Chc Nng v cu to ca cc h iu khin s

I.
Nguyn l vn hnh ca cc my cng c iu khin s (my cNC)

Hnh 2-1 l s nguyn l vn hnh ca mt my phay ng NC, iu khin trn 3 trc to X,Y,Z. 1. Chng trnh gia cng chi tit Nhng thng tin cn thit gia cng chi tit no , c tp hp mt cch h thng gi l chng trnh gia cng chi tit. Chng trnh ny c th: c son tho v lu tr trong vt mang tin (bng t, a t hoc a Compact CD) v c a vo h iu khin s qua ca np tng thch. c a voh iu khin s thng qua cc nt bm bng tay trn bng iu khin. Nh bng iu khin cng c th a vo h iu khin s cc thng tin c bit (s liu v doa c, cc gi tr hiu chnh bin dng, cc d liu iu chnh my). c chuyn tip t cc b nh ca mt my tnh iu hnh ch sang h iu khin s ca tng trm gia cng (nguyn tc vn hnh DNC). 2. B logic iu khin. B iu khin s l cc d liu chng trnh nh cc phn mm h thng (systematical software) nhm Cung cp nhng gi tr cn v v tr cho tng trc ring l ca my cng c theo mt tn s ph thuc vo tc s l d liu chng trnh. So snh cc gi tr cn (GTc) v gi tr tht (GTt) v v tr, xc nh gi tr chnh lch : v cp lnh iu khin tng ng cho r le tc ca tng trc chy dao ng ring l. Nh vy trc my chuyn ng c lp nhng vn phi hp c vi nhau sao cho bin dng gia cng c sinh ra vi tc gia cng c lp trnh. 3. Chng trnh tng thch chuyn dng v nhng d liu iu chnh my.

Nh cc chng trnh ny, h iu khin s m bo c s tng thch vi cc thng s k thut chuyn mn ca my cng c m n iu khin. Nhng d liu iu chnh my xc nh: tc chy nhanh (khng ct) ti a, b tr xp t cc trc my, cc trng thi ng mch ca h iu khin v gii hn vng lm vic ca h thng cng ngh (bn my, g lp, dao c). Chng trnh gia cng chi tit cn bao hm nhng thng thin lin quan trc tip n my. Lnh ng / ngt mch bm dung dch trn ngui. Lnh to s vng quay v chiu quay cho trc chnh. Lnh i dao c . B l gc iu khin chuyn tip nhng lnh ny qua mt cm iu khin tng thch ci t trong h iu khin s n cc khu iu khin my nh: van, rle, cc cu dao tip mch Ngc li, cm iu khin tng thch cng tip nhn cc thng tin phn hi t cc cng tc ngt cui (c chn), cc b cnh bo p sut v nhng b phn khc lp t trn my (c km theo dng c pht tn hiu) chuyn thnh cc thng bo v tnh trng sn sng hot ng hoc trng thi dng cho h iu khin s.

II. Dng lu thng tn hiu trong h iu khin s. Hnh 2-2 trnh by dng lu thng tn hiu trong h iu khin s. Trong chia thnh cc lp thng tin sau:

Hnh 2-2. Lu thng tn hiu trong h iu khin s Lp 1: Np d liu. - Bng tay, nh bng iu khin. - Bng tay nh cc c cu c kh (tay quay, tay gt) cp xung. Dng cp tn hiu ny gii hn cho vic gia cng chi tit l, kt cu n gin hoc cho cc qu trnh iu chnh my. - Bng u c cc vt mang tin (bng t, a t, a compact) - Trc tip (online) t b nh mt my tnh iu hnh gia cng Lp 2: Lu tr Thng tin u vo c lu tr trong cc b nh bn dn. Chng trnh gia cng chi tit, cc d liu v dao c v gi tr hiu chnh c lu tr trong b nh RAM. Cc d liu hiu chnh my cng c c lu tr trong b nh RAM hoc trong b nh EAROM. Cc d liu chng trnh cho cm iu khin tng thch (PC=Programmable Control)c lu gi trong b nh PROMs. Lp 3: Lu chuyn. Trong lp ny, cc d liu chng trnh bt u c s l. ng dch chuyn cn thc hin trong cu lnh k tip c tinh ton, qu o tng quan vi bin dng lp trnh c tm ra c

tnh n khong cch bng bn knh dao. Cc th thut kim tra, nghim li nhng thng s chng trnh quan trng nh im kt thc mt ng cong phi truyn Lp 4: Lu s l Lp ny bao gm cc b ni suy, tm ra nhng gi tr cn v v tr cho mch iu chnh v tr trn tng trc dao. N cng a ra cc s liu iu khin trc chnh cng tc, cng nh iu khin chung ton my. Lp 5: iu chnh. Gm cc cm iu chnh v tr, iu chnh tc dch chuyn trn cc trc cho ph hp vi tc dao lp trnh, tu thuc v tr tc thi ca mi trc. Lp 6: iu khin ton my.

