mt dy xung in c b phn iu khin s dng ng b ha cc b phn ca my tnh v iu ho chu trnh thc hin tr v theo cc ch dn ca chng trnh c x l. Mt s c nh ca cc xung thi gian c i hi thc hin tng lnh ring. Vn tc ti my vi tnh c th x l cc lnh s ph thuc vo tn s ng h ny. Tn s ng h c o bng megahertz (Mhz) hay triu xung ng trong 1 giy. My vi tnh thng c tn s ng h 8 - 50 MHz. C: Ngn ng chng trnh my tnh cao cp vi nhiu chc nng a dng c pht trin vo u thp nin 70 v trc c gi tt l BCPL. C c s dng trc tin nh l ngn ng hot ng h thng Unix, thng qua n v t tr nn rng ri b xa Unix. N hu ch trong vic son tho nhanh v cc chng trnh hon thin, c hai h thng cng hot ng (iu hnh hot ng ca my) v gn lin vi nhau.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
C ++ Chng trnh ngn ng cao cp s dng gn vi nh hng mc tiu. - Cal - Vit tt ca s c mt ca my tnh trong hc tp) my tnh s dng trong gio dc v o to. My tnh trnh by cc ti liu hng dn sinh vin v hi v thng tin c a ra, nhng cu tr li ca sinh vin v bi hc c xc nh r rng v lin tc. Carriage return : Chuyn tr v, mt m s c bit (ASCII gi tr 13) l chuyn con tr mn hnh my in v im bt u ca dng hin ti. Hu ht cc t hin th v h MS-DOS hot ng s dng s kt hp ca CR v dng cung cp (LF-ASCII gi tr 10) th hin cho s chuyn v kh khn. D sao h Unix ch s dng LF v do cc tp tin chuyn i gia MS-Dos v Unix cn mt chng trnh chuyn i. CCITT Vit tt ca: Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et. Telegraphique. CD-T Tng tc a compact: (Vit tc cho tc ng qua li ca a Compact) kh a Compact pht trin bi Philips vi s sung cp kt hp ca truyn hnh, m thanh, ch u v hnh nh. Vi nh ch yu cho th trng tiu dng c s dng trong h thng kt hp ca my tnh v v tuyn truyn hnh. S chn la kh a l s tng giao ngi - my ca truyn hnh (DVI). CD-R: (S thu a Compact) kiu a Compact c th ghi li d liu trn (SO SNH VI CD-ROM) . A L S KT HP CA CNG ngh t tnh v quang hc. Trong khi thu a, tia lade chiu trn b mt a c sp xp theo quy nh. CD-ROM B nh ch c dung lng. (Vit tc cho a Compact b nh ch c). My vi tnh lu tr sng ch pht trin ca cng ngh m thanh l a compact. N gm c mt a nha cng trng a Compact. N gm c mt a nha cng trng kim loi, trn s thng tin nh phn c khc axt theo trt t ca lm rt nh. Ri n c th c c bng cch cho MT CHM TIA SNG I QUA TRN MT A. A CD-ROM IN HNH CHA KHONG 550 MT A. A CDROM in hnh cha khong 550 magebyte d liu, v c s dng xy dng s lng ln nhng vn bn v th nh nhng b sch bch khoa, catalog v s sch k thut. Thu a CD-R cng c pht trin. Xem nh a CD-I. Cefeax: Mt trong hai h thng teletext ca Anh (ci kia l Teletext) hoc nhng tp ch hng khng pht trin bi BBC v pht ln u tin nm 1973. Central processing unit (CPU): B x l trung tm, b phn cu thnh chnh ca my tnh, phn cu to th hin chng trnh ring v iu khin hot ng ca cc phn khc. N thng c gi l trung tm iu hnh hay khi bao gm t hp mch in ring, mt d kin cha trong mch vi tnh. CPU c ba b phn cu thnh chnh: b phn s hc v l-gic (ALU), ni thc hin mi tnh ton v l-gic hc; b phn iu khin; gii m, ng b ha v th hin ch dn chng trnh; v b nh nhp d liu tc th: n lu tr cc d liu v chng trnh trn my tnh hin ti lm vic. Tt c cc cu hnh thnh ny gm nhng ghi nhn ni v tr b nh lu tr cho

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
nhng mc ch c bit. Nhng ghi nhn bao gm s tch ly, ghi nhn ch dn v ghi nhn s iu khin lin tip. Centronics interface: Giao din centronics, tn ring cho mt tip gip song song (Centronics l nh sn xut my in quan trng trong bnh minh ca my tnh hin i). CGA Thit b tng hp ha mu (Vit tc cho s iu hp mu sc v th) h thng biu din mu u tin cho my tnh c nhn (IBMPC) v cc my tng hp. N c thay th bi EGA, VGA, SVGA v XGA. Character: K t: Mt trong nhng k t c th c hiu din trong my tnh. N bao gm cc ch ci, s, khong trng, du chm v cc k hiu c bit khc. Character printer: My in k t. My in vi tnh in mt du hiu ti mt thi im. Character set: Tp hp k t. Tp hp y cc k t c dng trong 1 chng trnh c nhn ra bi my vi tnh. N bao gm cc cha ci, ch s, khong trng du chm v cc k hiu c bit khc. Character type check: Kim tra dng l t. S kim tra c hiu lc chc chn rng mt chi tit d kin c a vo khng cha cc du hiu khng c gi tr. V d nh 1 tn c a vo c th c kim tra chc chn rng n ch cha cc ch trong bng ch ci hoc ngy thng c 6 ch s a vo c th c kim tra chc rng n ch cha cc s. Check digit: Ch s kim tra. Ch s c gn vi mt m s quan trng nh kim tra ph chun. Checksum: Tng kim tra. Tng s kim tra cc chi tit c bit ca d kin m khng c ngha khc. Tng ny c dng nh mt du hiu nhn din rng d liu c a vo hoc chuyn i 1 cch chnh xc. N c dng trong vic chuyn i 1 cch chnh xc. N c dng trong vic trao i thng tin v v d nh trong chng trnh tng thut. Xem validation. Chip or silicon chip: Vi mch in t, tn gi khc ca integrated circuit, l 1 mch in t y trn mt tm silic (hay mt cht bn dn khc), tinh th ch vi milimt vung. CISC My tnh c tp lnh phc tp. (Vit tt cc ch u c complex instruction set computer). Thit b vi x l (b x l trn mt vi mch in t n) c th thc hin c mt s ln cc lnh ca mt m my - v d Intel 80486. Thut ng ny c a vo phn bit nhng vi mch in t ny vi thit b vi x l RISC (Reduced Inatruction Set Computer) iu khin mt tp hp cc lnh nh hn. Client - server architecture: Cu trc khch - ch. H thng mng li trong vn hnh theo di cc d liu c tch ra
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
khi chng trnh s dng d liu . Mi my vi tnh hoc l ngi ch, cha cc d liu hoc iu khin cc hng ca h thng - v d nh my in hoc mng li, hoc khch hng trn qun l cc chng trnh ng dng. Cmos Bn dn b oxit - kim loi: (Vit tt ca Comlementary metal - oxide Semiconductor). H cc b vi mch in t c s dng rng ri trong vic thit lp cc h thng in t. CMYK (Vit tc ca Cyan - Magenta - Yellow - black: xanh l cy - ti - vng en). S phn ly 4 mu c dng trong hu ht cc qu trnh in mu. C TRNG TRN MY TNH L MN HNH, TUY NHIN THNG s dng phng php RGB b sung thm v v th s chuyn i thng l cn thit b phn cho ra kt qu in hoc trn my in mu hoc phn tch. CNC Vit tc ca Computer numerical control Coaxial cable: Cp truyn ng trc, cp truyn in gm dy dn in rn c cch in v bao quanh bng ng hay bao bo v rn. N c th truyn nhng tn hiu tn s cao c s dng trong tivi, in thoi cc phng tin truyn thng khc. N ang c thay th bi si cp quang hoc cp cp xon trn. Cobol (Vit tc ca Commnon Business Oriented language). Ngn ng chng trnh my tnh cao cp, c son tho vo cui nhng nm 1950 dnh cho cc vn x l d liu thng mi, n tr thnh ngn ng chnh trong lnh vc ny. Cc a im ca COBOL rt thun tin cho cc tp tin s hc iu khin v kinh doanh. Nhng lnh ca chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng ny m rng vic s dng cc t v trng rt ging vi cu vn bng TING ANH. IU NY LM CHO COBOL TR THNH MT TRONG nhng ngnh d hc v d hiu nht. COM Vit tt ca Computer output on micro - film/microfiche. Comit Consuktatif International telephonique et tlgraphique (CCITT) Y BAN T VN V IN THOI V IN BO quc t. T chc quc t xc nh cc tiu chun v vn bn truyn thng quc t cho cc d liu truyn thng, bao hm c fax. Command language: Ngn ng mnh lnh. Tp hp cc lnh v quy tc iu khin cch s dng ca chng m theo ngi s dng iu khin 1 chng trnh. V d nh h thng thao tc hoc c cc lnh nh Save v delete, hay 2 chng trnh v danh sch tr lng cho nhn vin c th c cc lnh thm v sa i cc h s nhn vin. Command line interface: (cLI): GIAO DIN DNG LNH. NG PHN GII DA trn cc k t trong li nhc nh c biu din trn mn hnh m ti ngi s dng gi mt lnh bng b phn chuyn i nhng phn xc nh, y nu mt im ca mnh lnh c gi tr th n s c thc hin. Compact disc (CD): A COM-PACT. A quang hc, khong 12 cm chiu ngang, c dng lu tr cc thng tin bng K THUT S. A C LM BNG NHM C PH 1 lp nha trong sut. Cc
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
vt lm rt nh c khc bng lade trn b mt kim loi c dng lu tr d liu trong m nh phn. Trong lc pht li, chm lade s c m hiu v to ra cc tnh hiu l bn sao gn nh hon ho ca bn gc. Xem CD-ROM, CD-I v CD-R. Compiler: Chng trnh bin son Chng trnh my tnh dch cc chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng mc cao sang mt m my. Chng trnh ny dch mi lnh bng ngn ng mc cao sang mt s lnh mt m my trong 1 qu trnh c gi l s bin son v to ra mt chng trnh hon ton c lp c th qun l c bng my tnh m khng cn s c mt ca chng trnh gc. Cc chng trnh bin son khc nhau cn cc ngn ng cao cp khc nhau v cho cc my tnh khc nhau. Tri vi vic s dng chng trnh dch, vic s dng chng trnh bin son cn thm 1 cht thi gian a ra 1 chng trnh bng mt m my phi c bin son tr li sau mi thay i hoc hiu chnh. Tuy nhin vi 1 ln c bin son, chng trnh mt m my s chy nhanh hn chng trnh c dch nhiu. Computer: My tnh. Thit b in t c th lp chng trnh x l v thc hin cc php tnh v cc nhim v thao tc bng k hiu khc. C 3 dng chnh: my tnh k thut s, hot ng vi cc thng tin c m ha nh cc s h nh phn; my tnh tng t: lm vic vi cc i lng bin i lin tc; v my tnh lai: c cc c tnh ca c 2 loi trn. C 4 cch phn loi my tnh k thut s, tng ng vi kch thc v mc ch s dng ca n: my vi tnh (k c my tnh xch tay) l loi nh nht v thng dng nht, c dng trong cc c s kinh doanh nh, ti nh v ti cc trng ph thng; my tnh mini c dng trong cc c s kinh doanh c trung v cc khoa ca trng i hc (mc d s khc bit gia my tnh v my tnh mini ang bin mt); v dn my tnh thng c th phc v cho vi trm ngi s dng ng thi, thng c s dng trong cc t chc ln nh cc cng ty quc t; v sin my tnh, c s dng ch yu cho cc nhim v khoa hc ht sc phc tp nh phn tch kt qu ca d bo thi tit. Computer - aided design: Xem CAD Computer -aided manufacturing: xem CAM Computer- Assisted Learning: Xem CAL Computer game or video game: Tr chi trn my tnh. Tr chi c iu khin bng my tnh trong my tnh i chi vi ngi chi. Tr chi my tnh s dng nhng hnh nh nhanh v sng ng trn mn hnh, v c m thanh tng hp. Computer generation: Th h my tnh. Mt trong 5 nhm tng qut trong cc my tnh c th c phn loi th h th nht l nhng my tnh sm nht ra i vo nhng nm 1940 v 1950, c ch to t cc mch in t dy v n in t; Th h th hai c t nhng nm 1960, da trn cc transistor v mch in; Th h th ba c t nhng nm cui ca thp k 1960, s dng cc mch vi in t v thng c bn nh h ca cc my tnh, v d nh loi IBM 360; th h th t s dng cc b vi mch x l, cc t hp vi in t ln (LSI) v cc ngn ng lp trnh tinh vi, n vn cn c dng trong nhng nm 1990; v th h th 5 da trn vic x l song song v cc t hp vi in t rt ln (VLSI), hin ang c pht trin.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Computer graphis: HA MY TNH. S DNG MY TNH BIU din v lm vic vi cc thng tin dng hnh v. Cc hnh v c lu li trong my tnh nh cc ha bng mnh hay ha vect. Cc hnh trn my tnh c s dng ngnh cng tng trong CAD (computer-aided design), v to ra cc m hnh v s m phng trong k thut, kh tng, y t v phu thut, v cc lnh vc khoa hc khc, cng nh trong vic xut bn. Computer numerical control: (CNC): IU KHIN K THUT S MY TNH. IU KHIN CC MY CNG C, THNG L CC MY THAY bng my tnh. Mu thit k cng vic cho my lm theo, thng l lin quan n vic thc hin cc hnh ng c lp li nhiu ln, c m t bng cch s dng ngn ng lp trnh mc ch c bit. Computer output on microfilm: Micro fiche (COM): Vi phim xut t my tnh. K thut to kt qu u ra ca my trong dng rt c ng v rt gn. Computer program:

Chng trnh my tnh cc lnh c m ha cho mt my tnh.

Computer simulation: S m phng trn my tnh. S biu din 1 tnh hung c thc ca i sng trong 1 chng trnh my tnh. Vi d nh chng trnh c th m phng s lu thng ca cc khch hng n 1 ngn hng. Ngi s dng c th thay cc bin s, nh s ngi thu ngn ang lm vic, v xem xt hiu qu. S m phng phc tp hn c th to c cch thc xy ra ca mt phn ng ha hc hay thm ch mt v n ht nhn. My tnh cng iu khin hot ng ca my mc. V d nh vt m phng chuyn bay to nn hot ng ca mt my bay thc v cho php hun luyn trong iu kin an ton. S m phng bng my tnh c ch khi n qu nguy him, tiu dng nhiu thi gian, hay n gin l khng th thc hin c mt thc nghim hay kim tra tht s. Computer terminal: Trm nhp, nhn tin t my tnh. Cng c m nh n ngi vn hnh my chuyn tin c vi my tnh. Compuserve: S phc v d liu cho cng chng rng ri. N c s dng cho th in t v ba tp san. Cofig.sys. H thng sp xp. Cch thc m mt h thng, a cng hay/v a mm c b tr. S sp xp ti thiu thng c gn cho 1 s ng dng c bit, v n thng bao gm bn k chi tit ca b x l, a v kch thc b nh, v thit b ngoi vi c yu cu. Console: T hp ca bn phm v mn hnh ( cng c m t nh 1 trm nhp V NHN TIN). I VI H THNG NH UNIX TH CH C 1 h thng bng iu khin m t h thng c th c thc hin, trong khi c th c nhiu trm nhn v nhp tin c s dng. Control bus: BUS IU KHIN. NG I BNG IN C s dng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Control character: K t iu khin. K t bt k c to ra khi n phm iu khin (Ctrl) cng lc vi 1 phm khc (thng l phm ch ci). Cc k t iu khin to thnh 32 k t ASCII u tin v hu ht u c ngha xc nh i vi h iu hnh c s dng. Chng cng cn c dng trong t hp to ra s kim sot khun kh kch thc trong nhiu thit b x l t, mc d ngi s dng c th khng a chng vo mt cch r rng. Control total: Tng iu khin. S kim tra ph chun trong tng s hc ca 1 vng xc nh t 1 nhm thng tin ghi li c tnh ton. Tng ny c a vo cng vi d liu m n lin quan n. Chng trnh tnh ton li tng ny v so snh n vi 1 tng khc c a vo chc chn rng khng mt sai st no c thc hin. Control unit: N V IU KHIN. MT THNH PHN CA KHI x l trung tm, n gii m, lm ng b v iu hnh s ch dn chng trnh. Coprocessor: B ng x l: B x l b sung, chc nng ca n l cng hp vi khi x l trung tm cung cp 1 chc nng xc nh. Hai b phn x l ph ph bin nht l b x l ph ton hc, c dng tng tc tnh ton v b x l ph th, c dng hon thin vic x l cc th. Copy protection: Chng sao chp. K thut c dng ngn chn s sao chp bt hp php mt chng trnh. S bo v trong sao chp khng cn c c s dng thng xuyn nh trc y v n cng ngn chn s sao chp hp php ( vi cc mc ch d tr). K thut thay th n ngn chn s sao chp bt hp php l s dng cc mt lnh. Corruption of data: S h hng d liu. S c mt ca cc h hng trong d liu. Hu ht cc my vi tnh u s dng vng cc l trnh thm tra v ph chun ngn chn d liu b h hng i vo h thng my tnh hoc pht hin cc d liu h hng tht s c mt trong my. CP/M Vit tt ca control program/monitor hay control program for microcomputers). Chng trnh iu khin mn hnh gim st. Chng trnh iu khin mn hnh hay chng trnh iu khin dnh cho my vi tnh. Mt trong nhng h thng iu khin hot ng s khi nht dnh cho my vi tnh. Chng trnh ny do Gary Kidall vit ra, ng l ngi t nn mng cho vic nghin cu k thut s, v n tr thnh tiu chun i vi cc my vi tnh da trn cc b mch vi x l Intel 8080 v Zilog Z80 8 bit. Trong nhng nm 1980 chng trnh ny c thay th bng chng trnh MS-DOS ca Microsoft, c vit cho cc b mch vi x l 16 bit. N cn c s dng trong phm vi ca th gii my vi tnh c nhn h Amstrad. CPU: VIT TT CA CENTRAL PROCESSING UINT: N V X l trung tm. Critical path analysis: S phn tch ng ti hn. Qui trnh c dng trong vic qun l cc n phc tp lm gim ti a thi gian cn thit. S phn tch ch cho thy nhng n con no phi c hon thnh trc khi bt u 1 n con khc. Bng cch xc nh thi gian cn thit cho mi n
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
con ring bit v mi quan h gia chng, ta c th lp bng k hoch ch r rng lc no th 1 n con ny cn c bt u v kt thc hon thnh c ton b n 1 cch hiu qu nht. Cc n phc tp c th lin quan n hng trm n con, v vic ng dng my tnh phn tch ng ti hn c s dng rng ri nhm lm gim thi gian v cng sc trong vic phn tch chng. Cursor: Con tr, im nhy trn mn hnh ch v tr. Trn mn hnh my tnh, k hiu m ch v tr vo hin hnh (v tr m k t k tip s xut hin). Trong cc ng dng da trn k t, n thng l mt khi ch nht hoc k t c gch di, v n nhp nhy. Trong cc mt phn gii c hnh nh, n c th thay i hnh dng da trn ng cnh. Cylinder: NG TR: T HP CC RNH TRN TT C CC a to nn 1 a c nh m c th thu c khng cn s chuyn ng ca u c/vit.

