Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a;~6Rl'tra;JJ'6II\-
B.A(Hons)
~lPrrlUII6ll/6ii'q6l)trJ&Jh~tr5
6lJq6lllUtr
a;~
(;;)6l16lll u1(B
a:,ilJ)6\)~ur6lJ
a:,ilJ)6\)6l.ILLW
4.Sb cf)ITfr
'~§j~w.
• a;i_G)S»IJJ, ~.lfe$
,.i-.of
-l"
~~
~rfsnlJ)
: -:
a;([!)aII'lf
~IJ"
::-
aJQ)alllTlIIIJ" 2008
uJ6Ut ~6UG1M'<B
(!J> jI).tbuJ6{J4-Urhl~m'
:-
a;1iDl6\),i,~1I16h a;QJ)6\)6lJ~Lu,.
4R;lfJIJir .: 't.>~
l§)I~
dL. CLifT..
:-
6U1f~
a;QIO(QJfU uJ6{Jua;u"
6T6l»~
~(@]>60)l..J...~ 6lJ6TTIT1fcf1W1~w
urill ffirTW rr)lllJ
6T 6l»~
6UQl6lIfuJ1f •
6liI;m6\)
~~6dT
Qu®L.b
:-
75/=
Qu W<8!DrTIT WWWlW a=<8ffirT~[JIT ffi6lTl6dT ~6Ol1lU TItle Auther CopyRight Edition Published by Printed by Price rfi]61D6lff~ffi(@]>ffi@)
.'-
.@lr:5!flIT60 61DffiLll61D!D·
75/=
ffi~rf1u516dT
~1f1rf1w!'r
~!]316lJ,
$f>@ 6QT t.b L.J1fi 6lDffi f LDp) IDIt.b ffiITWsf>~6i:J ~wfr ~6lJITfr. tflco ~L !Lwi'r $f>~sf>$blP)@ ~6lJi'r $f>60T~ ro®u4ci::@j ffiP)@tD y,fr $f>riJ(8UIT~
{WWIT <'flrf\wi'r ffi®6OOTITffi~6dT ~6lJfr ffi61ll6dT GLDITy5)WIT@6lDLD (8 U 8= If ITp) !D 6'0 ~6lJi'r ~wi'r
u5l co
(8UIT~ $f>6OT~
~6OOTLffiITWLDITco
~!Dl(86lJ6dT.
[fJIT6dT ~$blu~IT co
@J®rb$f>
GIfW6i:J 6lT~6dT
ifjIDI6lJ6OTlliIcoon16i:J 6lJ®tD
6lJ6lJ6Ol1wIT 6ll1460IT[fJrb$f>ITffi co60@Wrf\uJ160 6lJ ® c616tfr !DITIT . ~ 6lJ IT co 6lf16tfr [)JLUr6Jco@L6dT ~ sf>$bl6D $f>tfl6lDWffi (8$f>6lD6lJuJ16lD6OTU IDIT600T6lJ IT co @ ffi @ uJl6lD W 6ll)W
LDIT600T6lJ IT co 6lf1 @
rrll rb ~
lJ>~
Sf>~W!DlbUlEiID6l5Tffi 6T6iJ uU1 L $bEiIDSf>~L.b UITi'r~~ ~®ct>~ ffi®$~ ~~ cC@6\)r!lJ6t!>ffi$ c&uO"ITcf\ rflWIT ffi(@J6t!>L W ffi. QffiIT .Sf>.!L wi'r ~!TU Sf>lflW ~~w U GOOil ffi6TI Ur!'L 6t!>8'uJ) W IJ,IT~~ 6lI6lTfre:~uJ16D ~u5l y5I wrb ~tflW
L51 0" Sf>ITl5T ~ L $ 6t!>Sf>U 6
QffiIT6llITrL ~6lIrflLtb
r:61rbc&lc&lD6dT·
$l®.6lI.~upa;tb
UJIT/~lD6fi)ffi!&~~ Lj~
BSC
(Hons)
POD!
~6lIIT ffi6'1l1615TSf>illbtlww uGOOilffiEiID6lT !L6TI6lIITr6J41 " ffiL CB6O)I] ~ Q $bIT@ ~" 6T@!D @e:cf1W1 !LWIT Sf>!T~W ~ lDIT6mfl6lIITCb61'i1615T 9® QUIT®L(B
~ 61.1 fr
-wuJ61jGu[i.J!D ~~ufT
ffi (@Jffi@
mwu5lw6t!>6\).
QUIT fbJ6lIITCb 9®6lIrfl615T $b..ay51Wrb UGOOilffi6TI UW!J3lffi ffiL(B6l5)O" 6lI6l5)!T~tb <86l1~(Btb cflffiffioOffi6Tr fL6Tr61TUi>ffil .@}®u tJ1 @lID Q&IT6m5r(B6TI61T~ !L~(B.
W
6T6lItiJ6ID!lJ ~ffiffi
u6D®ffi@ ~ffiffil
cfIffiCboOCb@61T @ ~6lT6Ul00
UP EiID uSl60 lD
cfl!J31w$brT&
Q6lI61ll6ll®tb
@[b(gJT00
~ @LD6ll1 @6l5T&
ffitiJ!lJ ~!Dl6t!>6lJ~tb
&IT6\)$~
00
<8ulJlTcf1rf1wrf16dT
.®) cf 51 UlI
r9fT GID6lJ
$b u51 Ii>
m
v
a;. QDa;6\)rH':u~
G $bIT @) ~ "
.®) L CB
6D
1. 2. 3.
t:ulJlnflf\urr
~ 600fi
t:ulJrr d'tf'wrr 5. &liJi;~rr6lJTJ,"6IH t:ulJrr d'tf'wrr a;. a;liimu~l1Qr t:ulJrr d'tf'wrr &Ii. QDlOIT
~ ~ U rl
6l.j $f,@).IGIDlD
ib, U6DII>GID6lJcE.II>U?II>$f,~6\
6T6dTGIDGOT ~W 1I>6D6)])cE.@) ~$f,~6lJITIJLb
,.
6. 8. 7. 8.
"'a=&l:>6\I,lbrrwa;u,
6)])rf16l.jGIDIJWIT6lT1'r 1I>@cE.@)Lb
GU
~
rD <8 lD IT IT
cI, II>Lb
t.D
.a;.~(!J>a;,!);rr6\l6\)rr
6T 6?5T@).I
® Cf mT rt> $b
I.
11. ~~rr.
a;trd'ti> 1§'Ji;~6\)UQDU
43-"
'5-'7 48-50
&.
GlD&6DfTCfU~ ~~&61'r
cfl~~GlDIJ~
(8&fT6DfT6DLbu,rfi(86D
~1>GlD~uJl615r
&6OT&CfGlDU 6T615ru~fT@Lb.
~IJLbuffi&6i:l6ll1GlDW &6i:l6llluJlGlD6OT$b
(8&fT6DfT6DLbu,rfi6i:l GUrD!D ~6l.In- WfTwuufT600TLb 6l.Ir.t>~ WfTW ~GlDLifjGlD6Dffi G~fTLn-r.t>~fTn-. uuJl6l5r!DI t..JI615r6OTn- &fT@LbLj G (8UlJfT ~GlD6OTU (8!DfTw6i:l &6i:l~rfiuJl6i:l u6D&GlD6Dffi&I!l&$b~6D
UL L ~fTrfi urr 600T6l.I6OTfT (8Cfn-1>~fTn-. & U liD & GlD6D a', & I!l & $i> t1!DULjUUfTLlOfT& <2ff>n- cFlWGlDLr.t>~ ~ 1957 ~Lb ~GlD6mJlwfTcFlrfiwlJfT& .9lb1J(81J .9l6iJ6lll~ij5l615r uuJl6lfr!DI
$b'1 (8 6D
19576D ~6OT&IJ615r
~ 6l.I rt up~6i:l
~ u51 GlDI!l
U1rfi6ll1(86D GurD!DfTn-. 1958 Up~6D
~6ffiiTIr).(86D(8w-
rb ~
&.6ID&6DfT CfU~
~6l.In- &6Tr
1961 Lb ~ 6D
UP ~6i:l
~I
(i1 ~p;'t~GlD!D
u6lAA1Ljrfiw ~
Co\~hrrLrfilffi1 19636D uiTu5lrfil(8~fTLb u6D&EiID6Dffi&I!l&$b~6D ,'I>I)\)I '!t';1 :'bh"IUL L ~uJ 6lllGlD6OT (8lOrDG&fT 6Tr6TT ~ GCf 615r!DfTiT.
JI)II"JUl~L ~~rD&fT &
blTl}lJ
s.<bU.l)I>OOIIHblJ..o1
~6l.IiT
(8lOrDGffifT@jL
1
~uJ6l.j
a>L._(]}eDllJJl;
~u5lW
b'ljl>rr®lb'
~ r6J $16\) rr rt> ~ ro ffi 6\) rr !J51 ~ U U L UD G U rD !D GIDffi6\)rT 8'U$bl 1969~6D GffirT@WLj U6DffiGID6Dffiffi\£>ffisbsblrD@ ~LlDrTrD!Dt.b GUrDWl 1974~ro 6li1$b~WrT6Dr6JffifTlJ ~~~[DfT ffirf1ffisb~6ID!Dsb ~GID6D6lJlJfT601fTIT. ~C3~ &!,60n'nq.6D WfTWUUfT 60UT U GOffiGID6DffiffiWffi 6lJ 6lTfTffiW $bl!Dffi ffiU U L L C3ufT~ ~6lJi'r ~~6dT ~GID6D6lJlJfTffi r61WW6(5TW GUrD!DfTIT tJ16dT6(5Ti'r WfT~UUfT 60UTU U GOffiGID6Dffiffi\£>ffiW ~.$1 W <&UfT ~ ~~6dT ffiGID6\)UdLfT $)U$blWfT ffiU u~6ill (!D~6D 6JrD!D WfTWUUfT6(lITfU <&UlJfTflrf1wIT &!,6lJfTIT l UGOffiGID6Dci;ffi\£>ffi~6dT ~6\)lliJGIDffiU
~6lJ!i3GID!D ~W6l1
@6\)W
ffi1<&1J ffiffi @!1JL4IDU UfTL60ffi(.@>L6dT ~~~ ffi[T6\) ~utJ1wGO 8'r6J IDlDfT6IJ 6T60i @Jt.b
c[;I<&1J ffilD, rnrf16Yi:l lD!JtJ1<&6\) IDrT6(lITfUULL U6llM UfT ffi ffirT 6(IITf U U ffi $1601 !D~ ~ U tJ1w 6\)fT6lT6(5TfT . 6lJfTIT ~utJ1W6D &!,w6ill6D
6lJfTW GWrTy_5)
~6iJG6lJrTutJ1W6\)rT6lT@J6Q)LW ~ffi~ ~ cf1!Du LjU GUWl6lJ~ ~ ® W IDfTID 6l.ll ffi 6lTfT@ t.b
~t.aWU
&!'rD!DlW U601ll1ffi6l'r ~6lTuurf1WGID6lJ &!,@w. U$b$)rf1GIDffiffi~ G6lJWlwC36(5T G8'W$)ffiGID6lT G6lJ61flLU1ffiw ~~Wffi6lTrT ffi6lJ6dTn)! ~6\)fficQ W 6lJ6lTITa=1flci>@w ~GID6(lITfG8'WW ci; CfuI9-W601 6T6dT!D ~ 6lm'r GIDW uJ1GID601 ~ 601ffi IJ 601 U 5i> ~ if1GIDffi ~ L fTa:,; ~6(lITfIT sb$blW6lJi'r ~6lJ<&1J 6T6dT!DfTGO ~~ u516l))ffiWfTffifT§II sbI601ffilJ6dT WfTsb$blIJu516dT!Dl 8i~~~IJ6dT Usb$blrf1GIDffiU u6lM1 G~rTLIT~~~. GIDID6DfT'U$) 8 ~ 601IDIJ 601 ~~W1<&6D ~6lJIT 1D6l'r ~6lTW 6T@~t.b ~~!!5I~w ~6lJ1J
@
®IJ @!~$blIJ[DfT $b ~fT Cfu6Q)[JL4W ~utJ1 Lffi ~rT w~~6l'r 6lTfTIT . WfT6li:> ci;ffi1W ffi6OO"r<&6OOTrT (!D 6Q)L W 6lJlJrT601 ~6lJIT ~GID6lJ LL ~6ll11J <&W~W U6\) ~utJ1W6D ~w6lJffi IDLffiGIDIJ IDGID6lTL4w 6T@$bllLj6l'r6lT6Q)W @!DlutJ1 L $b~ffilD~fT @W. <&U[JfT cf1rf1wIT ®6lJIT S!D6(5TfTw6lJ W[JLjW 6Q)ffi6DfT8'U~LU1W6Q)LW 8'WU~~WfT ffi ~utJ1WGO
<&[DIT ci>@ .@l6lJ6ID(J~ $)!D6IJlfnU6lJU u601lT)LU1~w Fr·ffiULGID6lJ~ GU®rt>G~fTGIDIDWfT6(5T 6illuir 8'601(!DW", ~6Dci;c[;Iw$b ihLffi6Q)[J IDGID6lT 6T@$blL46l'r6lTITi'r. "~6ID(J14W "GUrT®6l'r 6ll1WIT8'601@[J6DID(.@>W",
IDGID6lTb s IDI9-~tD
& 6\) W fTID 6lJ t.b <&[DIJ 19- W fTffi 6lJ t.b ~16lm'r 19ID6illGID!!>U<&UfTLI9-IDGID6lT [DLsb$5l @® ~6lTW CfuLLsbGID~lLjtD GU®6l))W 6lJfT8'IDIT 6lJLLsbGID~lLjW ~6lJ®ffi@6On'rffi· <&UlJrT cf1rf1wIT GIDID6\)fT 8'U$bl
51 Wl ID GID!!>
6T@sb~fT6lT!'r 6JrDuffisb$5lw
6\)ffiffi1 W $bl!D601fT 6lJ (!Dw !i3cf1ID6l'r" W cf16\)6lJrT@w. @GID6lJ~6ll1[J $5l!D601fTW6lJ ~6lJi'r 1D6l'r [Dwt.b, ~6lJ[J~ ID6li1GID~
tJ1[Ja=1fl6ID601ID6l'r,
~6Dffiffi1 W &!,W 6lJci;@ &!'rD n31W U6OOfI1D@9w 6ill ~~~ @!DlUtJ1LUUL C36lJ6On'rl9-wGID6lJWfT@w. ~6lJi'r u6On'r6IDLsb ~ u51W UrTL 601D6lTfTffi1W 8' n:iJlDlDfT UfTL GOID6ID6lT !J>I@)lffi1 6D s. a>1!!>6IlIH[fa>iJW B.A
(Hons)
thh11t,01 ~6Dffi41w~$)6dT
UfT[J$) !J>IT6DIDt®>t.b
ct1rt> ~6Q)601ID61'r
C&urr60I!Il611rD6ID!D& @n31UtJ1L6DfTW.