III.

Cc thng tin iu khin

1. iu khin. iu khin l nhng tc ng nh hng c mc ch n dng lu thng nng lng v dng lu thng vt cht thng qua cc thng tin. Thng tin - trong mi quan h ny l nhng thng bo cho h iu khin to iu khin thc hin nhng qu trnh chc nng xc h. iu khin my cng c, h iu khin s cn nhng thng tin sau: Chuyn ng tng i gia dao c v chi tit. Cc s liu cng ngh v tc chy dao v tc ct. Cc chu trnh gia cng xc nh bi iu kin cng ngh c trng (khot rnh, phay khoang rng, ct ren).

 Cc chc nng ph (dn dng dung dch trn ngui, i dao) 2. Biu th thng tin qua tn hiu Mt thng tin c th c trnh by nhng gi tr hoc nhng din bin gi tr ca thng s tn hiu. H thng tn hiu ch chp nhn nhng gi tr s ri rc xc nh gi l cc tn hiu s. H iu khin lm vic vi cc tn hiu s m ta ang nghin cu chnh l h thng iu khin s.

IV.

Cc h thng s v m s

Nhn chung cc h thng s c xy dng t cc con s l tng lu tha ca c s tng ng vi h thng m ta gi tn. 1. H thp phn (decimal system) C s h thng l 10, v d: 10010 = 1.102 + 0.101 + 0.100 Ch s 10 a vo biu th s trnh by mt con s trong h thp phn . Do qu thng dng m chi tit m khi biu din cc con s ca h thp phn khng cn vit ch s ny.

S m lu tha ca c s h thng biu th ng thi khong cch v tr k t du phy: - V tr u tin bn tri du phy ng vi s m 0. - T v tr ny v bn tri du phy, cc s m lu tha dn dn tng ln. - K t bn phi du phy, cc s m lu tha dn dn gim i : -1, -2, -3 C s ca h thng ng thi biu th s cc k t s m h thng cn c biu th cc gi tr con s: trong h thp phn l 10 k t s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. 2. H nh phn(Dua system hay binairy system) H nh phn c c s h thng l 2, n c mt ngha c bit trong k thut s l tin. 1002 = 1.26 + 1.25 + 0.24 + 0.23 + 1.22 + 0.21 + 0.20 = 1100100 (Tng ng trong h thp phn = 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 10010) ngha c bit ca h thng: Cc gi tr con s mun biu din ch cn hai k t l 1 v 0, chng s c k thut thc hin tng i n gin. V d, cp dng nng lng l ng vi trng thi (hay k t) 1: ngt dng nng lng l ng vi trng thi (hay k t)0. V mt k thut tin hc, dng khc nhau ca dng nng lng khng c ngha g, d n l nng lng in, nhit, quang, thu lc hay kh nn X l tin ch quan tm n k t biu th trng thi v do ngha quan trng ca h nh phn nm trong cc gii php in t cho cc tn hiu 0 v 1. Cc tn hiu in t ny c tc s l cao, li c mt tch cha ln trong cc phn t bn dn in t. Quy i t h thp phn sang h nh phn: V d, cho mt gi tr s thp phn Z10= 23,625 Chia ct t du phy 23 Lin tc chia cho 2 23 : 2 = 11 l 1 11 : 2 = 5 l 1 5 : 2 = 2 l 1 0,625 Lin tc nhn vi 2 0,625 x 2 = 1,250 0,250 + 1 0,25 x 2 = 0,50