Thut ng tin hc (D)

DAC- (Vit tt ca Digital - to - analogue convete) B chuyn i t k thut s sang k thut tng t.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
DAISY WHEEL: U IN hnh hoa cc U IN TRONG MY IN T MY TNH HAY MY nh ch cha mt a trn nh bng kim loi hoc nha tng hp, gm nhiu nan hoa (nh cc cnh ca hoa cc), mi nan hoa mang mt k t c chm ni trn b mt. Bnh xe hnh hoa cc c quay cho n khi nan hoa mang k t cn thit i din vi ruy bng tm mc; Lc mt ci ba s g nan hoa vo dy ruy bng, li du n ca k t trn giy bn di. U IN HNH HOA CC C TH C THAY I TO ra cc kiu ch khc nhau. Tuy nhin my in vi u in hnh hoa cc khng th in c th v ch c th in nhiu hn mt kiu ch trong cng mt ti liu nu u in c thay i, mt s phn mm cho php thc hin iu ny. Data D liu Cc s kin, hnh nh v k hiu, c bit khi c lu tr trong my tnh, thut ng ny thng c s dng ch cc s kin th cha c x l, khc vi thng tin ch mt ngha hay s din gii c p dng. Data bus NG D LIU NG IN, C DNG VN CHUYN D LIU gia cc thnh phn ca my tnh. Data capture Thu nhp d liu S thu nhp thng tin cho vic phn tch v x l bng my tnh. Cc d liu c thu thp t ng - v d nh, bng mt b cm bin lin tc theo di cc iu kin vt l nh nhit ; hoc c thu thp bng tay - v d bng cch c dng c o in. Data communications S truyn d liu Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua mt mi trng trao i bt k, nh ng in thoi. Thut ng ny thng ng ch d liu l cc s (nh d liu my tnh) hn l cc kiu khc (nh cc thng ip bng ging ni). Tuy nhin trong h thng ISDN (Intergrated Ser Vies Didital Network: mng li phc v t hp s), tt c cc d liu bao gm c ging ni v hnh nh video, u c truyn bng k thut s. Data compresion S nn d liu. K thut lm gim ni lu tr cn thit cho mt s lng d liu xc nh. chng bao hm vic k hiu ha cc t (trong cc t thng s dng c lu tr dng mt m ngn gn hn), thay i di ca n v thng tin (bit) (trong cc k t ph bin c biu din bng t n v thng tin hn vi k t thng) v m ha chiu di (trong mt ngha lp li c lu tr mt ln). Data dictionary T in d liu Tp tin c dng trong s qun l c s d liu, n mang d liu v cc d liu, v d nh danh sch cc tp tin, s cc s kin trong mi tp tin, v cc dng ca mc tin. Cc t in d liu c phn mm ca c s d liu s dng c th thu nhn cc d liu. Data flow chart Biu d liu Biu minh ha cc l trnh c th m d liu c th ly qua mt h thng hay chng trnh.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Data input A D LIU VO Vic a d liu vo mt h thng my tnh Data logging Nhp d liu Qu trnh thu nhp v ghi, thng l t ng, mt dy cc gi tr cho vic x l v phn tch bng my tnh sau ny. Data preparation S chun b d liu S chun b d liu cho u vo ca my tnh bng cch chuyn n sang mi trng my c th c c. Qu trnh ny thng lin quan n vic nh my d liu bn phm cho n c th c chuyn trc tip vo bng hay a. Cc phng php thu nhp d liu trc tip khc nhau nh mt m thanh, s nhn bit du hiu bng th gic, v s nhn bit k t bng th gic c a ra gim hoc loi tr vic chun b d liu di dng trc khi a vo my tnh. Data processing (DP) S x l d liu Vic s dng cc my tnh thc hin cc cng vic Vn phng nh kim sot kho hng, lp danh sch tr lng cho nhn vin, v gii quyt cc n t hng. H thng x l d liu l mt h thng nhm tiu biu, chy trn cc my tnh ln. S x l d liu i lc cn c gi l s x l d liu in t (EDP). Data protection S bo v d liu S bo v an ton cho cc thng tin v cc c th c lu tr trn cc MY TNH. IU NY I HI CC C S D LIU ca my tnh cha cc thng tin ring v c nhn phi c ghi li, v nhng ngi s dng ch x l nhng thng tin chnh xc v vn gi nguyn cc thng tin ch cho mt giai on cn thit v cho nhng mc ch xc nh. Data security S an ton d liu S phng ngn chn s mt hay dng sai d liu, hoc tnh c hoc c . Chng bao gm cc phng thc m bo m rng ch nhng ngi c cng nhn mi c th vo c h thng my tnh hay cc tp tin, v cc quy trnh thng xuyn dnh cho vic lu li v d tr cc d liu. C th cung cp cc tp tin c tm li hoc thit lp li trong trng hp mt hoc lm h hi d liu. Mt s cc k thut kim tra v gim st cng c dng ngn nga cc d liu b mt i hoc b lm hng. Data terinator or rogae value Gi tr d liu cui Gi tr c bit c dng nh du s kt thc mt danh sch cc chi tit d liu c a vo. My tnh c th pht hin rng d liu khc vi cc d liu a vo theo nhiu cch. V d nh mt s m c th c dng lm tn hiu ch s kt thc ca mt danh sch gm cc s dng. Dabase chng trnh base Hc cc chng trnh ca my vi tnh c dng lm vic trn mt s lng d liu ln; n

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
cng l ngn ng th h th 4. Trong phin bn th nht. dBase II - xut hin vo nm 1981, n tr thnh nn tng cho tiu chun ca cc ng dng ca c s d liu, c gi l Xbse. Debugging S sa cha li Tm v loi b cc li t mt chng trnh hay h thng my tnh. Decimal numer system or denary number system H s thp phn H thng s c s dng ph bin nht, vi c s 10. Cc h thng khc ch yu c s dng trong tnh ton v bao gm h nh phn, h thng tam s v h thng mt s. Decision table Bng quyt nh Phng php m t mt quy trnh dnh cho mt chng trnh i theo. Da trn vic so snh cc kt lun c th v kt qu ca n. N thng c s dng nh mt phng tin tr gip trong vic thit k cc h thng. Phn trn ca bng cha cc iu kin rt ra kt lun (v d mt s m hoc dng v nh hn mt), v phn di m t cc kt lun khi gp nhng iu kin ny. Chng trnh ny hoc kt thc hoc lp li qu trnh hot ng. Declarative programming S lp trnh khai bo S lp trnh m khng m t cch gii quyt vn , nhng li m t cu trc hp l ca vn . N c s dng trong ngn ng lp trnh Prolog. N c s dng trong ngn ng lp trnh Prolog. Vic chy mt chng trnh nh vy ging nh l s chng t mt li tuyn b hn l chy theo mt quy trnh. Decoder B phn gii m Mch in t c dng chn mt trong mt s ng d liu c th. V d nh cc b gii m thng quen vi cc d liu trc tip vi cc vng nh ring bit trong b nh tc thi ca my tnh. Dedicated computer My tnh chuyn bit My tnh c ch to nm trong mt cng c khc cho mc ch iu khin hoc cung cp thng tin cho cng c . Cng dng ca n c tng nhanh nh s ra i ca cc b vi mch x l: my git, ng h in s, xe hi, my ghi hnh video..., ngy nay tt c chng u c cc b mch x l ring. Defragmentation Chp lin Qu trnh sp xp li cc d liu trn a sao cho cc tp tin khng b lu tr trong cc vng nh. Delete Xa i, gch i S xa b mt k t khi mt tp tin. S xa b mt tp tin thng c ngha l xa mc t trong th mc ca n hn l thc s xa b n khi a. Ngy nay nhiu h thng c phng tin khng xa b cho php lu tr li cc mc t th mc. Trong khi cc tp tin b xa b khng th b xa i khi a, chng c th c vit chng ln.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Desktop Trnh lm vic Dekstop S biu din cc h thng tp tin bng biu th, trong cc ng dng v cc tp tin c biu din bng cc hnh v (cc biu tng m c th c gi ra bng cch nhp n hoc p con chut). Desktop pulishing (DTP) In bng my vi tnh Vic s dng my vi tnh xp ch vi cp bc nh v sp xp trang. Cc h thng ny c kh nng to ra cc trang trong khoan chun b (cc trang chun b sao chp v in) cha cc biu v vn bn, vi b vn bn c cc kiu c v kch thc khc nhau. Cc trang ny c th c xem li ton b trn mn hnh trc khi c in trn my in lade. Diane (Vit tt ca direct information access network for Europe) S THU THP THNG TIN CUNG CP CHO MNG MY TNH CA CHU U. Difference engine My tnh My tnh c hc c thit k (v c ch to mt phn nm 1822) bi nh ton hc ngi Anh, Charles Barrles, to ra cc bng tnh tui th ng tin cy. Tin thn ca my phn tch, n tnh c cc hm s ton hc bng cch gii. S khc nhau gia cc gi tr c cho trc ca cc bin s trong cc chng trnh. Digit Ch s S bt k t 0 n 9 trong h thp phn. Cc c s khc nhau c phm vi cc ch s khc nhau. V d nh h 16 s c cc ch s t 0 n 9 v t A ti F, trong khi h nh phn ch c 2 ch s l 0 v 1. Digital K thut s Thut ng c ngha l m ha bng s. H thng k thut s s dng 2 trng thi, hoc cc xung in th m/tt hoc cao/thp gii m, nhn v truyn thng tin. S biu din k thut s ch ra cc gi tr ring bit nh cc s (khc vi cc k hiu tng t, nh cc on lin tc ca kim ch trn bng s). Digital audio tape (DAT) Bng ghi m bng k thut s Bng tn cha n vi nige byte thng tin, c dng d tr. Cc d liu c truyn i vi mc vi megabyte trong mt pht. Digital computer My tnh hin s Cng c tnh ton hot ng trn h thng 2 trng thi, s dng cc k hiu c m ha bng ch s dng h nh phn (cc s c cu thnh t cc t hp ca cc ch s 0 v 1).

Digital data transmaission Truyn d liu bng k thut s Cch thc truyn d liu bng cch bin i tt c cc du hiu (hnh nh, m thanh hoc t) thnh cc m s (thng l h nh phn) trc khi truyn i, ri li bin i tr li nh ban u
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
ni nhn d liu. Phng php ny loi tr c s mo m hay thoi ha cc tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn, lu tr v x l. Didital to - analogue converter B bin i - tng t Mnh in t bin i cc tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng ng. Mch in t ny c dng bin i u ra bng s t mt my tnh thnh in th tng ng cn thit sinh ra mt m thanh t b khuych i quy c. Digital video interractive (DVI) S tng tc video - s K thut c s dng lu tr cc hnh nh ca ti vi trn my tnh. N s dng k thut nn d liu v cc b mch x l c bit. Digitizer B s ha Cng c bin cc tn hiu hnh nh video thnh dng s sao cho cc nh video c th c a vo, lu tr biu din v thao tc bi mt my tnh. Thut ng ny i lc cng c dng ch mt khi th. Ding bat K t c bit K t phi l s v ch ci, nh du sao, du n hay mi tn. Cc k t ny c t hp thnh cc phng ch Ti bt v dng thng s dng vi cc b x l v cc chng trnh v th. DIP Vit tt ca documen imgge processing: x l ti liu nh Direct access or random access S truy cp trc tip Mt dng truy cp tp tin. tp tin truy cp trc tip c cha cc ghi chp c th c truy cp trc tip nh my tnh v mi ghi chp c a ch ring ca n trn a lu. Direct memory access (DMA) Truy cp b nh trc tip K thut c dng chuyn d liu n v i khi cc thit b bn ngoi m khng cn i qua khi x l trung tm v v th tng tc truyn. S truy cp b nh trc tip c dng cho cc cng c nh b qut hnh. Directory Th mc S xp nhm ca tn cc tp tin di tn th mc, cng vi cc thng tin cung cp cho my tnh c th tm li c nhng tp tin ny t vng lu tr m.

Disc or disk A Mi trng ph bin lu tr d liu (mt loi thay th l bng t). A T C QUAY VI MT TC CAO TRONG A KHI u c/ghi (m my xem hoc ghi a) i qua trn b
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
mt ca n s c hay ghi li cc bin i t gii m d liu. Gn y, cc a quang hc nh CD-ROM; CD-R v WOEN c dng lu tr d liu bng my tnh. CC A T C MT S DNG. A CNG C NH c to bn trong khoang a, thng trc xp chng ln nhau. Cc a cng c th ly i c thng c trong cc h thng my tnh. Cc a c cha hoc ring bit hoc nh mt khi xp chng trong mt hp bo v bng nha tng hp, v c th c ly ra khi khoan a v gi S DNG SAU NY. A MM L DNG PH BIN nht ca s lu tr dng cho my vi tnh. N c kch thc v dung tch nh hn a cng nhiu v c gi nh vy v n c sn xut t mng nha tng hp mng c ph mt lp vt liu t tnh. Dise Drive A Dng c c hc c d liu t a v ghi d liu vo a. Trong trng hp a cng, a bao hm c chnh a cng. Dise formatting S nh dng a S chun b mt a t trng cc d liu c th lu tr c trn n, cc d liu c ghi trn b mt a trn nhng ng trn, mi ng c phn chia thnh mt s cung. Trong vic nh dng mt a, h thng hot ng ca my tnh s gip iu khin cc thng tin nh s ng v s cung gip cho cc d liu c lu tr c th c truy cp trc tip bi b phn trong a. Mt s h thng x l t c hn dng cc a mm c cung ng, trong vic nh dng a c xc nh bi cc l trong a. Ngy nay, tt c cc h thng my tnh u s dng cc a cung mm n hoc c nh dng trc lc bn hoc c nh dng bng cch s dng chng trnh tn dng c cung cp vi mi h thng my vi tnh hot ng. Discman Nhn hiu my nghe a la de Nhn hiu thng mi ca hng Sony dng cho my nghe a lade xch tay, tng ng vi nhn hiu Walkman, n cng l nhn hiu ca kiu my c mng tinh th lng cho cc a d liu. Disc optimizer: Chng trnh nhm cc on nh li Distributed processing S x l phn tn S x l bng my tnh m s dng hn mt my tnh tin hnh mt s ng dng. N bao gm vic x l bng cch s dng mng li vng, kin trc khch/ch v x l song song. Ditheking To lay ng, lm lung linh K thut dng cho cc mu chm gch khc nhau trn th, biu to n tng ca cc vng b che khut. Mi du chm u c cng kch thc v cng m.

Document Ti liu, chng t D liu lin quan n mt ng dng ring. V d, nh ti liu vn bn c th c sinh ra bi b mch x l v ti liu biu c th c sinh ra vi khi CAD. Ti liu OMR hay OCR l ti
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liu trn giy cha cc d liu c th c a trc tip vo my tnh nh s dng mt b phn c ti liu. Documentation Cung cp d liu, su liu Thng tin vit lin quan n mt chng trnh my tnh hay mt khi ng dng, su liu thng c chia thnh phm tr: su liu chng trnh v su liu s dng. Su liu chng trnh l s m t hon chnh k thut ca mt chng TRNH. C SON THO NH MT PHN MM C vit v d nh gip s duy tr hoc pht trin sau ny ca chng trnh . Su liu s dng gii thch cch thc vn hnh phn mm . Document image processing S x l ti liu S phn tch cc ti liu v lu tr trn CD-ROM. Cc nh phn tch c xp theo mc lc, m bo s truy cp nhanh hn, kh nng trn giy HOC DNG CC NH. IU NY TNG T NH S LU tr ti liu c nhiu cng ty iu chnh phc v khch hng tt hn v gim khong khng lu tr cn thit. Document reader B phn c ti liu Thit b u vo c cc du hiu hay k t, thng dng c chun b trc v cc ti liu. Cc thit b nh vy c dng nhn d liu bng s nhn bit cc du hiu quang hc, s nhn bit cc k t quang hc v vic d du hiu. Dongle Thit b bo m vic s dng hp php ca mt chng trnh ng dng. N thng gn vo b phn in ca my vi tnh v chng trnh s khng chy c nu khng c mt n. Thng cng cn thit phi bt my in. Dos H iu hnh Dos. H thng iu hnh my tnh c thit k c bit cho vic s dng vi a lu tr; n cng c dng ch h thng iu hnh ring MS-DOS. Dot Matrix printer My in kim Ma in ca my tnh sinh ra mi l t ring bit bng cch in mt hnh hay MT KHUN MU GM RT NHIU CHM NH. U IN L mt ng thng ng hay mt khi gm 9 hoc 24 kim in. Khi u in c chuyn ng t bn ny sang bn kia trang giy, cc kim in c y v pha trc mt cch chn lc, nh vo ruy bng tm mc v to nn cc hnh mu gm cc chm cho mi l t trn t giy nm bn. My in kim linh ng hn my in c u in hnh hoa cc v n c th in c th, hnh v v vn bn trong nhiu dng ch khc nhau. My in ny c mua v bo tr r hn my in lade, v v cc kim ca n g ln giy bng phng php vt l nn c th to ra cc bn sao bng giy than. Tuy nhin n gy n o khi hot ng v khng th to bn in cht lng cao nh cc my in khng c s va chm trc tip. Double - click N I NHN (N V TH NT NHN TRN CON CHUT) 2 LN LIN TIP. N i trn mt biu tng c bin din trn mn hnh nn c s dng khi u mt ng dng.

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Double precision S chnh xc gp i Dng k hiu im ni c chnh xc cao, c nhiu ch s thp phn c ngha. Thut ng gp i ch s chnh xc khng cht ch, c ngun gc t nhng s s dng hn 1 bit lm k hiu im ni tiu chun. DPI (vit tt ca dots per inch) S chm trong mt inch N V O NH C SINH RA TRN MN HNH MY tnh v my in. DRAM (vit tt ca dynamic random - access memory) B nh truy cp ngu nhin ng Thit b ca b nh my tnh trong dng mch Silicon, thng c s dng bo m s truy cp tc th trong b nh ca my vi tnh. B nh ny xa ni dung ca n nu chng khng c c v vit li sau mi 2 mili giy. Qu trnh ny c gi l s lm ti mi b nh. B nh truy cp ngu nhin ny chm hn nhng r hn SRAM - l b nh mch silicon. Driver Trnh iu khin Chng trnh iu khin thit b ngoi bin ca my vi tnh. Mi thit b c ni vi my tnh cn mt chng trnh iu khin ring. Chng trnh iu khin ring bo m s lin lc gia my tnh v thit b. V d nh n thng c th ni nhiu dng my in khc nhau, mi my in c mt mt m hot ng ring ca n, vi loi my tnh ging nhau. IU NY THC HIN C V NH CHNG TRNH DN c cung cp dch cc lnh in tiu chun ca my tnh thnh cc lnh c bit cn thit cho mi my. Dry running S kim tra bng tay S kim tra s tin trin ca cc d liu, bng tay (vi v d nh giy v bt ch) mt chng trnh my tnh trc khi chng trnh c chy trn my tnh. DYP (vit tt ca Desktop publithing) In bng my tnh Dummtnl Thit b u cui khng thng minh B phn khng c kh nng x l ca ring n. N lm vic nh mt phng tin tip cn vi khi x l trung tm chnh. Dump Kt sut Qu trnh truyn d liu nhanh chng n b nh ngoi hoc n my in. N thng c thc hin gip iu chnh cc sai st hay nh mt phn ca quy trnh khm ph h hng c thit k bo m s an ton cho d liu. Dvorak key board Bn phm dvorak BN PHM NM NGOI CA MT MY NH CH BNH THNG ( Anh l Qwerty). Trong bn phm Dvorak cc phm thng c s dng nht c xp trung tm vic n phm c nhanh. Bn phm QWERTY nguyn c thit k cho nhng ngi nh my ch chm h khng gy ra s mc kt trn my nh ch c hc.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Dynamic data exchange (DDE) S trao i d liu ng. Mt dng giao tip x l qua li c s dng trong ca s Microsoft, n bo m s trao i cc lnh v d liu gia 2 chng trnh ng dng. S trao i ny c s dng ch yu cho cc d liu trc tip t ng dng ny sang ng dng khc, v d nh d liu tri rng trong bng bo co c x l t. Trong ca s 3.1 s trao i ny c nng cao bng cc vt b sung c ni v gn vo. Dynamic link library Th vin ni lin kt ng Cc tp tin c chc nng thc hin m c th c np vo nhu cu ca ca s Microsoft v ni kt ti thi im thc hin. Ca s Microsoft t n s dng cc tp tin ny iu khin bn phm, v d nh chng trnh x l ca ca s s dng cc tp tin ny cho cc chc nng nh sa li chnh t v kim tra du.