IDJl~6I)&a',1W4J~C&6I)
~WLDlT6t5T ~!J3l6lj
C&uIJITcf1rflwfr
6IDffi6l)ITa=U~&@ .®®dJ$!)IT~tb ~6lJ1J ~ ~6OciT6IDLDWIT6t5T U&ffiLDIT ffi !D6l16t5T .®6I)&ffi1WC&LD ffiIT6OOTUULL~. !D6l16t5T $!)LflW .®6I)&ffi1WrIiJffi61Tl6iTI ~l9-UU6IDLffi6ID6fT$b Q$!)61TI6lJIT&ffi ffiLffi6IDIJ ffi6Tr !!)JT60ffi6Tr C&UIT6iTIlD6lJrD6IDlDQ6lJ61TIuJ1Lffi6Tr6TTITfr. ~4JC&$!)ITffi @6I)UITL4J $bllD6t5TITuJ6lj 6J6lJ6lJITQJJ !D6l16t5T $!)u5lW @ 6\) cf, ffil W 6116fT iT 8: a'1 cf, @ 6J n3 lD U 19- !D 6U 6t5T ~ 611u) ~ Q UrDlDQ $!)6iTIu6ID$!) ~ 600TfrdJ~ Q ffiIT60ciT ffi U oOffi6ID6I)&ffiWffi $!)u5lWUITL 6U1$!)IT6t5T$b~C&6I) !D6l16t5T $!)u5lW .®6I)&ffi1w4J$blrD@ cf1lDUt.lLtb QffiITffici>@)tb QUIT(!9Lffi @6I)UUITL4J ~lD6t5TITuJ6lj 6J 6iTIQlDIT® u@$blu..J) 6ID6t5T ~!J3l UP ffiU uffi $b~ 6t5TITfr . 6J606OfT6lJrDQJJci>(§tb C&LD6OfT 6IDffi6l)ITa=U~ ~6lJfr ffi6Tr ffi FFW$b~ $!)u51W .®6I)&ffi1w 6lJ6fTfrifcf1&@ ~rD!J3lw U6OOftffi6Tr cf1lDUUIT ffi& @!J3lUUiLUUL C&6lJ6OciTl9-w6ID6lJWIT@tb. FFW4J~ $!?u5I W®6IDLW .®61)&ffi1 W tb 6J 6iTIQlDIT® $!)6Ol1 UIT@uITffi U ~ ® 611ITffil ~~ u5I ffi ~W LDITffi6lj Lb ~ ffi 61)LDIT Lb ffi6lj ~IJ ITW U U L C& 611600i ffi Lb 6J 6!trlD 6J 60liT 600T$b 6ID$!) .® 611IT QffiIT 6OciTl9-®dJ$!)ITfr. FFW$b~ .®)6I)&ffi1 W 4J$blGdJ UP &ffi1 W 4J~ 6lJ 4J$bl6ID6t5T ~ 600TfrdJ $!) .®)611fr Q ffiIT@Lblj U 00 ffi 6ID6I)& ffiWffi$b ~ C& 61) a'1 lD U u cf, aJ6ID 61) LDIT600T611iT ffi@9cf, @ " FFW ~ ~ $!) u511P .®) 61)cf, ffil W u) .. 6J 6O'T lD Q $!)IT® U uf 6D Q !D JrlIllf1 6ID6t5T UITL6lJ1$bIT6t5T~C&6I) UP~UP6IDlDWIT ffi ~upffiwcB~6t5TfTfr. WITWUUIT 600T4J~C&6I) Um6ID6I)&ffiWffitb Q$bITLrIiJa',1 W C&UIT ~ $!)u5I W if cf1lDUlj LDIT 600T611frffi@9&@ .9IU U uJ1 00 Q!D!J3lu..J)6ID6t5T .9I!J3lUPffitb Qa=uJ$!)~L6iTI FFW4J~ .®)6I)&ffi1wtb Q$!)ITLfrUIT ffi .® U U W ffi6ID6I) & ffi W ffi $b ~ C& 61) U L L U Ul6!tr ~ W 6lj ffi 61'r r6i6IDlD6lJITffi C&LDrDQffifT6Tr6TTUUL C&6lI6OciTffiw6J6OT 6U1® LiD 6t5TfTfr.
s.1I>1!J)8l!II"1T1I>1JQr
<&u IIITlihfhu iT 6li). G 8' QI) !MI~ W ffi~ ~ L Lb fficO lP <&UlJITcf\rflwfr 6IDffi6OlTa=U~ci>(§ UP615T6t5Tfrcf1lD~ 6U1LDfra=ffilJITffi UoOffi6ID6I)4>ffiij?ffi WLL $b~C&6I) ~6lJC&1J ffi600ft &ffiUULLITfr . ~6t5TIT 60 6O)ffi6l)IT a=U~ W16l1'r ffiIT6I)~ ~ ~Lb U16!tr 6t5T u) ® 6IDffi6OfTa=U~C&W FFW~615T cf1lD~ 6U1LDfr a=ffilJITffi ffi®$!)UuLffi 6Urb$!)ITrf. ~$b!D@ ~6lI1J~ ffiLffi6IDlJffi@9t.D .®)6I)&ffi1 W rIiJffi@9tb. . 6U1wrTa= 6t5T @!J3lUlj&ffi@9W 4> a=IT 6iTI JJ Q Uffifr ffi16!trlD6t5T . ~ 6lJ 6lI ITlD ITffi
QP6ID6t5TuC&uITffi $!)u5lwuu6OOft ljrfl ri>~ FFW$b~ ~61)&ffi1 uiu (SUIT &6IDffi ~wlJ if Qa=uJ $b C&UIJIT cf1rflwfr 6IDffi6l)ITa=U~ 1)I6lI IT ffi 61'r ~b6!tr@.I6IDL
c
1 9 8 2 ~ 600i ffi LDIT ffi y51 ~lD ITLb !DIT61'r it UJ 49 6lI ~ 6lI W ~ 60 .®) Gil 6lj 6I)ffi 6lIITW 6ID6lI QffiIT6OOrL6IDW $bu51ij516iTI ~1J~6T"i:lLC&LD 6J6t5T6I)ITw.
UPl9-$b~&
".IIII"III~J --
...
t-
1iiI1ifM
B.A (Hons)
1I>':"(!)~IJJi,
(;\.lfjIT~
~w
~w
L9rT 6D ffi 6ID 6TT 6T @ $!)'1ll.j u) $!) u51 @ ffi @ ~ Q $!)IT600l LIT !D rOh.l.j 61T6TTITIT. .. $!)L.61 WIT If IT6D 4" 6T61ftU ~ ~6lJ®GIDLW ~®t.b U6IDLU4. ~6Ii:J somo u!D!D1Ll1t.b @T 6i:lffi 6ID6TT 6T@ ~ ll.j 6l'r 6TTIT IT. " ~ 6Ii:J6llIT L.61 ~ ffi 6ID6llLll t.b W uli®T4w" If ITffi1~~w ~~ upc:i;$Wlffi6lH LD6OOlL6ll 6llI®~ 9® U6IDLll4. ~~ @T@I&@> ffi16IDL~$!)~. ~$!)6lTI cFI!Du4, ~$!)6lTI
ffi1[fITLD~ $bl6D at uUl [fLD6ll1lTI W UP ~$!)WLDIT $!)WU $blW rf16lTI W Q If 6D6lJ U 4$!)6D6lJ 6lHITffi " 6llI ~$bl " 6T6lH ~ 6ID6lH6lJ[fIT@Ill Q If oU 6llLD ITffi ~6lJ!f>IT1~fr. ~ 6IDW a', ffi U U L L $!)uSlW l.D6OOT QlfuJ$!) 6lfl ~ ~ WIT 6lH 9> $!) 6O'r $!)6lJU<8u6J.D16lTI UW6lHrT ffiU
Ul !Dct>$!) ~6lJfr $!)6OT)uQu®ct> $!)u51W ~!D1 @if . $!)u51!P16lH~$bl6lTI QIfIT ~~. $!)u5ly516lH~ $!)6TTU$bl. $!)6lHa',Qffi6lH 6lJITWITU lJ1!Drr&Qffi6lH 6lJIT@w
~
6lTIU6lTI. $!)L.61
wrr
6lJ6TTIT8=cFI&@~ Q$!)IT6OOlLIT!DrD1(gWITIT U!D!D1u uso ~uJ6l.J& ffi L CB6lD[f ffi 6ID6lT 6T@ ~ LlI61T 6TTITrt. !L.. $!) IT[f 600ILD ITffi a', ~p)161i:J$!)6lJIT ffi61T 6T@~LlI61T6lTITIT. Q!bIT 6OOl19-6lD6lH $!)L.61@&@ Fl'W$b~6\'l ~!D!DIT LDG\) ~!D!D1w Q$!)fT6llITrCB u!D'!D1 LDLCBt.b $!)6OT~ $!)u51W~ Fl'W$b ~ &@ Q 6lJ 61f1 W1 @It.b
1J1!Dct>!b6lJ6lTI. lJ1!DulJ16lHIT6D 6ID1f6lJ6lTI·$!)L.61W6lTI, QLDITy51UU!D!Dl L.61&ffi6lJ6lTI. ~$!)6lHrT6i:l $!)u516IDW& ffi!DWI (g$bfrct>~ ffi6llITo)1$b1u ULLW Qu!D!D6lJrr. ffi6i:l6llllDrT6lTI, (gU[fIT cFlrf1wrr, QU®LD6lHf1:iJ QffiIT6llITrL $!)u51W~ Q$!)IT6llITrL6lTI. !L.wrr ifcFI&@w &!D6llITw.
~hL.61Wuu6OOl1 4rf1ct>~6i'r6TTITfr. 6TCB~~& ffiITLLIT ffi $!)u51W !hIfLI9-6i:l $!)@>IfIT6)J/r U6i:lffi6lD6ll&lI>WffiW o)1W16lJUUL-L (gUIT ~
,0)1 UU
If 6IDU W16i:l
9® 6lJ[fIT ffi~
6llITrLITlD!DlW6lJfr . !L..$!)IT[f 600TLDITfi Fl'W~$!)L.61W f QlfuJ$!)6ID$!)& $!)&ffi IfIT6lTI!DIT ffi LDffi IT[DITL 6IDL 6llI$!)W QffiIT6llITrCB ffi6TT@>cFlWW, (31 )l (10))
LDffiIT[DITL CB&@
$!)u51wu UlDWI&@W $!)u5IW ~&ffi6ID!D&@W 4 Ii:> !L.. so ffi ~ $!) u5l W ~ [f ITuj cJ: c11 WITWUUrr6OOl~$bl6i:l ~!D1W6llITtb. [DL~$!)uUITCBuLL ~6lJfr ~® ffi6lll6ID$!)&
y51ffiIT L 19-WIT ffi ~ ® ct>$!)(g$!)ITCB FI' W~ ~ & ffil6ID6TTW161ft ~b6lD6\)6lJ[fIT ffi6l.JW 6llI6TT11'iIffi1 Fl'W~$b16lTI $!)u5IW 6lJ6TTIT8=cFI&@
I>
~hb)~ W
6lJ IT.
