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26
2.1 : Rudolf ilferding 26
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39

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:
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8.1 116
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3

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9.4 (1909-1922) 188
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9.5 , (1922-1940)
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9.5.1 : 1922
9.5.2
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227

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48

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63


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160.)

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136 1881 135 1882 .. ( 1985).

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72


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Der mperialismus und die kkumulation des apitals,
1925) ,
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559).
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82


( 1976, . 171-172).

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opov, 1984, . 159).

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:
,
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:

1960 36,8%. 28,9% 1970
21,7% 1980.
1960 39,0%,
29,4% 1970 25,9% 1980.
, :
36,8% 1960, 28,9% 1970, 21,7% 1980 (usch .. 1984). ,
, 20%-30%
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80% .
-
70,6 $ 1961-70 (: 66,3%,
2%) 302,3 $ 1971-80 (: 44,4%,
6%) 1003,1 $ 1981-90 (: 17,3%,
18,5%). -
42,1 $ 1961-70 (: 14,9%,
15,0%, 10,2%) 188,2 $ 1971-80 (:
30,4%, 7,4%, 21,6%) 792,6 $ 198190 (: 46,2%, 2,2%, 16,5%).
1980
, HA
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, 59,6% 1961/70
62,3% 1971/80 79% 1981/90. , 18 (
N B X) 150
OOA 1981/90 85%
OOA .
83

( . - 1990, OECD
1992, 1993-a, 1993-b, IMF 1994).

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92


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( 1979, . , . 249 ..).

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1994, . 164-94, 176-79).
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( 1980 . 120).
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( 1980 . 135-136).

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144


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(1830-1940)

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, ,
.

.

153

9.2.2

1864 , .

, 19
20.
1909, .
19 , 1870
..
. (. ..
1974).
"" " " ( 1987)

"". ( . 1993-).

(1976),
, 1850
1909.
1864 ( 1875)
.
,
. ,
,
( )
1864,

.
(1977 1981)

,
:
,
:

(...) ( )
(...)
( 1981, . 306-307).
() .
, ,
(!!!, ..) .
(1981, . 260 ..)
3 1843
,
(!!!, ..) .
,
, (. 9.2.3),

, 1843
154

 , 1844
. ,
(1828-1843) ,
1843-44
,
-
(1844-1863);

.

() .
():
,

(.. , , )
.
- (
), () ,

.

(. . 8).
,

, .

, , ,
.
, , ,
1863-64 ,
, .

,
.
,
,
.

:
)
1831.
, '
(1833-1843).
62 .
1852 ( 35.000 )
19 15 . 1861 41
, 26 . 1870
68 . ,
155

 , 1840,
( 1934, . 1038, 1977, . 214, 1981, . 146).
)
1844 1885 17

62%. 74%
90% (1850).
( 1981, . 311-315).


.
:

( 1789, 1821).


.
1844-1862;

.

, (.
1979, . . 100-109),
,
- (
).
, -,


.
, , ,
. . alibar (1986),

: (
) () .

- ()
.
()
, ,
:

, ()
.

,
.
156


,
.

.

,
.

.
9.2.3

.
( ),
,

- . (. . 8.6
).
, ,
.

1870.
75-80% , 700.000-1.000.000
. 1834
(
manu-militari )

. 1830
19.000 (190.000
). (. 1979, . . 59-66). 1870
-
50.000 .
1871 .
1871 330.000
1830
-
( 1977, . 67-84,
1975, . . 159 ..).
:
,

.

,
.
,

157

 ,
.
,
,
,

. ,
(
5% )
. (
)
,
, ,
, .

,
.


.
1830 3.800 , 1845 7.300
, 1851 17.250 , 1860 22.000 , 1871 34.630
1878 43.500 . 1830 11,7
2, 1845 39 . . ., 1851 86,3 . . ., 1860 101 . . .,
1871 173,2 . . ., 1878 435 . . . 1870
( 1934, . 94). 1856 1.750
(: 1 ) 1875 4.200 (: 2,7 )
( 1934, . 87). 1835 900 ,
1861 49.200 1887 126.000 . ( 1977 . 91).
1830 25.000 , 1861 37.000 1881
182.900 ( 1977, . 91).

1821 (. .
8.4.2).
(1822) :
,

( 1934, . 73). 1870
37% .
50%
. ,
1/4 .
(Z 1926, . 28 ..).


.
(
) ,
( ) .
158

 ,

. ,
,
, ( ),

. ,
:
(middlemen)
.
(...)
, ,
,
,
.
( 1978-, . 424-425). ,
,
.
,
,
.
"" 20% 24%
36% 50% ( 1977, . 93).
- ( 1890
, ),
--
,
3.

1853-1856
,
,
, ( 1980). ,
1853-1861
,
( 1934, . 224).




.

.



,
()
159

 , 1850.
( 2.000 )
26,13% 1856 25,45% 1861,
1879 28% ( 1934, . 224)4.
.
, ,
( ,)
( ).

. (
) , , ,
, .
9.3,

(1881),
.


,
, ,
() ( ) .
" ",

.


( )
.
9.2.4
(1821-1827)
.
(1974, . 169)
1845 15%
1820.
,
.
1830 75%
1820 ( 1985, . 57).
1837
. 1830
13,87%
. 1846 . 1870,

( 1985, . 55).
[1885] (1990), 58.208 15,5
. 1876, 2.121
427 ,
160

 8 (
, , , , ,
), , , ,
, .. ( 1990, . 203).
, ,
( , ,
), '
(1830-1870). 1867 168 7.300
292 ().
1860
18,2% ( 1830 13,87%),

.

1870, ,

,
. .
airloch ( 1985, . 59)
1860 74%
.

.
, ,




.
1853 25.456 , 2.302 6.260
. 1856 : 22.609
(), 20.700 (), 6.955 (), 1861: 32.801 (),
19.303 (), 10.245 () 1870: 48.128 (), 25.178
(), 18.952 (). 1870
28.000 ( 1979, . , . 146)5.
1853, 1870
.
1861 ,

.
38% 1861 42% 1870 ( 1907 52%
1920 55%),
27% ( 1861) 23% ( 1870).
.

.

,

161

 .

. ,
, , , . 1990),
,

.

,


.

()
()
( ,

).
.


.

,
.

1861-65
1866-70 ( 1981, . 215).
.
153.000 .
, 85.502 . 1838, 268.800 . 1858, 330.000 . 1866
404.000 . 1870.
262.032 . 1875,
( 1976, . 90 1934, . 201). 1870
(
1977, . 330). 1850
.
. 1846
250-270 ( 1971, . 214).
, ,
,
. ,
1828
1841 ( 1976, . 356 .,
1992, . 46 . . 137 .),
.
1855-1865, 1845-1855.
1860. 95%

162

 : , ,
( 1981, . 235 ..).

,
,
. ,
, ,
(1992, . 167-68): "

, , .


(...)
'
. (...),

.
(...) [
]
(...)

(...)
,
,
".
""
, , ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
19

(, , ..).
.
6.


, ,

( )
.
.
.

- .

163

( . 1977, . 97-155 269371).

7,9%
18 21%
1880.
, ,

. ' 19
.

( )

:
50% ( ,
)
50% .
19 15%
,
, 15% , 5%
10% .
50%
( 25% )
( ngo-gyptian ank).
( ational ank)
. 1890
. , ""
1/4 (, ,
..) .
,
,
1880 30.000 .

, , ,
1830 15% 1870 31%
( 1977 . 320 ..).7


.
,

:
,
( ).

.


,

164

 .
(
),


.

"" "" .

"" ()
() .
,

, ,
,
.
,
( 1987).

( )
, .
:
,
,
1881.

,
,

.

,
""
"" .
"",


( ) .

, " ,
,

(. 1934, . 758).

" , ,

, ,
(. 1934, . 758).

165




. , ,


,
(. 9.4).
:

, .
"" "" (
) "" .
: --
.

,
. 1860

(

1860),
Risorgimento.

,
.
Risorgimento Giuseppe azzini 1859,
, 2.000-3.000
.
.
1862 ,
.
,
.

1860,
, - (1870-71),
1875 .. ( 1986).

, :

, ,

( ).
,
, 19 .


(
166

 , 1880, )
, ,
.
( 9.2.1).
, (
) (1870)
( )
.
1864,
1866 1881
,
, , ,

. , ,
,
,
,
. ,

.

(
, . 1986, . 19 ..),

( ).
,
()
, ,
() (, ,
, ).

( 1986, . 19 ..).
, ,
, , ,

,
, 19
.
,
,
,
"", "" "".
,
(1909-1922).
:

1870, ,
,
,
167

 ,
,
..,

.
" " ()
,


" "
(. . 7.3).
(
, ,
, )
,
. ,


( ),

.
,
.


( 1922
, ,
) (
)
,

.
1830-1870
-
, ""
.
. 1860 ,
,
, ,
..,
,
.

. . . 1879: "
[ , ..] (...)
, ,
,
(
). ,
168

,
(...) ,
' ,
(...) ,
, (...)
(...) 7.300 . .
689 . . 480 . .
208,8 . ., "
( 1990, . 316).
9.2.5
1870
""
" " " ":
" " ,
"" (
"" ), ""
" " , ,
() "- ".

:
, .
:
(!!!, ..) ,

(!!!, ..),
.
,
(, 1985, . 94).
: ,
, ,
(, 1985, . 102).

.
,
( )
,
,
. (1981,
. 221-224),


( 1981,
. 233)8.
,
,
,
169

, , .
(1986 ),
,

1830 middlemen,
,
( ) .
( ) 19
,
() , ,
.. (
) ,
.
: "
(...)

, , .
,
,
,
,

, , ,
, (arx 1969, . 64-65
. arx 1983, . 128-129).

( )
, ( ),
(
) :
,
.
:
, ,
. ,

( 1979 -- . , . 149).
,
,
.
Z 1926:
.

,
(Z 1926, . 33).
() .
-

,
170

 ,
(
).
:


() .
, (
) ( )
.

,


: )
( ), )
, )

. ,
( )
, (. . 4)
( )
.
(
), .

" ",
.

.
- --
-- .
-
, . (
,
,
).


. (,
) ()
, ""
,

(.. ).

(
,
171

 ). ()

. ( :

.
, . 1983,
).

, ,
( ).

. , 1860

, "" .



() :
.
" "
""
: (
19 ,
, , )9,
, ,


" " ,
" ".
, .. 1871
( 11
-- 1860--
, . 1986)
, , "
" " " " ".
""
. ,

(, , )
"",
.
9.3 (1870-1908)
1870 1909

.
,
172

 (,
) .
) -
1864.
, 1875, ,


.

,
, .
, ,
, ,
1896,
( 1934, . 580).
)
.

,

"" "". , ,

.
1878

1877-78.

(1878). ,



. 1878
,
, ,
, . .

. (. 1, . 9. 4.3).

(1881). (. 2, . 9.4.3).
.

( ),

:
(. DV tlas 1986 . 79
.. 1976 . 105-110).

1855
:
173

 ,
1889,
.

,
,
.

,
,
,
.
,
.

. ,

,
(
), .
(. 3, . 9.4.3).

,
,

.
-

. - (1919, . 22-25)
1903 42.000 12.000
. ,
..
.
, 1896-97,
,
.
.
.
.

.

. 1897
, ,
( 1976, . 109-110,
1934, . 588). ,
, .

174

1876

1.733

347.847

28

13.000

1887

1.293

203.146

61

31.171

1890

1.193

197.738

84

44.490

1894

1.236

199.057

136

89.232

1903

1.152

181.433

210

202.140

1907

1.145

147.402

285

288.537

1912

760

101.459

389

433.663

1915

884

107.466

475

893.650

: , 1934, . 201.
2
(1851-1908)

% %

1851

23,7

8,3

15,4

1861

28,8

9,6

19,2

1873

53,6

32,2

21,4

1901

25,0

14,5

10,4

1908

26,5

15,5

11,0

: , 1972.