Thut ng tin hc(E)

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EBCDIC Vit tt ca extended binary coded decimak interchange code. M chuyn i thp phn m ha nh phn m rng. Mt m do hng IBM ngh ra, c dng lu tr v chuyn giao cc k t s v ch ci. N l mt mt m gm 8 n v thng tin (8 bit), c kh nng cha 256 k t khc nhau, mc d trong ch c 85 k t c xc nh trong trong phin bn tiu chun. N vn cn c dng trong nhiu my tnh hn, nhng ngy nay hu ht cc my tnh nh v my vi tnh s dng mt m ASCII. Edege connector - B ni cnh Phn chuyn tip in c to thnh bng cch ni mt s vng kim loi trn mt bn mch in vi cnh ca bn v s dng chng cn trc tip vo cm in. B ni ra thng c s dng ni bn mch chnh ca my tnh vi cc bn m rng cung cp cho my tnh b nh ph hoc cc phng tin khc. EDI (Vit tt electronic dissemination of information or electronic data interchange): s ph bin thng tin bng in t hay s trao i d liu bng in t. S truyn thng tin c t chc trong dng in t gia cc h thng my tnh trong cc t chc khc nhau. EDI ch yu c dng trao i thng tin c lin h ti hot ng kinh doanh v trao i qu tin bng in t. EDP (Vit tt ca electrically erasable programmable read memory). B nh ch c lp trnh xa c bng in. B nh ca my tnh c th ghi cc d liu v gi n li mt cch khng r rng. Cc d liu c th b xa i bi s tch in v d liu mi c ghi li. Mt s b nh loi ny phi c loi b khi my tnh, b xa v c lp trnh li bng cch s dng mt thit b c bit. Mt s khc, c gi l b nh chp nhong, c th b xa b v lp trnh li m khng cn loi b n khi my tnh. Xem EPROM EFTPOS (vit tt ca electronic funds transfer at proint of sale): S chuyn qu tin bng in t ti im bn. Vic chuyn qu tin t mt ti khon ca ngn hng ny sang ngn hng khc, bng cc phng tin in t. V d nh mt khch hng gi mt tm th plastic vo b phn my tnh ti im bn hng trong mt siu th, v cc ng in thoi c s dng t ng ghi n t ti khon ngn hng ca khch hng vo ha n. EGA (Vit tt ca enhanced graphics array): B sp xp ha nng cao. H thng biu din bng mu, tt hn CGA, n cung cp 16 mu trn mn hnh v mt s gii quyt vn 640 x 350, nhng khng tt nh VGA. EIS (Vit tt ca executiveinformation systems): H thng thng tin iu hnh. S ng dng ca phn mm m tch thng tin t cc ng dng my tnh ca mt t chc, cc tp tin d liu v a d liu vo dng m vic qun l i hi. Electronic mail or e-mail Bu in in t. S ng dng cho php ngi s dng trn cng mt ch, hoc cc vng khc nhau trn
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th gii lin lc vi nhau bng cch gi cc thng ip thng qua hp th c t trong my tnh trong vng hay xa. Cc thng ip thng c t trong vng nhn ca b nh m trong my tnh trung tm cho n khi chng c ngi nhn thu ly. Cc mt m thng c s dng ngn chn s truy cp khng hp php ti cc thng ip c lu tr. Tn ti c h thng chuyn th in t ring v th x hi. H thng cng cng thng c cung cp bi cng ty truyn thng cng cng hoc trong hip hi vi cc tp san. Mng li cng cng bao gm Internet compuserve, ARPAnet v BITnet. S giao tip gia cc mng li c thc hin qua cc cng vo. Electronic publishing Ch bn in t. S xut bn thng tin thng c xem xt trn mn hnh hn l trn trang in. Cc thng tin c thu thp hoc t CD-ROM, hoc t mng li vng rng ln, t mt c s d liu tch bit. Cc thng tin nh vy phi c nh xut bn t chc v nh dng nh s dng cc h thng nh Acrobat v SGML. Electronics IN T HC Mt nhnh ca Khoa hc lin quan n s pht ra cc in t t cc cht dn c v cht bn dn, n s hot ng tip theo sau ca cc in t ny v n vic ch to cc thit b in t. Thit b in t u tin l n in t hay ng chn khng, trong cc in t chuyn ng trong chn khng, v dn n cc pht minh nh radio, tivi, radar v my tnh k thut s. S thay th ca cc n in t bng cc transistor kh nh v ng tin cy vo nm 1948 m ra cuc cch mng trong s pht trin ngnh in t. Cc thit b in t hin i trn cc mch in, cc lt tinh th rt mng c hng chc ngn hp phn in t. Bng cch s dng cc thit b trng thi rn nh mch in, cc mch in t ht sc phc tp c th c ch to ra, dn n s pht minh ra ng h hin s, my tnh b ti, my vi tnh hng mnh v b x l t. E-mail (Vit tt ca electronic mail). Bu in in t. EMS (Vit tt ca expanded memory specification). B nh m rng. Emulator B nh phng Chi tit ca phn mm hoc phn do cho php mt thit b bt chc chc nng ca thit b khc. Phn mm m phng thng c dng cho php mt my tnh thc hin nhng chng trnh c vit cho my khc. Encapsulated postScripe (EPS) Dng tp tin bng hnh v c dng bi Post Script. N l mt tp tin PostScript vi cu trc c bit c thit k s dng bi cc ng dng khc. Encryption S mt ha Vic bo m s an ton ca d liu bng cch m ha d liu sao cho n v ngha vi nhng ngi khng c quyn s dng m khng c phn mm gii m cn thit. Hai k thut c s dng rng ri nht l DES (data Encryption Standart: tiu chun m ha d liu) v RSA (s vit tt da trn tn ca ngi pht minh).

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
End user Ngi, b phn s dng cui chng trnh my tnh C BIT N CH MT NGI NO S DNG mt chng trnh thc hin mt cng vic (nh tnh ton hay chi tr chi trn my tnh) hn l ch ngi vit ra chng trnh. EPROM (Vit tt ca erasable progammable read - only memory). B nh ROM xa c v lp trnh c. Thit b nh ca my tnh trong dng vi mch in t m c th ghi cc d liu v gi n li mt cch khng r rng. Cc d liu c th b xa b. Khi phi n ra nh sng cc tm, v d liu mi li c ghi. Cc dng khc ca vi mch in t ca b nh my tnh l ROM (b nh ch c th c c) PROM (b nh ch c c, c th lp trnh c) v RAM (b nh truy cp ngu nhin). Xem EEPROM. EPS (Vit tt ca electronic randomnumber indicator equipment) Thit b biu th s ngu nhin bng in t. My c trm nghin cu thuc Tng cc Bu in Anh thit k v ch to chn mt dy s 9 ch s ngu nhin xc nh ngi thng gii trong x s quc gia. Error Li hoc s h hng Sai st hoc s h hng trong phn mm hoc trong phn ca ngi s dng m lm cho chng trnh ngng thc hin hoc sinh ra cc kt qu khng mong i. Cc li ca chng trnh c loi tr, trong mt chui cc quy trnh kim tra ban u ca ngi lp trnh, nhng mt s li vn cn li trong hu ht cc chng trnh. Tt c cc h iu hnh ca my tnh c thit k sinh ra cc thng ip bo li (trn mn biu din, hoc trong mt tp tin hng) vo bt c lc no m mt li c pht hin, n bo rng li xy ra v cc kh nng d on nguyn nhn gy li. Cc li c th c nhm thnh vi dng. Li v c php gy ra do vic s dng dng ngn ng lp trnh khng chnh xc. Li v s hp l l sai st trong khi lp trnh. Li do thc hin gy ra do s kt hp ca cc d liu m ngi lp trnh khng liu trc. Mt li do vn hnh tiu biu gy ra do vic c gng chia mt s cho s 0. Cc my tnh c thit k lm vic vi mt tp hp, cc s trong mt mc chnh xc c cho trc. Nhiu li b gy ra do s gii hn ny. Mt li vt gii hn xut hin khi s qu ln my tnh x l vi n; St li do lm trn s b gy ra do s cn thit phi lm trn s mt s thp phn. Error detection S khm ph li K thut cung cp mt chng trnh pht hin cc d liu khng ng. Phng php thng gp l thm mt ch s kim tra vo mt m quan trng, nh cc s m v cc mt m to thnh. Ch s c chn sao cho mt m ph hp vi quy tt rng chng trnh c th thay i. Mt k thut khc lin quan n vic tnh tng ca mi trng hp ca chi tit ring ca d liu, v lu tr n to ni kt thc ca d liu. S pht trin li cng c dng trong vic truyn d liu bng cch dng cc modem. Error message Thng bo li Thng bo c my tnh to ra bo cho ngi s dng bit rng c mt li xut hin. Executable file Tp tin kh thi Tp tin, lun l mt chng trnh ca mt s dng, n c th c thc hin trc tip bi mt my tnh. Tp tin s c sinh ra t chng trnh ngun bi mt b phn lp rp hay thu thp
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
tin. V th n s khng c m ha trong ASCII v s khng th c c nh mt vn bn trn h MS-DOS cc tp tin thc hin c c phn m rng .EXE hay .COM Execution error or run - time error Li thc hin Li b gy ra do s kt hp ca cc d liu m ngi lp trnh khng d on trc. Expanded memory B nh m rng B nh ph trong my tnh da trn MS-DOS, thng c lp trn mt bn b nh m rng. B nh m rng i hi mt b phn qun l n nhm to s tip cn ti s b nh gii hn ti mt thi im bt k, v n chm hn b nh ph. Phn mm c th chy c MS-DOS v Windows m phng b nh m rng cho nhng ng dng i hi n. Expansion board or expansion brand card Bn m rng Bn mch in m c th c gi vo my tnh tng cng cc kh nng ca chng (v d nh tng b nh ca chng) hoc thm cc phng tin (v d nh hnh nh) Expert system H thng chuyn gia Chng trnh my tnh a ra li khuyn (nh cc d on s suy yu hay gii thch cc lut) m kt hp kin thc t nhng tinh hoa ca con ngi. N l mt dng ca h thng da trn c s kin thc cha cc quy lut m c th c p dng tm li gii cho mt vn . N l mt dng ca tr thng minh nhn to. Export Xut U RA CA MT TP TIN TRONG DNG KHC M T n c s dng bi cc ng dng hin hnh. V d nh chng trnh x l t chy trn my tnh kiu Apple Macintosh c th c phng tin lu tr mt tp tin trn a mm trong dng c th c c bi chng trnh x l t chy trn my tnh c nhn IBM.

Extended memory B nh m rng B nh trong h da trn MS-DOS trn mt byte m DOS tr gip. B nh m rng khng th hiu c h iu hnh v n i hi b phn qun l b nh m rng. Windows v cc ng dng ca Windows i hi c b nh ph.

Thut ng tin hc (F)

FAT Vit tt ca file allocation table. Bng nh v tp.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
fax - fax (tn thng gi ca facsimile transmission hay telefax) S truyn nh qua ng vin thng, thng l mng in thoi. Khi c t vo my fax, nh gc c qut bi mt thit b truyn v c bin i thnh cc tn hiu mt m i qua ng in thoi n my nhn fax, nh c to thnh l bn sao ca gc. Cc tm hnh cng nh vn bn in v bn v u c th gi i c. S truyn i xy ra mc 4800 hay 3600 bit n v thng tin trong mt giy. FDDI (Vit tt ca fibre - optic digital device interface): Thit b ni dng si cp quang k thut s. Dy cc mng th tc, c Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K dng ln, lin quan n cc mng li tc cao s dng si cp quang. FDDI h tr vic truyn d liu vi mc ln ti 100 Mbp v c a vo trong nhiu ni thay th cho Ethernet. FDDI khng ch cho php truyn mt s ln d liu, v d nh cc bc tranh mu, m cn c th truyn d liu m thanh v hnh nh. Feasibility study S nghin cu tnh kh thi S nghin cu ban u c xc tin bi h thng phn tch xem xt cc cch lm cho h thng my tnh c hiu lc. Gi c v li nhun thch hp ca h thng c d on trc, v tng l c s quyt nh tnh kh thi ca h thng. Feedback Hi tip Nguyn tc chung m theo cc kt qu c sinh ra trong mt phn ng ang xy ra tr thnh cc yu t trong s thay i phn ng; s phn hi m l nguyn tc c s dng trong cc h thng t iu khin, t my iu nhit n gin v my iu tc c ng c chy bng hi nc n cc my cng c iu khin t ng bng my tnh. h thng iu khin c my tnh ha hon ton, trong khng c s can thip ca ngi vn hnh, c gi l h thng phn hi vng kn. H thng m cn ph thuc vo cc tn hiu iu khin t ngi vn hnh c gi l h thng phn hi vng m. Fetch - execute cycle or processing cycle Chu k chuyn ti thc hin hay chu k x l. Chu k hai pha c khi iu khin trung tm ca my tnh s dng x l ch dn trong chng trnh. Trong ba chuyn ti, s ch dn chng trnh k tip c truyn t b nh truy tm tc thi ca my tnh n b phn ghi ch dn. (Vng nh gi nhng li ch dn trong khi n ang c thc hin). Trong pha thc hin, s ch dn c m ha v tun theo. Qu trnh ny c lp li trong vng tip theo. fibre optics Si quang Mt nhnh ca vt l lin quan vi s truyn nh sng v nh qua cc si thy tinh hoc nha tng hp c gi l si quang. Si cp quang c s dng rng ri trong mng FDDI v cc h thng vin thng. Field Trng d liu Chi tit xc nh ca d liu, thng ca mt dng t xc nh. Trng d liu thng l mt phn ca ti liu l mt phn ca tp tin.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Field length check S kim tra theo di trng d liu S kim tra hiu lc trong cc k t trong mt trng d liu u vo c tnh n bo m rng mt s chnh xc cc k t c a vo. V d nh mt trng d liu ngy thng c 6 con s c th c kim tra chc chn rng n cha chnh xc 6 ch s. Fith - generation computer My tnh th h th nm Dng my tnh mi c mong i, da trn cng ngh vi in t ni bt vi tc tnh ton cao v s x l song song. S pht trin ca k thut tch phn vi mc ln m c th t nhiu mch vi in t vo trong cc mch x l hn l kh nng hin thi v s pht trin trong thit k phn mm v phn cng c th to ra cc my tnh hng mnh hn nhng my ang c s dng. File Tp tin Mt tp hp cc d liu hay mt chng trnh c lu tr trong b nh ngoi ca my tnh (v d nh trn a). Cc tp tin d liu thng l tp hp ca cc ti liu, mi ti liu c mt s thng d liu cho cc chi tit d liu xc nh. V d nh tp tin v mt nhm hc sinh c th c mt ti liu cho mi a tr, vi 5 trng d liu trong mi ti liu, lu tr (1) h; (2) tn; (3) tn hoc s nh; (4) tn ng; (5) thnh ph. V d nh tm xem nhng a tr no sng trn cng mt ng, ta s nhn vo trng d liu 4. File access S truy cp tp tin Cch thc trong cc ti liu trong tp tin c lu tr, gi ra hoc cp nht ha bi my tnh. C 4 dng sp xp tp tin chnh, mi dng cho php mt cch truy cp ti liu khc nhau. Cc ti liu trong tp tin chui khng c lu tr theo mt th t ring, v vy mt ti liu xc nh c th c truy cp ch bng cch c qua tt c cc ti liu trc n. Cc ti liu trong tp tin c trnh t c lu tr theo s tng ng vi trng gii p v my tnh c th dng cc k thut thm d truy cp mt ti liu xc nh. Tp tin c trnh t c ch s ha c cc ch s ghi v tr ca mi khi ti liu v c thit lp v cp nht ha vi tp tin . Tp tin truy cp trc tip cha cc ti liu m c th truy cp trc tip ca cc ti liu m c th truy cp trc tip bng my tnh. File allocation table (FAT) Bng phn phi tp tin Bng c h iu hnh s dng ngh ghi s sp xp vt cht ca cc tp tin trn a. Nh kt qu ca s phn on cc tp tin c th c tch thnh nhiu phn t trong cc v tr khc nhau trn a. File genertion Phin bn ca tp tin Phin bn xc nh ca mt tp tin. Khi tp tin c cp nht ha, mt bn mi thit lp, cha chnh xc nhng thng tin hin i. Bn c ca tp tin thng s c lu tr cung cp d liu trong nhng trng hp m bn mi ca tp tin b mt hoc b h hng. File merging S ni cc tp tin S kt hp hai hay nhiu tp tin theo th t chui thnh mt tp tin c th t.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
File searching S thm d tp tin S khm xt b nh ca my tnh tm tp tin (thng trong b nh m) File server My phc v tp tin My tnh trn mt mng li m iu khin (v thng lu tr) cc d kin c my tnh khc trn mng li s dng. File sorting S sp xp tp tin trong chui File transfer S chuyn tp tin S chuyn tp tin (v d nh cc d liu c lu trn a) t mt my ny sang my khc, cc my phi c ni kt vt l vi nhau (v d nh bi mt ng in thoi thng qua mt modem) v c hai phi ang chy phn mm truyn thng thch hp. File updating S cp nht ha tp tin S xem xt li v thay i cc ti liu trong tp tin chc chn rng thng tin m chng cha l chnh xc v hp thi. Ba qu trnh c bn lin quan n n l thm cc ti liu mi vo, xa cc ti liu hin c i v b sung cc ti liu hin c. Filter Chng trnh truyn d liu Cc chng trnh ny thng c s dng khi d liu i ra t mt chng trnh ng dng li c a vo mt chng trnh khc i hi mt dng d liu khc. V d nh cc tp tin c chuyn gia 2 chng trnh x l khc nhau c thc hin qua hoc chng trnh chuyn tip u ra c cung cp bng chng trnh mt hoc u vo c cung cp bng chng trnh th 2. Mt cng dng khc l m rng cu trc mt m lm n gin bn phm a vo, thnh dng di hn b i hi bi cc tiu chun nh SGML (Ngn ng tng qut tiu chun). Firmware Phn mm Chng trnh my tnh c cha c nh trong cc mch in t ROM (b nh ch c c) ca my tnh, tri vi chng trnh m c c t b nh ngoi khi n c cn n. Fixed point notation S k hiu bng im c nh H thng trong cc s c biu din bng cch s dng mt tp tin ca ch s vi du phy thp phn lun v tr chnh xc ca n. I VI NHNG S QU LN V S QU NH H THNG NY I HI RT NHIU CH S. LN CA CC S C th biu din thc hin c theo cch ny b gii hn bi dung tch ca my tnh, v v th k hiu du di ng thng hay c dng hn. Flag C Vt ch th c th hin ra hoc mt i lm hiu cho bit mt iu khin ring no l ng hay khng. V d nh im cui ca tp tin c c chm ti hay khng, hoc mt li vt qu c xut hin hay khng. Vt ch th ph ny thng c dng ca mt ch s nh phn n, hoc bit (0 hoc 1)