,O)Ih11 uCoiurf1w
[DITL ffi
~6ll&ffi1 w~ Q$!)6lTI!D6i:l, ~® $!)6lD6llcFI!Dct>$!) ~6ll&ffi6OOT (gLD6ID$!), IfLD(grnrr &lI>if 8l~6ID6l!T6IDW$b ~6llITrCBw 6lJ61J>ffiW16i:l U 6ll ffi6lll6ID$!)ffi6ID6TT ll.j W ffiL CB6lD[fffi6ID6TTll.jW 6T@$b1W6lJrr . ~6lJ®6lDLW ffiLCB61J>[f ffiGfr ~6TTl1'iIffi$blfr, ~ct>~ $!)frLDW, ~ct>~ ~61J>6TT®rr ~ffi1w 1f@>8l6lDffiffi6TT16i:l Q6lJ6TT16lJct>$!)6lH.
S.If>I!!>ImlIHf>!JiOr B.A (Hons)
[D 6lT 6ID [DITL ffi rill ffi 61T U sosu iD 6lD!D ~ W a', afl (g W iD nJ16ID ITIT. $1 [f ITu51W [DITL ffi r!iI ffi 61T 6lJ 6lT Ii;-
V~11IJ.I"lfl61i\~$!)ITIT. $brT6TT &ffiLCB&ffi6ID6TT 9615luu$b16l.J QlfuJgjf (31 h.oO~III~L6lh ~6lJlD6lD!Du ·1J1!D[DITLL6lJ®&@jLb ~rD1c'!pffi® Co)~J J$bbOlLD. u
S. 1h®_rrlf>!JsR
~rrLCB&&$b~
B.A (lions)
@T6i:lffi6lD6TTU
7
u~UIJ1~$!)6lDLD.
If>L@i!D!Jj,
(;lJl>rr~
c&10TTu5lW&&~GID$b
G6lJ 6lT16lJ!f>$bGID6lJ ~@tD. @!D1UUIT ffi (@6TT~ffi~rflru 16 ffiL CB6ID(J ffi61T G6lJ 6lT16lJ[f,$b6ln. ~6lJ1'r U6l) !bJTru&@9&@
LDL CBIb
c&1O"ITuSlw ffiGID6l)(®1'rffiGID6lT~
~!D1@ffi@, G8'uJ$bGIDLD, FFW~~ 6lJW&c&16i:l (@®!f>~ rD@16ln rDITLffi LDiJLI 6lJ6lTiJ ~$b6l1l G8'W$b6IDLD. LD6l5!lD~ffi61T, UITL8'ITGID6l) LDLLs!>~ru rDITLffiU C&UITLll}.&6ID6lT rDL~~ ~())I~ujlru ~6lJdJ6IDlD C&LD6IDLC&WdJ!D1WGIDLD. rI>fTL& 6T@s!>~ C&UITL ll}.ffi6ID6lT rDLIT ~ ~ urfl ffi GU!DlD @TGD&GID6lT ~8= 8'l L L GIDLD. rDITLffi& ffi®s!>$bO" ~@ ffi6lT rDLITs!>~ W GIDLD. ~6OITr6aOlIT6l1lLDITri LDffiITrDITCBffi6lT rDLIT s!>~W6IDLD C&UIT6l5!lD U6l) G$bfT6OITrCBffi6ID6TTI>fTLffi~GIDlD&@8= r G8'uJ~61T6lT ~6lJ1'r ans!>~&ffi6lT 6lJ6TTiJ6lJtD Gu®tD u60TIil LlrfI!f>~61T6TTITI'r.
G$bIT6OITrLITdJr!3llLJ6Tr6TTfTlT. c&1LLs!>$bLL @6liT@l6O)(J 6T@~lLJ6lT6TTfT1'r. ~6lJdJ!Dlru 2 ~1~U.b16l) !DJTruffi@9tD ~L~@tD. @ 19-6lJ ITffi C& rDITcb @ u51 L ~ ~
~6lTI uUW ())ILD !LGIDLW C&U(TIT'l rfIunr 8 6l1ls!>~ W IT6ln[f,$b6l5! .!}I6lJ IT ffi 6Tr, $b u5l W 6lnITuJ U U1 lD[f, ~ $b u51y51ru 6lJ 6TT1T ~ ~ ~u51Ws!>$bITu.l16liT $b6o'i1uGu®tD LI$bru6lJ6lTIITWs!> ~&W!f>~ ~u51Ws!>$bITGIDW ~6l)~ffirfl£>~ ~W&LI9GLD®anLll}. 6l.I1P1 ffiITL 19- ~ 6lJ 6Tr LD6lTItD LDffilWli U6l) G $bIT60ITr CBffi6Tr Illnct>~ $b6l5!@ILGID6l)s!> $bu51W ~6l)@&C&ffi ~l'ruu6OTIil$b~ IJ.!D 6lJL 66 LD6O)lD!i> $bIT ~u) ~)uSlW6liT6O)6lTI ffi$br!3l ~@~ LI ffi@L 66 LD6O)lD W IT~ ffi6OITr6OO11'r 6lJll}.&ffi ~6lJ6Tr
an~~&ffi6lT udJ!D1w ~O"rruJ8=8'l& ffiLCB6IDiJffi6lT 6T@ ~ W 6IDLD. rDITL CBffi an ~ ~ GID6ln U GDffi GIDso ffi ffi W ffi LDIT6aOI6lJ1'r ffiGID6TT& G&IT6OITrCB UW&c&1 ~iJ~C&ffidJ!Dl ,9I$bGID6ln FFWtD 6lJITW 8'I~ffi6TT LD&&6lT LDs!>~ujlru U[j"UIJWGIDLD. rDITL CBU UITL GD @TGD ffi 6ID6lT G 6lJ 61f1uJl L CB: $b u51@ffi@ G$bfT6OITrUTdJ[I'jW6IDLD. @[I'juurr & LDLLci;a;6lT~ rI>fTLCBUUITL6i:l ~ 6lJrfl6liT (!P W dJ8'l uJl6lTIITru ffi. GUIT .$b. 8' IT.$biJ 6lJ@ulJ @ltD ULL$bITrfI 6lJ@ULI&&6lT1@1tD rDITL CB&an~~ GID6lff ffiru6l1l & GffiIT61T6IDffiWIT ffi LD6l)iJ 6lJy516lJ@~$brrl'r. $buSlwu LI~6mU Us!>~rfIGIDffiffi6lT1ru (!P&c&1WLDIT ffi 150 6lJ6[)(TWIT6ln FT-W~~ rDIT6lT1W$bWffi6lT1ru U6l) &LCB6lYlIJffi6lT 6T@ ~ $b u51@ cb @ G $b IT6OO'r CB LIrfl [f, $b ITIt . U GDC& ())I 6lJ 8'@,8'l6ID&ffi6lT1@1tD $b6ln ~ ~&ffi~&6lT16ID6lff G6lJ 6lT1uJl L CB G$bfT6OITrLITdJ!Dl6lnfTI'r·ffilLL~LL ~6lJfr 6T@~W 92 6lJ 6ID0" W IT6lff ffi L CBGID(T& 61f1GD 26 ffi L CB6ID(Tffi 61'r U GD& GID6l)cb ffi W ffi LDIT 6aOI6lJI'r 8' @,cfl6ID&ffi61f1ru LDL CBtD
$bW@&@~
S.«>®QIIII"IHI;1J6Or B.A (Rons)
~®6lJ19- ~6o'i1C&6l) t&rrITs!> ~ujl~6ID6lTI 1989 ~ ~6OITrCB 6n)~~~~ffi6lT 22~tD rDIT6Tr C&LDWGffiIT6OITrLrTI'r. 6lJITWffi
.(O~blJrfl6l5! $bu5l Ws!>G$bIT 60ITr CB!! !.
s.
e@-.IJ-
B.A (Hons)
3.
(gu(J"[J
d'rf\urr
aJ. aJam-u~lIjar
<&u[JfTcf1rflw[JfT ID
~®[b
$b
IDW6ll1u.l1GID601ll.jLD ~!)JI6lJ601
<8wdJ QffifT@rLfTrr
@601lliJlDfTLI.g.W
u600iufT L L fTW 6l.JfT61T601fT ffi6llLD $b6!5rGID601 6l.JfTW6llLD 6lJ61T@LD" 51 1IlU u ci, ID GID61Tci, Q ID rr 6OO'r CB
~6l.Jrfl6!5r "FFy?~~
6lJL QWfTy51u.i1@1LD
LWT W
$b 6!5r6l5f11Drflw 6U fT8=
sb ~
cf, @ W
rr [J
sb $b1 <8 6U
G8'w$b
6lJ L Q WfTy51u.l1GID601ll.Jb I
IDdJ!)JI~
!f>fTLID~GID$b
ffi rr 60crfl ci, GIDID W rr ci, $1 ~ G6l.J ori1e£,lDfTLJl}. 601fTrr. ~61TGIDWci, ~rIiJffil601b ~ 6U rIiJGID IDU 6l.JL Q
W
IDfT60~~<&60
$bu51 W,
ffi600Tu~
~®
~ $1 W
ci, ffil W ~
GUdJ!)JIci;Qa;rrGUdTLrrI'r.
,!}l~<&$fjfCB
Lj~GIDWU
$b ~6lJ
$bfT ffi
~GIDW[b
!I>fTLffi
6l.J61T1'r =cf1e£,@ 8
~6lJJl
,!)l61TLkluflw6ID6l.J.
U6\)IDGID6I)e£,1Dy?1D~$b1<&60
WfT6m!Tle£,ffiWfTGID6U <8UfT6!5rlIl
IHl
,(')::,"lfWl)i)
6M00I· ~6l.J[J ~
~ci;lDlliJffiGID6lT
rfilGID[JuuCB~~
"1~1)~lhlllll>lil
G8'fTe£,lD6!5r ,!}l6l.Ji'rffi6ir
llA (lions)
"GIDu[i>$buSlW
a>L..(!)QI)rrJi;
I~~,.olllir" blt,oTfilDILD~6C)<&6U
... Ub-II.U.GI ••
<8u[JfT51rflwi'r ffi6OOTU~W6irGID61T 11
B.A (Hons)
.~ 8' rr 6!TIrr ffi 6lJ u:i Q LDIT W'1ll.fl W 6"0 rr 6TI 6!TIrr ffi 6lJ u:i u GOOf U rr L L rr ul 6lJ rr 6TI 6!TIrr ffi 6lJ u:i ffi 6\S Q 6lJ L 19-W 6\S
&!, ul 6lJ rr 6TI 6!TIrr ffi 6lJ u:i
6TI
m rr L
If>
mrr L ffi ~ ~ 6O)!Dcf, @ ~!D !D1 W U ~mfh.l..n60) 6!TIU C&U rr 6"0 LlGID6!TIffi 60) $b 6lJ 6TIIT 8= cfl cf, @ t..D U 6OOf1 W rr !D rD1 Llj 6l'r 6TIrr IT . @)~GID!DuJ)Gl:l u@fla=rr6O)6"O, 6lJrr~6lTI 6lllC&rnrr$b~, rb[J[JLDffi61Tlfr ~ffilw &6lTI!DJ [)IT6DffiGID6TI Q6lJ61Tl6lllLLrrIT. @)6lJ [J~ IJ,<® C& rr 60) 6"0 6T6O'r ®J ill [I> rr 6l.I6D C&~ iT LD6llT1 W 8' !fjT6lJ6\lIT cf1rflwIT C&Lrrfr ffi$bITID 6T6lTIu6lJIT 6T@$bIW @)lbGlLD6dT<.&a= 6T6lTI@.IID rnrr6lJro6lTI $b@6lJGl:l 6T6lTIu~ @)$b6O)6!TIU @n3Iwq&.~bci>a;~@lh "6lJrrWci>6O)ffiu.Jl6lTI
&l,cf1rflw6!TIrr ffi6lJID ®®ct:>~ u6lmllwrrdln31 @)6lTI!DJ6lJ6ID[J $b6lTI Quw GID[J rb\GID6))ci>ffi GID6lJ$b$b 8'1!DU u ci>@rflw6lJ[Jrr6lJrrfr .
