The Black Book of COMMUNISM CRIMES, TERROR, REPRESSION Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth Jean-Louis Panné ‘Andrzej Paczkowski Karel Bartosek Jean-Louis Margolin Consulting Eitor Mark Kramerreine teen bm Hae ea ed ane ee me en ie Cnr Cat Pe Bae ‘wo an ap iad Ker cig eae Ma te Tuc Can Sn ak Contents Farewurd The Ura Atty Init: The Crimes of Communes Span Com Pant Stata agit ie People: Valence, Repression and Tear inthe Sovit Union ig Warm 1 Paranes and MiuaentundngsSurouing the (cetera 2 The hun Fist she Dati the Peat 3. Theted Terr The Din Wir 5 Fr Tambo tate Gret annePan From the Tract Gres Tring Mae Forced Cletivaion nd he Great Famine Soca org Flms and th Chl of Reson The Emit o he Camp, he Orr Sd Vit Apps an Ce nthe Glog Sem The ass Cnspiras Concsion Word Reveutin Csi! Wa, nd Teror Sohne Cau Je ous at, td Re Ker The Comintern in ston Sigh Ca Jean an he Shao f the NKYD in Spin Supe Calan Las Ps Common a Terran fem anor ‘The Otter Expect ofCommnism Aa Pesons¥ an Kaa Bath Pala the nes Nation” Cera ad Southasern Earp Part1V Communism ia Asi: Between Reoduston nd Massacre eos Margins Par ua Irion 21, Chin: Aon March nt Nee “for arin 22 Coins Tera an Seca Noth Kaen 22 Viana Lae The tpas of War Comin Deon Sl 24 Cah: The Gantry of Dconsering Cres “on Marin ‘Sor ira Fr Ai Pan Te Thre Wer Pescafonaon, Yr Soro Sy Bolger 2 Conmunion in Latin Ameria 26. Awmounin: Ebi, Ang, and Moranbine 27 Commi in Ahan Sn Boge Inde At the AareForeword: The Uses of Atrocity Coram as ben te est sry of the emit ce During ir Ray fo teen iene of Ere a he to Wael Ware alte cst of 19-15 mae Frat ep weswal the mile of Geman and on eae {in wth Chins Sn Wh is fa he ape of oan it had ne ‘Mrs thrd main and seed ose abn Pr sren Sica tnt wld poplin opinion eee hn mo se ‘ites on heya the uh rd Banyo ‘Oe might herrea prio of der hii wold be wcxpin un Cm merce oo hg ny ce Me = foots ns ensues mort ey yee 91 peng ‘amon the Bg Quast ed ye Martens phetameson Fvtary tun Can The Bt Bat of Coma, cy aon in Fant amd mach of Europes wae the try Sk hat wl oe 2 ese cri itgraphy was ced i Sone Ria bythe ‘cymes andr sr ign Camo th ‘Kem capper Noses. An shop ee wie ‘Srrcn unl much cape te top map fl marinefrum tesa the centr ar Wart Wa se ned econ ple an impressne amount! Even hac pole remain te Sn Tull pet ofthe Western enpnlelore “This ones Hows om he ree that Cui cn ners tan sec and ale fe m,n the pte prc fe pes Aci, reverchers ve ene inated Mt the October Reon ssa mle’ res and no» Pat cp eat, when ws ina he ber iig pgp bck on the formes Beside he cea san Cont ‘itr ssmr the Par’ hema nrkr "it wh he lige ‘ire of Ober lt i with hl permanent et at ih ‘Mr scartybeam cxr. ‘More evel the mater hs en aca yt as lig ‘he poms «beter Saver scan than the ane the Heal bat The fests the "Bokhari aera Sy th ht pares ter overt, mare rad owas —that ih Marna ain, ‘nich necessitates the fll suppres pre per ot ad the fret The sexond fans purports to fd the pean Bind Sts rection rm abe” af 19-193 in "cual nln” fy belo by Par acs and workers guise be “borg” pels Se Bak ‘rin fest imately leading to masse upward by on the ‘acues bench ‘With Sch is row conser 9 what Tay ll