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Flash memory B nh nhanh. Mt dnh ca b nh EEPROM c th b xa i v lp trnh li m khng cn ly ra khi my tnh. Flight simulator Vt m phng chuyn bay Thit b luyn tp ca phi cng c iu khin bng my tnh, cha mt bung li nhn to c t trn cc chn thy lc, m phng cc iu khin ca mt chuyn bay ca chic my bay thc. Ngoi ra, l chng trnh my tnh to ra s biu din tng t trn mn hnh. Floating - point notation K hiu bng im di ng H thng k hiu trong cc s c biu din bng cc phn s thp phn v s m. V d nh trong s biu din bng du di ng, s 123.000.000.000 s c biu din 1,123 (phn s hay nh tr) v 12 (s m). S m l ly tha bt 10 m phn s phn c nhn ln t c gi tr thc ca s. Trong cch khc, 123.000.000.000, c th c biu din bng 0,123 x 1012. Trong tnh ton, s biu din bng du di ng to iu kin cho chng trnh lm vic c vi cc s qu ln v s qu nh m ch s dng vi ch s. Tuy nhin, n chm hn s biu din bng du c nh v chu cc li lm trn s. Floppy disc A MM Dng c lu tr d liu ny hay thng tin cha 1 a linh ng, nh c BAO TRONG TM NHA TNG HP. A MM C T trong a, n quay vi tc cao. D liu c ghi theo cc t tnh trn mt hay c hai mt a. Ngy nay a mm c s dng rng ri trn my vi tnh, thng c ng knh 13,13 cm (5,25in) hoc 8,8 cm (3,5 in) v cha khong 0,5-2 megabyte, ph thuc vo kch thc a, phng php ghi v a c mt hay 2 mt c s dng. A MM KHNG T, V NH GI C QUA bu in, nhng c tc truy cp chm hn v d v hn a cng. Floptical disc A QUANG HC TY XA C. A NY CN MT A C BIT, NHNG MT S a nh vy cng c th chp nhn cc a mm tiu chun 3,5 in. Flow chart S Biu c s dng ch cc ng i c th c m d liu c th i qua mt h thng hay chng trnh. S h thng, hay s d liu, c dng m t dng d liu chy qua h thng x l d liu hon ton, cc k hiu hnh v khc nhau biu din cc php thc hin lin quan v cc dng c u vo, u ra v lu tr khc nhau c yu cu. S chng trnh c dng m t dng d liu chy qua mt chng trnh my tnh ring, ch ra th t chnh xc ca cc bc c thc hin bi chng trnh x l d liu cc k hiu hnh v khc nhau c s dng biu din d liu u vo v u ra, cc kt lun, s phn nhnh. Font or fount Kiu ch, phng ch Tp hp ton b cc k t biu din hoc c in. C cng mt kiu ch KCH THC V KIU DNG (M, NGHING, GCH DI...). Anh, kch thc phng ch c i bng cc im, mt im khong 0,3 mm.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Cc phng ch c s dng trong my tnh c 2 dng chnh: dng chm v dng ng nt. Phng ch dng chm c lu tr trong b nh my tnh nh mt s sp xp chnh xc ca cc nh im hay cc chm in cn thit to thnh cc k t trong mt kch thc ring trn mn hnh hoc my in, cc phng ch dng ng nt c lu trong b nh ca my tnh nh mt tp hp ca cc lnh v nn cc ng trn, ng thng v ng cong m to thnh ng nt ca mi k t. Chng cn cho mt my tnh hng mnh v mi k t c sinh ra ring bit t mt tp hp cc ch dn v nhng iu ny yu cu s tnh ton ng k. Cc phng ch dng chm tr nn rt ri rc khi xut hin nu chng c phng to v i hi c mt tp hp cc chm ring bit cho mi kch thc phng ch. Ngc li phng ch dng ng nt c th v t l c vi mi kch thc v vn duy tr hnh dng nh nhau. Foot print Chn my Vng trn bn hoc sn nh cn thit cho mt my tnh hay cc thit b khc. Formatting Vit ngn ca disc formating hay text formatting (nh dng a hay nh dng vn bn) Fortran (Vit tt ca formala transtation): Ngn ng Fortran. Ngn ng lp trnh my tnh c mc cao thch hp vi vic tnh ton HC V KHOA HC. C TRIN KHAI NM 1956 N L mt trong nhng ngn ng sm nht vn cn c s dng. Mt phin bn gn y, fortran 90 ang c dng trn cc my tnh song song cao cp. Basic chu nh hng mnh bi FORTRAN v ging nhau nhiu cch. Fourth - generation language (4GL) Ngn ng th h th 4 Mt dng ngn ng lp trnh c thit k cho vic lp trnh ng dng nhanh chng nhng thng thiu kh nng iu khin cc phn ring ca my tnh. Ngn ng nh vy cung cp cc ng d dng ca cc mn hnh thit k v tng thut. Fragmentation S phn on S ph v cc tp tin thnh cc mu tin c lu tr trn cc phn khc nhau ca a. H iu hnh slu cc tp tin theo cch ny s dng c ti a khong trng ca a. Mi mu tin cha mt im ch ni m mu tin tip theo c lu. Bng phn phi tp tin gia cc ti liu ca mu tin hc. Tuy nhin, s phn on lm chm vic truy cp tp tin. C th ni li tp tin bng cch sao chp tp tin. Thm na, cc chng trnh ni tp tin cho php ni cc a m khng cn sao chp tp tin mt dng c lu tr th 2. Front-end processor My tnh nh c dng phi hp v iu khin s truyn thng tin gia dn my tnh ln v cc thit b u vo v u ra ca n. FPT Vit tt ca file transfer protocal Function hm s Phn nh ca chng trnh, n p ng mt gi tr xc nh. V d nh cn bc 2 ca mt s

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
xc nh, hay thi hn hin hnh. Hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh gm mt s cc hm s. Mt hm s c mt hay nhiu i s (cc gi tr m trn hm s thc hin). Funtion key Phm chc nng Phm trn bn phm m khi c n xung n to ra mt cng vic c nh trc, nh kt thc mt chng trnh. Functional programming Lp trnh hm s S lp trnh da trn s nh ngha ca cc hm s. C rt t ngn ng lp trnh hm s, HOPE m ML ang c dng kh rng ri, mc d nhiu ngn ng tin li (nh ngn ng C) lm tng cng vic s dng hm s. Fuzzy logic S suy lun lp l Mt dng biu din kin thc ph hp vi cc khi nim (nh nng hoc n o) m khng th nh ngha chnh xc c nhng ph thuc trn cc iu kin ca n. V d nh s phn xt v nc c th c m t l qu nng hoc qu lnh, ph thuc vo c s dng ra mt hay pha tr. Cc nh trung tm ca s suy lun lp l l xc sut ca tp hp cc hi vin. V d nh ng ch mt ngi cao 5,9 pht, cu hi ngi ny cao (hoc ngi ny l thnh vin ca nhm nhng ngi cao) c th ng 70% nu ngi l n ng, ng 85% nu ngi l n b. S suy lun lp l vn hnh cc thit b c my tnh ha ti cc suy lun ging con ngi hn, da vo cc thng ip phc tp t cc bn iu khin v b cm ng ca chng.

Thut ng tin hc (G)

Gate: Cch ngn gn ca logic gate
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Gate logic: xem logic gate Gateway: Giao dch gia 2 vng mng li rng Generation S pht sinh, th h. Giai on pht trin trong my tnh in t hay mt lp ngn ng lp trnh. Thut ng ny ch mt lp ngn ng hn l mt th t thi gian, l mt m (th h th 1); ngn ng mc thp (th h th 2), v ngn ng mc cao nh BASIC v PASCAL (th h th 3) Geographical information system (GIS) H thng thng tin i l. Phn mm ng dng to kh nng hnh tng ha v thao tc c d liu v khng gian v lin kt cc d liu ny vi cc thng tin khc nh cc ti liu ca khch hng. gigabyte Giabyte N V CA DUNG TCH B NH, BNG 1.024 MEGABYTE. N cng c dng vi ngha t chnh xc hn ch 1.000 t byte. GIGO (Vit tt ca garbage out) Biu thc c dng trong tnh ton nhn mnh rng d liu u vo khng chnh xc s dn n d liu u ra cng khng chnh xc. Gis (Vit tt ca geopraphical information system) Global variable Bin s chung Bin s m c th truy cp c bi s ch dn chng trnh no . grandfather - father - son system H thng ng-cha-con Cch thc bo m s an ton ca d liu bng cch lu tr 3 phin bn mi nht ca mt tp tin chnh, c gi l th h ng, cha v con ca tp tin. Graphic file format Dng tp tin bng hnh v Dng m trong cc hnh nh c lu v vn chuyn. C 2 dng chnh, hnh m trong nh c lu tr dng chm, v hnh vect, trong nh c lu nh s dng cc cng thc hnh hc. C nhiu dng khc nhau, mt s trong c dng bi cc my tnh chuyn bit, cc h iu hnh hoc cc ng dng. Mt s dng s dng tp tin dng nn, c bit nhng dng m c th thc hin nhiu hn mt mu. Common graphic file formais Cc dng tp tin hnh v thng gp Dng ch gii AI dng minh ha Adable, tp hp con ca EPS BMP Dng chm Windows COR Dng vect coreldraw (chng trnh bng hnh v) CGM Tp tin hnh nh ca my tnh: dng vect tiu chun DXF Dng vect, c thit lp bi
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Autodesk, c hu ht cc h thng CAD s dng EPS Chng trnh Post Script: dng vect vi TIFF hoc PICT GEM dng vect c s dng bi GEM GUI GIF dng chm c dng bi CompuServe v cc bng khc HPGL Ngn ng hnh nh Hewlett - Packard (tp tin m rng); dng vect IGES Tiu chun ANSI i vi cc m hnh 3 chiu (vect) PCX, dng chm, c zsoft ngha ra cho my tnh PCC c nhn paintbreush, ngy nay c s dng rng ri: pcx l dng trang y v pcx l dng b ct xn. PIC File Picture Lotus: tp tin tranh, dng vect PICT dng vect ca Apple Macintosh (s m rng tp tin) PIF dng vect ca IBM TIFF dng chm: dng tiu chun. Tuy nhin, lu rng c cc c trng khc nhau ca TIFF WMF Format Metafile Windows: dng vect c dng trao i cc hnh nh gia cc ng dng ca Windows WPG Word perfect Graphics Format: dng vect Graphical user interface (GUI) Giao din ngi s dng ha Mt dng ca giao din gia ngi s dng trong cc chng trnh v tp tin xut hin nh cc biu tng (tranh nh). S la chn ca ngi s dng c chn t cc danh mc, v d liu c biu din trong ca s, m ngi thc hin c th s dng thit b tr. Ngi thc hin c th thao tc trong nhiu cch khc nhau, tiu biu l bng con chut chn la v khi u cc hot ng. So snh vi giao din dng lnh. Khi nim ca GUI c a ra bi cng ty xerox trong nhng nm 1970, c ph bin vi cc my tnh Apple Macintosh trong nhng nm 1980 v ngy nay c th c trn nhiu dng my tnh - hu ht u ng ch nh Windows h iu hnh ca my vi tnh c nhn IBM c cng ty phn mm Microsoft a ra. Graphics Xem Computer graphics. Giao din ngi s dng ha Graphics table or bid pad Bn v ha Thit b u vo trong c mt con tr hay u tn c chuyn ng nh tay iu khin trn mt b mt phng. My tnh c th gia ng v tr ca u tn, v th lm cho ngi thc hin c th a bn v hay biu vo my tnh. Bn v ha thng c s dng vi mt dng b che ph i vi ngi s dng n cc vch ch v tr m c quan h vi b phn ghi trong my tnh. Graph plotter TH, BIU Greeking Phng php c dng trong vic in v h thng son trang khc biu din trn mn hnh cc dng kch thc sau ny (thng c xc nh bi ngi s dng). Kh hn cc k t hin c c biu din, ngi ta s dng hoc thanh xm hoc cc k hiu hnh v. Phng php ny thng c p dng khi i hi s nn trang. Grey scales Thang xm Mi chm trn hnh chm c biu din bi mt s bt v c th c cc bng xm khc nhau.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
So snh vi s run run khi cc bng c m phng bng cch thay i mt v hnh mu cc chm en trn nn trng en. Groupware Phn mm nhm Phn mm ng dng dng cho cc nhm ngi c mt lm vic vi nhau trn mt mng li phi hp v t chc hot ng ca h. Phn mm nh vy thng bao gm cc phng tin bu in in t v cc chng trnh hn gi.

Thut ng tin hc (H)

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Hacking S truy cp my tnh m khng c php, vi mc ch gii tr hoc c tm hoc mc ch gian ln. Nhng ngi ny thng dng my vi tnh v ng in thoi t c s truy cp. Thut ng ny c dng ch vic s dng phn mm cho s t gio dc hoc thng thc, khng cn thit phi lin quan vi s truy cp khng c php. Handshake Hp tc S trao i cc tn hiu gia hai thit b m thit lp cc knh truyn thng v cc nghi thc cn thit gi v nhn d liu. Hard copy Bn sao cng U RA CA MY TNH C IN TRN GIY TO THNH mt ti liu c nh Hard disc a cng Dng c lu tr d liu hoc thng tin, thng cha mt a kim loi c ph mt lp vt liu t tnh. D liu c c a v c ghi VO A NH A. A CNG C TH C C nh vnh cu trong a hoc trong dng chng a m c th ch ti GIGABYTE. A NH NHT C BN HIN NAY L 40 hoc 80 megebyte. Hard - sectored disc A CNG MT VNG A MM TRONG S NH DNG C NH R theo cch vt l. Thng cc vng c nh du bi cc l gn trc a. H thng ny by gi khng cn dng na. Hardware Phn cng Cc thnh phn c hc, in v in t ca mt h thng my tnh, khc vi cc chng trnh khc nhau l thnh phn cu thnh phn mm. Phn cng c kt ni vi my vi tnh c th bao gm s cung cp in nng v v bo v my cho cc b phn x l ca n. Cc bn mch in, mn hnh, a, bn phm v my in. Hash total Tng kim tra S kim tra trong tng iu khin v ngha c tnh bng cch thm cc s lin quan vi tp hp cc ti liu. Tng kim tra c thc hin mi khi d liu c a vo chc chn rng khng mt li no c to ra. HC Vit tt ca human - capital interaction Hertz hec N V TN S (K HIU HZ) TRONG H SI (S LN lp li ca mt s xut hin u n trong mt giy). Tc ng h ca my tnh thng c o bng megahec (MHz). Heuristics Suy nghim Qu trnh m theo chng trnh c gng hon thin hot ng ca n bng cch hc t chnh kinh nghim ca n.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Hexadecimal number system H m 16 s H thng s vi c s 16 c s dng trong tnh ton. Trong h ny cc s thp phn 0-15 c biu din bng cc k t 0 n 9 v A n F. Cc s trong h 16 s (v h 8 s) d c bin i thnh mt m s nh phn trong my tnh v ngn gn hn cc s nh phn. Mi hng trong mt s tng gi tr ln mt tha s 16 i t phi sang tri. V d nh 8F bng vi 15 + (1 x 16) = 143 trong h thp phn. Hidden files Tp tin n Tp tin trong h MS-DOS m khng c bin din bnh thng khi lnh lp th mc c a ra. Nhng tp tin ny gm mt s tp tin h thng ch yu c t c hi sa i hay xa chng do tnh c, nhng mt tp tin bt k c th tr thnh tp tin n nu c i hi nh vy. High-level language Ngn ng bc cao Ngn ng lp trnh c thit k thch hp vi cc i hi ca ngi lp trnh. N c lp vi mt m my bn trong ca mt my tnh ring bit bt k. Cc ngn ng bc cao c s dng cho hu ht cc chng trnh ng dng thc t. Cc ngn ng thng gp gm BASIC, c thit k nhng ngi lp trnh ln u d hc c; COBOL, c dng vit nhng chng trnh gii quyt cc vn kinh doanh; FORTRAN c dng cho cc trnh gii cc vn ton hc v khoa hc; v cc, c dng nhiu cho cc chng trnh ng dng. Ngc li, ngn ng bc thp phn nh mt m ca cc my tnh xc nh. High memory B nh cao 64 kbyte u tin trong b nh ph ca h MS-DOS. H iu hnh thng t n c lp trong vng ny cung cp b nh thng thng hn (di 640 kbyte) cho cc chng trnh ng dng. Hinting S iu chnh nh Phng php gim nh hng ca hnh rng ca trong v b ngoi ca cc phng ch dng ng nt. N s dng mt chui cc vt u tin to s sai lch ng k nh cc phng nh PostScript Type 1 v True Type iu chnh c. HiPPi HIPPI l mt nghi thc chun mc truyn t im ti im mt lng d liu ln ln n hng t bit/giy trong mt khong cch ngn, ch yu bng mng cc b (LANS). Nhng ngi ng h HIPPI tin rng cng dng ca HIPPI c th lm cho cc my tnh, thit b lu tr v cc ngun khc trong mng cc b nh nm trong mt siu my tnh N ( DIN T TNG NY, MT CTY DNG t SuperLan). HIPPI c xem nh mt k ngh l tng truyn cc d liu khng l , v d nh cp nht h thng d liu, tro lu audio v video, v mt lot cc loi d liu ln n 10 km. HIPPI s dng tnh kt ni t im ny n im kia. Tiu chun nguyn gc ca HIPPI xc nh r tc truyn d liu t 800 Mbps vi bus d liu 32 bit hoc 1600 Mbps vi bus d liu 64 bit. HIPPI c bn s dng 50 dy ng xon cp gii hn ti a 25 mt. Cc d liu c gi i t n con s 1024 hoc 2048 byte theo knh phn phi mt chiu. Song cng truyn 2 chiu cng mt lc. Mt kha cnh quan trng ca HIPPI l vic s dng b phn switch cho php a vo mng c s d liu theo mt tin trnh ti thiu. C mt b phn pht hin ra cc li, nhng vic sa li th li thuc cp nghi thc cao hn. HIPPI c th c gi gn v gi qua ATM v cp quang. Serial HIPPI, mt phin bn mi ra sau ny ca HIPPI c thit k dng cho mng t ti 10
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
km s dng cp si quang hc. Ngoi ra cn ra i mt k thut thm ch cn nhanh hn na, l HIPPI-6400 ha hn t ti mc 6,4 Gbps (Xem bng di y). HIPPI xc nh r giao din b mt vt l (lp 1) v mc kim tra kt ni d liu (DLC) (lp 2) ca kiu loi lin lc kt ni m (OSI). Ngoi cc tiu chun chun mc HIPPI cn c cc ti liu nu ln nhng tiu chun ngh khc dnh cho cc lnh vc lin quan s dng HIPPI theo cp ng dng. Sau y l bng tm tt k thut HIPPI: K thut HIPPI HIPPI - 800 HIPPI - 1600 HIPPI - 800 Serial Tc 800 Mbps (100 Mbytes/giy) 1600 Mbps (200 Mbytes/giy) 800 Mbps Khong cch ti a Mi trng vt l 25 mt Mt si dy ng xon 50 cp 25 mt 1 km vi... 10 km vi... 1 km vi ... 10 km vi ... 50 m 1 km Hai si dy ng gm 50 cp xon li Cp quang a Cp quang n Cp quang a Cp quang n Dy ng xon Cp quang

HIPPI - 1600 Serial 1600 Mbps

HIPPI - 6400 HIPPI - 6400

6,4 Gbps 6,4 Gbps

Hot key Phim nng S g phm hay trnh t ca s g phm m khi ng chng trnh trong b nh thng tr. Cc phm nng nn c chn sao cho n khng va chm vi dy phm trong cc chng trnh ng dng c s dng thng xuyn. HPGL (Vit tt ca Hewlett Packard Graphics language): Ngn ng hnh nh Hewlett Packard. Dng tp tin hnh vect. HPGL thng c sinh ra bi cc h thng CAD. Human computer iteraction (HIC) S tng tc ngi _ my tnh. S trao i thng tin gia con ngi v mt my tnh thng qua mi trng ni gia chng, c nghin cu nh mt nhnh ca ngnh lao ng hc. Hypercard Chng trnh ng dng cho my Apple Macintosh trong d liu c lu trn cc th, mt nhm th to thnh mt chng, theo cch tng t vi h thng ch s th lao ng. Cc c im thm vo bao gm kh nng ni kt cc th trong nhiu cch v bng cch s dng cc nt nhn phn mm (cc biu tng m c th c nhp n hoc nhp kp vi con chut) tip cn d liu khc. Chng trnh ny rt ging vi hypertext, mc d n khng ph hp vi s nh ngha khc khe ca hypertext.