175

 3
(1867-1920)

[..]
1867

30

22

296

1875

150

89

1.887

1879

210

5.568

1889

146

1909

1.213

1920

33.811

7.300

8.568

2.853

12.000

59.614

110.672

154.133

: , 1934, . 144.
4

( % )

1861

1870

1879

1907

1920

62,63

62,17 56,94

50,05 57,52

18,28

18,14 15,34

24,15 23,59

(11,12)

(11,40) (10,06)

(18,33) (18,21)

(7,26)

(6,75) (5,31)

(5,17) (4,85)

19,09

19,69 27,69

25,80 18,89

( & ) (3,44)

(4,49) (7,64)

(11,30) (8,75)

( ) (6,84)

(6,70) (9,18)

(5,02) (3,24)

( .)

(3,18)

(3,01) (3,93)

(4,68) (3,84)

( )

(5,63)

(5,49) (6,94)

(4,80) (3,03)

( &
)
( &

: , 1972.

176

 5
,

(-

(2.000-

2.000

15.000 .)

5.000)

1879

1.653.767

18%

10%

72%

1889

2.187.208

21%

9%

70%

1896

2.343.806

22%

9%

69%

1908

2.631.952

24%

9%

67%

1920

5.016.889

27%

9%

64%

1928

6.204.684

33%

9%

58%

: , 1934, . 226.
) ,

(
, ,


).

,

,
, ""
.
,

.

:
1870-1909
(
, ),

( ). 1914
13
177

 ( 6 )
1,96% (Z 1926, . 56 ..).
'
60%-75% .
.

. 1876 8.000
700.000 ( 25
). ,
, .

(Z 1926, . 52 ..).

(1830-1870)
. . Z (1926, .
58):
,

.
,
.
,
.
( % ) '
,
. 98,6%
98,2%
1887 .
1912 92,4% 79,9% ,
( 1986, . 47-48).
1860-1910 3,5%.
, ,
0,2% 1860 0,3%
1910. 1887-1910
63,5% 38,6%
7,1% 25,9%.
, 56% 40,2%,
,
29,2% 1887 26,2% 1912.

12,2% 27%.

:
,
,
. (
)
.

178


. ,
,

1877 1,7% 1912 2,1%. ( ,
1985 52,3% ,
12,1% ).
, ,
,
(. 3).
1867 0,04 , 1909
0,20 1920 0,72 . 55,3%
( 1920)
, 16,6% , 15,4% 3,4%
( 7,5%
. : 1978, . 174 ..).
,

. 1896 13 ,
20 1904 56 1918 (Z 1926, . 108).
,
"1863-1883": "
' ,
: !" ( 1945, . 223).

.

. 4
18,28%
1861 24,15% 1907, ( 1912
)

" ".
4 .
Z (1926, . 21)
,
1861 13,87% ( 11,02%), 1870
15,7% ( 11,40%) 1907 25,6% ( 18,33%).

.
20 (1901)
- 59,4%, 26,7%, 24,4%
( 1907) 36,0%.
8,9% , 41,7% ,
35,7% 45,6% ( 1907) (Sternberg 1971,
. 425, 519, 553 508 ). 1897,
: 74,6%
, 9,8% , 4% , 1,5%
( , 3, . 513).
179


(
2.000 ), ( 2.000-5.000 )
( 5.000 ). (. 5).
(1934, . 223-236),
1928 (33%)
(64%), (58%), (54%),
(51%), (43%), (43%) (39%).
(30%),
(28%), (28%), (27%),
(25%), (24%), (19%), (16%),
(14%) (11%). 1908 1928

(
1879-1908 1,15%, 1908-1928 1,87%)

1928,
1870-1909. , 19
20
.

" "
.
1928
7,30% 11
( , -- 1928 28%
, , ) 16
( 1934, . 228).

. 1856 1907
(1856: 6.057 , 1907: 73.579
), ( 1856: 39.969 ,
1907: 167.472 ). ( 4 1908). ,
1853 10.000
, 1870 7 1908 14 .
1890
. ,
,

.

(. Z 1926, . 63 ..). 1899
1911 253.983 .
,
,
. , ,
,
.
(
180

 ),
,
. ( . .
, 1 . V, 1984.)
1870
.
,
. 1864
1.500 . 1909
2.750 . 1870
12 . 1910 1.573 .
,

,
(Z 1926 . 59-62). ,
.
(1882-1893)
.

37% 1853-1861 27%
1865. 1881
40% 1870 ( 1981, . 47
69).

.
,
. 1870
22% . 1890
27,8 .
750 . .
1893 1898
, ( 1940).
1885-1895
' ,
, 6
, .
,
71%. (Z 1926, . 17 157), "
, .
" ( 1945, . 225).
1884.

.
,
.
,
.
,
(Z 1926, . 114).
181


, 1897,
,
19 . , 1896 ,
,
, .



.
19
,
1860-1910
.
264%, 154%,
.
, 1860-1910
41%, 61%.
,
.
1910 65% , ,
89% , 88% 112%
( 1986 . 59).
, ,
, .
(),

( ,
..) (. ).
, (
) ,
,
.


1881.
) :
1881 7,5 . ,
2,7 . . 50%
, 1878-1881
( )
. 80% -
.

( ),

. ,

182

 ( 1974). (
1975, . 92-138, 1979 . . 195-253)
, ,
,
, :

,
, ,
,
. ,
, ..,

. , .
, ,

.
. .
, ,
.
,
1881.

:
.
,
, .
,
. ( 1979, . , . 239 ..).
,
:
(
),
, ,
. .
.
.
. ()
( ) .

( 1979, . , . 236).


, ,
, 1910.

1910
.
.
:
183


.
,

.
,
, ,
, ,
, , 1917, .
, ,
.

, 1881 1930,
.
9.5
1912-1920.

1890,
:
,
.
:
, . (. 1979, . , . 259-271,
..., 1934).
) : : "
" (1907) "" .
"
" ,
,
, ,
"",
" " . (

" "
.. -- 1972, 1976, 1982, 1986.
. 1996, . 3-5).
"" ,
,
,
.

" " , 1907.

1821, 20
.

, 1821,
184


.

( "" --..
-- "" ""),
, , .

'21 :

,
,
,
, (
) .
" " . ( 1977, . 79-138)
, , , ,
"" ,
( 1977, 1976).
21
: " ,
,

." ( 1977, . 114).

: "
: 1) (...) . 2)
(...) ,

,
. 3)
:
.
, ,
. 4)
"" ,
, .
", "
." ( 1977, . 390-91, . ).
(1907),
-"" ,
" ".
-,
, " ",
( ) .
( )
, ( " ")
"",

185

 , "
".

( " "),
,
. 1909
: " ,
? ,
, (...) (...) 25

" ( 1977, . 421-22). "
" : "

, " ( 1977, . 428-29).
"" , , "
", , ,

, ( ,
),
"" "" .
, : "
, ,
' (...) - 1868" ( 1976, .
61), : " ,

, (...)
(...) --
(...),
, , ,
, , " ( 1976, . 171,
. ).
- " " ,
, -
"
" " ". . , "
",
" (...) [] "
" (...) " ( 1976, . 180).
""
:
1909, " " , , ,
"" 1912-22, "
", () " ' " (.
). ,
,
( -, , ...).
,
1821,
186

 '
.
(1961)
" "
. ,
(. 1996, . 47-74),

(1919-1926)
, .
1924,
1821.

( , 1919,
: ,
, ,
21).
() 1924, 21
,
.
(' ) ,
' , :
" , ,
. , (
), (...)
( ),
.



.
, '

,
" ( 1927, . 54,
. .).
, , 1880
, , ,
, : "
, ,
[. , ..]
. , ,
, .
(...)
. ,
,
(...)

, " (
1927, . 176-177, . .).
187

 (1947)
( 1974). 1927-28,
: " 1821
1900 , . ,
,
?? .
, , " ( 1958,
. 11).

" "
.

1907-1909 ""
:
,
"" .
9.4 (1909-1922)
9.4.1 1909
1909-1922
, ,

(1941-46). 1912-1920
,
""
1912 (. 2, . 9.4.3). ,
1909 (
) ,
, ,

.
,
, .
.
, ,

,
19 ,
,
.
19 " " ,
" ". ""
, , ,
,
. ,
, , ,

188

 .

. ""
" ",
20 .
1908 .
,
- .

( 1908)
. ,
.
, , ,
,
, 1897, .

, .

,
. 1909

(
), . ,
,
,
.

.
,
.
(soucalas 1969, . 28-40, 1934, . 422-423, 1966,
. 72-111, 1985, . 167-222.)

,
( ), (
, 19 )
( ,
, ,
).


( 1/4
)
.
:

, .
, ,
, ,
189


.


. ,
.
,
. ,
,

, ,
. 1910
60%
.
, 1909.
,
.
" ",
, 1910
.
(1910)
, . 87,5%
1910 .
1909
. , " ",
1910 ,

,
.
9.4.2 " "

1909
. (.
, 1976, . 115, 1966, . 72-111, 1986, .
148).
.
.
1911
1864.
,
, (
1983 . 40 ..).

.
1911
( )
. .
190

1912 , 1917
. 1914
. , 1924,
3.020 167 (
, . Z 1926, . 39).

10. 1909
. 1909
( 3455, 1906),
1910 . 1914
,

.
4029 1912 12
4 4 .
,
10 .
1922

. 1911 ( 3934)

,
.
3 . , 1912,

. 1918 ,
214 65 .
366 79
(Z 1926 . 89. .
1921). ,
. 1914 8 12
, 3 10-12 , 4 10 , 2
8 10 () 8 .
1919 , ,
, ,
..,
.
1 1924.
1920 2111
2112, (
) ()
, Lock ut.
,
1930. 1920
:
1920 .
, , ,
8 10
( 1934, . 400-401, Z 1926, . 63-91).
191

 ,
,
,
.
. (. uczynski 1965). , ,
(. .
5.4),
.
1920,
, 4-5
(Z 1926 . 87).

:

(. 5.4).
,
: . .
Z, (Z
1926, . 86) :

,
.


.


. (Z 1926, . 83.)

1909 . (1974)

. ,
(1976) 1909
,

.
,

1909.

1821
. ,
( )

(
).

(
). ,
192

 (
),
, , .
,
( ),
.

.
, . ,
1909
(
" ", 1966, . 72),
-
. 1909
"" ( 1966, . 101).

, . .
1911 " "
" , ,

". : "
. ,
, (...) " (
1985, . 215 221).
1909 , ,

5.4
.

,
,
(
).


,
.


,

,
. ,
, " ".

(. 9.4)
. 1909

.
193

9.4.3
9.4.3.1
1909
.

.

.

( )
.
( ) :
(1915 ).


. ,
. 60%
, 15% 10%
. (ssawi 1980, he conomic istory of urkey 1800-1914, Chicago,
1986 . 42).

11.

.
, , ,
ntente.
1911


( ) .
,
,


.
, , ,
,

. (. 3).
( 1912 - 1913)

.
,
.
. ,
( ), (
194

 ), ,
. ( 2). ,
,
.
1913 ,
.
, . (. 1-4).
9.4.3.2 , " "

.
,

.
' 1910 (. .
9.5).
(28.7. 3.8.1914)
,
, " ",
1916 ( ) "
" .
(30 1914)

ntente,
, .
,
:
(

, ..), ,

, ,
.
( 1934, . 595.) 1914
.
ntente, ,
( 1934, . 595).
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.