= =

2 : 2 = 1 l 0 1 : 2 = 0 l 1

0,50 + 0 0,50 x 2 = 0,00 + 1

1,00

Vy gi tr s tng ng trong h nh phn l : Z2 = 10111,101 i ngc li h thp phn: Z10 = 1.24 + 0.23 + 1.22 + 1.21 + 1.20 + 1.2-2 + 1.2-3 = 16 + 4 + 2+ 1 + 1/2 + 1/8 = 23 + 0,5 + 0,125 = 23,625 3. Cc h thng s khc biu th cc s ln, h nh phn cn n mt s ln v tr ca k t biu th, gy tr ngi cho k thut tnh (bng tay). Trong k thut tnh in t s, ngoi h nh phn cn c ng dng ca cc h thng s khc nh: H bt phn (octal system) C s h thng = 8. H ny cn c 8 k t s biu th cc con s : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. V d 10010 = 1448 = 1.82 + 4.81 + 4.80 = 64 + 32 + 4 = 10010 H thp lc phn (hexadecimal system) C s h thng = 16. H ny cn n 16 k t biu th cc con s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. V d: 10010 = 6416 = 6.161 + 4.160 96 + 4 = 10010 Bng 2 1 trnh by so snh cc h thng s vi gi tr biu th t 1 n 16. Bng 2 1 H nh phn 26 20 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 4 4 25 24 23 H bt phn 21 82 80 1 2 3 81 H thp H lc phn phn 2 1 2 10 10 16 161 100 160 1 2 3 1 2 3

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

5 6 7 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 2 0

5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6

5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 1 0

4. H thng k t s ch ci nh phn H nh phn thun tu (ch biu th cc con s) c ng dng x l s liu trong ni b h iu khin. a vo hay xut ra nhng thng tin cho h iu khin, ngoi nhng con s cn cn n cc k t ch ci, du trong cu, du biu trng, du php tnh Nhng k t a dng ny c th c trnh by nh cc t hp k t 1 v 0 thuc h thp phn. Qui lut t hp cc k t 1 v 0 biu th nhiu k t a dng khc nhau c gi l m s (code) v c tiu chun ho (quc gia v quc t) K t 0 v 1 cng c quan nim l bit ( n v thng tin nh nht, vit tt ca Binary digit hay k t nh phn) Cc m s ng dng trong qu trnh cp v chuyn giao thng tin trong iu khin s phi tho mn nhng iu kin sau:

 Phi l m nh phn : cc k t truyn i phi c biu th bng t hp cc k t nh phn 0 v 1. M s phi m bo nhiu kh nng t hp cc k t nh phn, nh tt c cc ch ci, ch s cng nh cc k t c bit, du hiu hot ng, du hiu tnh ton u c th biu th c. M s phi c xy dngao cho cc li trong khi truyn t thng tin c nhn ra mt cch t ng (Li xy ra ngay trong khi lp trnh hay khi bng t, a t b nhim bn, c vt xc, c vut, hay u t ca b c lm vic khng tt) M s cn tng thch c vi cc m truyn t thng tin trong s l s ni chung. Trong h iu khin, truyn t thng tin thng dng m s theo tiu chun DIN 66024. y l mt tiu chun con nm trong h tiu chun M ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). M s ny cho php trnh by ton b cc thng tin cn thit cho hot ng ca my cng c iu khin theo chng trnh s. M s theo tiu chun DIN 66024 cng l m s ISO. l h m s 7 bit, mi mt k t biu t u c trnh by qua s t hp ca 7 bit. Nh vy ta c th biu t: 27 = 128 k t khc nhau. 7 bit ca mt k t c b xung thm bit th 8 bit kim tra sao cho m k t u thng xuyn a ra mt s chn ca 1 bit. Bng 2 2. trnh by m s theo DIN 66024 (hoc ISO) cho 50 k t c cc t hp bit xc nh Ch : - H Binary Code Decimal Numerals (BCD): Mi ch s trong mt con s thp phn c m ho nh phn ring. V d: s thp phn 359 m ho trong code BCD nh sau: 011 1.21 + 1.20 2+1 3 0101 1.22 + 1.20 4+1 5 1001 1.23 + 1.20 8+1 9

- Cc k t biu t ch vit tt: NUL BS HT No Backspace Horzontal Tabulator Line Feed Carriage Return K t in y, khng mang ngha no Bc li ca c cu vit trong mt dng K t ch chuyn tip ca c cu vit n v tr ct ch tip theo trong mt dng i dng (xung dng) Li gi bt vit. K t ch chuyn ng li ca c cu vit n v tr ct u tin trong mt dng Khong trng gia hai k t (gi bt vit tin mt bc nhng b trng, khng c k t c vit) Xo cc k t vit sai hoc k t khng mong mun Bng 2 - 2 Bit Nr (K = bit kim tra) S rnh (T = rnh chu k) M nh phn Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 K t NUL BS HT LF CR SP ( ) 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 K 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 24 hp v 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 4 23 T 3 3 22 k t 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 21 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 20

LF CR

SP

Space

DEL

Delete

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

% : / + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z DEL

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Bit kim tra Vng bit dnh cho cc k t ch ci Vng bit dnh cho cc k t s thp phn Cc gi tr s trong h thp phn Rnh dn bng Cc gi tr s trong h nh phn

V.