Hypertext H thng quan st thng tin (c vn bn v hnh v) trn mn hnh ca my tnh theo cch khng nghim tc cc chi tit ca thng tin c th c chm n d dng. V d nh
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
chng trnh c th biu din mt bn ca mt t nc; nu ngi s dng nhp con chuc trn mt thnh ph no , th chng trnh s a ra thng tin v thnh ph .

Thut ng tin hc (I)

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
IBM (Vit tt ca International Business Machiner): Cng ty a quc gia ni ting nht, l nh sn xut my tnh ln nht trn th gii trong nhiu nm. Cng ty l l hu du ca cng ty my thng k, c hnh thnh nm 1896 bi nh pht minh ngi M Human Hollerith. Cng ty ly tn IBM t nm 1924. Icon Biu tng. Bc tranh nh trn mn hnh my tnh, biu din mt vt th hay mt chc nng m ngi s dng c th thao tc. N l c im ca h thng tc ng hnh nh ln ngi s dng (GUI). Cc biu tng lm cho ngi s dng d dng my tnh bng cch nhp con chut hay ch trn bc tranh, d hn dng a ra cc lnh. Image compression S nn nh Thut ng bao hm mt s k thut c dng gim s thng tin c i hi biu din mt nh, nh gim c th tch n chim trong b nh ca my tnh v n c th c truyn nhanh hn v kinh t hn thng qua cc h thng vin thng. N ng vai tr chnh trong s truyn fax v trong in thoi c hnh nh v cc h thng a phng. Immediate access memory B nh truy cp tc thi. B nh trong khi x l trung tm lu tr cc chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng. Impact printer My in g My in trong my tnh to ra cc k t bng cch g dy ruy bng tm mc vo giy bn di. Cc v d nh my in kim my in c trc bnh xe hnh hoa cc v hu ht cc dng my in thng. Cc my in g gy n hn v chm hn cc my in khng g, nh my in phun v lade, nhng c th c dng to ra cc bn sao bng giy than. Import Nhp cng S a vo mt tp tin bng mt tp tin khc c to ra bi chng trnh ng dng hin hnh hay chng trnh khc. Incre mental backup Ghi d phng tng S sao chp d tr ca ch nhng tp tin c bin i hay c thit lp t s sao chp d tr ton b. Indexed sequential file Tp tin c ch s theo trnh t. Mt dng ca s truy cp tp tin m trong ch c s c dng tm v tr ca khi cha cc ti liu cn tm. Information technology Cng ngh thng tin S s dng my tnh to ra, lu tr, s dng v chnh thng tin. Cc my mc c dng ngy nay ch yu l cc my vi tnh. B x l t, c s d liu v bng m rng l mt s phn ngun cch mng ha cng vic trong lnh vc vn phng. Khng ch c th lm vic nhanh hn trc y m cng ngh thng tin cn a ra cc c hi xem xt d liu nhanh khi quyt nh.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Ink-jet printer My in phun My in ca my tnh to ra cc k t v hnh nh bng cch phun rt mn, cc u phun c iu khin bng t tnh phun mc kh nhanh trn giy. Input device Thit b u vo Thit b a thng tin vo my tnh. Cc thit b u vo gm bn phm, cu iu chnh, chut, bt sng, mn hnh nhy cm, bn v ha, b phn qut v cc h thng nhn. So snh thit b u ra. Instruction register Thanh ghi lnh Vng nh c bit c dng cha nhng lnh m my tnh hin ang x l. N nm trong b iu khin ca khi x l trung tm v nhn nhng lnh ring t b nh truy cp tc thi trong pha chuyn ti ca chu k chuyn ti iu hnh. Instruction set Tp lnh Ton b tp hp nhng lnh ca mt m my m khi x l trung tm ca my tnh c th tun theo. Intergrated cirevit Mch tch hp Mch in t thu nh c to ra trn tinh th n hay mt lt mng bng cht bn dn, thng l silic. N c th cha hng nghn phn t v ch c kch thc 5mm/0,2 in chiu rng v 1mm/0,04 in chiu di. Mch IC c gi gn trong mt hp nha tng hp hoc s v c ni qua cc si dy dn bng vng vi cc kim bng kim loi, vi cc kim ny n c ni vi tm mch in. Intergrated services digital network (ISDN) Mng li k thut s cho dch v tch hp. H thng vin thng c pht trin trn ton cu gi cc tn hiu dng s dc theo cc si quang hoc cc dy cp kim loi ph hp. H thng chy hin hnh Anh vi mc 2 Mb/s, lm tng rt nhiu nhng thng tin c th truyn i khi so snh vi cc tuyn tng t. Vic s dng ISDN rng ri u tin bt u Nht vo nm 1988. H thng ny to c s thc hin s lin lc in thoi bng hnh. Intel Nh sn xut cc b vi x l to c s cho my tnh c nhn IBM. Cc b vi x l gn y l 80386 v 80486 (nn tng ca cc my thng c gi l 386 v 486), v Pentium, c a ra nm 1993. Intelligent terminal Bn phm h thng lin lc vo my tnh c b x l ca chnh n m c th s dng mt s vt x l t my tnh chnh.

Interactive computing S tnh ton tng tc H thng x l d liu trong ngi s dng lin lc trc tip vi my tnh, nhn cc phn
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
hi tc th cho cc d liu u vo. Ngc li trong x l khi d liu, cc d liu v lnh phi c chun b trc v c s can thip ca ngi vn hnh. Interactive video (TV) Video tng tc H thng my tnh trung gian cho php ngi s dng tc ng v iu khin thng tin (bao gm vn bn, m thanh hoc nh chuyn ng), c lu trn a video. Video tng tc c s dng ph bin vi cc mc ch hun luyn, s dng cc a video tng t, nhng c ng dng rng ri vi cc h thng video k thut s nh CD-I l h da trn dng CD-ROM c ngun gc t a compact. Interface Giao din, mt tip gip. IM NI GIA HAI CHNG TRNH HAY HAI THIT B thut ng ny thng c dng ch s ni vt l gia my tnh v cc thit b bn ngoi c dng cn bng s khc nhau trong cng nhng c tnh thao tc nh vn tc, s m ha d liu, in p v s tiu th nng lng. Giao din gia thit b v ngi s dng c gi l giao din ngi s dng. Interlacing Xen k K thut lm tng s bin dng trn cc hnh biu din. Cc chm vt in t thay th cc ng trn mi on, cung cp nhiu gp i s ng ca mn hnh khng b an xen. Tuy nhin, mn hnh lm mi li chm hn v s nhp nhy trn mn hnh c th tng ln so vi mn hnh khng dn xen. International standards organization T chc tiu chun quc t T chc quc t c thnh lp nm 1947 tiu chun ha cc thut ng k thut, cc n v... Vn phng chnh t Geneve. Internet Mng quc t Mng li phc v d liu trc tip cng cng trn mt vng rng ln. N c s dng rng ri cho th in t v cc tp san, c bit bi cc vin s. C s lin lc trc tip t mng ni ca vin Hn lm Anh ti mng quc t Internet. Interpreter Chng trnh thng dch Chng trnh my tnh dch v thc hin cc chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng bc cao. Khng ging chng trnh bin dch to ra bn dch y mt m my ca chng trnh bc cao trong mt hot ng, chng trnh thng dch dch chng trnh ngun, lnh tip theo lnh, mi khi chng trnh c chy. V mi lnh phi c dch mi lc m chng trnh ngun c chy nn chng trnh thng dch chy chm hn nhiu so vi chng trnh bin dch. Tuy nhin, khng ging chng trnh bin dch, n c th c thc hin ngay lp tc m khng cn ch giai on bin dch trung gian. Interrupt Tn hiu ngt Tn hiu c khi x l trung tm ca my tnh nhn, gy ra s ngng tm thi trong vn hnh chng trnh trong khi mt s cng vic khc c thc hin. S ngt ny c th c sinh ra bi ng h in t bn trong my tnh, bi thit b u vo hoc u ra hoc bi l trnh ca
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
phn mm. Sau khi my tnh hon thnh cng vic m v n chng trnh c ngt, my iu khin tr li chng trnh ban u. Inverse video or reverse video Video ngc Phng thc biu din trong cc nh trn mn hnh c trnh by nh l m bn ca dng b ngoi bnh thng ca chng. Video ngc thng c s dng vi cc phn ni bt ca hnh biu din hoc nh du vi cc vn bn v tranh m ngi s dng mun my tnh thay i theo mt vi cch. Inverted file Tp tin o ngc Tp tin trong cu trc ca tp tin d liu hin c c sp xp theo mt quy lut xc nh cho php tm c nhanh tt c cc ti liu c trn mt vng nm trong mt tp hp c gii hn. I/O (VIT TT CA INPUT/OUTPUT): U VO/U RA Thut ng ny cng c dng m t s truyn ti v chuyn i t a, l a I/O. ISA bus (Vit tt ca industry standart architecture bus). D liu c dng bi my tnh c nhn IBM da trn vi mch 80086 v 80286. ISDN (Vit tt ca International standart organization) IT (Vit tt ca information technology) Iteration S lp i, lp li Phng php gii mt vn bng cch thc hin cc bc ging nhau lp i lp li cho n khi tha mn mt iu kin no . V d nh trong phng php phn loi, cc chi tit k bn c thay i lp i li cho khi d liu c xp thnh mt trnh t theo yu cu.

Thut ng tin hc (J)

Joystick Cn iu chnh
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Thit b u vo to tn hiu nh hng v m rng s di ch ca cn gt tay cm cho my tnh. N tng t nh cn gt c dng iu khin chuyn bay ca 1 my bay. Cn iu chnh i lc c dng iu khin s chuyn ng ca con tr ngang qua mn hnh biu din, nhng thng c dng cung cp nhanh v trc tip u cho vic chuyn cc k t v k hiu m t tr chi trn my tnh. Khng ging vi con chut c th lm chuyn ng du nhc theo hng bt k, cn gt ca cc tr chi n gin ch c th lm chuyn ng cc vt th theo 1 trong 8 hng khc nhau. JPEG (Vit tt ca Joint photo graphic Experts Group). Nhm chuyn ni hnh. Thut ng c dng m t tiu chun nn c to nn bi nhm v hin nay c chp nhn rng ri lu v truyn cc nh mu. Jump Nhy Lnh lp trnh thng lm cho my tnh phn nhnh ti cc phn khc nhau ca chng trnh hn l thc hin lnh k tip theo trnh t chng trnh. Nhy khng iu kin lun lun c thc hin, cn nhy c iu kin ch c thc hin nu 1 iu kin xc nh c tha mn. Justification Chnh v tr Trong vic in v x l t, s sp xp vn bn sao cho n c xp thng hng l tri hoc l phi, hoc c 2 l. Vn bn c cn l tri c cc ng vi di khc nhau m c xp thng l tri hoc l phi, hoc c hai l. Vn bn c cn l tri c cc ng vi di khc nhau m c xp thng l tri m khng thng l phi. Vn bn c cn l phi, thng ch s dng cho cc ct s, c cc ng c di khc nhau c sp thng vi l phi m khng thng vi l tri. L phi l ng thng cn l tri th khng thng. Vn bn c sp ng ton b c cc ng thng di bng nhau c sp thng vi c l tri v l phi. S sp xp ng hon ton c to thnh bng cch tng khong trng gia cc t hoc gia cc ch ci hoc c hai. Du gch ni thng c s dng trong s kt hp vi s sp ng ton b.

Thut ng tin hc (K)

Kermit Cch thc chuyn tp tin c s dng rng ri, c a ra u tin Vin i hc Columbia
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
v c lm cho c ch m khng cn ch th. N c sn nh mt phn ca hu ht cc khi lin lc v c sn trn hu ht cc h iu hnh. Keyboard Bn phm Dng c u vo ging nh bn phm ca my nh ch, c dng np lnh v d liu. C nhiu s khc nhau trong cch b tr v dn nhn ca cc phm. Cc phm s ngoi phm vi c th c thm vo, nh cc phm chc nng vi mc ch c bit. Key field Trng kha Vng c chn, hay 1 phn ca 1 ti liu m c dng xc nh rng ti liu l duy nht; trong 1 tp tin ca ti liu n l vng c dng nh l c s phn loi tp tin. Key to disc system or key to tape system H thng kha a hoc kha bng. H thng cho php 1 s ln d liu c a vo bn phm v chuyn trc tip vo a hoc bng c th c c ca my tnh. Nhng h nh vy c dng trong vic x l khi d liu, trong cc khi d liu C CHUN B TRC. C X L BI MY TNH vi 1 cht hoc khng c s can thip ca ngi s dng. Kilobyte Kilobyte N V CA B NH, BNG 1024 BYTE. N I LC c s dng vi tnh t chnh xc hn ch 1000 byte. Kimball tag Phiu hng ha Cch thc thng c dng trong cc ca hng qun o, gm 1 th c l nh c gn vi mi mt hng c by bn. Phiu hng ha mang thng tin v mt hng (nh gi, mu, kch thc...), c trong dng chi tit c in (m khch hng c th c c) v c dng hnh mu gm cc l nh. Khi 1 mt hng c bn i, phiu hng (hoc 1 phn ca n) c chuyn i v gia li nh 1 ti liu bn hng m my tnh c th c c . Knowledge - based system (KBS) H thng nn tng kin thc Chng trnh my tnh s dng s m ha kin thc con ngi gip gii quyt vn . N c khm ph trong khi nghin cu tr nng nhn to gip khm ph cc chng trnh gii quyt cc vn kh gii bng cc k thut thng thng ca khoa hc my tnh.

Thut ng tin hc (M)

Machine code M my Tp hp cc lnh m b x l trung tm (CPU) c th hiu c v tun theo trc tip, khng cn 1 s bin dch no. Mi dng b x k trung tm c m my ring ca n. V chng trnh
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
m my cha ton cc ch s h nh phn (bit), nn phn ln ngi lp trnh vit cc chng trnh ca h bng ngn ng bc cao d s dng. Chng trnh bc cao phi c dch sang m my bng cc chng trnh bin dch hoc thng dch trc khi n c th c thc hin bi my tnh. NHNG NI KHNG C NGN NG BC CAO PH HP TN ti hay nhng ni m my c hiu qu rt cao c i hi, ngi lp trnh c th chn vit cc chng trnh bng ngn ng bc thp, ngn ng ny c dch sang m my bng chng trnh bin dch. Machine - readable My c c. D liu hay thng tin m c th c c trc tip bi my tnh m khng cn g li bn phm. Thut ng ny thng c p dng cho cc tp tin trn a hoc bng, nhng cng c th p dng cho cc vn bn c nh my hay in c th c r qut nhn bit cc k t bng th gic. Macintosh Dy cc my vi tnh c sn xut bi hng my tnh Apple. My Apple Macintosh, c gii thiu vo nm 1984 l my vi tnh ph bin nht vi giao din ngi s dng ha. S thnh cng ca my Macintosh thc gic cc nh sn xut khc v cc cng ty phn mm thit lp giao din ngi s dng ha. Trong ng c ch nht l Microsoft Windows, l chng trnh chy trn my vi tnh c nhn IBM, v OSF/Motif, t Open Software Foundation, l chng trnh c s dng vi nhiu h thng Unix. Macro Lnh mi c thit lp nh s kt hp mt s lnh c sn trong chng TRNH CA MY TNH. C S DNG TRONG S X L t, lp bng v cc ng dng ca c s d liu. Phm lnh macro trn bn phm ring bit. Lnh macro c dng ch nt c trng ging nhau trong mt s chng trnh nh dng vn bn nh TEX. Magnetic - ink charater recognition (MICR) S on nhn nhn k t mc t. K thut cho php cc k t c bit in bng mc t tnh c c v a vo my tnh nhanh chng. S nhn cc k t mc t (MICR) c dng nhiu trong cc ngn hng v cc k t bng mc t kh gi mo v v th n l tng cho vic nh du v nhn dng ngn phiu (sc). Magnetic strip or magnetic stripe Di t. Di mng bng vt liu c t tnh c gn vo mt tm th nha (nh th tn dng) v c dng ghi d liu.