the ah a of suey” peags 4 mora ster than sap Yo the Crm ewimeton cand tue undestuning hi he mach vestigated Yi sal pes chimed time on tat a ever sed ashlar vista all propetonste tthe mateo th Snr The lc Bk ‘les te i erp eo Serine oer she sca nite a at fscured, by moma etaling Lenin's coma oan pe, ‘Son from Ran 19174 Aghansen ‘Thi factual appt pats Cnn in what fie al bse aman perspec Fr war inate weeds ans dere the French pubsher'schrcersatn, ith agrand tel sao ‘sine by conta ta the are at wa Hin ao 18 ilo Titer way. the Comment rend fete mnt sown af ie ‘arage im natary And wen thi fit ba on wth he Fn ub fe pyres dy academic wok bese x pblaing eration. the oh ‘pane pb an ntl dene “The shaking diension ofthe Camus aed, Sev stedet of evenih-cenry hn at est wh she ‘cent Lenin eines retaken ns The enews a is Ie dt he wath shoud come sath» suck ote pi a ie Tobe sure cach majo epande the ageds- Stabs Gulag. Mao Zedony’s Grok Lea Forward and is Carl Revol, Pal Pas Kher Roage—ba i emer of rie Hu hse hss dd yin “hy no (hamonetubie to a up he tan tere the a. Te ap Ing sco hn tal he, paly expan te sick he ame pvc “he fal ome ofthe ssh nee, me dered by the ae mpi of th sm ih et Ns ich ota ete lion tur ut be dt es marae han Common, Ad the ane tse Stphuse Couey ther han tthe res apc fr theme, Spell atthe comparson they mains he oles Seba. Arg from he ft that some Naver jripraene ha ben crore Trench or asso sch ves tha f lace Pap forme ‘noe Gc xing ied 97-98 ocr in depering Jens Chest cal ih), Courieapcly ete the la pee” 2 Cui ith he race ene” of Ras an eer bth as sin it hunts Whit mr he ate the ghee ea po lk Commun eof the egos of Western polo San, Mun Ho Chi Min Fal Cot and cel Pl Po nb he men hey “thndned tv lve eye iw direst a lene Tho cs he pv ean in Pane Sine 185 he et tas eae 1 come to per oni 6 popu nt of Sait and Conan de sen Bla Fran Mier tandem | ‘ohh the erate pros a bays cenromie by al alee treatin Mowe Corey se 180 the ht hs Bech ated BY en's ith Nar he sober ofthe Papo tar asec hire ome “hnowing the rth sat the USSR hae eve bee an aadec Torhermarit happens at ete te vole append te Sox rom nse onl Jor i eed of Commun os ase Forums marty Oras he Hp hte ting Te Blt Bo Ionic Sal Asya his osecrment or toring aes th amepente inl pst" ep countered by eligi ‘Gc cee Gulshan Cnet (obi es i ome. oly ‘hebeclada ewer prod” topper wa em on (bi ma ater tbe Literati te Gla ns et Sow) Nor was ths ‘Kobe won he eer of he et tht heed the Ci Scie nt es eg oe sa of ema pos oti pen to sxc f ston towed the Non! Pt of the Tack Joan Marie Le Tan ter al he conser fad oe id 1 Xin The iden ded wth te naw Gauls it walking oto he Thamernhle the Galats resin sary i pa. Tein the ‘ae spa enon a he pres. Tred, he be dies the ba eown aut Aare rsats said with the Cnet Hie et de Sasol Ca ‘hme and ts vim, Commune Founded ty he re of eee Com Imus stds he te Anni Kriegel missin onl ur new As {Sve archives in conjuncin wth youre son hse quay the pin, thee recrchers ar one Cnnmus cn ents {nd iscner the uesnent fir comon ps tha hey ade Thane The Buck Blot raised the fesse piso Curt be colldertors—Nicl Wr ‘or Risin and Jem Lous Maran fo (Cana puly ited techs nb