C&urr6"OC&6lJ @)6lJ[J ~
6lll C&6!TIrr $brruffi6Tr" 6T6lTI@.lID mrr 6lJ 6D Ul<.&rJ(§8i mrr 6lJ 6"Orrcf1rflwfr .9IU 6T6lTIU6lJIT 6T@$bIW @)[JLGIDLWfr 6T6lTI@l1D mrr6lJGID6"O£, $b@6lll FFWrnrrLCBci> ffi6ID$b ~6lTIn3I6ID6!TIU ~ 8"n!DJ6lJ$bITffi .9IGIDLDct:>~ Qffirr 6Trffil6lTI!D~. @)ct:>mrr6lJ6Dffi6Tr $b@6lJGl:lffi6TIrr ffi .91 GIDLD[!) $b C&U rr ~ u:i FFW m rr L CB LDrr [!) $b rf ffi C&6TI
'\Wl!ltjjMmtll ....... ~_MII1!\\>
ffi6O)$bLDITct:>$fJi'r ffi6lTfTffi @)®ci>416lTI!DGIDLD C&rnrrci>ffi$b~$bfT@ID C&U [J rr ifl rf) W ® GIDL W ~ [J [J LDffi 6lf1 It 6T 6O'r
@J u)
cf1!DJffiGID$bu.Jl6lTI ffiGID$bci>ffi® 6lJ ID Ul!D QLDITy?1 ci>ffi6O)$b ~6lTIn3I6D ~®[!)~ $b@6lJUULLC&$bWrr@t..D. LDLLcf,ffi6TIULl sun 6lll u.JlID2J6Tr TI urr CBu'i6lTI u!i3 n3I 6lll Ll6"Orrmct:>$b .9119-ffi6TIrr fr 6 @ rD1 LIlj)~6lT 6TIrrIT. $bI® LD6imT $brr C&6"O LDL L ci>ffi 6TIULl $i> ~ Q$brrLITLl C&u[Jrr cf1rflwIT ci>@ 6JdlULL~. @)uurrCBu'i6dJffi6O)6!i rf)iJ[JLDffi6rfl[Jrr ffici> ffi!i3UGID6!TI U6OOr6OOlWTID. @)§1 .9I6lJ®6IDLW 51 !DJffi GID$bct,@ u5)6O)ffiWrr a;rr~.
s.a>1!])6lI1II"1T1foIJ1ilir
6TtiMl6D
l3
12
\.I~6lTi!iJffilw ~6lJrr
~ 61)
~6Offiffi1w
I!iJ 6IDffi U
~61flffiQffi6l:fl!DI ~6OT1~~6lJIDIT61fl ~6IDLWIT6lT~6O)~ ~LCBIf QIf6l:flj]36lJrr (8U[JITci1rflwrr QIf6D6lJrJ)ITWffitb ~6lJITrr. ~6lJrr 1907 ~ ~6lI<IT(J3 ~6lR'6lIrfl 11 ~ ~ffifj Q ffi fT@t.b Lj~ ~ 60) j]3u.il6D 6ill61flfTcf1~ ~ t.b tJ1 WfTWUUfT~llTlb ~ 61) rIiIffi fT[Jt.b
~L.6IW ~6Offiffilw 1D!J6O)U~ Q~6lT16lJfT ffi~ Q~rfl!i>~ (oiffifT6OITrCB ~~6I:fl 6lJ61TI'rcfcf1ffi (l)fT6OffiLLrilJffi6ID61TU UfT@ufTCB 6llfuJ~ ~UUfT@UUfTCBffi@61'r .!)I!J ci1W6D IDfTrDlDrilJffi6ID61T (!P~6I:fl@IDUUCB~~ ~6OffiffilwrilJffi6lTl6l:fl ~6iJQ6lJfT® U@~u.il@61flcf IffTrr!i>~ 6lJ~6lJ ~@ID6lj, QlDfTWUU!!J(8WfT ffitb ~L.6IW QrJ)®lfrilJffi6lT16i) QU®ID~ ~6I:fl!OJtb
~tbu~ffi@ffi@ IDffi61flfT ffiU U!j]3!i>~fTrr. ~61fl~ ~tbuffi ffi6b6U1Wl6O)61fl~tb ~6O)L r616O)6Ocixf,6i::6lJlWl6O)61fl~tb WfTW.Lj6O'i1 ~ (8~fT6I:fl6lD ffi6D~mu.il(86O ffirDj]3 ~6lJrr, QffifT@tDLjU u6Dffi6ID6OffiffiWffiffi ffi6D~rflWl6D ~61fl~ !Lwrr ffi6D6fll6IDW (8lDrD Q ffifT6llITr CB 61) 600J L 6I:fl U6D ffi 6O)6OffiffiWffiW rJ)L ~ ~ u..' UrfL6IDIfWl6D (8~!Dl ffi6ID6\)I1)fT6OOllu ULL$bfj6ID61flU QudJj]3fTlT.
,.).J,ffi1W 6lJrD6IDj]3~W 6fll6lTffiffil ~ "~L.6I W ~6Offiffil W 6lJ!J60fT!OJ" h161:fllD L9JT6ID6O 6T@~ Q ffifT60ITr ~ ® ffi@ t.b ulll6lTrilJ@ffi161:flj]3fTfr. "University (o))~@6D 1948~6D of Ceylon ~6lJfr 6T@fjW
sun w!i> ~
U Ljffi@rflW6lJ!JfTffi
Review "Date
- Vol.111" ofCilappatikaram
6T6I:fllD (8U8iW
ID!JLj[!Jl6O)6Offi ffi6D6fll Wl6ID61fl~tb ~uJ6lj[!Jl6O)6Offi ffi6D6fllWl6O)61fl~tb QudJj]3 ~ci1rfl WIT uWI dJ 8'1ffi ffi60fTIffT6ID6OWl6D ffiL6O)lDWfTrD!!l1ffi QffifT6OOi'~®ffi@t.b
~ 61)
ro rfl6lj 6O)[JWfT6lT!JfTffiffi
and Manimekalai"
.b6D~6OffilrD@u
~u5lw
r!Ji 6IDffi U U 60 ffi 60) 61) & ffi W ffi ~ ~~ (8 61) ~ u:51 y5 6fllrfl6lj6O)[JWfT61T!JfTffi [!JlWID61fltb QUrD!DI U!6I:fl c!p~lDfT6OOllu UL L ~~ 6ID61fl~tb Q udJ!DIffi Q ffifT60ITr L fTlT u6Dffi6ID6OffiffiWffi . ~cf1rflw[JfT ffi ~®!i>~ ~6lJ1T ffifT~~[JlDfT61fl ~L.61wuU6OOllffi6li U 61) 6lJ !B 60) j]3 cj: Q If uj ~ 61T61TfTIT. ffi!B j]36D , ffi rD iJ1~ ~ 6)j QIfWrDUfTI.':_~(86O rJ)61161fl 6lJWcf ~6lJj]3fT ~ ~6lJrr ID[JLj 6lJ~cf ci1!i>~6O)6Ol~tb 8'1!i>~@6Ol~tb ~®rIiI(8ffi ~6O)IDwuQurDj]36lJfT.
(8 ID 61) rr ffi
u6Olll1 6fll~!i>~
:g6lJ6OITr~W~fT@tb. QlfuJ~61'r 1D!JU!6l51®!i>~ ~L.61bPQlDfTy5l fTuU!wrfl6dJ 6lJ®6IDffiu.il6lrnT6D !L6ID!JrJ)6IDLffi@j LDfT!!3lW~. m(8!J 1~~!b6l:fl UW61flfTffi !L6ID!JrJ)6IDLu.il6l:fl D.(I,!JfT uJ!i>~ ~ffiffi IffT6I:fl!DIfi@L6I:fl f 6lJ!J6OfTrD6IDj]3 !Dl@llffil [!Jl!DIro ffiffilT L~61flfTfTlT . !L6O)[JrJ)@LU U@ ~ ~ If I!iJ ffid)fT 61) t.b •
(81D~tb
IIJ Lhi1 6ID61fl o
~ 6OOf16lj, .1l r:b ~ 60) tim (81D6OfT6OOJ6ID1D,Q~6lTl6lj, ffi6OOJ~ULj, ~fT6I:fl ffi®~W6lJrD6O)!!l 1D@j]3ffiffifTlD6D Cfu!DI~6D, IDfT600T 6lJ1T ffi6lT16dT (81D6I:fl6O)LDffiffifT ffi !L 6IDW~~6D (8UfT6I:flj]3 rJ)606I:flffi6lT 6lJfTuJ ffiffiUQU rDj]36lJ[JfTCD
~~rrfTw rf> ~
61T61TfT IT.
." bn
S.a'>®6ImIHl>lJaGr
B.A (Rons)
14
a'>L_(!)lilDlJib bI,lbrr®l6
6ill W ~6ID!J ffi ffifT61) t.b , !L 6O)!JW fTcf1 rfl WIT ffi61T ffi fT61) tb 'II (3 rr fTU W W rt ffi fT61) u) , .,91 !OJU ~ fTu) g))l" rD j]3IT600i cB " <f>iIJ>_rra'>lJaGr B.A (Hons) 15 a'>L_(!)QDIJJb bI,lbrr~
~.!J)IIIDQJUJIl~Lb.
~
!L..6IDIJ[bIRJ>L
!L..~~6IDL Ul6dt6Jfr'r
!L~~~
Lill6lh ~~!D!DuUl6dr
6T@1>~
(~1.'I>rT00r19®cb416drlDrTIT 6
6T6Ol6\J!Ttb.
(lP1fJ-6lJrT& <&u!JrTif1rf1wi'r
~) 601 §I
ro.QIf6OOJ!bfTW&tb
<&UrTcb41
<:9I6lJrr1I>6Tr
Lf)
U6n!il4&6lf.>6lTllfLD ~UU6IJM4&@!>ffi&rr IT [f 6OOf1 & 6ID6lT llf Ii> !bI WI ffi &
61lT rr d>
Q IfrT$$!> C!p llJ!B if1uJl60 &60GUl II>!D!DI !L..WIT$§1 hl~@§I&6iT urrLll5illJ ~6DlD'Jtb (8UrT6\J 6Ul6lTffiJ41 $!>~W6\')60 I IbD(!96IDLW
~hrT6IDUJ u
&iJ!Jrr w!$~6l'T 6lTfTIT 41. Ul. 6 ~LD fbfT!DlDrT600rCBffi@>u Ul6dr 61lTrr . 6T@ct>~ @6ID!DllJ6OlrTrr d>6lT 6U1 UJ@l6IDfTW1<&6D &rT 600T UU ffi tb @!J6OOrCB 6lJ6IDd>UJrT61lT ~6IDLd>6ID6lT @6OltD&6OOrffi ~6lJ!D!DIffi@ !L.. $f>rT!JlmT r6Jd>6Tr $!>ct>§1 6lll6lTr6Jct1 Wl ®UU~ 6 if1$$!>6ID61lT cb@) 6U1 ®$$!>61Tl cb416dr!D §I 6T6Ol6\JrTtb. ~lD6(ffiTW6lfcb d>LCB6ID!J d>6Tr U6D6lJ!B6ID!D 6T@~llfLD $!>uSIW5b Q$!>rT6mhCB Ljrf)ct>$DfTIT. @6lJ®6IDLUJ !b1!D61lTrTW6lJcb d>L CB6ID[f&6Tr U6\J <&UfTfT!>6ID6OlU U60&6ID6\Jcbd>Wffi5b $ ~uS1 W W 61ft lD Q 6lJ 6Tfi uJL rr 601 ~ 6lT~ & $fil IT If ® cfl6ID& uJlro G6lJ61Tl6lJct>$!>61lT. @!b160 "QlfrT60@lLD QUrT®@!>w" 6T6drlD &LCB6IDlf U6\J[frT@ltb u[frrLLUuLL§I. ufTLCBtb ~6IDlfllfLD 6lJ W ffi @) ® Q If u_j ~ @9u) • II>L <&6\J n 6IDIf <&U rr 6l>i !D d>LCB6ID[f ffi(@Jtb if1!DULj
ui
<:9I!D16lJU
Uif1uJ16l5)6OlU
Iq
.@)6DcbffilUJ $!>LflIi:4>
W 6IDlD rf> §I ib
hll!J 6W!iJ;m IflITiw!JfT d>6lJtb ~ Q U n 60161,1. L IIlGIDlDllJfT~®cb@)tb WrTIf!BlD b l60i WrT00 uSIGID&uJl6UGID6U.
~II>Wffi)6l5Tj!lrTIT
6lJrTw$!b61lT.
.ij...... --_ ....
.Pb
~ 6lJ ® 6IDL
Ul[f<&wrT &5b~ 6ID61lT ~~ II>LD d>fT6OOT cbanl9w$f>rT II> ~®cb@)LD. <&U8=8iQWrTy)l$!>fT6l5T 6lJrT@LD QWrTy5J 6T61lT _@6lJIT ~6Ol§l II>L ffi6ID!J1I>61Tl60 6lJ 6Dl~!DI5b~ ~LD 6lJ$§I6Tr 6lTrTIT .