Magnetic tape Bng t Di nha tng hp hp c ph 1 lp vt liu d b t ha trn cc d liu c th c ghi vo sc. Vi s lu tr vi khi lng ln trong cc dn my tnh thng nghip, cc bng ln qun t trc sng trc vn cn c s dng, nhng cc cun bng trong hp vi cc kch thc khc nhau c s dng rng ri. Mail merge
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Kt hp th. C IM C A RA BI MT S CHNG TRNH x l cho php 1 danh sch cc chi tit c nhn nh tn v a ch c kt hp vi ti liu chung to ra cc ti liu c nh r. Mainframe My ch. My ch c dng x l cc d liu thng mi v cc hot ng vi t l ln khc. My ch thng dng h iu hnh thch hp. Nh c s gia tng chung v kh nng tnh nn s khc nhau gia my ch, my siu tnh, my tnh nh v my vi tnh tr nn t r rng. Mark sensing S nhy du. K thut cho php cc du hiu bng bt ch c lm trn cc v tr c xc nh trc trong cc dng c chun b c bit c th c c nhanh chng v a vo my tnh. K thut ny s dng tnh cht l bt ch cha graphit v v th n dn in. B phn c nhy bn phn tch hnh dng bng cch cho cc chi qut nh bng kim loi i qua trn b mt giy. Khi chi qut chm vo du hiu bng bt ch mch in c hon thnh v du hiu c pht hin. Mass storage system H thng lu tr khi. H thng b nh m, nh l mt th vin cc hp bng t, c kh nng lu 1 lng d liu rt ln. Master file Tp tin chnh. Tp tin l ngun d liu chnh cho 1 ng dng ring bit. C nhiu phng php cp nht ha tp tin khc nhau c s dng chc chn rng tp tin chnh l chnh xc v c gi tr hin hu. Media Mi trng. Tn chung ch cc vt liu m trn ghi c cc d liu. V d nh a mm v bng t. Megabyte (Mbyte) Megabyte. N V CA B NH, BNG 1024 KILOBYTE. I LC N C DNG VI MC CHNH XC T HN ch 1 triu byte. Memory B nh. Mt phn ca h thng c s dng lu tr d liu v chng trnh mt cch tm thi hoc vnh cu. C 2 dng chnh: B nh truy cp tc thi l b nh m. Dung tch ca b nh c o bng byte, hoc kilobyte, megabyte hoc gigabyte. Memory resident S lu tr trong b nh. C mt trong b nh chnh ca n phi c lu tr trong b nh. Mt s chng trnh ng dng c gi trong b nh trong khi hu ht chng trnh b xa khi b nh khi cng vic ca chng c hon thnh. Tuy nhin, b nh thng khng rng cha tt c cc

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
chng trnh ng dng v S TRAO I V RA KHI B NH L CN THIT. IU ny lm chm s ng dng. Menu Trnh n. Danh sch cc mc la chn, c biu din trn mn hnh, t ngi s dng c th chn, v d nh s la chn cc dch v c xut cho khch hng bng 1 thit b phn phi tin mt ca ngn hng: S rt rin, gi tin hoc s k khai. Cc trnh n c dng nhiu trong cc giao din ngi s dng ha, ni m trnh n la chn thng c chn bng cch s dng con chut. MICR (Vit tt ca magnetic ink charater recognition) Microchip Mch tch hp Microcomputer My vi tnh hay my tnh c nhn. My tnh xch tay, c thit k ch mt ngi s dng ti 1 thi im, mc d cc my tnh ring bit c th c ni li thnh mng nhng ngi s dng c th dng chung d liu v chng trnh. B x l trung tm ca n l b vi x l, cha trn 1 mch tch hp n. My vi tnh l loi nh nht trong 4 lp my tnh (cc lp khc l my siu tnh, my tnh ch v my tnh nh). T khi xut hin my vi tnh thng mi u tin vo nm 1975, my Altair 8800 tr ln c chp nhn rng ri trong thng mi, cng nghip v gio dc. Microfitche Vi fim. Tm fim trn cc vn bn c in c thu nh bng cch chp hnh, kch thc khong 105mm/4 in x 148 mm/6in, cha tng ng 420 tm A4. Microform Vi dng. Tn chung ch mi trng m trn vn bn hoc cc nh c thu nh theo cc chp hnh. Cc v d l on fim nh (tng t vi fim trong camera thng) v vi phim (m bn cc nh). Vi dng c u im v s ti sinh chm v gi lu tr, nhng n i hi cc phng tin c bit c vn bn. N c s dng rng ri cho vic lu tr h s v lu 1 khi lng vn bn ln, nh cc catalo ca th vin. D liu my tnh c th a ra ngoi trc tip v nhanh chng trong vi dng bng cc phng tin u ra ca my tnh trn k thut vi fim. Vic s dng vi fim ngy nay ang lm suy gim kt qu ca vic x l nh ti liu.

Microprocessor B vi x l. B x l trung tm ca ton my tnh c cha trn mch tch hp. S xut hin ca b vi x l u tin 1971 c Intel thit k cho nh sn xut my tnh b ti loan bo s khi u ca my vi tnh. B mch vi x l dn n s gim kch thc v gi thnh ng k ca my tnh, v ngy nay cc my tnh chuyn bit c th c tm thy trong my git, xe hi...

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Microsoft Nh cung cp phn mm ca M, hin nay l hng cung cp phn mm ln nht th gii. Sn phm chnh u tin ca Microsoft l MS-DOS, c vit cho IBM, nhng n tng sc cha ca n trn th trng my tnh c nhn vi s xut hin ca Windows v cc ng dng tng ng. MIDI (Vit tt ca musical instrument digital interface): Giao din nhc c k thut s. Giao din tiu chun cho php cc nhc c in t c ni vi mt my tnh. My tnh vi b ni MIDI c th a vo v lu tr m thanh bng cc dng c ni tip, v ri c th thao tc vi cc m thanh ny theo nhiu cch. Minicomputer My tnh nh. My tnh a nng vi kch thc v kh nng x l nm gia kch thc v kh nng x l ca my tnh ch v my vi tnh. My tnh c th s dng thng xuyn hn h iu hnh Unix. Ngy nay hu ht cc my tnh nh u da trn b vi mch x l v s khc nhau gia my tnh nh v my vi tnh bin mt. Mips (Vit tt ca million in structions per second): Hng triu trong 1 giy. S o vn tc ca 1 b x l. N khng bng kh nng ca my tnh trong tt c cc trng hp. Mnemonic Thut gip tr nh. Trong tnh ton, trnh ngn gn ca cc ch ci c dng trong ngn ng lp trnh bc thp biu din lnh m my.

Modem (Vit tt t modulator/demodulator) modem. Thit b chuyn d liu ca my tnh qua ng dy in thoi. Thit b nh vy rt cn thit v cho n nay cc tn hiu s c sinh ra bi my tnh khng th c chuyn i trc tip qua mng li in thoi s dng cc tn hiu tng t, ri li bin i tr li cc modem c dng ni vi cc thit b t xa ti cc my tnh trung tm v cho php cc my tnh lin lc vi nhau bt c ni u trn th gii. Vi s khi u ca ISDN, modem khng cn cn thit na. Monitor Mn hnh kim sot. Monitor Kim sot. kim tra tin trnh ca 1 hot ng hay cch s dng, v d nh ca b nh hoc khong trng ca a.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Motorola Hng sn xut b mch vi x l c dng bi my Apple Macintosh v cc my tnh khc. Mother board Bn mch m. Bn mch in cha cc phn t chnh ca 1 my vi tnh. Kh nng, dung tch b nh ca my vi tnh c th c tng cng bng cch thm cc bn m rng vo bn mch m. Mouse Con chut. Dng c u vo c dng iu khin con tr trn mn hnh my tnh. Con chut c ni vi my tnh bng si dy hoc ni bng ph hng ngoi, v hp nht 1 hay nhiu nt nht c th c n. Chuyn ng ca chut trn b mt gy ra s chuyn ng tng ng ca con tr. Theo cch ny ngi s dng c th thao tc vi cc i tng trn mn hnh v la chn danh mc. Con chut lm vic hoc theo cc c hc (vi s tip xc in cm nhn cc chuyn ng trn hai mt phng ca qu bng trn b mt), hoc theo cch quang hc (cc t bo quang in pht hin s chuyn ng bng cch ghi nh sng phn x t 1 m trn chut chuyn ng). MS-DOS (Vit tt ca Microsoft Disc Operating System). H iu hnh a ca Microsoft. H iu hnh ca my tnh c sn xut bi cng ty Microsoft corporation, c dng rng ri trn my vi tnh vi h vi x l Intel x86. Mt phin bn c gi l PC-DOS c IBM bn cho cc my tnh c nhn ca n. MS-DOS v PC-DOS thng c ng ch l DOS. MS-DOS c xut hin ln u trn vo nm 1991, v tng t h thng trc t Digital Research C GI L CP/M. N NM 1993, MS-DOS T n phin bn 6.0. MTBF (Vit tt ca mean time between failures) Thi gian trung bnh gia cc s s. C DNG NH N V O TIN CY CA H THNG. Multimedia A PHNG TIN. S kt hp ca cc phn t ca m thanh v hnh nh trong 1 ng dng tng tc, n s dng cc vn bn, m thanh v hnh nh. V d nh c s d liu a phng tin ca cc nhc c c th cho php ngi s dng khng ch nghin cu v gi ra bn gc v 1 nhc c ring m cn c th xem hnh nh n v nghe n chi 1 on nhc. My tnh c nhn a phng thng c cung cp a compact do dung tch b nh ca a CD-ROM. Multiplexer B nh bi. Trong vin thng, thit b cho php 1 mi trng truyn tin mng mt s tn hiu ring bit ti cng 1 thi im, v d nh cho php mt s cuc m thoi in thoi c thc hin trn 1 ng in thoi v cc tn hiu radio c truyn ni. Multitasking of multiprogramming A NHIM V HAY A LP TRNH. H thng trong 1 b x l c th chy mt s chng trnh khc nhau (hay cc phn khc nhau ca 1 chng trnh) ti cng 1 thi im. Tt c cc chng trnh c cha trong b
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
nh v mi chng trnh c php chy trong 1 khong thi gian no . Kh nng a nhim v ph thuc ch yu vo h iu hnh hn l dng ca my tnh. Multiuser system or multiccess system H thng nhiu ngi s dng. H iu hnh cho php mt s ngi truy cp cng 1 my tnh ti cng 1 thi im. Mi ngi s dng c 1 my tnh lin lc vi my tnh m c th gn (c ni trc tip vi my tnh) hoc xa (ni vi my tnh thng qua modem v ng dy in thoi). H thng ny thng c nh s dng chung thi gian: my tnh c bt rt nhanh gia cc thit b lin lc v chng trnh mi ngi s dng dng c quyn my tnh ch trong vi phn ca giy, v c th lm vic nu h tip tc truy cp.

Thut ng tin hc (N)

NAND gate Mt dng ca cng logic.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Netware H iu hnh ca mng li my tnh cc b, c cung cp bi Novell. Network Mng Phng php ni kt cc my tnh chng c th dng chung d liu v cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in. Cc dng chnh c phn loi theo kiu lin kt. V d nh mng hnh sao hoc vng trn, hoc theo gc lan truyn lin kt v a l; V d nh mng cc b dng lin lc trong 1 phng hoc 1 ta nh v cc mng khu vc rng cho cc h thng xa hn. Cc h thng mng ph bin l Ethernet v Token Ring. Neural network Mng thn kinh nhn to. Mng cc b x l nhn to m c gng bt chc cu trc ca cc t bo thn kinh trong no ngi. Mng thn kinh c th l in t, quan hc hoc c m phng bi phn mm ca my tnh. Newton My Newton. My tnh xch tay nh, cn gi l b lin lc c nhn, c Apple ch to. My Newton cn c phn mm nhn bit ch vit tay. Nonvolatile memory B nh bt bin. B nh m khng lm mt ni dung cha trong n khi ngun in cung cp cho my tnh b ngt. Nor gate Cng Nor (khng hoc), mt dng ca cng logic. Notebook computer My tnh xch tay nh. My loi ny tr thnh c li t u nhng nm 1990, v thm ch k c vi mn hnh v a cng, n khng ln hn s tay c A4 tiu chun. Not gate or inverter gate Cng NOT (khng) hay cng o ngc. Null character K t rng, k t 0. K t vi gi tr 0 ca ASCII. K t 0 c dng bi mt s ngn ng lp trnh, ng ch nht l C, nh du im kt thc ca dy k t. Null-modem Modem khng. Dy cp c bit dng ni chui b ni ca 2 my tnh cho php chng trao i d liu. Null string Dy v hiu. Dy thng c biu din bi , khng cha g hoc cha k t 0. Dy v hiu c dng trong mt s ngn ng lp trnh biu din gi tr cui cng ca 1 dy cc gi tr.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc

Thut ng tin hc (O)

Object oriewted programming (OOP) S lp trnh hng i tng. S lp trnh my tnh da trn cc i tng, trong cc d liu lin kt cht ch vi cc quy
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
trnh thc hin chng. V d nh 1 vng trn trn mn hnh c th l 1 i tng: n c cc d liu nh tm im v bn knh, cng nh cch thc lm chuyn ng n, xa n, thay i kch thc ca n... Vic s dng s lp trnh hng i tng lm cho s pht trin giao din ngi s dng ha c d dng. Object linking and embedding Lin kt v nhng i tng. S tng cng trao i d liu bng ng lc lm cho n khng ch c kh nng bao gm cc d liu trc tip 1 ng dng trong 1 ng dng khc m cn c kh nng hiu nh d liu trong s ng dng ban u m khng cn li s ng dng m trong d liu c bao hm. Object program Chng trnh i tng. S dch mt m my ca 1 chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng ngun. OCR (Vit tt ca optical character recognition) B c k t quang hc. Octal number system H c s 8. H thng vi c s 8, c dng trong tnh ton, trong tt c cc s c thnh lp bi cc ch s t 0 n 7. V d nh s thp phn 8 c biu din trong h c s 8 l 10, v s thp phn 17 trong h c s 8 l 21. Off line Ngt mch Khng c ni kt cc d liu khng th truyn c, v d nh ti my in. Tri vi n l ni mch. OMR (Vit tt ca optical mark recognition) On line Ni mch. C NI, CHO CC D LIU C TH C truyn i, v d nh ti my in. Tri vi n l ngt mch. On-line system H trc tuyn. H thng gc cho php my tnh lm vic vi ngi s dng ca n, ph hp vi mi ch dn c a ra v nhc ngi s dng nhng thng tin khi cn thit. Thut ng ny hin nay c dng ch yu ch c s d liu ln, th in t, v cc h thng tho lun c tip cn thng qua modem quay s. Nhng h ny thng c hng chc hoc hng trm ngi s dng t cc ni khc nhau, i khi t cc nc khc nhau, trc tip ti cng 1 thi im. Open systems H thng m. Thut ng c dng m t h thng ph hp vi tiu chun cc h thng m hay cc tiu chun POSIX. Unix l nn tng ban u ca h thng m v hu ht cc h thng m khng c quyn, vn cn s dng h iu hnh ny. Thut ng ny cng c dng khong hn m t 1 h thng bt k m lin lc vi cc h thng khc v m t cc tiu chun khc nh
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
MS-DOS v Windows. Cc h thng m c pht trin tng phn lm tng kh nng lin lc, nhng cng lm gim s ph thuc ca ngi s dng vo ngi cung cp cc h thng c quyn. Open systems interconnection (OSI) S ni tip tiu chun ca h thng m. Tiu chun ca t chc tiu chun quc t, nh ngha 7 tng cch thc lin lc. Mc d OSI l tiu chun quc t, nhng cc ngh nh th TCP/IP v kin trc h thng mng ca IBM thng c s dng nhiu hn trong cc h thng thng mi. Tiu chun ni tip cc h thng m (OSI). By tng th tc 1. Vy l: Lin quan n cc giao din c hc, in v cc quy trnh gia thit b lin lc v mng li. 2. Khung/ni kt: Lin quan n s truyn cc t d liu hn l cc n v thng tin (bit), cung cp cho s phn nhm n v thng tin thnh byte hay cc c cu. 3. Mng li: Lin quan vi s tun theo l trnh c hiu qu ca thng tin. 4. S vn chuyn: Lin quan n s lin lc ng tin cy gia cc h thng truyn v nhn. Cng lin quan n s iu chnh li. 5. Hi ngh: Qun l cuc i thoi gia cc h thng lin lc, s qun l v ng b ha... 6. S biu din: Lin quan n s nh dng d liu v s bin i mt m, to lp cc quy tt tha thun lc bt u lin kt: bao hm ngn ng ASNI. 7. S ng dng: Lin quan n cc ng dng nh truyn tp tin, th in t v dch v th mc. Operating system (OS) H iu hnh. Chng trnh iu khin hot ng c bn ca my tnh. H iu hnh tiu biu iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi, t chc sp xp h thng d liu, bo m s lin lc vi ngi vn hnh v chy cc chng trnh khc. Cc h iu hnh c quyn c vit cho nhng my tnh xc nh, nhng cc my khc c chp nhn cc tiu chun. Nhng h ny bao gm CP/M (ca Digital Reacrh) v MS-DOS (ca Microsoft) dng cho my vi tnh. Unix (c pht trin cc phng th nghim ca AT & T) l tiu chun cc trm hot ng, cc my tnh nh v my siu tnh. N cng c dng cho cc my tnh c nhn bn v my tnh ln. Optical charracter recongnition (OCR) B c k t quang hc. K thut a cc vn bn vo my tnh bng phng tin c ti LIU. U TIN, 1 B QUT X L CC NH S CA vn bn, ri phn mm ca b c k t dng cc kin thc c lu tr v hnh dng ca cc k t ring bit v cc chng trnh da trn s suy lun minh bch hoc lp l bin i cc nh s thnh tp hp cc mt m bn trong m c th c lu v x l bi my tnh. Optical computer My tnh quang hc. My tnh trong c tn hiu nh sng v in u c s dng trong b x l trung tm. Cng ngh ny vn cha c pht trin hon chnh, nhng nhng my tnh nh vy ha hn s thc hin nhanh hn v t b tn cng bi s nhiu in bn ngoi so vi my ch da trn tn hiu in. Mu th nghim c ch to trng tng hp Colorado M vo nm 1993. Optical disc A QUANG HC.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Mi trng lu tr trong cng ngh lade c s dng ghi v c mt khi lng ln cc d liu s. Cc dng a quang hc bao gm CD-ROM. WORM v a c/ghi quang hc t tnh c th xa c (CD-R) Optical fibre Si quang. Si thy tinh nguyn cht rt nh m qua nh sng c th c phn x truyn cc nh hoc d liu t u ny n u kia. Cc si quang hc ang c s dng ngy cng nhiu thay th cc dy cp lin lc bng kim loi, cc thng ip c m ha nh cc xung nh sng bng k thut s hn l dng in dao ng. Mc d s t trong sn xut v lp t nhng si quang hc c th mang nhiu d liu hn, nhanh hn v dy tn s cao hn so vi cp truyn thng, v t b nhiu hn. Optical mark recognition (OMR) S nhn bit du quang hc. K thut cho php cc du hiu c to ra trong cc v tr xc nh trc dng nhp my tnh c pht hin bng quang hc v nhp vo my tnh. Thit b c du quang hc chiu mt chm nh sng ln ti liu a vo v c th khm ph cc du hiu c v t nh sng c phn x tr li t chng hn t phn giy khng c du hiu. OR gate Ca OR (hoc), mt dng ca ca logic. OS/2 H iu hnh ca my tnh mt ngi s dng c sn xut lin doanh MICROSOFT V IBM S DNG TRN CC MY VI TNH LN HN. C im ca n l a nng v kh nng truy cp mt s ln b nh trong. Hin nay n c IBM bn c quyn. OSI (vit tt ca open system Interconnection) Outling font Phng ch dng ng nt. Phng ch m trong cc ng nt ca k t c nh r, lm cho phng ch c th phng t l ti kch thc bt k. Phng ch dng ng nt c th c xut ra ngoi nh 1 thit b u ra. Ba ngn ng m t trang thng gp nht c s dng phng ch dng ng nt l PostScript, TUE Type v PCL5. Output device Thit b u ra. Thit b biu hin kt qu x l cho my tnh thc hin trong dng m ngi s dng c th hin c. Cc thit b u ra thng dng nht l mn hnh v my in. Cc thit b u ra khc bao hm b phn v th, dng c cho ra cc d liu my tnh trn vi phim. Overflow error Li vt qu. Li xut hin nu 1 s nm ngoi phm vi my tnh v n qu ln c th x l c.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc

Thut ng tin hc (P)

Packet switching Phng php truyn d liu gia cc my tnh c ni trong 1 mng. Mt gc hon chnh cha cc d liu c truyn v thng tin v my tnh nhn d liu. Gc thng tin i quanh mng cho n khi n n ng trm cn ti.
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
Page decription language Ngn ng m t trang. Ngn ng iu khin c dng m t ni dung v cch trnh by ca 1 trang in hon chnh: ngn ng m t trang thng c dng iu khin HOT NG CA MY IN LADE. U IM QUAN TRNG CA n l n cho php thit b u ra v s phn tch c lp nhau. Ngn ng m t trang ph bin nht l Adobe PostScript v Hewheel - packetd Printer control Language (PCL). Page printer My in trang. My in m in ton b 1 trang vn bn v hnh v vo cng 1 thi im. My in trang s dng k thut tnh in, tng t vi k thut dng trong my sao chp. Paging Phng php lm tng dung tch b nh ngoi ca my tnh. Parallel interfac Giao din song song. Giao din m qua d liu c truyn sao cho mi n v thng tin cu thnh 1 byte hay 1 t c gi i c theo cc si dy ring bit ti cng mt thi im. Parallel processing. S x l song song. Cng ngh my tnh m cho php cc b x l lm vic song song trn 1 tp hp d liu. S x l song song thng lin quan n vic ph v s tnh ton thnh cc phn nh v thc hin hng ngn cc phn ny 1 cch ng thi hn l thc hin trong 1 trnh t tuyn tnh. Cc dng ca x l song song bao hm x l song song khi lng ln v x l song song i xng. Parallel running Chy (chng trnh) song song. Phng php thc hin hot ng ca mt h thng my tnh mi trong h thng mi v h thng c c chy cng nhau trong mt thi gian ngn. H thng c v th c th thay th t s thay nhng sai st pht sinh. Parameter Thng s. C TNH HAY YU T C TH BIN I C chng trnh hay 1 vt thng c m t bng 1 tp hp cc thng s bin i hn l cc gi tr c nh. V d nh trong ng dng x l t m lu tr cc thng s v phng ch, cch trnh by trang, dng cn l..., nhng thng s ny c th c thay i bi ngi s dng.