. 11/24
1915
.
, .
.
, ,
195

 , ( 1934,
. 605.) , ,
.

( 1934, . 605). ,
,
.
1915 ntente
,
,
.

.
ntente (25
). ,

.
. , ,
: . ,
, ,

.
ntente ,
, ,
.

.

.
1915.
,
, 14-10-1915
.
1915,
.
. 1915,

,

(24 1915).
1915
ntente
.
,

ntente
.
(DV
tlas . 2, . 123).
196


1913
. , ,
: 1 1916
, .
13 .
ntente
. 13
( ntente)
.

, .
.

(
,
), ntente
.
, , ,
18 1916 ,
,
.
1916
, .
.
,
.
.


.
.
.
.
ntente
1916.
ntente .

(" 35 80,
40 " --18 19.11.1916, 1934, . 596),
. ,
,
29
1917 .
, ,
, (27-61917).

"" .
197

 ,
, -
. ,
,
()
. ,

.
.
1924
, " ".
ntente
(1920, ),
, .
.
(. 2).
,
, ,
, .
,
.
. (.
5).

1922,
.
1923,
. , ,
. .
,
. (. 2).

1914-1917
,
.
- ,
, ""

. ,

,
. (
,

. , ,
).


1914-17:
198

)
. ,
( )

.
.
)

, .

,
1912-13.

,
.
,
,
1912 .
, 1927
, :
,

. ( 1975, . 14.
1928).
1-11-1920
44,1% 55,9%
(
),
,
.

.
,
, , ,
,
.

.

,
.


,

.
: ,
,
- '
199

 .12
,
.

(
, . 9.5.4)

: 2.000.000
, . 8.000.000
1.200.000 , , .. (
1910

) ( 1986, . 49.) ,
,
950.000 620.000 ( 1986, . 49).

. , ,

,
,
. (. . 9.5.4).
" "
,
.
.
1915-17 .

.
(
) (
. ),

, 1916
.
( )

-
1912-1920:
.
,
, ,
,

.

,
( ,
).

200

 ,

.
, ,
..

.
(
),

. ( 1976,
. 159-220). ,

,


.
, ,

:
,
,
.

,
.
, .
.
, (
)
,
: ,
( ) ,

- .
(
,
)
,
, .
,

,

.
:

.

201

 , ()
.

, ,
.

,
( )
.


. ,

(
),

. ,
,
.
, (

), (
- )
:

, .

.
,
. ntente, ,
, , -
,

- ,

( ) ().
1915
() .
( )
.

202

203

204

205

206

9.5 , (1922-1940)
9.5.1 : 1922
( 1828),
,

. ,
(. 8.6) .
,

(1864) (1881).
'
.

,
,
.
1870 ,

.
" "
.

4
:
)
()
, .
, , .
)
1881 ( )
.
)
,
.
) , ,
.
.
,

.
, ,
,
, ,
, (
)
.
100
207



, .
1922,
.
, 1,2 ,
,
( ).
.

( 500.000

),
, 1917
, , .
1922 .

, .
,
"
" .

,
.
9.5.2
)
432.000
69.000 .
,
.

850.000 150.000
673.000 130.000
( 1976 . 125).
1922-1938 38% .
36% 10
, 36% 10 30 , 24% 30-100
4% 100 .
1914
.
1917 , 1918 1917,
1927 (1.144,4 . .)
1923 (220 . .) 14
1920 (79,5 . .) ( 1975, . 158).
1929 .

208

 1922-1938
(
) (. .
9.3, )

(. . 7.4).
, ,


.

,
,
, .
)

67,5% .
893.000 . 1915 290.000 . 1918.
,

. 563.353 .
1919 ( 430.2237 .) 980.405 . 1925
( 912.609 .), 1.408.082 . 1929 ( 1.350.157 .),
1.656.861 . 1933 (1.600.620 . )
( 1934 . 201) 1.837.000 1940 (
, 1986, . 34).
)

.
(
ntente, 1916-17)
.
,
, ..
1909-1920
(. 3, 9.3),
1,9 .
) 1922-32

:
,
,
.
209

, ,
, .

(
).
: )
, (
) : "

.
" (Z 1926, . 67). )

. ) ,
.
.

,
1920. '
, ,

.
, 1922
. :
1 1920 24 ., 1921 70 ., 1922 166 .
1923 296 ., 1925 312 . 1926 386 . 1910
1919
( 1978 . 53 Z 1926 . 157). 1928 (
1932) : 1
= 375 . .
1.562,5% 1920-1928
' 1920-1940.
1928 ,
.
.
1922-32
150%
(1.022 . ).
.
1932 , , ,
,

,
.
1922-32
, 1926
. 1926
,
. , , ,
, 1921,
210

 (
1924 130. 500 . .,
56 1917, 170 . ., Z
1926 . 108) 2948
1922.
,
,
,

.
,
" " 1922
,
: 1921-1931
80%, , 1932, (
1931) 5,71% ( 1934 . 129-146). 6

1921-1932.

:
100 1928 48,59 1933 (1931 89,71, 1932
61,44). 1928 42%
, 1933 23,5% ( 1938 21%).
1933 6%
,
.
.
1933 73% :
30,56%, - 16,97% 15,03%
1933 ( 1934, . 129-143).
) 1933-1940
1932 1929
. 1932

.
1932

.

. 1934
65% 1931.
, ,
,
. 1932 14%
, 1938 40% ( 1978, .
36). 1932 ,
1932-38 600% .
211

 ,
. ,
1928-38 68%,

(
87%) (73%) ( 1978, . 36).
1928-1938 16%,
( 359%), ( 34%), (
90%), ( 7.600%) ( 225%).
6

( , 1928=100)
. . - . . . . .
.

. .

1921

77,66

8,91

38,70

42,60

76,26

61,47 86,48

10,41

43,94 84,38

1922

64,07

11,88

44,71

51,70

73,41

65,75 124,05

19,78

34,45 92,52

70,52

1923

63,46

34,29

50,37

44,49

74,67

59,67 114,86

19,41

62,92 75,74

62,71

1924

74,11

84,61

66,28

48,96

82,17

72,33 148,64

28,10

80,40 98,80

80,70

1925

71,98

85,18

74,09

64,64

90,15

87,24 148,64

34,33

84,49 122,23

66,66

88,89

1926

74,41

77,92

82,17

79,23

81,14

74,30 119,45

31,23

79,74 104,16

66,66

84,56

1927

76,45

92,33

82,27

87,10

93,16

98,44 119,45

57,26

91,64 101,87

83,33

94,41

1928

100,0

100,0

100,0

100,0

100,0

100,0 100,0

100,0

100,0 100,0

100,0

100,0

1929

74,85

90,67

104,70

100,61

102,28

117,28 79,72

120,82 77,31 103,02 130,0

1930

100,53

88,14

197,22

110,33

92,40

106,43 91,42

125,09 66,74 100,43 166,66 105,28

1931

92,76

85,85

108,08

116,18

92,86

96,87 102,70

130,41 55,33 98,73

191,66 108,88

1932

93,16

71,64

108,85

120,41

81,12

83,45 83,78

128,13 44,00 92,64

200,0

102,67

- +0,44

-16,55

+0,71

+3,64

-12,64

-13,85 -18,42

-2,13 -20,48 -6,17 +4,35

-5,71

61,34

101,79

% .
1931-1932

: , 1934, . 146
)

. 1923
41,6% , 50,8%
1928, 60,7% 1933, 68,7% 1938 75,4% 1939
( 1978, . 86).
. 80%
1929 :
. 1929-33 1/3
212

 81% .
.
50%, 55%.
(1930-32) 50%. ( 1930 65.000 ., 1932
29.000 .). ,
,
. 1928-38
, ,
14 2,5
.
1928-36
18%,
.
1933
. 1927
( 1978 . 48-51).
, 1920-29
82% (61.485 1929) 25% 1930-40.
1940
1920. : 154
1920, 280 1930 350
1938. 1938 228 .
110 , 1920 230 , 1930 277
1938. 1938 18,6%,
34,3% 47,1% ( 1986 . 99).
1938 23,9% , 57,7%
, 9,3% , 6,3% , 3,2% ,
3,3% 0,3%
( 1986 . 48).

. 1922-35
207%, 83%.
1928-1938 43%
24%. 75 1928
237 1932, 150 1935 (
1978 . 92-93 1986 . 243).

(
) , , ..

1924-1932 108 . . ,
.
1935.
('
)

.

213

) :
- ,
, ,


, , , ,

. ,

:
" " "
", " " .
1930


.
9.5.3 ""
9.5.3.1
1922-1940
,
. ,
1936,

- .

. ,
, 1936,
,
(, , )
.

1916 ,
.
,
1922 ,
1923, ,
1924,
,
.
. ,
-
. " 1924 1928 ,
, .

214

.
, " (soucalas 1969, . 42).
,

(, ) .

, ()
- , (
,
, , .
1924 ). ,

1920 ,
, , ,
.
,
-

.
,
, , ,
.

. -,
,
, 1922 ,
.
11 ,
,
, , .
,
,
.
.
: "
,
, ,
,
" ( 1975, . 30). "
,
, " (
1975, . 49).

.
:
1911 1927

. ,
,
215


,
.
(
) ,
.
,
(
) ( 1983, . 38 ..).

: -
.
1926 (
)
.
1926,
, :
(, , , 108 ),
( . , 63 ), ( .
, 54 ), ( , 18
). 9 . 1927
,
. 1928

, 1924 1928
. ,
17 , ,
225, 250 .
1929 "
",
, ,

3.000 .
( 1983 .
350 ..).
,
.


:
,
( ,
,
) .
" ",

,
,
.
216

 , ,
. ,
: " ,

, . (...)
,
.
, " ( 1975, . 122 125).
1932
1935, "
"
, ,
( 1997, 1988).
" "
, , .
1936 142 ,
143 15. - 1936
(18.3.36), -" "
-- (13.4.36)
(17.5.36).
,
, ( " "
' ? ),
. 1936
(241 , 16 , 4
), .
( ,
),
, "" , ( 1997, 1988).

9 ,
12 .
13.5.36. , 4

.

.

:
,
.

, "" 1940-41
( " "), " ",
() " ".
" "
1980.

217

 1920-1940
:
1) ,

, :

,
. 1935
,
. .
1935-36 , ,
,
"",
, .

, , ,

.
2) 1916-1936
, ( )
: ,
, , ,
.,
.
"" ""
( 1977, 1986), , ,
.
, , .
3)
:
,

, "
", ,
.. . .
, 1912 (
) 1922, 15
.

1936, , .
.
1928: " .
: . ,
, , .
.
.
, .
, , .
218

 . ''
.
' ', ,
" ( 1975, . 135, . ).
9.5.3.2
1928
.
,
1930 425.000


.
1920 585 ,
1,3
.


, 1925
: (27-11-1919), (10-8-1920)
"
" ( 1934 . 609).
24-7-1923.
: " 99 , ,
, ( , ..)
, .
(...)

" ( 1934, . 610).

,
.
( . )
.

, (, ),
,
.

(1941-44).

, " , ,
" 1930, 1933 (
)
1938, "
,
" ( 1986, . 59).

219

 ,
(, ),
, "",
,
.
,
. ,

"". ,
, ("
"), "" ,
"" (
1914-18 "" ). ,
""

.
, ,
,
.
.13
9.5.4

.

1920.
, 1923-24 2
,
,
1912-1919 .
1922
.
)
, (.
).
)


.
( )
(, ,
, ..),
.
, ,
,
.

.
220



, .

1920
, ,
( 1987),


.
:

,
, ,
, ( )
. ,
,
, 1918
, ,

.