<&U!JrTif1rf1WIT ~6lJIT &6Tr ~ 6\Jcb41 UJr6JII>61Tl60 !L.. 6Tr6lT '~lD6dr&6Tr wLCBtb <&~rTMrT §I ~j!l6OlrTW6lJfT6lTi'r 1I>(@Jci>@)rf)llJ U 6m!fl uJlro rfi)6l>i !DI @)6IDlDd>6ID 6lT ~ ib 8i L Iq ffi II>rTL Iq & L CB6ID!J II>6ID6lT 6T@ ~ llJ 6IDW W rr ro _@ 61ft WIli> ~ 6lJ IT ~ lD60lrT W 6lfU U rTIT 6ID6lJ Q ffirT600rL 6lJITd>6lfI L tb 61J rTW$ §I
Solf>\IJ)QIOTITlf>!JQrB.A (Hons)
16
If>L(9iQl!J.ff,
"jI)lT~
17
W ITI:P U U IT600Tu) Q 0) CB[!J ~ 6lf1 s» 6l5I C&s IT [!J ?I1 6TU~6lliJT)6TU6I)IT 6TU ffi6OOTU~ Lllj 6Tr@6TT QCf cf16\) ~[JIT CfWWm ~WU~WIT&@ 1913 &!,W ~6OlTICB ~6U@Ilf15b~r!iJffi6irt ~!J6OOTLITW O)IT6Tr C&Cf61llWIT 6TU5b~@Ilf16TU6I)IT6TU U1!l31>~ITIT ~ 6lJ IT ~ IT615T U1 6tH tim IT6lf1 6U 6lJ 600l tJ) ~ IT C& 6li1w IT Cf ~6Of1 0) ITW ffi WIT timITIT. ~~ $161) W , ~ 61)<$ {£ 6iiJ ~cEl LL QWITWlffi6lf)(gGU !b6\)6I) (g~IT8:cf1 QUW!l3 ~6lJIT ~u5lYJ QWITWi@w<$ ~6lll1WIT ffi ~® ~8'1rf1wrf16iiJ §J@6OOTLLtL6lif ffi rB !l3ITIT . ~ u5'I W ~ @ ~ 6lJ IT Q ffi IT6151fJ L 6lfl ® lh..ll ~w QWIT y51 u.51 C&GU u51@ 1>~ !!L..WIT 6lJ ITtim ~!!3l6ill @6l5IU Qu m(g 6lJ 61AA 1.D6iJJ lliTI 4,@6ill <$$fJ~. CBQ <:9I6Oll'r 600TITW@6I)Lt U W ffi @ 6\) cb a; W ffi $b ~1 C&6\) UP @ ffi @ 6\) W IT6(IQ(1 up@6U\6\)ci;$lwlDlT6lliJT) ~$lw ULu6Jffi@6lTU QUW!l3 ~6lJIT !!L..C&[JITW !bffirf1(gGU <:9I®Lffi6l)ITif;I~U ULL5b~6O)timLLttb QU!D!l3ITIT. <:911.9-fi 6TTITIT f ~ 6lJ IT ffi 6lf ~ 60i @I 6IDL W ~u51~QwITWuJ16l5T ~6\)&$lW8: QCf@@WuJ16ID6OTLLtW ~6Oll'rL UrT [J Lb U rf1W 5b $b1tiIDtimLLt .b IT> iiJ@)600TIT L 6 1>@ ~ 6iJ 6lj 60lTIiIDW8: t QCf uJ ~ t.Ul@6m !!L..6\)ffiQW6\)6\)IT L.b UIJUU(g6lJ6OlTICBL.b 6T6l5JWl 6T60lTI ®l16OTITIT "C&~w@[J 5b ~u51(gWIT @Cf !!L..6\)ffiQW6\)6\)IT W 6 . u!J6ljtb 6lI@ffi QCfuJ~6\) (g6ll6OlTICBw" 6T6lYr1DlUIT[J~ ffi60lTIL a; 6m 6ill @6OT IT>0T 6lJ IT4, ffi C& 6ll<l'r CBW 6T6i5T ~ lQ.ffi 6TT 6 6lJ ITIT 6ill® tbU16OTITIT. !L 6\)$l6\) U6\) IT>ITCBffi@9&@tb QCf 6l5J W <:916lJIJ6lJ i'r Q WIT ~ a; 6lfl C& 6\) ~ u51 W Q WIT Wl uSl6liT $fJu51!iJ ~6UCixflw~6liT ~W U6OdTurrLl.Q.6l5I a1!lJU--t~ 6TCB~cf, 8ft!Dl~mIT. ~r!iJ416UlD, ~GU$b$61H, 4l(8r;&ffitb, ~;'h~~, U1(gIJ<®8i-, 6lUUIT6IIil6Ti:l, C&~ITw6!fr &!,41w QWITWffi61l1C&6\)
S.6\!lI_IT.aIJB.A (Hons)
46\)@WLLt@LW <&UITITb@ci;cbCftb, 5
QWITWffi@6TTLLtlD ~J]3l1>~6lIIJIT6UITi'r. ~~6mrTGU ~6lI®tiIDLW ~LD11P $b ~n@ UW@ltiIDLW~ITffi ~tiIDW~ ~@. .!}Il.9-ffi6TTIT®@LW 6Blrf16lj@!Jffi@6TT& C&ffiLL6lJIT ffi6Tr ~u5lW c;,)lffiWUWn)l ~n)lw &!,6lIGU Gla;rr6OlTIL6OTIT. ~6lJ6lIITlDI ~6lIi'r (SlOW Qa;IT 6lllftL ~u51 W£' @T ~ uui tXIlIT ~@JU6lIlliJffitiID6TT hi 6\) 61)ITtb " ~ uS) W £,@l @" 6T6liT IWW (I)JT GUITffi 6T@~ <U16lJ6lT1uJ1LLITi'r. <BW@JW ~lQ.ffi6lTITIT ~6lJIT ffi6Tr U1rnGlwrry?lu5l6ID6OTB= (gl.fi'rrfi~6lIITffi([!9tb ~uS)WU U6lllftUITLlQ.@tim ~!!31rfi@ <UllbIT6Tr6lJ$fJWffiITffi Tamil Culture (~u51W u6lllftuITCB) 6T6lYr!D "l~tD6li1~@W 1952 ~u) ~6llllTCB Q~ITLc£,ffiU) Q$DrTLlliI4,16mrTIT. @6'iJ6U\~W e!j)GUtb ~IBW GllDlTiP !ulhll6'filuJ1L5b ~h\)ci;ffilwL.b, u6WruITCB urDJ]3l ~n)l1>$fJ C&WtiID6I);'h<B~w "~I,l.u6lJIT6TTi'r U6UIT ~u51W ~uJ6ill(g60 FfoCBuL60ITWl6OTi'r. ~ ,; ~ sn ffi W &!, uj 6lj c!p w!D a'l ffi 61T Gl U ® a516ll ® u) (Sf.)I!JO)6nuJ1C&6I) ~IT6lYr ~l.9-ffi61TITIT !!L..6\)ffi;'h ~u51WIT!JITWB=lfl 1Jll.o1lDw ~6(frWl61H C&~tiID6lItiIDW !LtXIlITIT!f>~ITIT. <&U !J ITcf1 rfl W IT $fJ 6Gfl IT> ffi ib ~ l.Q. fi 61T U GU ITW f ?, 161l'lit &@6lTll..j L.b ~ 6liT 1DI Bin L l.Q. wC& 6\)cf1 W ~IJ cfl6liT ~lbO)b()OTu.jL6l5r C&ffiIT6\)[T60tby,rf)GU UP~60IT6lI@ ~rflwrr!JITWB=~ 1I~llhlll' L @ 1966 ~tb &!,6WrCB IT>L5b~6OTITi'r. ~~tiIDtim;'h lul?JIli (I !h~ UGU IT>ITCBffi61fl~L.b ~u5lI:PIT(TITuJB=cf1 WITIT>ITCBffi6Tr lt,1 tf,(3~,,!616ll1. ~l.Q.8)61TITi'r ~6lIi'r ffi6'ir 1952 ~tb ~mffi (IJ)~M\') 1966 6lJtiIDIJWIT6m 8)ITGUuu@)$blu5lGU @60lliJtiID8)U I J "'~ 'lobO) b\) d, 8) W ffi $b ~161JT 8) W 6lf1 $b @ @ !l3ll1l (g 6\) 1I)~If)f'IIM~}lJ J11611(JIT U6®l1WITrDn316OTITIT.G161H6mi'r w(861)cf1wu ffiU
19
18
U 6D CD6IDOUIi, CDW CD~ ~ 6lft @l [b ~ W 611hu 6D @ 6IDlD uJ16D <&lJf]ITcf1If1wl)TTIi>6l.jtD @6IDlD~6ID6U6lIIJIT Ii>6l.jtD u6OO'ilWIT(iJrDl6lffiTi'r. ~ 1Q.CD6YTfT IT ~ 6lI IT CD@96IDL W ~ uj 6l.l CD6lf1 <&OU u51 CD@ Ii, $1 W ID ITCD Ii, @ Wllh.n L Ii, an 1Q.W @ Cf rlli CD @lou&$1w~$bIoO @lW(iJ6IDCD" 6T6lfrlD ~uJ6lIIT@tb @l~. U6llM 6IDL ~ !f>u51li? @lOU&$1wllilCD61Tl <&OU ~6lI(!9&$1(!9 rI>!f> fFCBUIT L 1Q.6ID6m"Ll.jLb @l6ll1J ~ ID 6l!T1 !f>ITW U U 600r U16ID6m" 14 Lb CDITL1Q.ll.I6ir6TT@ 6T6m"OUrTtb. CfllilCDUUfTLoOCD61TlGlfl ~tiI6lll<&OU ~6lIi'r fFCBuLL§J <&UrTOU $b1(!9&@)lD61Tl@jLb ~6lIi'r iosmb &!,W1£iT CDB= GCf6lfrlD@. 6lJ6ir@96l1(!96IDLW @!J36fr &WlLb !I>oOou 6lIy?1CD6ID6TT14Lb CD~<&!f>IT6\5I&CD CflDwLb CDrTLffiLb !I>oOOU 6lJy?lCD6ID6TTLl.jLb @uUl Lffi ~IT14tb !f>Glfl6IDIDu5l6ID6m"& GCDrT6llM1Q.(!9rI>!f>ITi'r . @!f>6ID6m ~6lIi'r !f>6m"§J !f>u51li?~§J 6T6lfrlD @lm4lw~$f)6\l uso @lLr6iCD61Tl@jtb @!!3lUUlLCBB= GCfGlflWl6ir6TTrTFr. @l6iJ6lIrTWl uWrI>!f>uSlli? @lOU&$1wllilCD6ID6TT §J(!96U1 ~ IJ IT uj r6 !f> ~ 1Q.CD6TTrr If ~ 6}j 6lf1ou Ii, CD1W rlli CD6lfl6ll'r ~ 1Q.U U 6IDL W rr CD ~ 6ID1Dri>!f> <&CDrTL UfT CBCD6ID6TT~ !f>61ir CDLffi6IDIJu5l~tb <&U(!96ID1J CD61Tl~tb 6TCB~~ffi CDrTL1Q.6m"rTfr. @l6llr'r !f>6m"@ ~Wl~&CDITOUU U@~uj)<&OU "!f>u51Wr'r U6llMUrTLlQ.6lfr (8CDrTLUrTffiCD6ir" 6TGlfl!J3 !f>6IDouuUloo !f>rI>6ID!f> GCf 006llrT !hI6ID6m"6l.lU <&U(!96ID1J 6IDW !hi CDW~$bI U GU(!96IDU GUJDlDrTr'r . U6llM6IDL~ !f>u51li? ~6I)&$1WllilCD61Tl00 Ff'ffiuLL~ <&UrT61) ~1Q. CD6lTITr'r !I>6l1~ !f>u5lli? @lou&$1 Wr6iCD6Tl1 ~tb • fFCBULLrTr'r. urTlJibl, UITIJ~!f>rTCfGlfl (8UrT61ir<&lDIT(!96IDLW CD6ill6ID !f>CD6ID6lT 14 Lb 1D6IDlD ID 6IDOUW 1Q.CD6Tr, 6)]1. CD6151 IT6mJT W
S.lf>\!J)alllrIHf>IJ6!ir B.A (Hens)
"Fr~<'!p~WrTIT, CD~, @.6lI1J!f>!JrTCfGlfl <&UrT6lfr<&lDrT(!96IDLW II11Cf6m" @louffi$1wr6iCD6ID6lT14tb .9IlQ. CD6lTITr'r ~IJIT tiI!i> !f>rTr'r. !h6116m" !f>u5lli? ~6I)&$1w ~tiI6U1!D@Lb ~1Q.CD6TTrT(!9&@tb 1L6Tr6lT G!f>ITLr'rUl6ID6m" "6lJ1J !f>lJrTCf@J6IDLW !I>rT6lI00CD6ir" hT 6llT @I t..6 ~ 6lI (!9 6ID L W CD L ffi 6ID IJ !I> 6(5f @ IIICB~@ffiCDITLCB6lI!f>rTuJ !!L6Tr6lT§J. GCfQdT6ID6m" IDIT!I>CDlJtb II16lfl6m" 6lI6IDcnuJl <860 LrT afr <.!p. 6lJ1J !f>!JrT s 6o'il6lfr !f>rT 6lJ600>61Tl<860 if! $b !f> rtl & CDLi U CB .$l 6ll'r lD ~ 6T 61Ji U 6ID !f> .®1&CDL CB 6ID1Ju5l <&6D 6lll U rfl~§J6Tr 6lTfTI'r. ~ 1Q.CD6TTrr If