Parity

Tnh chn l. Trng thi chn, hoc ca mt s. Trong tnh ton, thut ng ny ng ch mt s cc s 1 trong m nh phn c.

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc

Thut ng tin hc (Q)

Quick draw H thng biu din bng hnh da trn vt th c s dng bi Apple Macintosh trong my tnh. Vic s dng Quickdraw em ti cho hu ht cc my Macintosh ci nhn v s cm nhn ging nhau.

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Quick time S tn dng a phng c a ra bi Apple, u tin cho Macintosh, nhng ngy nay n cng c th dng cho Windows. N cho php a phng, nh m thanh v hnh nh c a vo cc ti liu khc. Qwerty S sp xp cc phm theo tiu chun trn bn my nh ch hay bn phm vi tnh ca Anh hay M. Q, W, E, R, T v Y l 6 phm u trn hng ch ci trn cng. S sp xp nh vy lm gim cng lm vic ca ngi nh my hng ngy cc phm khng b kt vi nhau. Cc nc chu u dng s sp xp khc, nh Azerty v Qwertz l kiu thch hp vi ngn ng ca tng nc.

Thut ng tin hc (R)

RAID (Vit tt t Redundant arrays of independent (or inexpensive discs): S sp xp a c lp. S sp xp cc a, mi a c ni vi thanh dn, chng c th c xp theo cc cch
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khc nhau, ph thuc vo s ng dng. V d nh Raid 1 l a phn chiu, trong khi raid 5 tri rng mi k t gia cc a. S sp xp c lp ny nhm mc ch hon thin s biu din v an ton d liu.

RAM (Ramdon access memory): B nh truy cp ngu nhin. Dng c nh dng 1 tp hp cc mch t hp, thng c dng trong cc my vi tnh. Khng ging nh mch t hp ROM (b nh ch c c), mch t hp RAM c th c t a v ghi bi my tnh, nhng ni dung ca n b mt khi ngun in b ct. My tnh ca nhng nm 1992 c th c ti 32 megabyte ca mch RAM. RAMdise A RAM. B nh truy cp ngu nhin c sp xp xut hin trong h iu hnh nh 1 a. N cho php tip cn nhanh hn a cng thng v v th c s dng cho cc ng dng cn c v ghi cc hot ng thng xuyn. Tuy nhin, v d liu c lu trong b nh truy cp ngu nhin nn b b mt i khi tt my tnh. Random access S truy cp ngu nhin, s truy cp trc tip. Random number S ngu nhin. Mt s trong dy s khng c hnh mu xc nh c. Cc s ngu nhin c s dng trong s m phng my tnh v cc tr chi trn my tnh. Mt my tnh bnh thng khng th to ra cc s ngu nhin ng, nhng cc k thut khc nhau c th t c cc s gi ngu nhin gn ging vi s ngu nhin ng cho hu ht cc mc ch. Range check S kim tra di. S kim tra gi tr c p dng cho cc chi tit d liu s chc chn rng gi tr ca n nm trong di hp l. Raster graphics or bit mapped graphics HA MNH QUT. Hnh v trn my tnh c lu trong b nh bng cch dng nh x ghi d liu (nh mu v cng ) cho mi nh im to thnh nh. Khi c truyn i (phng to, quay, lm dt...), hnh v dng chm tr nn ri rc, KHNG GING NH HNH V DNG NG NT. HA mnh qut c dng tiu biu trong cc ng dng sn v c to ra bng b qut. Real-time system. H thng thi gian thc. Chng trnh phn hi cc s kin trn th gii khi chng xy ra. V d chng trnh li my bay t ng trn my bay phi phn ng ngay lp tc khi lch hng. Qu trnh iu khin rbt, cc tr chi v nhiu ng dng khc l cc v d ca h thng ny. Record Bng ghi mu tin Tp hp cc chi tit d liu hay cc trng d liu c lin quan vi nhau. Mu tin thng l phn ca tp tin.
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Recursion Php quy. K thut m theo 1 chc nng hay 1 quy trnh t a vo s dng cho php 1 vn phc tp c phn thnh nhiu bc n gin hn. V d nh vic tm giao ca mt s n (tnh tch ca tt c cc s nguyn gia 1 v n) c th t c kt qu bng cch nhn n vi giai tha ca n-1. Redundancy S d tha. thng n c dng nh 1 s kim tra, khi s kim tra b sung mt ch s hay mt bit. Register Thanh ghi. Vng nh c th c truy cp nhanh chng; n thng c dng ln trong b x l trung tm. Mt s thanh ghi c bo qun cho cc cng vic c bit. Thanh ghi cc lnh c dng cha cc lnh mt m m my tnh ang thc hin trong thanh ghi th t iu khin gia ng i ca lnh k tip c thc hin. Cc thanh ghi khc c dng cha cc kt qu tc thi. Relational database C s d liu lin quan. C s d liu trong cc d liu c xem xt nh 1 tp tin cc bng lin kt. N l dng ph bin nht trong 3 kiu c s d liu c bn, 2 loi kia l c s d liu mng v dng cp bc. Relative (Gi tr) tng i. C th bin i v c tnh t gi tr c bn. V d nh a ch tng i l vng nh c tm bng cch thm 1 lng bin thin vo 1 a ch c s c nh v s chng nhn khoang tng ng t 1 khoang trong bng bng v tr tng i ca n vi khoang c s. Tri vi tng l tuyt i. Remotr terminal Thit b cui iu khin t xa. Thit b cui lin lc vi my tnh thng qua 1 modem v 1 ng in thoi. Resolution PHN GII HNH. S chm trong 1 n v chiu di m trong 1 nh c th c ti sinh TRN MN HNH HOC MY IN. PHN GII MN HNH tiu biu i vi my d hnh ny l 75 dpi. My in lade c phn gii t 300 dpi ti 1800 dpi, v my in kim c phn gii t 60 ti 180 dpi. Hnh trong sch v tp ch c phn gii 1200 ti 300 dpi nu chng c to ra bng in t. Reserved word T dnh ring. T m c ngha c bit i vi ngn ng lp trnh. V d nh if v for l cc t ring trong hu ht cc ngn ng bc cao. Response time Thi gian p ng S tr hon gia lc a vo lnh v lc thy hiu qu ca n.

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reverse video Video o. RGB (Vit tt ca red - green - blue) Phng php ni mn hnh mu vi my tnh, lin quan ti ba tn hiu ring bit: , lc v xanh dng. Tt c cc mu c biu hin trn mn hnh c th c cu thnh t 3 mu hp phn ny. Vic in 4 mu s dng 1 h thng khc. RISC (reduce instruction - set computer): My tnh dng tp lnh rt gn. B xi x l thc hin t lnh hn cc b vi x l khc vi cng dng chung trong nhng nm 1990. V s lnh mt m my thp nn b vi x l thc hin nhng lnh ny rt nhanh. Robot Rbt. My c iu khin bng my tnh m c th c lp trnh chuyn ng hoc thc hin cng vic. Cc rbt thng c dng trong cng nghip vn chuyn nguyn vt liu hoc thc hin cc cng vic lp i lp li. V d nh tay rbt, c gn ln sn nh hoc bng gh, c th c dng sn cc phn ca my hay lp rp cc mch in t. Cc rbt khc c thit k lm vic trong nhng hon cnh nguy him i vi con ngi, v d nh tho bom hoc thm him v tr v bin su. Mt s rbt c trang b cc b phn cm gic nh b phn xc gic v camera hnh, v c th c lp trnh a cc quyt nh n gin da trn d liu cm gic nhn c. Rogue value Mt tn khc ca data terminator. Trnh kt thc d liu. ROM (Real only memory) B nh ch c c. B nh dng tp hp cc mch t hp, thng c dng trong my vi tnh; B nh ny c cht y d liu v chng trnh trong khi lm vic, v khng ging nh b nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM) ch c th c c m khng vit c bi my tnh. Tuy nhin, ni dung cha trong b nh khng b mt khi ct ngun in nh trong RAM. Root directory Th mc gc. Th mc trn cng trong h thng tp tin cy v nhnh. N cha tt c cc th mc khc. Rounding error Sai s lm trn Li xut hin khi 1 kt qu thp phn c lm trn ln hoc xung. Router B ch ng. Thit b cho php cc mng khng tng t (nh Ethernet v Token Ring) ni vi nhau nhng ch c 1 nghi thc chung. Thit b ny c th c lp trnh xc nh l trnh nhanh nht v hiu qu nht cho d liu i.

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RS-232 interface (or serial interface) = Giao din RS-232 Giao din ni chui. Mt dng tiu chun ca b phn ni ca my tnh c dng ni my tnh vi cc chui thit b. N c dng cho modem, chut, mn hnh v my in. Run-time error Li trong thi gian chy Run-time system H thng thi gian chy. Chng trnh phi c lu trong b nh trong khi 1 ng dng c thc hin. Run-time version Phin bn dng trong thi gian chy. Bn sao 1 chng trnh c cung cp cng vi s ng dng khc, sao cho chng trnh ng dng chy c, mc d n khng cung cp chc nng y ca chng trnh. Mt v d l s cung cp phin bn dng trong thi gian chy ca Microsoft Windows vi cc ng dng ca Windows cho nhng ngi s dng m khng c phin bn y ca Windows.

Thut ng tin hc (S)

SAA (Vit tt ca system application architecture) Sampling Php o tn hiu tng t ti cc khong u nhau. Kt qu ca php o th c bin i thnh tn hiu s.

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Scalable Fonts Phng ch c th thay i t l. Phng ch c th c dng kch thc bt k v phn gii bt k, trn mt mn hnh hay trn thit b sao chp cng, nh my in lade. Phng ch t l lun l dng ng nt. Scanner B qut. Thit b to ra nh bng k thut s ca mt ti liu a vo v lu trong my tnh. N dng cng ngh tng t vi cng ngh ca my sao chp. B qut nh c th c cho qua b mt ti liu bng tay. Cc phin bn ln c dng dt, ging nh ca my sao chp, trn ti liu nhp vo c t vo v r qut. B qut c s dng rng ri a cc hnh nh vo my in v qut cc ti liu x l nh. Nu vn bn c nhp bng b qut th nh gi li c my tnh nhn thy nh mt bc tranh bng k thut s hn l cc k t ring bit. Do vn bn khng th c x l, v d nh b x l t, tr khi phn mm nhn bit k t quang hc c th bin i nh thnh cc k t hp thnh. B phn gii ca b qut tay tiu biu l t 75 n 400 dpi. Screen or monitor Mn hnh. Dng c u ra trn my tnh hin th cc thng tin c ch ca ngi vn hnh. Dng ph bin nht l ng tia catt tng t nh mn hnh tivi. My tnh xch tay thng dng mn hnh hin th bng tinh th lng. Loi ny kh c hn loi ng tia catt, nhng i hi t nng lng hn, lm cho chng hp vi hot ng bng pin. Screen dump In trn mn hnh. Qu trnh thc hin mt bn sao in ca s hin th trn mn hnh hin hnh. S in trn mn hnh i lc c lu nh mt tp tin d liu thay v c in ngay lp tc. Scrolling Cun. Hnh ng m theo d liu c hin th trn mn hnh hoc ca s c chuyn ng t ng i ln, i xung hoc qua mt bn hoc khut tm mt khi mt d liu mi c thm vo theo hng ngc li. SCSI Vit tt ca small computer system interface. Giao din h thng my tnh nh. Searching S thm d, s tm kim. S tch mt chi tit xc nh khi mt phn d liu ln, nh mt tp tin hoc bng. Phng php ny c s dng da trn cch thc t chc sp xp d liu. V d nh vic tm kim phn i i hi d liu phi c xp theo trnh t, lin quan n vic quyt nh trc ht xem nu d liu no cha chi tit cn tm, ri 1 phn t no, v 1 phn 8 no, v tip tc cho n khi tm c chi tit . Search request Yu cu tm kim. Yu cu c t chc ca ngi s dng kim thng tin t c s d liu. N c th l yu cu n gin cho tt c cc u vo c trng d liu tha mn mt iu kin no .

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Sector Vng hnh qut, cung. Phn ca cu trc t c thit lp trn b mt a ln nh dng sao cho d liu c th c lu tr trong . a u tin c chia thnh cc ng trn v ri mi ng trn li c chia thnh mt s cc cung. Security An ton. S bo v chng li s mt mt hoc b st d liu v chng li s truy cp vo h thng tri php. Seek time Thi gian tm kim. Thi gian cn u c-vit tm c mt chi tit d liu xc nh trn ng vch ca a. Sensor B cm bin. Thit b c thit k khm ph tnh trng vt l hay cc s o i lng vt l v sinh ra cc tn hiu u vo chi mt my tnh. V d nh b cm bin c th pht hin ra s tht rng my in chy ra ngoi t giy hoc c th o nhit trong my sy. Tn hiu t b cm bin thng dng in th tng t, v v th phi c bin i thnh tn hiu s bng b bin i sang s trc khi c a vo. Sequence-control register or program counter B thanh ghi iu khin tun t. B nh c bit c dng cha a ch ca cc lnh tip theo t b nh truy cp tc thi thc hin bi my tnh. N nm trong b phn iu khin trung tm. Sequential file Tp tin tun t. Tp tin trong cc ti liu c sp xp theo th t ca trng gii m v my tnh c th dng k thut thm d ging nh s tm kim phn i truy cp mt ti liu xc nh. Serial file Tp tin chui. Tp tin trong cc ti liu khng c lu theo mt th t ring v v th mt tp ti liu xc nh c th c truy cp ch bng cch c qua tt c cc tp tin trc n. Serial interface Giao din ni tip (chui). Giao din qua d liu c chuyn i mt n v thng tin ti mt thi im. So snh vi giao din song song. SGML Vit tt ca Standard Generalized Markup Language. Share ware Phn mm c ng. Phn mm c phn pht cho ph tn ca a sao chp, v s phn b ch yu sao cho ngi s dng c c hi kim tra chc nng v kh nng tha mn cc yu cu ca h. Nu ngi s dng c k hoch dng phn mm, h s c yu cu tr mt l ph ghi chp nh

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trc tip cho tc gi. N c th mang cc chc nng v ti liu ph thm. Phn mm ny khng c sao chp t do. Silicon chip Mch t hp. Simulation Vit ngn ca computer simulation. B m phng my tnh. Small computer system interface (SCSI) Giao din h thng my tnh nh. B ni song song c s dng bi Apple Macintosh v s gia tng s my tnh c nhn da trn MS-DOS ni cc thit b nh a, my in v CD-ROM. SCSI c th gip truyn d liu vi tc cao. Phin bn mi SCSI-2 c thanh d liu rng hn v c th gip truyn d liu nhanh hn. Smalltalk Ngn ng lp trnh bc cao u tin c dng trong cc ng dng nh hng i tng. Smart card Th thng minh. Th nha c gn mt b vi x l v b nh. N c th lu tr, v d nh d liu c nhn, chng minh th v cc chi tit ti khon ngn hng, cho php n c s dng nh mt th tn dng. Th ny c th c cha y cc khon tin ri sau tiu xi dn bng in t v li cht tin tr li khi cn thit. Cc cng dng khc c th trong phm vi t cha kha ca khch sn n h chiu. SNA Vit tt ca System Network Architecture Soft-sectored disc a sector mm. a m phi c nh dng bi phn mm khi d liu c th c lu trn n. Software Phn mm. Tp hp cc chng trnh v quy trnh lm cho my tnh thc hin 1 cng vic xc nh, tri vi phn cng l cc thnh phn vt cht ca h thng my tnh. Phn mm c to ra bi ngi lp trnh. Cc v d ca phn mm l h iu hnh, cc chng trnh ng dng... Khng my tnh no c th hot ng m khng c mt vi dng phn mm. Software project life cycle Chu k sng ca d n phn mm. Cc giai on khc nhau ca s pht trin trong vic vit chng trnh ln (phn mm), t vic xc nh cc yu cu lp t, bo tr v nng ca chng trnh c kt thc. Quy trnh ny bao gm s phn tch h thng v thit k h thng. Sorting S phn loi S sp xp d liu theo th t. Khi sp xp mt tp hp, hay tp tin d liu c cu thnh t 1 vi trng d liu khc nhau, mt trng phi c chn nh mt cha kha c dng
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thit lp th t yu cu. S la chn phng php phn loi lin quan n vic trung ha gia thi gian chy, vic s dng b nh v h hp ca c hai. Nhng phng php c s dng bao gm phn loi la chn, trong chi tit nh nht c tm thy v trao i vi chi tit u tin, chi tit nh th hai c trao i vi chi tit th hai. S phn loi thay th, trong cc chi tit k nhau c trao i lin tc cho n khi d liu c xp theo th t; v s phn loi lng vo, trong mi chi tit c t vo v tr ng v cc chi tit tip theo chuyn xung di nhng ch cho n. Source language Ngn ng ngun. Ngn ng m mt chng trnh c vit bng n, tri vi mt m my l dng m nh n m cc lnh ca chng trnh c thc hin bi my tnh. Cc ngn ng ngun c phn loi thnh ngn ng bc cao hoc bc thp ty theo mi k hiu trong ngn ng ngun biu din cho nhiu hay ch mt lnh trong mt m my. Cc chng trnh bng ngn ng bc cao c dch sang mt m my bng chng trnh dch hp ng. Chng trnh trc khi c dch gi l chng trnh ngun, sau khi c dch sang mt m my n c gi l chng trnh i tng. Source program Chng trnh ngun. Chng trnh c bit bng ngn ng ngun. Speech recognition or voice input Nhn bit ting ni. S nhn bit ging hay a d liu vo bng ging ni. K thut bt k m theo my c th hiu c cu ni bnh thng. C 3 dng: s nhn bit t ring bit phn bit c hng trm t c ni mt cch ring bit; s nhn bit ging ni ni kt phn bit cc cu trong c on dng ngn gia cc t v s nhn bit ging ni lin tc phn bit c cc ging ni bnh thng nhng c ni r rng, tri chy. Speech synthesis or voice output S tng hp ting ni. K thut da trn my tnh to ra ging ni. B tng hp ting ni c iu khin bi my tnh, my cung cp chui mt m ph hp vi m thanh (ng iu) c bn ca ging ni, cng vi n to thnh t. Chng trnh ng dng tng hp ting ni bao hm chi tr con, h thng xe hi v my bay chin u, hp th thoi. Spooling K thut m. Qu trnh trong thng tin in c lu tr tm thi trong mt tp tin, vic in c thc hin khi cn thit. N c dng cho php h thng tip tc vn hnh trong khi in v cho php mt s my tnh hoc chng trnh dng chung mt my in. Spreadsheet S ng dng trn gi phn mm cho php ngi s dng phn tch d liu v n s thc hin s tnh ton v lnh gi m cc php ton. S d on dng chy tin mt c th c chun b trn phn mm ny. Sprite i tng ho c cu thnh t mt hnhmu gm cc nh im c xc nh bi ngi lp trnh ca my tnh. Mt s ngn ng bc cao v chng trnh ng dng cha cc lnh gi m m cho php ngi s dng xc nh hnh dng, mu v cc c tnh khc ca cc i