,
.
,
( 1934, . 612.
,

, . 1991, 1992, 1993).
19

.
,
(1878) ,

,
.14 ,

,
,

. . , , 1912

(
)

:
,
.
221


.
, , ,
.

, , , , .

. ,
,
.
,
,
.

, , ,
.
..
- ( 1909),
1919 Z
: " (
, ..): , , ,
. ,
. (...)
,

(...)
- - - (...)
.
,
(, , ..).
-
- .
, ,
(, , ,
)" (- 1919, . 16.)
1919

(1920).
"

, "
(- 1919, . 24). " , 10.000.000 12.000.000,15 .
3.500.000
" (. . . 37).16


. ,
,
222

 ,
: ""
, , ,
"": .
( , ).
,
,
,
.17


. , ,
.

1919
. ( 40-45
). ,
,
.

80
. (1934, . 408),

: " ,

, : ) 80.000 ,
( ,
, ),
( , ). ) 70.000
, 65.000
(...) ) 1-2.000 . ) (...) )
300 " ( 1934, . 408, . ,
..) , , .. ( )

1912,
.

,

. ,
.
. (
)
() . 1903
42.178 11.782 , 438 ,
366 17 (- 1919, . 23). ,
1909

.
223

 ( )
, 1913 1920
. ,
,
() .
,
(
"") "" .
(1934), ,
"
", (
). , . , "
, .. ",
. 5.5.36, : "
(?),
, (?) 10
(?)
(?).
(?) .
, ,
, , , ,
,
(?)" (
1993, . 33-34).
,
( + 80(;) ),
(), , ..,
(1912), , ,
(1926).
1920 1928,
(1934):
) " "
, .
) (, )
.
) ,
12 25 ( 513 , 42%
1912), 11 (475
, 39,4% )
2 (119 , 9,9% ).19
, 1912 :
1) (88% , 12% )
2) (60% , 40% )
3) (76% , 18% )
4) (80% , 18% )
5) (556% , 24% , 19% )
6) (75% , 25% )
7) (70% , 20% , 10% )
224

8) (56% , 39% )
9) (86% , 7% , 7% )
10) (100% )
11) (47% , 40% , 9% )
12) (74% , 17% , 7% ).
,
, 1913
.
1912 :
1) : 2% , 98%
2) : 15% , 79% , 5%
3) : 29% , 69% , 2%
4) : 40% , 60%
5) : 19% , 40% , 37%
6) : 2% , 66% , 29%
7) : 36% , 42% , 17%
8) : 29% , 23% , 45% (
)
9) : 36% , 50%
10) : 54% , 46% ( )
11) : 40% , 48% , 12%
12) : 20% , 76%
13) : 32% , 32% , 35% .

1912 ( 1913 )
119.000, 23,2%
(513.000 ).
1941 ,
. .
(
) 1912
482 136 . (
28,2% ).
1912 . 82.650 13.670
. ( 1945, . 13). 1912 .
100.000 . (, 1934 . 408).
, 1912 .
( 1934 . 405-410)
,
1912, . ,
:
1902-1903 - (1919, . 22-23)
,

(: 2.370 , 2.281 . : 2.004 ,
923 . : 1.400 , 935 ).
225


.
,
..
, 66%
19% .
,
, ,
80.000
1934 " (...) (...)
" ( 1934, . 408).
80.000 (
),
1912 : ) , 475.000 (39,4% ). )
, 433.000 (35,9% ). ) , 119.000
(9,9% ). ) , 80.000 (6,6% ). )
, 70.000 (5,8% ). ) (, ,
..) 18.000 (2,4% ).
, 19131920 ,

.
( 1920) ,
. ( 17
) 84 (
1/5 ), 68 , 35 4 ""
( 1996, . 274-75).
,
,
. . , 1920
260 ' 310 ,
, 1920 , 620
' 950 ( 1986, . 49).
1912-13,
1920

. ,
, "
"
1913 1920 .

.

, (
),

1912-12,

, .20
226

 ,

" "
.
,
(27-11-1919)
(30-1-1923),
. , (
, 30.000 . ,

) . 1,3
, 638
108 . 1926, 88,8%
( 83,5% 80
). .
61%.
1926 93,83%.

.
( % ) 95,3%
, 92% , 51% , 76% , 83,2%
, 92% , 89,3% , 69,1%
46% (DV tlas 1986, . 162).

.

. ,
5 2 ,
, .

1
1. 1925
. Der mperialismus und die kkumulation des apitals. (
),
, ,
.
(. .. Sternberg 1971)
,
-.
30.
1971 .. Dokumente zur mperialismustheorie, and 2, Caro-Druck
eidelberg.
2. ...
.
,
.
( ).
3. . -, " ", . 8, 1984.

227

4.
. . , " ", . , ,
. , 1978.
5. , ...
, ,
.

: ". (
) : , , . . ( ,
): , , . . , " (Lenin
Werke, and 39, 1972, . 186). ,
...
- .
6. " " ,
" " , . 1992,
, Die iedergangsperiode des apitalismus. : "
(...)
.
(...)
,
,
(...) ,
.
". (ugen Varga, Die rise des apitalismus und ihre
politischen Folgen, .V.., Frankfurt a.. 1969.
7. . , , , 1975, . 49-70).
8. 1930 (rbeiterschulung 1930) ,
, ,
: " .
, " (. 258).
: )
, , .
)
. . (.
, " , : ",
. 7, - 1984, . 15-28).
9. " 1934 (...) 1935,
(...)
. 1936,
.
1937
" (, 1951, Z , . 753).
1939 .
10. " "
. 1930: "
, , ,
,
.
.
" (rotzki, L.: Die permanente Revolution, Fischer,
Frankfurt a.., 1972).

228

 2
1. (onkurrenz, competition)
"" ( ),
.
"",
.
2. ucharin (1925)
( 1915) " " "
" .
3
1. ... .D. Gravaris, "Lenins Discours
on mperialism: textual investigation", , 1982.
2. , . . , " "
(1978), .
4
1. . : .
.
,
,
(arx, 1969 Resultate..., . 89, arx 1983,
... . 163).
2. ymer:
. ( )
.
, ,
. ymer, . reye
(rsg.) 1974, . 11.
5
1. , . . .
ilferding:
,
(. 297).
: ,
(, . . . . 298).
:
, .
(balkin, Dzarasov, ulikov, 1983 . 107.)
2. ,
, ,
, , .
3. ,
. ,
andel . . . . 677,

229

 ,
.
4. . .
( )
. -
, , , , , ,
. . 1979-, 1996, . 117156.
6
1.
() . ilferding (1973) :
( , ..) ,
, ,

. , , ,
, -
. (ilferding, 1973, Das Finanzapital . 420).
:
. ( 1972,
... . 60).
2. ..
Schller (1976) .
:

.
,
.
3. , ,
.
4. . usch
(1985). ythen ber den Weltmarkt, RL . 60. , - 1990, .
30-34.
5. .
, 1980
.
,

, 1970 50%
,
.

,
.
, ,
(usch, 1974, Die ultinationalen... . 135.)
7
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: "
230

, , ,
,
. ,

. , , ,
. , 15
16
.
(...) ( 1978-, . , . 758-759).
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),
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"-" (!) : "

, (...) - ,
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, , , (),
- " (U.S.S.R
cademy of Sciences 1969: Leninism versus mperialism. he resent stage, ovosti ress, oscow,
. 62).
8
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1920 1930,
, 6
1934. . 9.2.6 .
, 1996 47-96, 60-64.
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,
.
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. 15.)
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1620 1650 , ,
350.000 50.000 (, 1971, . 23).
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(1982), . 231-252, ,
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231

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..).
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(Stojanovitc 1980).
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, 1881,
.
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. . 1821
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1970, . 42).
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, " (. 225).
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),
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1848
,
( 1956.
. Herring 1992).
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232

 . ' ,
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( 1940, . 321).
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(arx 1983, . 151).
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:

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233

5. 229.259 1853, 243.807 1856,

247.507 1861 218.027 1870 ( 1979, . . 146).
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, ,
. 3,7 1912
, 1,23 , 33%
. 0,64 (
17,4% ). ,
( 1923
40,5%, -- 21,2%). (Z 1926, . 51.)
7. , 19 , ,
, (. 1896, . 254).
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,
,
( ).
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19
20 . 1907
33,73% ( 72,27%). 43,99%
, 36,20% , 23,87% , 17,40% , 16,99%
.
. 1910.
1917
30,89%. ( Z 1926, . 78-79).
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, .

. , 1880, ,
1882 ,
, 1901, " ,
, 4 " (Z 1926, .
84).
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123 ( 1986, . 47).
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. ,
. 1919
. ,

.
13. 1936-1939
"" : "
" ( 25-12-36.) "
" (12.9.37). "


" (26.2.38). "
234

" (20.4.39). 1940,

: "
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, 4).
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.
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( 1885 -
. )
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) 6.204. 684 5.822. 000 ( 1934, .
224).
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,

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. V. rard,
(1890-1892) : " ,
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" (rard, 1978, . 258-59, 264, 265.
1893).

235

19. , 1912 70 , ,
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,
. ( 1919, . 31).
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)
.

236

|IANNI]:

448

MHAIO:

hl:*d:l

;,1;=,*l
t'l'--'rl

filffi
ilii
| l ,,., 1
i{lilrn
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O IlI

H IVI KO' KOI N QNI KO> zXH MATIZ M OZ

4-))

ExouyypovLoptdExat BrcprTyavtx( trcrvdctraory

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Air6 rct trtrorrud.
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Br_
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iov tr.1E
Eotfag, A0{vcr.
EvEnexibn5n. (l ggl ), A7r7vai.xd.,
ArrmoBtormd., Aafitxavry_
otaxd I BI 5- IgS0, ezecrviOa,A0rjvcr.
Ercrtpeia Ms),dtq< Ndou E).),rlvroporr(1gg4), H
Enovdoraorr
rou 1821,A 0rj vc.
Eucryye),i6,S. Tp. (1934), r,Toupzoxqrcrti'r, ( E),l"r1vLxr
j Exuva_
otcrorq),Mq,. 4trtrryv.Eyxuil.onct[\en,tcj[. I, (E],],ciE),
oo.
560-575,A0rjvcr.
Eucryyel.ibqETp. (1934), ,,Tunoypcrqfcrr,Muy.
Eila1v. Eyxu_
x Aon cti6 erct,16 pr.I' ( E),)"cig
), oo. j .041_I .043,A0rjvcr.
Erre),nf6r1E
Xa. 0934), ,,fecopyrxrj Orxovr-rpfcrr,Mry.
EAAryv.
Ey xu x ).ctn a i6 t rct,tcl pr.I, ( E),l.clg s o. 73_79, A0rj
vcr.
),
Eue)"nfbqEXQ. (1934), <AyporLt+r]Nopro0ro[o,,,
Mry. E),),ryv.
Ey xu x 7on u i6 t:n, td pr.I, (EI),clE). o o . 402_404,
A0rjvcr.
Eue).n(6r1E
XQ. (1950), Otxovr.tptx( xat xctuantx( rcropia
u1E
E)J"d.6oq,A0rjvcr.
Z
zaL n. (lc)75). H )'et\Aaoiarors rptrou xdoptou,
ex6. Nd., rdvoea. A0rlvcr.
ZoLdrug F. E. (1926), H Eil,dq ry ro ord.\rcv n1E
uBtotrttryavi_
oaE, exb. E).eu0epou8dxri,A0rjvc

456

|IANNH: MIIAIO:

ZoLfirag F. E. (1936),Karn7tivotE rrygoLxovo\tx4E{'aE no)trm(E, A0tjvct.