~1Q.CD6lTrTr'r ~6lJi'r CD6Tr !f>u5lWr'r 6lJ1J6DrT!DI IDrD!DILb !b fTCDrf1 CD 6lJ 6lT If & cf1 Ii, @ ~!D JIfl W U 600il CD@9 t..6 (11]!D1 uU1 L~!f>&CD!f>IT@ Lb. @6lJ(!96IDLW GU(!9LburT 6DrT6m" .·~I,ll.j6l.l @wrDIflCD6Tr !f>u5lwfr 6lI1J6UITWl !f>u51WIT !I>ITCDrflCD fill b1T1'r cf Ifl UrD!!3l W!f>rT CD<&6lJ CDIT6mJTUuCB$161ir!J3@. @$b1 00 I~JDo;rrCBCD61Tl6U 6lIIT@tD !f>tBwfr U!i3rDlw ~uJ6l.lCD6Tr IflWUUrT CD (If>jDl uU1L U UL <&6lJ 600r 1Q.W!f>IT@t.b. U OU ~6OOr CBCD6TTrT D C II. b').$l6ll'r U6D<&6lJWl u@~CD®cf,@Lb !f>u5lW Wf@ (! IP II) G CDIT 6mIT L ~ 1Q.CD6lT rr Ii !f> IT 60i G Cf 60i !J3 ~ I 1';1 CD61Tl 6U6UOUIT tb G !f>u5l WIT U!i3 n31 W !f>CD6lJ6UCD6ID6lT cf (3" 1),1£1~h§J ~6ID!f>ffi CDLCB6IDIJWrT &$1 1970 CD6Tl100 urfl6rlJ !I>6IDL GUrDlD ew61irWIT 6lI~ !!L6DCD~ !f>u5lW "~I,'J 'lIfl/~ Ifl IDCDrT!I>rTL 1Q.(861) CfLDr'rU t..Sl~~rTr'r. !f>u5lWr'r CD@ lilllllu)~h!i)!f> !I>fT(j)CD6Tl1(86U 6lJrTw$) 61irWrTr'rCD6Tr ~6iJ 6lIrI>~ It~r(l)II~. ~6lJIT CD@96IDLW 6T6llM6OO'ilffi6IDCD~wfr -oIru CD@96IDLW '"1\1 II), luillllJr'r, 6lJIJOUIT!DI, ~$)W6m" UrD!D1GW6D6UITLb ~')l.+.n.l· 3t,l))I}uJl6D 6lllUrfl~@6Tr6TTTTr'r. 0
!J>lhl£1
(SuD
.o.<V.6lW 6lI!Ii
!!fl <&61)
21
fFCBU L L @
20
If>L(j}iQllJJi, ''.If>lT~
ffio06ll)~~GID!IlWl@lLD QU®LD6lT611 fFCBurrCB Gffirr6OOTLrrl'r. @®~~6lJUULLt..D GUrD!OJ ~wri$b[JU UrrUfITGID6\) ~if1rf1W[Jrrffi~ G$brrL~ffi1w .9Il9-ffi6lTrrl'r 1952 .@00 _@ 6\) ffli GIDffi U U 6D ffi GID6\) ffi ffi W ffi ffi 6D 6lf1 $b ~ GID!Il 6ll)rfl611GID[Jwrr6lT[Jrr ffi& ffiLGIDLD 6JrD!Ilrrl'r. $bu51WI'r ffio06))1 UPWrDif1 urD!!31 &1Wrb$b fFCBurrCB Gffirr600TL .9I6l.J1'r 6\)6OOruid"r UoOffiGID6\)&ffiWffi$f>~ (g6\) U600r GIDLW m(g[JrruLJI w.@rb~ W ffio06))1UPGID!IlU urD!!31 Q$brrLl'rrb~ &1[Jrrw8:if1 QlfuJ$b~L6lf. $brDffirr6\)$f>~oO $bu51W QLDrry?1&ffio06ll) if1!Ilcf,ffi 6lJy?1ffi([!9W an!D1ll..j6lTsnmr . ffio06ll) ~ ~GID!Il G$brr Lr'r urr ffi .91611I'r U6\) &1w6114> ffiLCBGID[JffiGID6lTll..jLD 6T@~ll..j6lT6lTrrrr. _@&!6lJrr!OJ .9Il9-ffi6lTrrrr .9I6l.Jr'r ffi6lT U6lfr(_lJ)ffiUULL C8(fff ffi4l00 &1W611ffiGID6lT (gLDrDQa:.rr6OOTCB $btBY;iJu6OOl\ QIfW~ 1980 &1w &16OOr19-00 @j6iJ6116\)ffi 6lJrrWGID6lJ UPI9-~~cf, Qffirr600rCB @jGID!IlWI9- (glfl'rrb$brrr'r,
6. iI'. 6m6l.l.
~(glDrr,SblJlbl1~6O)~
GID6lJ[J611[Drr$b6l5T16lfr cf, ffi torr ffi if1 .GID 611, Qu®ri>(g$b6ll)Wl6lfr
183 2 _@00 if1!OJU U1L 19-Wl 00 ID ffi 6lll rr ffi U U1!Il ri>$b _@6l.JGID[Ja= Ifr ® ~'J)rr(gLDrr $b[JLDLJl6lT6lD6lT 6T601 .9I6lDwuurrr'r, !l)_~[J~~00 .@®rb~ ffio06ll) Wl 60)601 $b601~
ffi6i)6ll) Wl GID601 UP$f>~ cf,@LDrr[J ffi6ll) [JrrW Ol L (_IJ) ul9- ~$brrrr , W I~6dr6lllr'r 6lJLCB wrrW.Ifr'r6lJIfrr6T'O~rf1 ffi6UT IfrrGID6\)W\6i) ffirD!Ilrrr'r, ffi (g $b rr 6D Ifl~thJ[JuLJl6Tr6O)6lT. .(O))b1Jrf16lfr~!IlGIDLDffi6O)6lT cf, ffi600TL &1if1rf1wl'r ffi6Tr .@6lJGID[J "U~I9-$bI'r" 6T601 .9IGIDW~$b601I'r. 1859 .@00 uLL$brrrf1wrr601 ~b1Jrr 187100 BL (g$br'rruoO if1$f>~GurD!Ilrrl'r. LJl6lfr601r'r ILUG!fI4>a:.rr6lT[Jrr601rrl'r. IfLD6T'O$brr601 r:&.bIu~Wrrffi611W .@®rb$Drrl'r.
6lf1 Gn5 611[Drr $b U L11 6lf GID6lT • Q [D 6lf1 tiD uSl6D6tt ~41(gwrrrf1L(_IJ)w ffi600ll ffirD!Ilrrl'r.
~»
Q torr W1 &1 W 6ll oJl !OJ611601 ~!OJ U U1601[Jrr ffi 6ll LD (f1) rI> $b rr rt . U rr [J $b .91 [J Ifr " [Jrr U U ffi @)rr ri " 6T 6O'r !Il CuhhlT[J6lJUULLt..D QffirrCB£>~ .@6lJGID[Ja= if1!IluLJI~$b~, 1bliliJLJ~uLJ$f> ~GID!IlWl6i) up6lfr~6lfr!Il .@6l.JGID[J • 6116'0 6\) 6l.J® LD .. .@6\)4> ffi 600T _@6\)4> ffi1w rriJ ffi 6lf16'O
@11l .i.'1FIIII!!II __ •
......
.W!Jil!Rl'
Cull' I\dJ 6ID601 UP $boO fFWLD fF!Ilrrffi ~ 6Tr6lT $bu51W [DrrL CB IIl~~I"')I6l.Jrr6dTffi61T100 $bLDffi@ _@6O)6OOl_@6i)6\)rr$b6ll®w &141w
~1I1 (31 flll
..111111'111
LJffi@LD .9I6lTrurD@
.(oJl6ll ® GIDL W $b un y? U U ~ uf tiD un ffi 6ll u) (U) ..../(;)lllIflll60T~ _@6l.J1'r QIfW$b U~uLJ (_IJ)WrDcf1wrr@LD. 1 1IllI 1l1li1<311 III bIl)6\) 6JLI9-00 6T@$bUULCB .9Iy?1ll..jLD ~6O)6\)WloO
d,ll 22
.918:if16\)
N•• U~OIIIII".IJ'"
23
«JL(!)6IDiJJf,
".rr~
u$blut..Slsf>~ Q6lJ61T1tillffiLb QPw!:iJ8'1tillw !I>fT6lJ6I)®ffi@)u t..Sl6cil QU®LD$bIu4U QUlDlU6lJIT ~fTaLDfT ~!JLbt..Sl6TrGID6lT ~6lJfTIT. ~6lJIT u~uQl~ 61l16lTffiffi ~6IDIJUU~ uu, a Cf61JIfT6lJ GID!JW IT QPc:i;c£;1WLDfT61JIGID6lJWfTffi rU1 Q!I>!D Q~ WCDlTUt..SlWLb QCffTW6I)$bI CDIT[JL£ 6U'!Ja CffTy51 W t.D, ~ GID!DW 61JIrr iT QUiT®6lTW,ffiiT!JL[;' ~ 6I)ffi ffi6llil1 61l16lTcf, ffi L.b • @> 6lT fTLD600fl
UfTLCffT6ID6I)ffi6Tr
11111
~6IDLD~~tb
..0) If
aW
!I>fT6lJ6I)®ffi@)
r61&!JfT ffi
~ GID!J,
.(OAb1Jr'r61l16lTrlli@6lJ~6ID61JIffi
.0 ~~
rI>fT6lJ6I)®ffi@)
~!J~coW QCfW~fTr'r.
!L6ID!J
6T@$bI
!I>fT6lJwrfltidT QCffTW@I
U 6ll<lf1 W fT!:iJ!D61JIfT IT. u$bl U 4GID!J ffi6TT 6T@$bIlLILb ~u51Wsf> Q~fT6OOrffi 4rflrI>~6Tr6lTfTIT. UfT!J$bIWfTIT oo.L ~6lJ®GIDLW U$bIU4GID!JtillGID61JIU UiT!JfTLll}.lLI6Tr6lTGIDLD
6111 rf1~GID!J WfT 6lT!JfTffi~Lb
p)IIS1w 6Trlliaco?
6TtidTJD ~!J~co!:iJ
u~u
4GID!JL.Lf16l)1
lDfT ffi
u~u
6lJ@sf>~sf> ~u51w~Q~fT6OOrffi u$bIut..SltidT QPtidTjWGID!Jtillw ~ 6D cf, ffi 6llil1ffi iT61) t.D, CfLD6llil1ffiiT~t.D, t..Slrf1~~ffiffifTLIl}. ~~
4rflrI>~6Tr6lTfTIT. 6l1!JaCffTy?1wu .,9laUiT ~ffiiT6DLb, .,9lLCf!J ffiiT6lJW, .,9l61Jl iT~!J ffifT6lJ t.D, ffiiT 6I)t.D 6T6l)lLI ~8'1rflw(r ffi(@Jffi@) ~$5I[J
.. ~fTaLDfT~!Jill"
urr L!YfT6lJrrW!L
t..Sl!iJffifT6I) 6lJCf6l)iT!iJlDl
6t5)
LW
U 6OOf1 co 6IT
QPtidTCB61JIfTQ.WiT ffi 61l16lTrlliffil61JliTIT I . !LGID!J!I>GIDL !YfTWffiGID6lT 6T@$bIlLILb ~u51@ffi@)~ Q ~fT 600r L fT!:iJD1lL16Tr6lTiTIT. e., ~iT[J 6llil1LDiTfi @>6lTiTLD600fiGID ! f W ~GID!J!I>GIDLtillW 6T@~W6lJrr. 6&J,Lb 7 ~Lb 6lJ@)u4ffi©rf1w ufT6lJuiTLLb 6T@6iWGID~ffi oo.!D6DiTLb. !f>iT6lJ6lJ6IDIJU aUiT6Da6lJ 6T61T1 [!JGIDL tillw 6T@~ W 6lJ W6D6lJIT . s. a'>IIJ)QlllJITa'>!J..nB.A (Hons)
U~U
ufTcflrf1w!Jrrco,
" bO>IJ!I>6IDL 6lJW6DiT6lT[TfTco, ~6Dfficf,1W6lJ!J6DiT!:iJJDfT 8'1rf1w6lTIrr co, IIt.GJQPcoUULL r61GID6I)W1w I ,fl~b$bGIDLDWfT6D ~6lJrfltX5r Cfrfl~!JLb ~lBW8= Cfrfl~!JlDTcoa6lJ Cu)/bIT 6'h 6lTUUL a6lJ 6OOrIQ.wQ~6OT6I)rrtb.