X l thng tin (x l d liu) trong iu khin s

Xs(t)

iu khin v tr trn trc X

iu khin oc

B nh ch ng trnh

Tnh ton hiu chnh

Ni suy

Xs(t) iu khin v tr
trn trc Y

Thng tin cng ngh

Xs(t)

iu khin v tr trn trc Z

Hnh 2 3 trnh by s x l d liu chng trnh trong iu khin s

Z Y

1. iu khin c iu khin c bao qut c qu trnh c tin. N kim tra cc thng tin c c v tnh ng n ca hnh thc cu trc tin (tnh chn ca s bt trong m ISO) v ngng ngay qu trnh c khi pht hin cu trc mc li. 2. B nh chng trnh B nh chng trnh m bo chun b v thc hin cc bc s l song song (x l ng thi) cc thng tin ca mt cng on gia cng vn c c vo theo th t tng bc (dng chuyn

ng, to ca im kt thc chuyn ng, tc trn ng bin dng, s vng quay v chiu quay ca trc chnh) Dung lng b nh ca cc h CNC hin i cho php ni dung thng tin ca nhiu chng trnh con c lu tr cng lc trong b nh. 3. Cm tnh ton hiu chnh Cm tnh ton hiu chnh c nhim v m bo cc gi liu chng trnh c vo ph hp vi khng gian lm vic ca my. Cc tnh ton hiu chnh cn c i hi nhm: m bo v tr ca h to chi tit gia cng trong h to my . Nh vy trong chng trnh tt c cc to im trn bin dng u c tnh da trn c s h to chi tit gia cng. m bo c tnh n sai lch gia kch thc lp thc t ca dao vi kch thc danh ngha ca dao, chng thng lm c s cho cc chng trnh con. V d : Khi lp trnh rt d khng n chiu di dao. on XNA (on ng song song vi trc Z t im N n im A) c lp trnh nh on ng chy vo tip cn vi chi tit gia cng. chiu di thc s ca dao s c a vo h iu khin ngay khi thao tc trn my . Cm tnh ton hiu chnh s tnh cho on ng tip cn tng/gim thch hp: ZPA = ZNA ZPN m bo tnh ton bin dng tng ng so vi bin dng chi tit trong khong cch bng bn knh dao, nu trong chng trnh , cc to ca bin dng chi tit cng c lp trnh B ni suy. B ni suy tnh ton to ca cc im trn ng dch chuyn dc theo bin dng cn, on bin dng gia im khi xut v im kt thc m to ca chng c a vo chng trnh. Vic tnh ton m c thc hin vi mt tn s ph thuc vo tc chy dao . Cc to xn(t),yn(t) l cc gi tr cn v v tr cp vo mch iu chnh v tr trn nhng trc chuyn ng khc nhau ca h iu khin. Cc i lng dn s tc ng vo mch iu chnh v tr, nh cc trc my c dn ng theo nhng gi tr cn v thng qua chuyn ng iu chnh ng thi trn nhiu trc, bin dng i hi s c sn sinh.

4. Phn bit h iu khin NC v CNC iu khin NC (Numerical Control) c tnh ca h iu khin l chng trnh ho cc mi lin h trong mi mng linh kin in t ring l c xc nh mt nhim v nht nh, lin h gia chng phi thng qua nhng dy mi hn cng trn cc mch logic iu khin. Chc nng iu khin c xc nh ch yu bi phn cng. iu khin CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) iu khin CNC l mt h iu khin c th lp trnh v ghi nh. N bao hm mt my tnh cu thnh t cc b vi x l (microprocessor) km theo cc b nh ngoi vi. a s cc chc nng iu khin c gii quyt thng qua phn mm, ngha l cc chng trnh lm vic c th thit lp trc. Nh cc chng trnh h thng CNC ngi s dng thng kh c th can thip vo chng trnh ny) m cc my tnh c th c s dng thc hin nhng chc nng iu khin yu cu. Do cc h iu khin s hin i u c nguyn l cu trc v s l d liu theo dng iu khin CNC, cc phn tho lun tip theo ch bn ti h iu hnh ny. VI. iu khin CNC 1. Cu trc ca h iu khin CNC Hnh 3 1 trnh by cu trc in hnh ca mt h iu khin CNC a x l. c tnh c bn ca h l bao hm mt bus thng tin song song tiu chun v nhng mdun phn cng tiu chun.
Cm iu khin trung tm Vo/ra cc d liu iu khin