H
otxovop[a oe gpL)potiE, ex6. Electra Press PubliH e)"trr1vtxq
qE Ertl'oyr1E. AQqvc 1984 xat
cations ftt rq ot'veQYo.o(cr
1986.
A0rlvcr
Holland H. (1989), Ta{6rc otct kjvrc hl4otci,'Hnttpo,A)'pavfu
( 1SI 2- I SI 3), Acpoi Tol'(611,A0riva'
Hobsbawm J. Eric (1992), H enoy( r@y ftayct<rr(rotat, 1789g ( tUter), A0t1vct.
g Tgcrnd(r'1
I 848, MogcprrtrLxd'I6ptrpa E Qvtx11

o
Oeoburgcrxdnoui,oqI. N. ( 1972),To Etxoo#va xaL o TTiyypot'oE
Ex8oostE rcDvq(l.ov, Aglp'cr.
EAArywotruiE,
Oeobopou @. E,. (1978), H xoLvat'mi 6fi.oroot7 rryqnoArcrulg
\LaEanfttE'O1ava xaL Maupoxop\(trou to 1841,Acpo(To)"fbq,A0rjvcr.
xaui
rontxl anro\LoixtTory
@eoburgouo. E. (1996),H ilJ.r7vrxry
ToAqo(
1821,
rou
rr1vToupxoxpar{u xQt rryvEnavd"or(totl
),fb4.A0rivu.
@eolcprirExQ. (1985).,,AvtLcrutcrplLxriAproregd -nuErcrbooLcrxrlAgLotepd: Ta buo npdotoncrtrlE xgiorl q", @ioery,r. l.
@eolapdE Xa. (1985), "OL otiylQovtEtelvohoy(eg ("br1).abrl11
n).4goqoErtxqxcL tl ftlxQoql.eztgovLx4")xcrt 11OeolpfaqE
crf(cg", @6ottg,t. 13.
@eolcrgdEXQ.(1987), <OLxovopLx4xgforl xcx,to,QtorepofoLxot>r,@toeq, t. 21.
vopto),dyo
OeooaAovixry,1850-1918.H on'Aryrav Eppaittv' xar ryaEunvtoryrav BaAxavlav (I99\,Exarq. A04vo 1994.
I
Ival.t[fx X. (1995), H O)a4ruvm( Auroxparcgia. H xAoomrl
enoyryI 300-I 600, A)'e[crvbQtto, A0{va.

O DU H N I KOZ KOI N QNI K(.)Z'X I1M/{TI'MO>

451

Ivotrrotiro KorvrrlvuxcfvEnrotrlpcitvrIE E>>A (1977), Omovo1trxd npopT(pora rou xe?rtra)topori orry oiyyeovry enoyti.
ex6. IdylQovq EruoXrj.A04va.
IvotLtot'ro Orxovoprxc6vEnrotqpc6vrllE E>>A ( 1982),IloArctxti
Omovopkt rou xoirtraTrcpo{, ezb. IdyXQovrl Enop] (dB6oprqdx6oorl), A01vcr.
lc'rcrxeipoyhouH. (1983),
"Iul"ioyLxdg egyirrnE { epycltqg prdia; (IqpeLdloeLqyrcr pro xErttLxrlrou Qyorropoir)". @6oery,
r.3.
Icucrxe(poyl.ou
H. ( I983[cr]),
"AutopratonoiIon nl( ruapcryotyrjE
xaL oul.l"oytxdEepycl.trlq>,
@(otrg,t. 4.
Iurcrxefpoll.ou H. (1983[[}]), <frcr trlv evvoro rou ou]"ioyLxori
eQycrnl r,@ eot r y, r . 5.
Iorcrxe[poy].ouH. (1984), .,KoLvcrtvLxonofqcrl
rnE oLxLcrzrjE
epycofcrg>@
, (oer y, t . 9.
Icocrxeiproy).ou
H. (1985[u]),
t4v and],utr1 otrl oletLxrj
"Anci
unega!(crrr,
@eoe6,r . 11.
Irrrcrxe(poy).ou
H. (1985[B]), ,.O xcrnttcr]"LoUdE
qg oXetLxrjE
unepcf(aE (920-1940)", O6oery,t. 13.
Icoaxeipoy)"ouH. (1986),
rqq oxerr"H xpforl rou xornrcr)"roprot'
xrjg unepu[icrg (O.A. fe pprcrvfog
xot fcr].].(cr)>,
@iottg, r. 14.
Icr-rcrxeiproy)'ou
H. (1986[crl),..fLcrtrlv ovrrir(rnrrcr],rotLxrj
d[o6o
crnd rrlv xpforl: MepLxri ouprneErircrprcx,ro
crnci rrlv crvd)"uor1
Tou xrurrLTrr),Lopou
rqq oxsrrxrjEtrnega(icrgr, @iotLg,t. 15.
Io-raxefpoy].ouH. (1987).
"Anci uiv ana[forcrri rou xsqo],aiou
orIV ovobLcig0gotoqrlg noQrry(DyrlS
(1 973-1985)",@iottg,
r.20.
Ioaxeipoyl.ou H. (1987[c]).
"fldg<r crncin1v orxovoptxrjno].LtrXt1,,'@fOeq, t. 27.
Irocxefprcry).ou
H. (1987[ft)).H au)rippryrryxore{?t)voryrav gorvotrtivav, A[roE, @Eooo,].ov(2r1.
Icoaxefproy)"ou
H. zsr Mq),tdg f. (1986), <Kgforl zcrr l.ttdtrltcr.
(H crv(rxl.nonrou oootcr),bqproxQrrrrxotl
oup$oLcr(our,,@iotr<. r. 14.

4-s8

fIANNH:

MHAIO:

K
KcrxcrptnolQc{E
A. (1993), H Bptrcn,tx4 lld"rrruq, o Mnri.upctv
rou'2 l, Iotogrlnlg, A0rjvcr.
xet ot' E,A).ryvtq
Kcrl"crcpdtqE
@. (1990, 1991, 1992),Aygortx( nfurry xet otzroyr4rm6q praoxryturtop6E orry B. IIeTonrivvryoo,3 tcipot,
MIE,T.
Kcrl,rtoouvcizrEA. E,. (1934),..OtzLopof Aotucpu)'fa, oto: Mry.
il,Aryv. Eyxux),ono[6tru, tdpr. I' (E],],dg), oo. 412-413, ex6.
fltrpod<, A0r1vcr.
NoproOeoio,r,oro M*
Kcr)"ttcrotrvd,xL<
A. E. (1934),
"Epyattxrl
yriAryEIAryuxfi EyxuxAonai\eru. top. I' (Ei'hdg), oo. 401402, Exb. fhrpodq, A0r]vcr.
Kcrptnoripq.l),orr
n. ( l9[J5), Ioropla rou IIttQcttdtq,atri rctu ]833A0rjvcr.
A. N. Kcrqcrf3icr,
1882irotLq, Brp),Loruo-rl,.Eio
Kcrpnot'qor,rtrou
A. fq. ( 1934). "Aqptdotoqxcxt tbtcotLxdgpiog
eni Toupxoxprcticr<r, oro'. Mey. Eil,r1v. Eyxux).ona[6tru,
tcip. I'(EIIciE). ocr.B0l-808,exb. flupocig,A0rjva.
Kcrvbrr)"cl,r{nE
M. ( I 998), Egryprydoypctcplo rryg OtooaAovixrTg.
A' Toupxoxpctrirt, University Studio Press,A0rjvcr.
Kcrpcrfl(crq
It. (enrp.) (X.X.d.),Iluyxooprrcg loropta, ex6. E)"eu0 eproubcizrl-N fxcr,[3'dxbooq, A0rjva (X.X..).
KcrpciyLc'reycg
A. ( 1979), ArypdoLaOmovotrttxi l, llcrrucr(4or1<.
A0rjvcr.
KcrpciyLtrreyc{E
A. (1981), lrypdota Omovopm( 2, ncrnc[rior1q.
A0{va.
KcrpbdorlEB. A. (1987).Ztgog, orrn:go\prjtrurryqAvarcLmr1g
Mrcoytior.' ( 1832-1857),MIET, A0{vc.
Kcrgol.i6r1ElI. ( 1925), Ioropfu rou eAAryvLxot60vouE.ZupnT(eootE rryELUroQiaEKavor. ITanopprTyonouTou,an6 rd.eurufuE ntpL66ou rou aydvoE rou 1821pLiyQLrrtE BaotAefug
A01vcr.
kapybu rou A'(l88l), ex6. El"eu0epoubd,xrl<,
Kapootil.IE f., Nrxo)"rvcizoEM., @il,rcrgB. (X.X.d.),OLxovotrrLxr1
utropkt nyEvttbrearyqEAAd6aE.And ro 1453UfXQtro 1830,
llcrnc[r1or1E.

O LM H N I KOZ KOI lVQ M KO2 ZX H M:lTlt M Ot

459

KLtgoprq),i0r'19
il. (1996), l"ltod,Aryvm6q/nganrcpdq, MIET,
AOqva.
Kindleberger K. P. (X.X.d.),/rc?vtig ot2rovoptxcr(oy6otrg, ex6.
llcrncr(rjoq.
KKE Enfoqpcr Ke(pevcr.(llevre rclproL.
Tcipr.A', fuylgovrl Eno1rj, A0rjva 1974.Tcipr.B'. nAE 1965.Tdp. f', nAE 1966.
Trip. A', nAE 1968.TclpogE','Exboo4 rou KKE (socDrsQt-xo() 1973.
Clogg R. (1995),ZuvoiTrtxfilorogict rrTEEAAd6og,1770-1990,
Iotogqnjg, A0rjvcr.
KcixzLvogA. A. (1945), Ot 6t1oniitptot l910-41. excJ.O ll),cittov, A0rjvat.
f. A. (1977). "Or e)"l.cr8txeg
xorvr')vrxdqxcrLno".lu1s.1rc'layqE
).LtLxeEbuvclpreLg
ot4v rioteQl rouQxoxpratfcr.OL ouvOrjxeq
brcrpcipgrooqE
rqq xorvc'tvrxrj( xcrr no),rtrzrj< nci).r1gxc{.ror
prercrne)"euOe
pcotrxdgouvdne[r<>>,
oro: Kotvotvtxfg xut itoAtrmfE 6uvd.pttgorryt,EAArir\o,ex6. E,[dvtcrq,A0rjvcr.
Kopcrr]gA. ( 1956), Tt irgint.t va xapaotv ot fpuxoi G rog rr(1potooq negrcrd.otrE;ezb. N. A. Nfxcr, A0rjvcr.
KopbdroE I. K. ( I92l), H xouaymfi orypaoictrrTEEAAqwxryE
Etctvaord.oeagrou lB2l, exbot. oixoE f. I. Baor).eiou,A0r1vcrL.
Kopbd,toE f. (1958), Ioropict rt1EvttfuearyqEil,cidrlg, rdp. 5oE.
1900-1924,ezb.
"20og Arutvcrqr,A0r1vcr.
Kopbdtog f. ( 1964).Zt76x anri rryvrcrctpfu rol) ayeormoti xtv(parog orryv EAAddu, IotogLxci OL)"o)"oyrxdIvotLtoilro
f Ldvvq<Kogbcitog, A04va.
Kopbdro6 f . Q972), H xoruowxr1 orltrtaoiarryEtnavaord.ooE
rou l82l, Ex0.ALe0r,odE
EnLzaLgdrlroE.A0rjva.
KopbdtoE f. (1974). Erccryay( eLqrryv toroQia rryEtATrywxf<
x t g uAarctx p <rciaE, E26. EnLxcrrqdtqtcr,A0rjvcr.
KopLd Mn. (1985), E,nrcrfitrn7,TtyvLxrT xut KtgriAarc, ezb.
A/ouvdleLc, A0rjvcr.
Kotcrq(0qEN. f. (1993),Iloga\oonxr1 eirovdotaoryxut Emoo Eva, fll,d0pov, A0rjvc.