ble onl Soleus hein withthe dete, wich ius race, beaut herve te question of the moral quence far ety’ wo ala nisms ted tded whenever the vey ese of “tan insole. For Nui’ unnuestats a “abt i tw so enenched (OF the Several ane ors of Nas the most vious i tha te Wester democranes ght Wis Wa In sie tl poplar foot” agua “cin” Morne, were the Nace esuped a of pe the Camara dui the ald War mr ony aa Th hough he aks cemocay inthe new is we a ihn it a Predecono theres of wiping i a sient mera teed wth Whe lise general secretary othe ol emp” Nina ache, the Corral embrace of the wlimae cold mart Pre Rom Reagan {Communist rot with 0 Nuremberg and ee ‘nde Communion o solely pu Lenin bond the pe sa Son; and of couse ere let Carman eps ease! rd ute ean frou a peepin tht defent cat dowa Nai in ‘he prime aft nga there tray ing tl beste was rer By contrat Crimann the ps gy ot raed ‘rithm epc very and there piel hl-cnay in hich wo ket Sjmamsn, eo hal-rgent of Stn tn sree caso sme cea tenes uch Cachan’ Aicundes Dubk oY), este ig thesysem a "humanfice” Ass relat fete otasing edge tata al Nim's sores mre bare ly ears where ae nls tengo caplre Sov any, an the of Es Anand Cae remain ale The ee of hs cg ace nfrmton was map by more ‘subj onsideatons: Nasu see lth me mone to Wester rs for isn arse nthe Hear of ned epe inte bowen of Ether, Kats Goethe Bete, nines Mar, Corus coma pgewed as lef 2 itil aberainin the Raman bared of Tope tnt "ia er sles, eit Tasoy a Dees Ian ha ever ake ep oe “The tire datinguing characters f Naso, of cr, he loa, cided mth ie unig eine of sei the eer ‘mn fo ete Repl ine oe which th rm "ei wa ined ound the in of Nuremberg Ag here the Jew peopled he cr gation o esp he mers ox mare sein the eosin of the world Exensn generate of he Final Sls asso omer, Inc soning ony othe 174 a 98h ery yr when Cae “us ratanly lowing. So eres hve cng reams he Time Commis lhe rl nr dha ty seo see Unable and earings to eases rit anon Wesernseo, whee Sin and Cmennien materi hip spray. The saa eC ass ith mo gee ‘Then somal yay expen of repre ps ott with Nin, weve mater ho arial rr cole ene sui. Th ‘Musun Heiger and Pl de Man ave een eng compel and The sutance of th tpt tae. By eons, Las Aran yes Under Sain the tar he Pench Crain Pry' erry abe (owas pated ang the csi of he Pe, the res wa a it ate of his ate fe sul mate sb Bi ein (The Blt Bot paces #198 pm wo be KGB pede, he GPL) Liew, the ‘Sins poet nd Nee! are, Pt Nevin theme ee ws Sn Irentre together with sn, bya ace lm pm even Though in (9 98 4 Chiles toma in Span ead te a geo the Comer, in 1989 mourned ean wth uae le And hs st (pura! er ald be ended nde Tren mice shed the sain inthe as. No Gulag camp een urna mses cert he nat a wee bled no the und dung Khai’ de-Saianton The nly email Sti’ sis safe soe ong Mw lo he Arie yp oF Sc apd lc in Lapis Sune (ough wall af he ile, where {heRGB former beau si sd Nov are there 9) rel itn toh ney sh one mus coe tea of ae each fan ae Than cool wie que By conta, Lenin's sae sil diate Isc enter and hum eens Poorly nits Manse, ‘Theo the font Corman werd, eve vty mone of isp fi een pom ilo ped Idee eveyhere ‘Commun pricy thoagh sly under sew ame compe itis