Nh: gi chng trnh cc CNC v cc ng

Cc

ch-

Cc chc nng ph. V d, tng hp cc s liu vn hnh my

Bus thng tin song song ca iu khin s a x l.

iu Khin c Ra Kh nng Lp trnh c

Vo

X l Hnh hc chnh v trn

iu tr cc

trc

Cc chc nng khc. v d, o, t ng cp chi tit, iu khin

Cc qu trnh ngoi vi, V d, tng hp cc s liu v in p, khu iu chnh, khuych i , khu do cc v tr ct

Bus thng tin song song Bus theo quan im ca k thut s l mt ng dn lin h cho cc tn hiu. Tt c cc cu t phn cng trong h iu khin u c ni ghp lin h vi bus. ng dn trong bus c tc dng hai chiu (bidirectional), ngha l tn hiu chy trong bus theo hai chiu khc nhau. K bn bus c th ci t nhiu modun tc dng, trong mi modun tc dng c th gii quyt mt lu thng d liu. Cc modun phn cng tiu chun. X l trung tm cho iu khin qu trnh trung tm. Cc x l cho nhng nhim v iu khin c th khc nhau. B nh d liu iu khin v d liu my. Cc modun x l hnh hc cho tng trc ring l. Cc giao din (interface) vo/ra nh phn cho s l cc d liu cng ngh. Cc dao din c tnh trnh t ni ghp cc iu khin ngoi vi. u im ca phng thc iu khin CNC

 Tnh linh hot : S dng nhiu modun iu khin nh nhau cho cc nhim v iu khin khc nhau, c th trang b li khi cn m rng phm v nhim v iu khin. Tui bn ca h thng cao: Do bus h thng khng l thuc vo microprocessor, do s trao i ca tng modun ring l u c gii php k thut tt nht. Tnh tin dng: Thi gian thit lp nhanh, mi cng tc dch v bo dng v o to s dng u c thng nht ho. 2. Cc cu phn t cng ca iu khin CNC. 2.1. Cm vi s l P (Microprocessor). Cm vi s l thc cht l ht nhn ca thit b s l s, n thc hin cc chc nng tnh ton v iu khin. Nu tt c cc linh kin in t cn thit cho chc nng s l, k c nhng ng dy lin h gia chng, c gp li (ghp mch) trn mt bn nh bng cht bn dn, kch thc mi cnh ch vi milimet (chip thng tin c vi mch tch hp cc ln VLSI) ta gi n l cm vi x l P Hnh 3 -2 chirox nguyn tc cu trc ca mt P, cc phn t chnh yu bao gm: B nh s b, khng la chn (Scratch Pad Memory), cn gi l truy nhp ph tr. B nh ny cha ng nhng thng tin cn thit cho iu khin din bin chng trnh, v d m mi bc nhy ca chng trnh, truy nhp cc ch s, truy nhp cc a ch c bn. Truy nhp cnh bo (Flag register) trong mi cnh bo l mt du hiu chuyn dng hay tn hiu bo s xut hin ca mt trng thi xc nh. V d, trng thi trn ngp, trng thi truyn t, trng thi rng trong ni dung b tch nh. a s cc cnh bo c a ra mt cch t ng t b x l. Nhng lnh nhy c iu kin to kh nng phn nhnh trong ni b chng trnh con tu thuc vo nhng cnh bo khc nhau. B tch nh (Accumulator) L b nh hm cha nhng d liu cn ni ghp v tip nhn kt qu ca nhng tnh ton s hc v tnh ton logic dng thc hin mch ni ghp. Cm logic s ALB (Arithmetic Logic Unit) l mt phn ca P, m nhn cc tnh ton s hc (vid: cng, tr, nhnh, chia) v cc tnh ton logic (v d so snh)