460

|IANNH: MHNIO:

O E11AH N I Kol KO I N QNI KOZ ZXH MATIT MOz

KocprvclEf. N. (1934), "Iotogicr tcrlv Arlpooiotv OLxovoptL?tcDv>',

oro Mey. EALryv.EyxuxAorcti\erc, r6p.. I' (E)")"dg), ex6.
lltrpod<, AOqva.
KgeppuEciEB. (1980), Zuyxup[a xaL qtn6Qlo orrlv rrQosirtvaorctrruq LltTon6vurloo, I 793-182l, ex6. @epdl.to,A0riva.
KgLtrmdgB. A. (1934), "Aprne).ouQyfao,oro Mty. il'Lryv. Eyxux7ona6eru, r6p..I' (E),),ciE),ex6. llupo6g, A0tjvct.
KrrneLav[bnET. xaL M4].LriSf. (1983), ")rlpteLrirostg
Yr"orts ftoQxpr[or1",O6oe6, r,. 3.
[rotrxdE npooeyyioLEorlv oLXovo$L?1,r1
XgqputLottjpLo,,)uvcr]"KupNrl.itonEA. A. (1934), "Tgcine[crL.,
l.crycrir, oro Mey. EAAqv.EyxuxTonai\e n, tdpt. I' (E)')'dg),
oo. 154- 1 6 1e, x 6 . fl u p o d g , A0 r]v a .
Quinet E. (1988). H ELldda rou 1830xat ot oy4oeq rryEp rrlv
opyauftryra, Aqo( To)"ibr1,A0rjva.

.+61

Aevrv B. I. (1972),O aprcreprcpdEnadm( apgdtorLctrou xoltptouvtoltori,ez6. )rd1or, A0rjvo.

Aeowctpit'rlE f. B. (1979), To d,TrTutxtiooorcTrcrtxd y[yr1p.axord. rov ngritro noyx6op.to n67epro,ex6. E[dvtcrg, A0rjva.
AtdxoE A. (1985), H rcalm( tvono(r1oryxot 17Mryci.lr1ldia,
ex6. @epr6),1o,
A0rjva.
At0o[dou A. (1991), <<Mtrcyottxd.(r1r(ptera xat fivwi ouvtl
\rtort orryvEA),dda", ex6. Ae l3Ld0av,A0rjva.
Ar0o[dou L. (1992), <.H pnltgLxrjy]"rioocr ro)v xoro(xrov qg
Mcrze8ovicrg rrQrv xuL perir n1v avtu)"l"ayrj ro)v n),r10uoprcrlv>,
OiottE, r. 38.
AL0o[dou A. ( 1993), <H no]"Ltrxrjtou ele].].4vLopotin1< poxsbovrxrjg prerovdr4roEoro Meooncjl"r$orr.O llolftqq, t. 724.
ALvagbcitoE>. (1988), IIag qrrioap orrlv 4ryAuyotioutu, @Eprdl"ro,
A0rjva.
Atvcrg0ritoE>. (1988[a]),4ryAuyo6orou, @epd].ro,A0rjvcr.
Aofzoq X. (1980-1982),<H Evotxicrorltotv npoodbcovzcrrd n1v
xcrnobrotpLcrxrj
negio6o. Andqrerq yrcrrnv no)"rtLxrj6Ldotaoq rou (rlrjprcrro<rr,Mr,ry1tav
; r. B, A0rjvcr.
Aof[epnouQyx P. (1976), Tt efuar r7no)trm( omovopfa:, txb.
Kogovr[rj, A0r1vcr.
Aof[epnouQyx P. (1978),H parctx( enavdoraory,'ypL].ov,AOrjvcr.
Auyegtig >. (1987), ,,McrxE6ovLxd:Ayxcl0L orllv xcrQbLcl
tqg
Bal"xcrvLxllq>>,
Tugd.\rct, t. 16.
AurpcrgA. (1993), ilgoleyriptva orrl )eotgut rrygil),ryvm(g xorvanmryEdop(E, Ndcr )rivogcr, A0rjvcr.

n
Aef3crbfrrlE@. (1993), ,<H efitotrjprrltou K. Toouxa]"d: H XQeoxonkt TnE piroQ6x xotvcrtvto)"oyfag",retyry noArmryE oorovoltiaE,r. 73,oo. 69-150.
t\xxuE n. E. (1992),H t?vtxtotmrl fin)"oyla. Iltvre uno06otrE
qyaolaq orryv Lorogm( xoruovtoToylct, EMNE-Mvtjptcr-tv,
A0r1vcr.
A,xNugn. E. (1995),"H ouyxpdt4orl nlg e0vtxtottzrjEL0eol"oorov t6pro tcrtv
yfcrg-e0vLxr'1
Oecogioxot E0vLxciqpovqpru>>,
ou prnoofou pte0dptcr'E ?vogngcrxtLxcirvrou snlorl provLxot-i
K pc ir oE -E ? v mrc p o q(2 I x a t2 2 l a t,o u a Qfou 1994)rou oQllol.tttycrvc60r1xE
and trlv Etarpria )nou6crtv Neoe)"l"r1vLxoti
r)o. 233-252.
crprofxcrLfEvrxrlg IIaLbe(crg,AOr1vo,,
) ,n a v r a , t d t r r o7L, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 I , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 ,
A d v L vB . I . ( 1 9 5 3 - 5 4A
ExbotLxo n1< KE tou KKE.
AdvLv B. I. (1978),Atavra, tdproE38, ex6. Idylgovr'1 Enopj,
A0{va.
AEvLvB. I. (1970), O LpneEaTrcpciqavdrctro <nddLorou xantlre.put, ex6. E ).er.i
0 eQnE)")'abcr.
Arcp o 11.E x \u| x t up ( vo ox tuy pd ErT

M
Mcr(crgdxrl<-ALvLciv
K. I. (19r9), H AtiotErctu BaAxavtxoti Zr1rrlparoE, A0{vcr.
M axpuy Ldvvrlg (X.X..),A n opv t7ptovetipar ct, 2 tdptot, fI cinupoE
fl Qeg.A 0rj vc.
Md).Log M. ( 1979),H otiyygovrl Ed.or1avd.nrufryErou xanrcaAt-

tr'

462

fIANNH:

MI{N IO:

opot orrlv EAAddu, (6' dx6ooq), exE. )riyxQov4 Enop1,

A0r]vcr.
Mcrvtdl" E. (1975), O 6ortpoE xoirtrcrArcpdE,ex6. Gutenberg'
A0rjvcr.
Mcrvtdl"E. (1975[u)),fiveory xu $fu$ry r@v omovopuxtbv1ear
ptitv rou Kap), MzQE,Zayuponouhog, A0t1va.
Mcilrpog >. (1975),,KoLvopouAto( /mraropkt;, ex6. ItolcroniE, A0{vo.
Mdltpog >. (1943), ,,'@utgrptxrl Omovoptx(, xaL oLxovoptxrl
axprckr. And"vrrlorl orov xa1qyqr( E. Zo76rcr, ez6. Aouxcltog, A0rjva.
Md[rpog >. (1973),H auyryrou tATryvmotxanrca)totrtttu,exb'
Itolaotrlg, A0qvcr.
Mci[rprog >. (L974), Ilp1Toyog oro Afwv: "To \maftopa tav
fivritv yLa rryvauro\Ld)torT roug", ex8. )toXuonlg, A0tjvu.
Md[rpoE :. (1976), To tATryvtxrjtpnopmri vcturtxo xara rov
XwII arcbva,exE. Itolcrotrjg, A0tjvct.
McllLpog >. (1982), oMegtxd, ngop)"rjputcran<j qv e[d]'L[r1rou
otrlv E)").abcr",orc Z nd"gruxoq, 1928, oo. 10xcrnLrcrl.ropor-l
12.&. B9-91,ex6. Outot(cr, A0{vct.
Md[Lpog >. (1986), ,,Otxovoptxrj xpicrrl xot YQctcper.oxgattxrj
axprLofar,nepLob.Znupraxoq, fevapqg 1932,o. 6, crvcrb4prooLer'ietcrt
oro Inaptctzog, KeQtevct1930-1932.tx6. Outonia, A0rjvo.
Mclo toe Touyx (1975), fru u7v omoddpryoryrou oooruArcpotj,
Kprcmfi orcv Ztd.)"rvxet trTvE22/, exbdoetgtou i,.uou,A0qvo.
Mrloupep fx. A. (1976), O El)"rywxdgAadq, Agoi Tol.(8r1,
AOrjvcr.
Mapze[fv4E In. ( 1966),IloLrcmty loropia rryEl''leanteoEEl ddo6 (tdpoq tg[toE, 1909-1922),exbdoeLgllclnr-rpog,A0riva.
Mcrpxe(ivqE )ru. (1994),26yypovr7IIoTrcLx( Iorogkt rrygEAAadoE (1936-1975),tcipoEnprcftog,(1936-1944),ezbdoetglltinuQo<,A0rjvc.

O b'L1 H I\II KOZ KO I N QNI KOZ >X H M,. TIZ NTOZ

MtqE K. (1968), H 1Br1Mnpulta[p rou Aou\oBfxou Bovandprq, flo\wme g xat Aoyotelv rxdg E x6oor rE.
MoqE K. (1978[a]), To KeEaAaLo,KgLrLxrT
rryEIIoALrm(E OmovopfaE. TdprognpcixoE. }ly1povq Exoyq, A0rjva.
M,rqE K. (1978[f]l), 7o Kccpri.Tcuo,
Kgrcmryn7EIIoLLrLxryg
Omovop[ag. Tdprogrgirog. )r,1y1govr1Enoy11,A0rjvc.
MopE K. (1979), To Kecpd.Aarc,
Kgrcm( rryg[IoLrcm(q OtxovoItfaE. Tdpog bedregoE. }iy1gov4 Eruop1.
MapE K. (1981), @tapkE yn rryv urrea[fu. Mdpog npcirto.
f dyl govrl Enoyrl, A0r1vcr.
MoqE K. (1982), @eapieEyrct rryv unega(fa. Mdpog 0etitego.
frlylpovq Enopi, A0rjva.
M,rpE K. (1983),AnoreLfoptaro rrygdpeorlE6n6ruaoictE naQayoyi E. [vt ovdzboto xecpd,].crLo
], A/ ouv6.ytLa,A0rjvcr.
M*qE K. (1983[crf),IlpoxanrcalLormo( oLxovotrttxoloyryltertopo[, ex6. Kci],Bog,A0rjva.
MaqE K. (1985), @tap[eg yru rrlv urcgafia. Mdpog tpito, }jyXQovnEnoyrl, A01vo.
MaqE K. (1989). Grundrisse.BaoLxfq yQap4tg rryEKprcm(g qE
IIoArcmryEOmovolrfuE.Topt"og
A'. llpd).oyog - pretcicpgoorl
o4peLriroeLg
ALovdorlEArBitprlE,IrolaotrlE, A0riva.
MapE K. (1990), Grundrisse.Bctotxfs ygctptpfEn7qKprcm4S qg
IloArcm(g Omovoptictg.T6p"og
B'. llgd)"oyog - petdcpqqol orlpeLooer,gALovuoIE ALBdqrlg,)rolaotrlE, A0rjvcr.
MaqE K. (1991), Eptdpcupa x{tt Xa(pG. To npdtro B$).b ctnrj
rryv nputrry 6x6oor7 (1867) rou oTo KtEd"),ato, KptrLx( rryE
[Io)"rcmfE Omovotr,tiaE"pt ro napdprrypa I.I: H a{ruxfi
po eEf . Metircppcol, s LoctyroyrlxcrLo1o)"Luf LcrrpyoE
ltcrpirtr1g,KgLtLxri,A0rjva.
MogE K. (1992), Grundrisse.BaoruiE ygatrtpiE rryEKgrcm(q rryg
IIoArcmryEOtxovopiag. Ttipog f', llEro),oyoE- peracppcrorlorlpetirroergALovtioqEALBdpqq,IroxsotrlS. A0rivc.
'Evyxe)"9
MapE K. xCI,t
O. (1965), To Koptrtouvrcrm6MavrcS,foro, ex6. flc.,nuxitorcr, A0r1vc.