24
~!b6ID~WfT& ~@[J
6UiftiIDlD@L
1ill6D6DfT6lTrT
rf1 G6\)
I5i@6IDtiID
®j6DffiffilWUU6OOl1
Ljrflct>~6UrT. iffT!T!b~ ®j6Un~6DffiffilWU &!b~[JWJI.J,~, ~@[J, (!p~6DfTtiID u6llllfl&6ir u6OOl1u.J16dJ cfi~wu[J 35ffi@i
~&wrt>~
~;'bisb~ ~u51@w
UrfiGiffT ~ sb~U
Q&iT 6®JeB
u5I &If
a'l !!3!i>~
6IDif su
~ 6ID[JlD6IDL
lDfT1ill@6IDLDU
(IJ)n)i&fTLLg.WfTuJ
u~ UUfT .tlrfl w~ ,
om Wf16lfl.
U1[J8irf1sb~tb ~fTGlD ~JD!!3~ffi@i 10 ~@iW. Qurfiw 6T@~W ~6lfltiID~ ~6ID6)J 6TtiIDUULL6ID1ill
.tl!!3ULjffi@i8=
ih1®UP®&fTJD!DlUU@L,
G&fTuJiJDLj[JfT6OITTtD,
GUfT 6dJ!!31illJD@!!3
.,T61frlDfT &ffi
&fTLL6DfTtD. @6DUP
u) ~ 6D If, a51 W U
WfTWUUiT6OOT8=
;'bi® 6W 6ID6lTllJ 1 L JD Lj[Jn 600T su if tiIDW, lDW~JTf'r G&fTu5I6D Qurflw Lj[JfT6OOT @>~tiIDW, ~[JLCB lDfTIill6Dl'r t1iJUrt>~sb lDfT6U6\)!T 6TGOl U~!D ~®ct>Q~ ~ 6IDlD$b~ &fT&U ~ffi!WtiID6Urr@iW. uLg.ffi&
Q if fT!D QUIT !:616l.j & 6'11 (iJl~htiIDfTW "IbITbl16DrT" ~6U®ffi@isb 6T6dr!!3 .tl!!3ULjU
GUfTroW®LUfT
~&W!i>~6lJrr ~$tiIDtD"
~LJ5\P
LDfT6OITT6U!T &6lT
G6U6®JeBW
UfTLiffT6ID6\)C£)6'I1
~6IDlDsb
~t..6
~6U®@LW
111\'1)61))1] $b
QiffTJDQUfT!P6l.j
6®JLfTW!D1ll..j6lT6lTfTrr.$&I6®J6ID6:!UTUU6lT6lTicixmL i!'ll&6lT ~ 6D6Uif ffi &w6ll1 Q if IT 6D6\51 Q &iTCB ffi sb~6lT 6lTiTfr . ~ 6IDLDsb ~ !J)JTW & 6ID6lT U U6OOl1&6lT.
It'Ijbrr®.s6'
~6OOrLg.W~.
~@[J 6lll6lT~ffilw~.
6<ll u) ,
!J)JTW&6ir
®j6Dct,ffi':WU
n 60ITT 6lJ if
27
6l.fl 6lJIrr 6l.fl 6IDL ffi orr , ffi L CB6ID!J ffi orr (8 u rr GOT 6lJI !B @rD1 U Ul L $b~li>ffi6ID6lJ . IHDUJ !L 6llOTrT: If) UJ,L.L Ii> an 19UJ 8 L9JT6Dffi 6ID61T 6T@$b§JuUl6IDtp, 6lJIf 6lJIU Ul6IDtp, .®jw6Drr §J .®j6D@ !L6ID!Jro6IDLWlw 6T@~ Q6lJ61T1WlLCBtb ~8:If)~1b 6JL CBu Ul!J ~ ffi61T1w !L 6TT6TT L9JT6'Offi6ID61TU urfl (8lfrr ~ $b~tb Q6lJ6lflWlLLrrrT. Qurr ® 61T$b Q ~61T16ID6lJ C.!P1i>ffi1 J (8rorr Ii>ffiLDrTfili> U f QffirrGOOf19®UU~6lJIrr6'O Qlfrr!iJffi6ID6TT 6lJ6Ulrf>§J Qffirr6Tr6TTrr~ Qlfrrw~Lb Qurr®®tb ~rflUJrr~u19 Qurr®6Tr .®j6OT1§J ~61Tr6Jffi !L6[)!Jffi6ID61T 6T@~6lJIrrfr . .®j6lJ®6IDLW 6lJ1f6lJlr6Jffi6Tr 96drIDJLQ6lJIrr6dr!)JJ Q~rrLfrLjJiJIDJ (8~6ID6lJw!iJ!B Qlfrr!iJffi®1b ~6IDLffi®tb .®j6'D6aTL.D6D~cf,a:, rf~UJrrffi ~6ID~®~6lJI. ~rTli>ffi c'!p6ID!BWl~Lb 1f)(86D6IDLWl~Lb 6T@~tb 6lJ6dr6IDLD ~ 6lJ®Ii>@ .®jUJ soun ffi(86lJ .®j®rf>~~. ~LD~ Q ffi rr 6lT 6IDffi ffi 6ID6TT r£l6ID 6D ro rr L CBL.b (8 u rr ~ L.b U1 !B rT (8ffirrLUrrL6IDL LDIDJIi>@Lb (8urr§JLb u5JCBIi>@ ro6IDLWl6'O ~rT Ii, ffi If~ UJ rrffi 6lJIf 6lJIr6J ffi 6TT ~ 6IDLDLlJLb. Q 6lJ!)JJLb ~ 6IDL Q LDrr W1 ffi 6ID6TT8= (8 If !Jrr §J L.b ~ 6TT u 6IDL ffi 6ID6lJ. Q an L L rr~ Lb ~ 6lJIT !L 6ID!Jro 6IDL ffi 6ID6TTi> 6IDffi UJrrGOOf I L Qurr@~1b 6lJ1f6lJlr6Jffi6Tr 96ID1f rowtb Qurr®rf>~UJ6lJI6lJrruJ~' ul9-ffi@j1b (8urr §J ~LCB$b ~6IDLWl6dr!l3la: QIfW~tb 6T§J6IDffi-; (8ton 6ID6lJI8: Q If rr!iJffi 6ID6TT 6lJtpr6J ffi1LlJLb 6Jffirr!J $b~ 6ID6lJI U U6D ~ L r6Jffi 6lT1w row Ib u L 8= (8If IT~ ~ Lb Ifrrrfi6ID w ffi 6IDblT .®j6drutb uUJIi>a;ULj@~LlJtb !L6[)!J!D6IDLffi6ID6fT ~6[)LD~fr, ro rr 6lJ 6D rT .®jGOTJIfl w 6IDLDUJ rr ~ .®j ufil ffi 6lfl 6U 6lJ L Q If rr!D ffi 6ID6TT$b ~ LD'l y) LD!J Lj Ii, @ 6J!D u Ii, 6IDffiWrr 6mir CB6Tr rrmr . ~ 6lJIrr6'0 ~ Gil 6lJL Qlfrr!iJffi6Tr w rr®Ib s .®j6D@6ll1w Ljrflrf>§J Qffirr6Tr6TT C.!P19ffi16dr!B6IDLDIf)!Buurr6lJl~, s. «>1(!)6IIOJfHI>!JQft
B.A (Hons)
~~~L6tiT ~li>ffirr6D 6lJtpli>ffi1~®rt~ ffiiF(8lfrfl, ffiu5J61S}6NrT, ~ 6ID!J (8 u rr 6llT!B (8 LD6iD6D ro rr L CB8: Q If rr!D ffi 6ID6TT ib LlJ Q~6lT16lJffi®~ U uUJ6llTuCB$b~Wl®rt~rrrT . @rD1uJ'LCB .®j6Dli>ffi6®T ~6ID~ Qurr®6Tr ~ Q~61T16lJLb ~6ID!JtiljL.b ffi®~ ~~6ID6lJI c'!p@6lJ~L.b Sf>@~1i> Qffi/TGOOfLrrfr. !L IDJU Ul6ID1f 1i>@!]31, G1~rr L [f16IDIf 1i>@!]31, 6ill6TT& ffi 1i>@rD1' c'!p!DIDJULj61'r6lT1, 6ll16llTrr6ll16IDIf&@rD1, G1LDwuurrL 196[)IfIi>@rD1,
j!) rr 6lJ 6DIT
~rr u 1i>@!]31 C.!P~ro UJ 6lJJiJ6ID!BU u UJ6druCB~ ~ 6lJIrrIT, ffi!D (8!B rrITIi, @ Lb LDD'3 (8!B rrIT& @ Lb 6ill6TT& @ Lb 6I.J6iDffiWlW ~t.6l!p !L6ID!Jro6IDL6IDW 6T@~6lJIrrrT. ~6lJfr 6T@ ~ UJ Q urfl W Lj!J rr 6llOT @> If 6lJILb u GOOf ITffi ®Ii,@ 19~ 6T@~UULL~.
~ @J
rorr6lJ6D6ID!Ju (8urr6D c'!p6lfr@)lLb Ul6dr@)lL.b U6D~6ID!B IfrrIT ~u5J W 6111 ~~6lJrr 6lfrffi6TT .®jW6ID6D 6T6lJI6Drrib. 1879 .®j6D !Drr6lJ6DrT .®j!Brt~ (8urr ~ ~t.6lW !L6U@ ffi~rD11i> ffi~~IT • 6lJllf~~ QLDujLlJ®ffi1UJ~. ~rt~ .®j!Jr6Jffi!iJ ~L.L ~~ 6\) ~ .6ID6lJ.$brr(8LDrr$b!JLbUl6Tr6ID61T 6T@~ surr If) $b$b !D,6\)6ID6\) !Dffirr !Drr6lJ6\)fr Ul!Brt~L(8!JW G1lfrr6'O~ $bt.6lW 6Tf!:ll(8ffi? aT®~ 6TlliJ(8ffi?' 6T6lfrW 6lJrfiffi6Tr !fjT6lJ6UTl6dr Ljffi6[)tp 6T6lfrIDJL.b 6TCB $b~6ID!J U u 6lJI.
28
29
6rt
~£,§JLW §J ®!J
&if(8a=rfi,
&uSl~6lJIIT,
6l5)
6T@s!>§JuLll®W, ~6ir61T
Q a: IT!i3 &
6TTli.j l.D
UW wUQ3£,$b)
urfi(8a:IT ~£,[lltD
.®6lJ&&6mTI£,6m$f>
Q$f>61TI6l.jtD G&rr6mTILfTfr.
o)]I@:r6l.jlD &®~ ..9l$b6m6lJl (!P@6lJ§ltb Q$b6lTi6lD6U (!pcbffilw (8[Drr&&LDfT&& Q&IT 6ir 61Trr§J ,@6llT1(bJ 61Ia:6tHrfiI&6ir Qa:IT!IJ&C@>tD QUIT®6l'r G'l$bfTqj'l6lD8'&@)n31, QP$f>6U1W 6lJ!D ®iDU ~6m(JlD6lDL®W @J8'6lJILO QPiD£DIU46TT 61TI, m 6tHIT6lllGm8' &@!Dl, &dJ(8wfTlT ffi@)LO $f>uSllJ? G)UrflW4!TIT6OO1
6ill6TT&&&@rDI,
ll}.®8'
Q&rr Gmfrll}.®UU$b6tHIT 6D Qa:IT!IJ&6lD6TT 61Iro rb§J ~rfiWIT$bUll). tiUl6TTrfiI& ~6<D(T&6lD6TT 6T@~6tHfTi'r. ~W£DILQ6tHITWWJ ~6lDL&C@>tD Q$bITUT4!D£DI ,@~TLD6D ,@6lJ®6lDLW (8$b6lD6lJw!IJ!I3 lf~wIT&
&@JrDI,
LD!i3<&!I3ITITfi@tD f
6T@$b)6lJIITIT.