Truy nhp lnh l b nh cc lnh va c x l. B pht lnh Truy nhp nhng a ch ca cc lnh chy hoc l th t ca chng. Cc b pht lnh, truy nhp lnh v iu khin thao tc lnh hp thnh cm iu khin Microprocessor. B nh xp chng (Stack pointer) Hot ng theo nguyn tc LISO (Last In/ First Out) ngha l thng tin truy nhp cui cng li c ia u tin. Khi vit vo b nh ny mt thng tin, th t ca n c nh theo chiu gim (decremental) v khi c ra theo th t tng dn (incremental) sao cho n lun lun c ch nh, ti mt thao tc va c thc hin 2.2. my vi tnh. Nu b xung thm cho Microprocessor mt s cm chc nng m rng. Ta s c mt my vi tnh. Cc cm kt cu c bn ca my vi tnh c trnh by trn hnh 3 3. My pht chu k (tactgenerator) gi n gin l ng h. Thc cht l mt cm pht dao ng nh tinh th thch anh, sn sinh chu k chun cho tin trnh lm vic ca Microprocessor.. B nh ROM (Real Only Memory) l b nh ni dung ca n ch c c nhng khng ci bin c, cng nh khng xo c (cn gi l nh cht). Ni dung b nh do cc nh ch to thit lp trong khi sn xut cc cm vi mch IC. Cc thng tin lu tr vn gi c khi ct in p ngun. Cc b nh ROM c s dng trong cc cm iu khin P vi chc nng l b nh chng trnh h thng Chng trnh h thng ca cc h iu khin s ngy nay chim khong 50 Kbyte hay nhiu hn na (1 Kbyte = 1024 byte) B nh RAM (Random Access Memory) l b nh c vit vi s can thip tu chn, ngha l ngi s dng c th vit vo, trch ra hoc xo b cc d liu. Trong my vi tnh, RAM c chc nng lu gi cc chng trnh v d liu, n bao gm 03 loi: B nh RAM ng (RAM dinamics) S dng dung lng nh trong lu gi thng tin. Nhng thng tin nh phn trnh by thng qua trng thi tch np ca t. Tn ao tch np khi b d in phi c lm cho cn bng ngay trong mt vi phn nghn giy (refreshing).

Mc d thc hin c iu cn phi c thm nhng phn cng, nhng RAM ng vn l u vit v cc nh chim rt t ch so vi RAM tnh (RAM statics). B nh RAM tnh (RAM statics): S dng cc Byte ca vi mch Flipflop cu thnh t cc tranzito. Trong khi cc b nh RAM tnh, RAM ng u mt i cc thng tin lu tr khi b ct in p ngun, th b nh t ho (Bubble Memory) vn gi li c nhng thng tin ny ngay c khi mt in p. Trong Bubble Memory, ni cha cc thng tin lu tr l nhng khoang b nhim t dng hnh tr rt nh ( m), c v tr thng ng trong mt mg vt liu t rt mng v c th c nhn bit do chng c chiu t ho ngc vi chiu t trng ca mng vt liu (hnh 3 4). Nh mt t trng ngoi, nhng khoang nhim t c th chuyn dch c trn mt ng xc nh. Mt tn hiu c th hin bi s tn ti ca mt khoang b nhim t ti mt ch xc nh. Do c dung lng nh ln, li khng ph thuc vo vic cp in p ngun m b nh t ho ngy cng c ng dng nhiu trong h iu hnh CNC. 3. Nguyn tc lm vic ca Microprocessor. 3.1. B pht lnh (Instruction Pointer) a ra a ch ca cc lnh mi. Lnh c c ra, gii m v c thc hin. Nu lnh l mt lnh nhy (nhy n mt a ch lnh khc), a ch nhy c tch vo b pht lnh. Vi nhng dng lnh thng thng th b pht lnh m tng ln 1 (hnh 3 5) 3.2. Phn mn h thng ca iu khin s. Phn mn h thng bao gm nhiu khi lin h vi nhau (v d: Vo/ra, ni suy, iu chnh v tr) nhng b phn chng trnh ny c x l theo chu k, trong nhng i hi t b pht chu k ngoi vi (Hardware Interrupts = lnh ngt thuc phn cng) hay qua phn mn ca h thng (Software Interrupts = lnh ngt thuc phn mm) c x l. Hnh 3 6 ch r u trc u tin trong phn mm h thng ca mt h iu khin s. Cc chng trnh c mc u tin cao hn, theo qui lut, chy thn xuyn hn l nhng chng trnh c mc u tin thp hn. tuy nhin, nhn chung phi m bo c mi