|IANNH' MHAIO>

'Evyxel.E
<D.(X.X'd')'H feppawxrl l\eoAoy[o' MetclMapE K.,
Gutenberg, A0t1vu'
Kcootcr@L)"fvr1'
qQooq entprf).etcr
Mcrgoti8aq A. xor Toupr8crv(bqqX. (1999) (enLp.),IIou Ba\fttt
17Panfu; otxovotrttxf g xctt noArcm'E npotxrdotq rrtE pLerd.E, Eldvtag, A0{va.
Bctor1
AQLMcrotgcrvtdtvqET. xcrLMr]l.Ldgf. (1983), .,H oeolp(crtr"1E
NanLtal.Loprod:
e].]"r1vLxor-1
rou
yrG
e[irpil1Or.1
rlv
otepd,g
'Optcr
@6ottE,t. 2'
xaL ouvdntttq>>,
Mcruprjgf . (1984), "To npdBhqpc rqg lttxQoaotLxrigtcrEngornv
E i) . r ibu" . O f o rtE .r.9 .
Maupopriq A. x(tr Mq)"15gf. (1987), .,flol"tttxri elouofcr, 0(@foeg, t. lB.
xol.o x(xr v'tart::roro)"ri".
E774vmtiEyxuxAonaf\tru, ex6. flugodE, A0rlva 1934'
Meyri.ArT
rqE N' A' Aoictg
Xcopeg
Mcnzel U. (1986),..Ot v6eEBtopr'llcrvLxdg
@6ottE,t' 15'
avcintuEq',
n1v
ot'[r1qoq
xoL n 0ec,-rprltLxr'1
YLo
tou KaoeprLvog(ou
(1981),
flpgxttxd
MxdBrtor\ oroZ9oto7rcp6
X.
Apiv.
).
rcOv
(Eror'lyriottq
Mel.etotr,.
vrQou MeooyeLaxci-rv
A'
IaInawtyLdpr,
Mn.
Ko).p.
f. A!t, A. fz., Qpcrt'x,>. K.
f. Agodvq, K. Bepycinou)'ou,A' Ad'(apr1'
qrdx, M. A. Pcl,otrL,
)t. Mnapncrvclorl.@. llclyxa)"ou, f. flanawr.')vLou).A0t1vct.
x0,t l'l oecopfarou xQ0rlM4)"LoEf. (1978), ,,O Lpnegrcrl"LopriE
xanrtcrhroprotir,Aythvaq yLa Tqv \rop#ouxol,rovoxr(,thLcrxo{
avuvioory,T.2.
vLorrury
Mq),16gr. (1979), ..H 0err)p1ttx1ouvsLoqopa tou N(xou floul.crvt(cir, Ayritvaq yta rrlv xo4!ouvlormrT avaviuorT' t' B'
9".
M4),Ldgf . ( 1979[uI ), "E],]"nvrxr1xoLvc')vfa:'opetg crvcintuEn
Ay at, ctqy rcrTryvx olt lt ouvlor Lxqan'svi rootT,T' 6'
trig uncrvtixoLvov(cr,o pr{rooE
Mq)"15gf. (1979[B]). "E],]"r1vLxr1
ntu!4Err,A)'titvoEytT Tnv x'o,ltoDvtottxryavcwiaorl' 1' 7'
oo$LetLxd xcrt ol"Mq).Ldg f (1980), ,,Kpcrtrxopovonc,lhLcrxcl,
T" 9'
avaviaory,
yLo
xoppouvrcrmtT
rryv
Aytitveq
Lur,
xanttal.tottxrl
(xaL)
11
,."Exouy1govrop5g"
Mr1)"rdgf. (1982),
crvcintu[r1.H ora$eponoi4or1tor-r"xgtitotrq btxcr(ou"rr,@6.oer c .r . l.

O EAtl Hl,'lI KOZ KOI ll Q NI KOZ ZXH M.4TI2 MOt

46-s

Mq)"rdgf. (1983),
q no].rttzrj orxovotrL(a
rou provo"Mog[ropctS
norl"fou; Ko,nnol.LotLxrig rgdnog firrQoytllynl<xcrL provoncftrro,n,
@ tot6,r. 2.
Mri)"r<iE
f. (1983[o]),
pefpa ptrltpdno]"r1<-negrgdpe
tag: Iu"To
.,,x),fvouoeg0ecog(eE xcr,rcrvtrpd,oetg>r,@6oetE,T. 4.
MqirdE f. (1983[0]),
LprnepLcr].roprdE
pnre6xcr,ror 0ecrrpieq
"O
qrr,O6ot6, r. 5.
nol.1<-neprcpdpeLu
M4).trig f. (t984), ..Or aprotepdE OeopfeEyrcr rnv "efc1p11or1"
xcr or elaptrjoeLqrou e)"l.rivLxoti
xanrta)"rofro{r, @ioeq,r.9.
Mr1).rdgf. (1985), <ll6),c'ror1
rnE ouoot6peuorlExaL bLe0vonofiloI Tou xecpcr)"crfour>,
@ioetg,t. 72.
M4),Lo<f. (1990), <Kgrcrtrxd<olebrcroprd<xor efirxsfQloq orqv
E > > A > ,O6ot6,r . 33.
Mqirdg f. (I990[a]),
oy"Tpciror xroQoy(Dy{gxcrr xolvc,tvtx(.c,
or.Eornv fno,L0Ero(19o9 xcrt 206g cLrr,lvcrg)r,
erorlyrlon nou
eyLveorng26.1.1989otqv Etatgeio Inoubdtv Neoel.)"r1vLxoti
flo)"LtrcrpouxaL fevrxrl< flaLbe[aE,negLobrx5 Enrcrrytovtx(
Zxftpr1,No 47, Md,4g-Iouv'nE,
oo. 43-52.
M4),LtiEf. (1993). Exno(\euory xat tfouokt, ez6. Kprtrtxrl ftf.rcQrll 6x6oor1),A0rjvc.
Mr1).rogf. (1993[cr]),
"tdor1
"Mtcr nagcrtrlgrlorl),Lcrr1v syysvrl
cr)"ozl,rlpc,ttroprod"
tou (xdOe) dOvouq", @iottE, r..42.
Mq).Ldgf. (1993[0]),
YnavclntuEn (qS OecrrpLag)
os Ano"H
),oyqrrzrj. Andpetg yrc rr.lv e),l,r1vrxrjxotvrrlv(u, rov xorvopou),eutLoprri,
trlv exproprllcrvrorlrr,@foe6, r. 45, oo. 39 x.e.,
Affvcr.
Mri)"Ltigf. (1996), O Mop$rcpriE ary oiyxpouory rd"otav, Evol,Lcmrw< exbdoerq,A0rjvc.
M4),rdg f. ( 1997[cr]),@rupftE yn rov rrGyt(oopttoxcvrrca).LoprL,
ex0. KprtLxri, A0r]vcr.
Mrli,rdg f. (1997[fi)), Tp1not ftaQayayiq xu pag(Lormr1 avd)"uo7, ex6. E),).qvm6"fpd,ptptcrta,A0r1vc.
Mr1),togf. xar )rucOr;Ef. ( l9B4). <Map_EropciE
zaL orzoydvercr,
OiotL<.r. 6.

fIANNH:

MHNIO:

)' xaL OtxovoptdxnEf' (2000)'ErcctMriiLoE f., AcrncrtoLc,l62crg

fpcrptptoro'
yr;( orr1v OmovopttxrTAvdAuot7,exb' E)")'r'1vLxd'
A0qva.
rou
f. xcrt Mtxgo{totxoE @' (1985)' '<DrqvuirryQota
Mr1)"Lcig
A01vu'
MouorxriE,
ihvluErr,Exb.EtcrLpiaNdag
prcr
i. *o, @eolapciE XA' (1986)' "Ilagttt4prioetg Yt(r
MrlhLciE
'xpttLxrj
16'
t'
@6oe6'
avcintufrl
t4E
E"'
-couoo-tncilv Oer,lptrilv
"[3]"cr1ttrlg
btopr<iQqrctlol
A' (1998), "H
MIIILE f. xaL ELcpcrgdE
etrl'1vtxo
v"t',E"crotLxrlgtctns xo,l, n evocopcrtolorlqg otov
[IoAuMetotif3Lo
E'7vmrj
To
crottopt6o,oro A. Pdxog (enLpr'),
ypf'
rrtu
pipoE
ivct
rtyrrcfo ytct,ro Miroopo' EnrcrpiqovraE
'
368-371
oo'
A0qva'
EM[I,
ouE,flcrvefitorllptoxdg ex66oetg
ELAd"da'
orryv
\eopof
Mqtgtlnoul'oE a. if OaS;,OL epyaoruxoi
.nb. Aut. N. )d,xxou),cr'A0rivcr-Kopotrlvri'
MiailleM.(1983),Toxp(ltoETo|)6ma|ou.Etoctycolt(oTt]vx,Ql.
@eormry rou olrvrtypltrtxou \mctt'ou, ex6' flcrpcrtqpqtqg'
oaiovfxq
otLg Oeolgfegt4g uficlvoMtlar'1)"i6nE
'ntu[r1g: f. (1986)' "O crvt()"oYoE
Ot OeolpisEYtcrtq ouvcpOgtoorltcrlvtponov ftGQGOiottE, t. 16.
yco1,rjg",
MooxtrrcpK.(1974),@tooa)'ovixt71700-1912'T';t'1rryEltra'
irgarLx(E nd)'qg, ex6. ItolaonlE, A0qva'
y'tuatov tni
MooXoBcixqEN i' If OSS;, To ev El)'ddt lr7tr6orov
.l-oupxoxpar(aE,BLptrtonoltre(oA.N.Kcrpcr|3(cr,Aor1vcr'
unauanruMou(diqg N. ( 1971),l{rcilAryt''txi xorya'tvict''Oy's1g
$ryE,tr'6. E[cl,wcrE,A0rivctg'
Moutg)'qE X. (1987), KoruoBouAettrrcpdqxcu txBnpqyd'vrcr1
ApeE'
orryvqpL-ltEQtcpipen- il')"ti6a, Ba)'xavtct'Acnutxry
x(, @epi).lo,A0rjvc.
O)o4tavmry
MoutacptofeBcrB. (1990), Aygortxig oyioetE orqv
A0qva'
lloge[cr,
at'
(
16oE
t
5oq),
ArtroxQaropfu
orryvE)J"d'
MnaxouvdxrlE N. A. (1986),H uno6oy4 "tg 6nt'paE
6a, A' OeottBd)"llatgcbv'
ou1 l'16'
Mncpma,vciongIt. (19851, 16,'tp'opEkErrTEovd'rrufryE
rnEupttrrry,'I6pupcrMeooyetcrxcilvMehetdrr"A0rivct'