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tng ha. Cc i tng ny sau c thao tc ra cc tr chi sinh ng hoc hin th bng ha trn mn hnh. SQL Vit tt ca Structured query language. Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc. Ngn ng my tnh bc cao c thit k s dng vi cc c s d liu lin quan. Mc d n c th c nhng ngi lp trnh s dng theo cch ging nhau, nhng n thng c dng nh mt phng tin lin lc vi nhau. Tiu biu l mt chng trnh dng SQL yu cu d liu t c s d liu phc v. SRAM (Static random - access memory): B nh tnh truy cp ngu nhin. B nh my tnh dng mch t hp c dng cung cp b nh truy cp tc thi. SRAM nhanh hn nhng t hn DRAM (b nh ng truy cp ngu nhin). Stack Ngn xp. Phng php lu tr d liu trong hu ht cc chi tit mi c lu s c iu chnh trc. Ngn xp c dng gii cc vn lin quan n cu trc b; v d nh phn tch 1 biu thc i s cha cc biu thc con trong du ngoc. Stand alone computer My tnh c lp. My tnh t cha n, thng l mt my tnh, n khng c ni vo mng my tnh v c th s dng ring bit vi cc thit b khc. Standard generalized markup language Tiu chun ca c th tiu chun quc t m t cu trc ca mt vn bn c th c xc nh nh th no n c th dng c, c th thng qua b lc, trong cc ng dng nh in in t v in mt bn. Start bit Bit khi ng. Bit c dng trong lin lc khng ng b ch s bt u ca mt mu d liu. Stepper motor ng c in c th iu khin chnh xc bi cc tn hiu t my tn. ng c ny quay vi mt gc chnh xc mi thi im m n nhn c 1 xung tn hiu t my tnh. Bng cch thay i mc m t cc xung tn hin c to thnh, ng c c th chy vi cc tc khc nhau hoc quay vi mt gc chnh xc ri dng li. Mch cng tc c th c thit lp cho php my tnh o hng ca ng c. Bng cch kt hp 2 hay nhiu ng c, s iu khin chuyn ng phc hp tr nn c th c. Stop bit Bit kt thc. Bit c dng trong s lin lc khng ng b ch s kt thc ca mt mu d liu. String Chui.
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Nhm cc k t c thao tc nh mt i tng n bi my tnh. Trong dng n gin nht n c th cha 1 ch ci n hoc 1 t chui c th cha 1 t hp cc t, khong trng v cc s. Hu ht cc ngn ng bc cao c nhiu chc nng iu khin chui a dng. Structured programming S lp trnh c cu trc. Qu trnh vit chng trnh vi cc phn nh v c lp nhau. iu ny lm cho n d iu khin s pht trin ca chng trnh v thit k v kim tra cc hp phn ring bit ca n. Cc chng trnh ny thng c thit lp thnh t cc b phn, thng tng ng vi quy trnh ring hoc cc chc nng. Mt s ngn ng lp trnh nh PASCAL v Modula - thch hp vi s lp trnh c cu trc hn cc ngn ng khc. Subroutine Th tc con, lnh gi m con. Phn nh ca 1 chng trnh c thc hin t 1 phn khc ca chng trnh. N cung cp phng php thc hin cng vic ging nhau t nht 1 im trong chng trnh, v phng php phn cc chi tit ca chng trnh t s suy lun chnh ca n. Trong mt s ngn ng my tnh, th tc con tng t vi cc chc nng hoc quy trnh. Super computer Siu my tnh. Dng my tnh nhanh nht v hng mnh nht, c kh nng thc hin cc php tnh c bn ca n trong vi pico giy (phn ngn t ca giy) trong khi hu ht cc my tnh khc l vi mano giy (phn t ca 1 giy). t c tc khc thng ny, cc siu my tnh s dng vi b x l cng lm vic vi nhau v k thut nh lm lnh cc b x l n gn nhit khng tuyt i cc thnh phn ca n dn in nhanh hn bnh thng nhiu ln. Cc hng sn xut l Cry, Fujitsu v NEC. Support environment Tp hp cc chng trnh (phn mm) c dng gip con ngi thit k v vit cc chng trnh khc. mc n gin nht n bao gm phn mm x l t v chng trnh bin dch dch chng trnh sang dng c th thc hin c. Nhng n cng c th bao gm cc phn iu chnh sai st gip chnh cc sai st cc b, th mc d liu gia cc ng d liu c s dng, v cc my cng c th nghim nhanh to ra cc thc nghim nhanh ca chng trnh. SVGA Tiu chun hin th ha cung cp phn gii cao hn VGA. (S sp xp hnh video). Mn hnh SVGA c phn gii 800 x 600 hoc 1024 x 768. SWAP Hon i. Chuyn cc phn d liu vo hoc ra khi b nh. i vi cc hot ng nhanh i hi cng nhiu di d liu vng tt trong b nh chnh, nhng ni chung khng th cha ht tt c cc d liu ti cng 1 thi im. S hon i l hot ng vit v c t b nh m, thng l 1 khong c bit trn a. Symbolic address K hiu c dng trong ngn ng lp trnh dch hp ng biu din a ch i ca mt vng nh. Symbolic processor B x l k hiu.
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My tnh c ch to vi mc ch chy cc chng trnh thao tc trn k hiu hn l chng trnh lin quan n vic x l cc tnh ton bng s. Chng tn ti ch yu cho ngn ng tr nng nhn to LISP, mc d 1 s my ny cng c ch to chy PROPOG. Synchronous S ng b. Hu ht s lin lc trong h thng my tnh u ng b, c iu khin bi ng h bn trong chnh my tnh, trong khi s lin lc gia cc my tnh thng khng ng b. Tuy nhin, s ng b ca vin thng tr nn c s dng rng ri hn. Syntax error Li ng php. Li gy ra do s dng khng ng ngn ng lp trnh. System flow chart S h thng. Mt dng s c dng m t ng i ca d liu qua 1 h thng my tnh xc nh. System implementation S lp t h thng. Qu trnh lp t 1 h thng my tnh mi. System network architecture (SNA) Kin trc h thng mng. Tp hp cc cch thc lin lc c a ra bi IBM v c hp nht trong s ci lp phn cng v phn mm. Systems analysis S phn tch h thng. S iu nghin hot ng kinh doanh hay mt cch thc lm vic vn phng vi ci nhn quyt nh n c th my tnh ha c v bng cch no. Nh phn tch tho lun cc quy trnh hin c vi nhng ngi lin quan, nghin cu ng d liu qua qu trnh, v rt ra ngha ca h thng my tnh c i hi. Systems analyst Nh phn tch h thng. Ngi thc hin phn tch h thng. System application architecture (SAA) Kin trc ng dng h thng. M hnh ca IBM cho vic tnh ton khch - ch. Systems design S thit k h thng. S thit k chi tit mt ng dng trn gi v/hoc mt h thng my tnh. Nh thit k phn h thng thnh cc chng trnh thnh phn, v thit k dng d liu a vo c yu cu, s trnh by mn hnh, cho ra mt vn bn hnh dng phn cng. S thit k h thng to mt lin kt gia s phn tch h thng v lp trnh. Systems program Chng trnh h thng. Chng trnh thc hin mt cng vic lin quan vi s t iu hnh v thc hin ca h thng
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
my tnh. V d nh chng trnh h thng c th iu khin hot ng ca mn hnh hin th, hay iu khin v t chc b nh m. Ngc li chng trnh ng dng c thit k thc hin cc nhim v cho li ch ca ngi dng my tnh. System X H thng X. Trong lin lc truyn thng, h thng cng tc k thut s c iu khin bng my tnh, c dng trong s trao i qua in thoi.

Thut ng tin hc (T)

Tape streamer Di bng t. Cng c ca b nh gm cc cc vng bng t lin tc, di bng t c dng rng ri lu tr cc chng tp tin d liu quan trng.
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TCP/IP (Transport control protocol/ Internet protocol): Bin bn kim sot s truyn tin/ Bin bn lin mng. Tp hp cc nghi thc mng, ch yu c a ra bi US Department of Defense (B Quc phng M). TCP/IP c dng rng ri, c bit trong Unix v trn Internet (mng thng tin). Telecommuting S chuyn lm vic t xa. S lm vic trn my tnh nh hn l ti vn phng, v lin lc vi h thng my tnh trung tm qua ng in thoi. Teletext Truyn vn bn t xa. Thng tin ch yu l cc chi tit tin tc, gii tr, th thao v ti chnh thng xuyn c cp nht ha. Teletext l mt dng ca video text, c khi xng ca Anh bi hng BBC v Ceefax v bi Independent Television vi Teletext. Terminal Thit b cui. Dng c gm bn phm v mn hnh hin th - hay trong cc h thng c hn, l my in tele cho php ngi vn hnh lin lc vi my tnh. Thit b ny c th c gn vi my tnh theo cch vt l hoc c ni vi n bng dy in thoi. Thit b ni cm vi my tnh khng c b x l ca ring n, trong khi thit b ni thng minh c b x l ring ca n v ly mt s trch nhim x l my tnh chnh. Terminate and stay resident (TSR) Kt thc v lu tr li. Thut ng c gn cho mt chng trnh m cn li trong b nh, v d nh ng h, b phn tnh. Chng trnh c chy bng cch s dng 1 phm nng. Test data D liu kim tra. D liu c thit k kim tra chng trnh my tnh mi c hot ng ng khng. D liu kim tra c chn cn thn chc chn rng tt c cc nhnh c th ca chng trnh u c kim. Tex H thng xp ch v nh dng vn bn ca phm vi cng cng, c a ra bi Donald Knuth v c dng rng ri to ra cc ti liu ton hc v k thut. Tex khng phi l WYSIWYG, mc d trong mt s mn hnh c th xem trc ton b trang.

Text editor

Trnh son tho vn bn. Chng trnh cho php ngi s dng son tho vn bn trn mn hnh v lu n trong 1 tp tin. Trnh son tho vn bn tng t nh trnh x l t, ngoi tr chng thiu kh nng nh dng vn bn thnh cc on v cc trang v s dng cc kiu v dng ch khc nhau. Tuy nhin, chng

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc thng bao gm nhiu chc nng ph nh nhiu mc xa b v phc hi li l chc nng thng khng c trong trnh x l t.
TIFF (Tagged image file format): nh dng tp tin hnh. Tiling S sp xp ca cc ca s v trong h thng giao din ngi s dng ha sao cho chng khng gi ln nhau. Time-sharing S chia s thi gian. Phng php cho php mt s ngi s dng truy cp cng 1 my tnh ti cng 1 thi im hay 1 vy chng trnh c chy lin tc. My tnh nhanh chng c ni kt gia thit b ni ca ngi s dng v chng trnh cho php mi ngi lm vic khi h s dng c quyn h thng. Toggle Nt gt. bt tt gia hai mi trng. Trong phn mm nt gt thng c khi ng bng cng 1 mt m, v th quan trng l mt m ny ch c 2 ngha. Mt v d l vic s dng k t nh nhau trong 1 tp tin vn bn ch c du hiu m v ng on trch. Nu k hiu nh nhau ny cng c dng ch du phy trn ' , th s chuyn i thng qua nt gt i vi h thng in m s dng cc du hiu m v kt thc on trch khc nhau s khng thc hin chnh xc. Token ring Vng token, vng hin dng. Bin bn cho mng vng gn, c a ra bi IBM. Topology Topo mng. S sp xp cc thit b trong mt mng. Touch screen Mn hnh xc cm. Thit b u vo cho php ngi s dng lin lc vi my tnh bng cch s 1 ngn tay vo mn hnh hin th. Trong cch ny, ngi s dng c th ch mt mc la chn c yu cu trong danh mc hay 1 chi tit d liu. Mn hnh xc cm c s dng t rng ri hn vc thit b ch khc nhau nh chut v cn gt. Mn hnh c th nhn bit c s s vo hoc v ngn tay n ln mn nhy cm hoc v n ngt 1 vng ca chm sng i qua v mt mn hnh. Touch sensor B cm bin xc cm. Trong robot c iu khin bng my tnh, dng c c dng cho robot cm gic xc gic, cho php n thao tc vi cc i tng tinh vi hoc t ng chuyn ng quanh phng. B cm bin xc cm cung cp s phn hi cn thit cho rbt iu chnh lc chuyn ng ca n v p sut ca tay hm ca n. Cc dng chnh bao gm my o sc cng v cng tc micro. Trace Vt, du tch phc v truy tm. Phng php kim tra rng mt chng trnh my tnh ang
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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
chy Trnh son tho vn bn. Chng trnh cho php ngi s dng son tho vn bn trn mn hnh v lu n trong 1 tp tin. Trnh son tho vn bn tng t nh trnh x l t, ngoi tr chng thiu kh nng nh dng vn bn thnh cc on v cc trang v s dng cc kiu v dng ch khc nhau. Tuy nhin, chng thng bao gm nhiu chc nng ph nh nhiu mc xa b v phc hi li l chc nng thng khng c trong trnh x l t. TIFF (Tagged image file format): nh dng tp tin hnh. Tiling S sp xp ca cc ca s v trong h thng giao din ngi s dng ha sao cho chng khng gi ln nhau. Time-sharing S chia s thi gian. Phng php cho php mt s ngi s dng truy cp cng 1 my tnh ti cng 1 thi im hay 1 vy chng trnh c chy lin tc. My tnh nhanh chng c ni kt gia thit b ni ca ngi s dng v chng trnh cho php mi ngi lm vic khi h s dng c quyn h thng. Toggle Nt gt. bt tt gia hai mi trng. Trong phn mm nt gt thng c khi ng bng cng 1 mt m, v th quan trng l mt m ny ch c 2 ngha. Mt v d l vic s dng k t nh nhau trong 1 tp tin vn bn ch c du hiu m v ng on trch. Nu k hiu nh nhau ny cng c dng ch du phy trn ' , th s chuyn i thng qua nt gt i vi h thng in m s dng cc du hiu m v kt thc on trch khc nhau s khng thc hin chnh xc. Token ring Vng token, vng hin dng. Bin bn cho mng vng gn, c a ra bi IBM. Topology Topo mng. S sp xp cc thit b trong mt mng. Touch screen Mn hnh xc cm. Thit b u vo cho php ngi s dng lin lc vi my tnh bng cch s 1 ngn tay vo mn hnh hin th. Trong cch ny, ngi s dng c th ch mt mc la chn c yu cu trong danh mc hay 1 chi tit d liu. Mn hnh xc cm c s dng t rng ri hn vc thit b ch khc nhau nh chut v cn gt. Mn hnh c th nhn bit c s s vo hoc v ngn tay n ln mn nhy cm hoc v n ngt 1 vng ca chm sng i qua v mt mn hnh. Touch sensor B cm bin xc cm. Trong robot c iu khin bng my tnh, dng c c dng cho robot cm gic xc gic, cho php n thao tc vi cc i tng tinh vi hoc t ng chuyn ng quanh phng. B cm bin xc cm cung cp s phn hi cn thit cho rbt iu chnh lc chuyn ng

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Cc Thut Ng Tin Hc
ca n v p sut ca tay hm ca n. Cc dng chnh bao gm my o sc cng v cng tc micro. Trace Vt, du tch phc v truy tm. Phng php kim tra rng mt chng trnh my tnh ang chy hin bi ngi s dng, n gy tn hi cho cc tp tin khc hoc cc quy trnh bo v. True type H thng phng ch t l c cung cp nh 1 phn ca Microsoft Windows 3.1. N cho php u ra linh ng hn trn my in s dng PCL hn l Post Script. Cc my in nh vy thng r hn. Truncation error Li do ct ct. Li xut hin khi kt qu thp phn t ct bt sau khi s ch hng s ln nht sau du phy khi c cho php bi mc chnh xc ca my tnh. Truth table Bng thc. Biu cho thy nh hng ca mi cng logic ln mi t hp u vo. TSR (determinate and stay resident) TTL (Transistor - Transistor logic) Turing machine My Turing. M hnh tru tng ca my t ng gii quyt vn , c thit lp bi Alan Turning nm 1937. N cung cp c s l thuyt cho s tnh ton s hin i. Turnaround document Ti liu khp kn. Ti liu a ra c to bi my tnh m sau , sau khi cc d liu c thm vo, n c dng nh mt ti liu a vo my. V d nh cc th c ng b do c to ra bi cc cng ty kh v in to thnh ti liu khp kn. Mi th c a ra vi cc chi tit ca khch hng c in vi kiu ch c th c vi chng trnh nhn bit k t quang hc (OCR) v vi tiu chun thch hp vi chng trnh nhn bit du hiu quang hc (OMR). B phn c ng h do xem xt k ng h ca khch hng, nh du s mi c trn v a tr li vi tm th ti b phn ho n ca cng ty. b phn c d liu tng hp, c th c c d liu OCR v OMR, c dng a thng tin mi vo my tnh. Turnkey system H thng cha kha trao tay. H thng c cung cp ngi dng ch phi bt ln truy cp trc tip vi phn mm ng dng thng l c xc nh vi quyn vng ng dng ring. H thng ny thng dng cc danh mc. Ngi dng mong c theo cc lnh trn mn hnh v khng h c kin thc v cch thc m h thng hot ng. Turtle Robot nh c bnh xe c iu khin bng my tnh. Chuyn ng ca n c xc nh bng chng trnh c vit bi ngi s dng my tnh, thng dng ngn ng bc cao LOGO.

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Two's complement number system H thng s b hai s da trn h thng nh phn, n cho php c s dng v s m c biu din thao cc bi my tnh. Trong h ny hng u ct quan trng nht lun c ly biu din 1 s m. V d nh s ca s trong h thng b sung vi 4 ct l 1101 tng ng vi s thp phn -3 v -8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = -3 Typeface Mt ch in. Tp hp cc k t vi mt kiu thit k ring.

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