mt khi chng trnh c th chy li c thng xuyn v ch nh th th ton b h thng mi hot ng tt. 3.3. V d v lnh ngt P va chy trong khi chng trnh hin th v a thng tin ln mm hnh. Nu thi gian chu k c xc nh, c iu khin bi cm pht chu k v a n im kt thc, chng trnh hin th s b ngt (Interrupts). iu ny cng xy ra nu thi gian chu k d cha n im kt thc nhng mt chng trnh mi c mc u tin cao hn c a vo x l. Qu trnh chy interrupts trnh by trn hnh v Cc P c ghp ni vi mt cm iu khin interrupts, cm ny lu tr nhng lnh ngt i ti trong b truy nhp lnh ngt (Interrupts Requt Register) iu khin u tin ca cm iu khin interrupts s so snh lnh mi tt vi lnh hin ang x l. Nu lnh mi c mc u tin cao hn P s nhn c tn hiu INT. Theo P s kt thc nt lnh ang s l v khi ng tip theo khng phi l lnh k tip theo thng l m l chuyn tn hiu INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) n cm iu khin Interrupt. Cm ny thng bo cho P s ca lnh ngt mi. Cm tnh ton dng s ca lnh ny tm a ch ca chng trnh i hi. Chng trnh ny c a vo s l cho n khi n b ngt bi mt lnh khc c mc u tin cao hn hoc cho n khi phn mn quay li ti im kt thc chng trnh ca Interrupt. 4. Cc mc pht trin ca h iu khin CNC a x l. S pht trin ca h NC n h CNC t 1970 n nay l tin trnh song song vi s pht trin cng nng ca cc my tnh 4.1. Mc pht trin vo giai on 1970 1971 Hnh v 3 8 trnh by s nguyn tc ca mt h NC c h thng o v tr s (digital) v mch iu chnh v tr lin tc, trong vic xc nh nhim v iu khin da vo cc ng dy lin h cng, cn gi l lp trnh qua cc lin h cng.

Mc pht trin qu tin ti iu khin CNC a x l l chuyn giao cho my vi tnh nhng nhim v s l khng yu cu gn lin theo thi gian. V d: qun l d liu, tnh ton cc

gi tr hiu chnh, iu khin c vo ta gi l h CNC th ng. 4.2. Mc pht trin hin ti Trong cc h CNC hin i, cm vi tnh m nhim lun cc x l gn cht vi yu t thi gian, v d nh: ni suy, iu chnh v tr l cc h CNC iu chnh ch ng . T h CNC th ng n h CNC iu chnh ch ng cng l s thay i t mch iu chnh v tr lin tc (stetic) sang mch iu chnh v tr khng lin tc (discret), v rng tc lm vic ca cc Microprocessor theo phng thc trnh t chm hn ng k so vi tn s pht ca h thng iu khin s lp trnh qua cc lin h cng, lm vic song song. Nhng pht trin theo chiu su ca vn iu chnh v tr vn ang c tip tc nghin cu v ngy cng tin b. 5. M t chc nng ca mt h iu khin a x l. Hnh 3 10 m t s khi h thng ca mt h iu khin CNC a x l hai trc iu khin.

5.1. Cc khi chc nng ca cm iu khin trung tm. Cm iu khin trung tm SUP (Supervisor) l mt Microprocessor c cu trc nh hnh 3 2. Giao din lc s DIF (Digital Filter Interface), Khi chc nng ny c ba nhim v - Ghp ni c iu khin trung tm vi cc cm chc nng khc. - L mch logic chuyn cc d liu sang dng trnh t. - L b lc s u vo: b lc kim tra cc u vo theo chu k. Mi bin i ca tn hiu vo phi dng li ti thiu trong bn chu k kim tra k tip nhau trn cng mt mc