O E"4AITN I KOZ KOI N Q]VI KOZ'X H XLATIZM OZ

467

MnevugdyLcrA. ( 1975),H npr.(trr1

ora\rc\gopia rou il"Arywxou
ngoluctp rcirou, Exb. O),xcjE,A0riva.
Mnete).dprI. (1975). MopgiE dnxrryofuE oro peraBarLxd ord"6to npoE ro ooonArcp6, exb. Pdnna, A0r1r'4.
Mrete)"epr>. (1976), Ot rctfmoi ayrivq orryvEzLl 111rcg[o6oE,
1917-1923,Ex6. Pclnncr,A0rjva.
Mnetel.dptI. (1978), Ot ralmoi aydveE onTvE22/ 2r7neg[o6oE,
1923-1930,ex6. Punnu, AOrjva.
MnLprruizou-AvtorvLcl0q
E. (1996), ilqoBl(pctra lorogktg. Bu(ovr tvri.,M n a B ulcwr tvd., El.l.r1vrxcl f g<1,
prpara,A0r'1vcr.
Mnouptinotrl.og A. N. (1931), ,,Arloteiu>r,Mty. Elirlv. EyxuxAoirai\tru,r6pt"o<IIT', oo. 74-76,A0rjvcr.
Mnouldgtv N. (1983), ,,Ot otxovoprtxdggGeS rou r,prtrgQtal.toproi>, @iot.tE,t. 3.
MnoulrigLv N. (1992), ,.H yevLx{ 0ecogia rqE oyoe6.Eu,at or
xprfoerqrr.
@ioeK, t 41.
Mnguvdq vtE L (1983),KparoE xat xtgdAato, exE. @eprdl.Lo,
A0r1vu.
Mnor(ot1p O. (1974). ITlvaxaE rou pftogbu rryEEAAd.6oqorrlv
Toupxoxparfa ( I 787-1797),Aqo( To]"f0r1,,
A0r1vcr.
N
O lt'lotspd"g,tEryrcpfda nolrru(-xouavm(-cptToToym(
Iraup (6q-flarptx(or"r).

(131..

NodtooE tI. (199l), H oooruArcrmryoxitprTorryvElAdda an6 ro

1875aE ro 1971,rdp. B'(1907-1925),A'piQoE @nd ro Kotvavmriv peq ((rqpa orqv dpurmry yutt" rou ZEKE). ex6.
fvdrorl, A0{vo.
No{ltooE n. 0992), H ooorct),rcrm( ox{rllr| orrlv EAAdda an6 ro
IB75 ag ro 1974, topog B' (1907-1925),B' prdgog(o,nd to
>EKE oto KKE), ex6. fvc6or1,A0rjvcr.
Nto pir/I o urliu l't uxcyioLlXrtr /Ae g dpng/ll goxdtoL/Xd prnoWtdoup/MegLvymovlXil"tov (1982), H pudBaoq and ro (pou6a7rcpd orov xonrcriltotrr6, tx6. @epd),ro,A0rjva.

468

I'IANNT{' MIINIO:
O Efu1I1N I KO> KOI N QN I KOZ ZXH MATI\ MO'

NtotjoxoEII. (X.X..),
H oorovolttzr(organTytx(rou rytntptctALopouorryvEAAdda,exE.Gutenberg,A0rjvcr.
F

rdv0oE Eppt. (x.x.6.), Anopvqptovttpata negi rryE @tAtxrTE

ErcapktE, ex6. fldnugoq llQeg, A0qvcr.
ELqcrgdgL. (1992), lrypootovopttx( lloArcmry xat Omovotrttx(
Avdnrufry. KpdroE xat Omovop"ia orryv EAAdda, lB2B-]862,
ALn)"orprcrtrxr]
epycrofcroro Tprnpa Iotogiag qg @r)"oooprztjE l1o)"rjE tou llcrveruLotrlpriouA0qvrrrv, A0r1vcr.
FLcpcredE
A. (1993), <<H"Gxcrcl,),un1
ouvdleLcrtou e),l"r1vroprod":
OgLoprdveE
enizaLpeg oxdqreLEyLo qv el")"r1vrz4LotoErfar,
@iotry,r.42, &" 43.

o
OrzovoprdxnEf. (1998), <To (rjtrlpc rIE xcrnrtcrl.totLxonofqorlg
rou cr,yQottxod
toptdcr(pe crqopLr.r1
rnv "dxOeo4)ngciou" yrcr
> >6, o e 6 , r . 6 5 ,o . 5 1 .
rl ysrDQy(a@
(rjtqpro rqE xcrnLtcrl.rotrxonoiqorlg
OLxovoprdx1Ef. (1999),
"To
rou oyeorLxotitoprdcr(precrqogpntqv "dxOeoq)ngclou" yLcr
)
p o g 2 )rr,@ i o ttE,r. 6 6, o.75.
r I y s ( r )Qy fc(Md
OLxovoprd,xqE
f. (1999), ,,"'Ex0ror1 )ngdou" y,G u1 yeotgyicr:
dvcrgr.lpvogoro ptxQd ro)"ubpcron'1pLo
aypotrxd vorxoxuQ r do,@ i o ttE,r.6 7 ,o . 8 9 .
II
flal.aLcrrvllcrtgc6v fegprcrvdE(1996), AnopLvtTpoveipora,AQope{g, A0{vcr.
ild),),r19 A. A. (1934), <llgoocpuyLzciv Ztlnlpctr, oro: Mry.
EALryv.EyxuxAona(\tn, tdpt. I' (E),),dg), ex6. llugodE, oo.
405-410,A0rjvcr.
Palloix Ch. (1978), H \rc)vonoiryoryrou lrg(tAabu, Ex6. Ndcr
Iuvopcr, A0{vc.
llcrvcryrortdnou).og B. ( 1980), <H Br,oprrllavLzrj encrvd,otaonxo r"

11E)'l"docr, 7832-1871>>,
oro: ExouyypovtopriE xat BtopttTyavtxrytnavdoraorl ora BaAxd.vn rov I9o ctuitva,ex6. @eu6l"Lo.
A0rjvcr.
flavuyLcordnoul"ogB. (1987), IrAr70uotrr6E
xctt otxtctptoirr\g lrtTorovv(oou, t3og-lBoE auivaE, Icrtogrxd Apleio E;rnopLxrjg TpdnEEaE,A0rjva.
flavxdg B. >. (1983), Omovotrr.Lxfg
1uopkg rou otiyygovou oo_
onAgeqogptoptoti,exb. }jylQovq Eno1r1,A0rjvc.
llcrvta[cinou]"og N. (1983), oo Ko,noEfotprLcrg
xor o no].rtLxoxo rvcrrv
rxdE nl.ouErcrl"Lopci
g tr1g enopj g rou >>,oto : a 17
proo t t ti ltctro loropfug noArcmoti B[ou xat noArcruatv0eoptc6v,ALEtj0uvo4 A. Todtoog x.6-, university stuclio press,@eooc)"o-

vtuq.

flcrvta(dnoul.oE N. (1998), l,leotAhTvm| xpd.roE2rat eugwnar'x( xotvrirryra. O xara)nrmdg griAoqrary Bauctocriz,Ilcrgrou_

oic, A0rjvcr.
flonayeotpyiou X. (1934),
"AnalJ"otErrc6oeLgr,oro: Mry.
EALryv.EyxuxAonai\tn, tdpr. I, (E),),dg), oo.404_405,A0{_
v(x.
flancryeorEr'1iouf. (1990), o xouyxQovtopt1grou 'il,Ar1va
ftQ,ylt,rur( o6pg0vt lt rr. uQ^.tcti'xri.ng'runa (ril,t]
lBou-agyiE lgou ctt.), AcStr>f
To),(6r.1,
A0rjvo.
llcrnsEdx4E B. n. (1934[a]), <Are0vrjE0doLEqg E],],d6og,,
oro: Mty. EAAryv.
EyxuxAoncti\trct, tdpr. I, (E)"),dg),oo. 601_
623.A0riva.
flana8clxlE B. |I. (1934[B]),
"llo],ntxd xdpprato,,,oro: Mry.
il,Lryv. Eyxux).otai6tn, trip. I'(E),),clg), oo. g50_g5g,A0ri_
VCI..

flanabcinou)"oq f. (1931),At xorvatvmai aogd"ioeq xat 6ryry

tr16oruuyt [c, TtrnoypraqefovBLrorxouvdxrl,A0rjvaL.
flaruc(rjorE T. A. (e'pr.) (r993), Irpaxrmd A'zuvt\giou Mer oop Lrrudtv2 n ou6cfiru,
A0rjvc.
flcrrucifoy)"ouA. (rgg4), Eppai'xoi 2totvortxo( 1rctrtoi orry @rcoaAovfurTrryqTougxox par iaq, Megatype, @eocral"ovixrl.

fIANNH:

41{)

MHAIO)

@. ( 1934), .,IuvbLxcrl,Lottxr1xfvqoLE"' oto :

flcrncrxcr.tvotcrvt(vou
Mey. EA)'r1v.EyxuxAonai\eru, tdpr. I' (E)')'<ig)'ao' 423-426,
A0rjvct.
flarrcrl"e[dvapou K. O. (1934), <TirJIo<,, oro: Mey. E7)'r7v.
Eyxuil.onai\eru, tdpr.I' (E)").d(), oo. I.032-l '046, A0tjvct'
flancrvaodnoul.og K. (1983), EA7r1vm7 ep.nopLxq vaurAia
( 1533-1856).MlEr, A0riva.
xGI exToym6
flcrncrvcrotcro(ou A. (1923\, Ar\poxgatfu
Ao{va
E}"}'c16og,
o{ou1pa,Enavdx8ooq AygotLxri Tpdnelcr

x.x..

flcrncrvrxo)"riouA. n. Q9()1), A1farcg nAng'g rrTEvtoeTArywxrTEtot opiaE,Arolevrlg.A0rivcr.

'Eqvoug,
fluncrgprlydnorr)"o<K. (1971), Iorogkt rou EL)4wxoti
ex6. fatra[fcr, A0r1vct.
flcrpcoxeutjnouioq f. n. (1896), Ta{ftLa avd. rryv ETAada, ex
rou rufioypcrqeiouqE Kogivvrl<, A0r1vcr.
II. (1934), <BLopttllctvfo",oro'.Mty. E'LAqv'EyxttxAoflcrcpul"clg
oo. 129-147,ex6. flupodg' Aot]vct'
ra(6trc,,tdpt. I' (E)"}'clg).
fletpfbqg n. B. (1986), il"A\vrur\ iroArcmfixQt xolvovLxrTrcropia t82 I - 1940,Enrcxdnt\or7, tx6. flcrgafllplrnE, @eoocr)'or'(x1.
fletpf6rlE n. B. (1990),IIoTrcLxo[xaL ouvrcy{tarLxo[ 0topo[ ortT
U n i v e rsi tyS tudi o P ress,A 0{v f ir t pr T i l ,)d d a (1 5 2 1 -1 8 4 3 ),
vcx.
P c t r opoulo sJ . A. (1 9 8 5 ). IT ' Atrtx ti x (tt otrl xpttrtl orTxpri rttuE
prtoikn (1533-1813),tdp. A', MoppcotLxo
oro d.Ar1vLx6
'
A0r1va.
EOvtxrjETpcrirdlr'1E,
I6pr.rpcr
Petropoulos J. A. (1986), fIoArcmryxctL ttuyxg6rryoryxpdrottE
oro tiArTvm6 BaolAtto (1833-1813), ropt".B', Mogqolttx6
'
I6pu pcrEOvLxqgTpcrne[r19,A0rjvcr.
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dvvornrIE xQrttxqgxcn r1zErrrLxrl
"H

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