logic, qua mch lc s thng bo cho iu khin s bin i. B nh ca cm iu khin trung tm v SMI (Supervisor Memory Tinterface) Khi chc nng ny gm cc EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory = ROM c th xo c). Vi cc tia cc tm chng ta c th c xo ton b v thit lp chng trnh mi. B nh hm cha cc chng trnh lm vic ca cm iu khin trung tmv trong mt nhm cu trc th hai, n cha cc thng tin iu khin cho giao din my cng c Bin i u vo ca IC (Input Conditioner) Trong mch ny cc tn hiu u vo c chuyn i thnh cc tp tn hiu cn cho cc mch logic. Cc mch a chc nng s tip nhn v chuyn giao cc thng tin u vo cho mch lc s u vo. B cp d liu u ra OD (Output Driver) Mch ny bao gm nhng mch ca b cp d liu u ra, nhng logic gii m v cc mch lu tr, dng tip nhn v lu tr cc d liu trnh t t mch lc u vo B iu hnh d liu DC (Data Controller) B iu phi d liu c cc nhim v sau y - L giao din chnh cho cc thng tin np t cc nt bm ca bng iu khin. - L giao din cho cc u ta cc thng tin vi mn hnh hin th v to khun cho cc b hin th. - L giao din vo ra cho cc trang b ngoi vi. - m nhim chc nng ph cho iu khin thch ng c th lp trnh cho b nh (PC = Programmable Control = iu khin lp trnh) v d: b tnh thi gian, b m, rle, chuyn ng. 5.2. B iu phi d liu (Data Controller) Cm vi x l MPU (Microprocessor Unit) Ngoi P, cm vi bus, mt giao din cho ca vo b nh trc tip DMA (Direct Memory Access) v mt logic iu khin interput. Nh b ngt ny m cc lnh i ti t cc phm bm c mc u tin cao hn cc lnh h thng khc .

 B nh chng trnh PGM (Program Memory) B ny gm cc EPROM lu tr cc chng trnh h thng ca b iu phi d liu v cc b RAM nh cc thng s iu chnh my, s liu v dao v cc gi tr chnh l dao cng nh in tch hay l b nh t ho khi mt in, cc thng tin lu tr vn khng b mt i. 5.3. B iu khin cc trc (Axis Procesor Arithmetic) B ny c ring mt Microprocessor. Ti y thc hin tt c cc bc tnh ton cn thit cho cc chuyn ng tuyn tnh, cc chuyn ng phi tuyn, cc chu k cng tc cng nh cc bin i kch thc o/vng o. N c cc cm chc nng sau y: B x l s cho cc trc APA (Axis Procesor Arithmetic) Mt P chy nhanh (Bit slice) Hnh thnh cm tnh s cho iu khin chuyn dng, ngoi ra cn c cc logic nhy, logic kim tra, logic cp cc a ch k tip v b gii m cc lnh iu khin. B nh chng trnh cc trc APGM (Axis Program Memory). Bao gm cc EPROM lu tr chng trnh iu khin cc trc. Giao din my/h iu khin MIC Machine Interface Control) Trong cm chc nng ny c cc b tnh ton vi phn s DDA (Digital Differential Analysator) ni suy chnh xcgia cc im trn bin dng, b ch dn ng dch chuyn, kim tra chiu ca ng dch chuyn v b truy nhp cho cc v tr tuyt i. Mi mt trc iu khin u c cc b pjn nu trn. Giao din my vo/ra MIIO (Machine Interface Input/Output) Trn mi trc iu khin cm chc nng ny c mt b bin i s tng t D/A (Digital/Analog) sn sinh cc lnh iu khin tc cn, bin i dng tn hiu ca cc tn hiu v tr t iu khin ng i ti a ra cc tn hiu chy c dng hnh ch nht v mt khu iu khin cho truy nhp cc v tr tuyt i. Phn b s liu my MCD (Machine Compensation Data) N bao gm b bin i tng t s A/D (Analog/Digital) bin i cc i lng tng t thnh cc i lng s chuyn

giao cho h iu khin. Nhng i lng tng t ny pht ra t cc bin p, l phn b li do o chiu ca cc trc dao, do cc bin i lng chy dao bng tay MFO (Manual Feedrate Override) hoc do thay i bng tay s vng quay trc chnh. iu khin theo vng quay trc chnh SPPC (Spindel Puls Control) Khi ct ren hoc khi lp trnh, lng chy dao tnh theo mm/vng quay trc chnh, mch ny s iu khin truyn ng chy dao ph thuc vo s vng quay trc chnh. Ngoi ra n cn s l cc tn hiu phn hi ca b o tc trc chnh. Giao din trc/h o AEI (Axis Encoder Interface) Cm ny cn cho cc my c h thng o ng dch chuyn bng cm ng resolver. Tuy nhin n cng c th ng dng trong cc my c h thng o s m cc tn hiu o ca n c bin i sao cho c th x l tip tc nh tn hiu resolver