$bi'rcixI;
~6lDtD!b$l®~6l5T. 6T@§JtD $bLD§J U1!I3IT [D6IDLu.J16D Q6lJ!;l)JW &6ID6U6ID& WIT GmfrL 6T§J6ma;.
U6@ll}.$bIT&@9ffi@
"'®~hIIULI ~J. lDfT6lJ6UOO)!JU (8UfT6U (!p6dT@llD "tfTIT $buSllJ? ~~ [D~6lJ6lJfr "hbOlll~fT m£,@6lJIT6dT&6ir .®!I3rb$f> (SUIT@ .®6D®6\) OlW®ltD U6D@®!I3 1879 &$f>!l3l& .®!JI!ii&!i3
$bi'r&& 6lJW6lDLD
(!p6lD!I3u.J1~tD
~6lJ®cb@)
,@w6i:Jurr&(86lJ ~ 6lD6lJ[DIT L CBill (8UIT@tD (8a:!JIT §Jill ~6IDa: [DWlD 611a: wr!iJ &61T
6T6lJI6lJITtD.
LDWJ&@tD
$f>u5llJ? ~6D@)
If ~WIT &
QLDIT W\&®6TT ~ 611IT
. 6lJll}.$!>@
G'lLDwli.j@jffilW§I.
~rt>~
If
~
.','11".'
6ID!J[D6lDL &6lD61T ffi $b6mLWlw!Dl1F 6lJ Wr!iJ ffilli.j tb (88'IT ~@lD ~6<D(TlD®L&6ID61T
6lJa:6tHr!lJ&6ir
QUIT®rb$blW6tH6lJITW Ga:6D~tD 6J &IT!J s!>$bl6m6lJl U a:mf1 6mW &®6TT ~6IDW~fr. ,@LrfIi &
[DrT6116UfI6ltr 4&6mW
6ll'1ro
6m&WfTGmfrCB6ir6TTfTlT. ~6tHfT6D
~6iJ6ULQ8'fT!IJ&6l'r
Q&fT6l'r6TT (lpll}.ffi1W!I3®LD
28
29
.®)6I)~6IDffi$b ~®OJfTLll).tidr ffilWffi@ LDfTfifT61m1$b~6U f LDL L ffiffi6TTULlitidr ffifT6ID0-$b6lll6U LlI!!lrf,~ FF WW @@6U ~ W LDffiI ffi fTU Lj ffi W U 0- U tJ1 W 6U rt $b fIJi ffi {b $b u5l W 601 6lfl Lj 61)fTOJ[i>$b 0-rr 6U fTrt .. .@16Urf16ifr .@16TT6IDLDU Q U W IT LDWl60 6U rr ffi 6IlTtD 6T6lir U $bfT@tD . 1 8 8 2 . 0 3 .2 7 .916lir !JJI 8'fT u5I $b$bwLlI ffi60N 61m16IDLDffi@) LDffi6llTfTfiU LlI!!lrf,$b .@16Ur'r f $b6llT~ .@16TTW 6UW~ (861)C8w 6lll $b~6U if Q8' ®ffi@Ltidr 6lll6TT~c{;] GIDfTr'r . $b 6lir GID6IDL W .@16TT6UW ~ 00 LDWl 00 6U fTffi 6IlTu) , OJ6U~O- $b~GIDW, @®cf1$b$bwLlI ~41C8WfTrf1LW ffi6U6lll ffi!D!D .@16Ur'r ~ ®ffi@!D6Tr, UfTO-$bw, OJtidr@IT6U @$b6\S1W6lJrD!D16U C8$br'rrf,$b .9I@JU6UW QUrD!JJIffi GlffifT6ONLfTr'r. ffi6U@6ID6IlT GlLD$bll).6TU$b ffi6U@fTrf1uJ16U Ull).$b$b .@16Ur'r $bGID~ 166U~ 6UW ~ 6U C8ffiWLlI!D1~ If6OT1 wr'r UrfL 6ID8'uJ1 6U @$b6U6UO-fT ffi;:!> C8$b!D1GIDfTr'r . 8'~ffi .®)6I)ffim W rillffi6Tr , If6lJ fficf1rf,$bfTLD6llllTl@ $b~ lJI .®)6I)ffic{;] W~ffi6ID6TT ffi ffirD!JJIU Lj6l)6IDLD Qu rD!!lfTr'r. ~cf1 rf1wli uuJ1rDcf16IDW 1912 .@16U @ll).~ .@16Ur'r 1915.@16U 6Ult®®fTlXr: ll).UC86TTfTLDfT ULLIn GlurD!!lfTr'r .U60N ll).$br'r ULLW QUrD£D .®)6lJr'r 6I)6ONL6m U6Uffi6(5)6I)ffiffiWffi$b$bfT6U OJLfT ;:!>$bUUL~. 6lll®([IJfTGIDLDfT6llllTlU UrfL6ID8'uJ16U cf1$b~ QurD!!lfTr'r. 1920 ~tD ~6OOTCB LDfT6l!f1uurruj .@1[i>~ffi ffi6U@fTrf1uJ1 6U ~cf1 rf1W r'r U$b6lll6IDW 6JrD!!lfTr'r. 1922 .@16i) ~!!lC86U ~6ID6OOT 6TGIDffi GlffifT60NCB .9I$b6IDGIDU dtidrurD!D1GIDfTr'r. C86U $b fT!f>$b C8ffi 8' rf1 6T6lir@JtD 8' ® c9'l6IDffi ci,@u U 61) ffiLL6IDO- ffi6ID6TT 6T@~W .@16Ur'r ~~ffiI61)6lJfT6llllTl 6Ttidr!!l
S.II>I!!>IiIDITII>1J1iIir
~O-fTuJifcf1 ~6ID6I)ll.jw LD$b~ffi@>6TTfTLD6llllTl 6Ttidr!!l OJfTLffi L9JT6ID6I)Ll..jw WfTW~6U 6Ttidr!!l .®)6ID8'$b$bu51W ~fTuJifcf1 L9JT6ID6I)Ll..jtD $bu5l @6I)@ffiffi$b $brf, $bfTr'r. .9I$b~ L tidr U6I) QLDfTy5l Gluwrt U Lj IbIToo ffi6ID6TTLl..ju) 6T@~ Ll..j61T6TTfTrt . ~$bfT0-6OOTLDfT ffi O-6Urf,~O-OJfT $b$bfTanr'r 6T@~W UfTL6Uffi6ID6TT IJ, ®C88'fT 6ID6I)ffi ffifT6U6I)6liT 6Ttidr!!l Glu Wrf16U .91WffifTffi QLDITu?1 Gluwr'r$b~6Tr6TTfTr'r. OJfTLffi$b6ID$b Gl~fficf1uLlIuJ16liT ~~WL 6TU"'6TUr'r 6T6dr!D $bu5lW6U QLDfTWUGlUWr'r $b$bfTr'r.
.9Ill). ffi6TTfTr'r UfTL 8'fT 6ID6I)ffi6ID6TT r61!JJ16lllLl..j ffi6U6tl1 U W lJ6lJllfl W fTrDJD1ll.j6Tr6TTfTr'r Qu 60N ffi®ffiGl ffiGIDffi ffifT6(5)0- b$b6tl1 00 . $ 8'fTO-$bfT 6lll$b~WfT6I)w$b6ID$bffi ffiLll).GIDfTr'r. LDLLffiffi6TTUUloO cf16UfTGIDrf,$bfT 6tl1$b~ W fT6I)W W, GlffifT@WLj 6lll C86lJffifTGIDrf,$bfT 6lll$b$f;lWfT6I)WW ~mwGID6l.jw .®)6WfToO .9I6IDLDffiffiUULLGID. ~ ® C8ffi rr 6m5T LD6ID61) .®)!f> ~ ffi ffi 00 @IT rf1Ll..ju) .@16U0- rr C861)
r5l !JJI6U U UL
L ~ . 6J 6IDW LDfT600T 6U r'rffi@!>ffi@ ct, ffi 00 6lfl LjffiLCB6U$f;loO @6drr61tidr!!l .®)6Ur'r 6J6IDW LDfT6OOT6Ur'r ffi@!>ffiffifTGID 6lll CB~ ffi6ID6TTLl..jW ~ 6mlT 6ID$b .®)006I)~ffi6ID6TTLl..j Lb r61!JJI6lllGIDfTr'r . 1931 ~u3
~6mii
ll).6U
~6mii
61m1fTLD6ID6I)U
U6Uffi6ID6I)ffiffiWffi;:!>~tidr @$b00 $buSlW C8uO-fT cf1rf1WO-fT6Ol .@16Ufr U~UUfT cf1rf1wO-fTffiU u6llllTlLjrf1rf,$bfTfr . ~$bfTO-6l)Q[LDIT ffi OJ6U~c{;]®6TU6Olll UfTO- f;lwfTrr UfTll).w $ $b6O"l1ifGl8'uJ Ll..j lTl6liT Gl$bfT@UUfTc{;] W ~ 61)$1 W 6U 6lll6TTffiffiW 6 6T6dr@Jw L9JT@lffi@) U ~ UUfT cf1rf1umr ffi .@1®rf,$bfTr'r . .®)6Ur'r .®) W rD n31 W " W rr W L9JT60 " .®)6ID8' ct, ffi 6ID61)ct,@ If Gl8' U'I f' Glu®!f> Gl$bfT 6OO'r GlL GID6I)fTtD. IDJ L U ~ ffi6ID6TT c.!P 6(5)!!lW rr ffi
. S.lI>l!!>tiIl!IflTII>lJ8H
$buSl W
.@16ID8'ct,ffi6(l)6'JuJ1
e!
B.A (Hons)
30
II>L(l)imIJJb
".IfoIT®!b'
14 ~6llITrCB ffirr6\) ~!Jrrujcj:.iflW16O'r ~®Lb UP W !D c1lW16lHrr 6U @rb$b !PIT 6U Q 6lJ 61f1W1 Llj U L L 6IDLD @)!D1LlLjl L I'i>$bffi ffi ~. @6lH~ffi6llITrL~rb~ ~6ID6\)n;rrLCB6lJ$brD@) urr!J ~ Wl6dr Q8'uJ$brrl'r. u!J6Ulw~. Q u ® 6IDLDffi 6ID6Tf U rr!J ~ lU rrrfi6O'r Q U ® 6IDLDffi61f16ID 6lH ~6lJ~6O'r urr!J ~ffiWffitb 6T6U (g son ® Lb urr!J~Wl6dr ffi®~~ffiffi~6ID6lH ~6dr!Dl6ID6lH ~6IDLDI'i>~ umr ~ wrr ®6IDLW
t
urrCB6ll1$b~ 4ffiW
wrrwuurr600Ttb ~~rr6\5l Q$brD6O)ffiU L.5l!!3uL.5lLLDrT ffiffi Qffirr6llITrL ~®.~upffitb 8'$brr8'l6lJtb (15.02.1926) $b6M~ Q 8' rr rb $b ~!J rr 6lH ~!Jrr 6\5l W1(g 6\) Q $brr L ffi ffi !6l(0) 6\).$ ffi6U6Ul Wl6ID6lHU QUrD !!3rrfr. 6lJL CBffi(gffirrL 6IDL lUrrwuurr 600Tffi ffiw§P.JTrfMl~tb. ~6lH!i>$brr If, ffiw§P.JTrflWl~tb @6IDL~6O)6\) LDrDIDltb !LWfr~6O)6\)ffiffiW6UlWl6O)6MU QUrD!!3~L6dr ~6IDfJ $buSlW ut'iOOrlQ.$b4>(g$bfr Ul~tb n;W6\) (g$bfr 6Ul6O)6lHU QurD!!3rrrr. 6 1948 @w C8u[Trr$b6ID6M @6\)r.iJ6O)ffiU u6\)ffi61!)6\)ffiffiWffi~W (g8'I'r!i>~ 1952 @w 8'l!!3U4If,ffi6O)6\)LDrT6!R!flU ULL~6O)6MU QurD!!3rrrT. ~(g$b u6i:>ffi6ID6\)ffiffiWffi4>~ro 1954 @ro up~ffi6ID6\)LDrT6OOl1u ULL$b~6O)6lHU QurD!!3rrrr. 1956 ~ro ~1f,6YUC8UrrL uoOffi6ID6\)ffiffiWffitb @6lJ®ffi@) ffi6UTr61~ U ULL4>~6ID6lH 6lJWr.iJc£,1w~.
6lJ W1
ffi6ID6U8=Q8'rTW ~ffilJrr~
.9llQ. ffi 6Tfrr~ 6O'r ffi L CB6ID!Jffi 61'r $b 6lJfl 8= c1l!J3U 4 6IDL W 6lH. QLDrrWlIf,6IDffiWrr@])6O)ffillJtb n;6IDLWw6IDffillJtb ~6lJ®6IDL lU ffi L CB 6O)!Jffi 6lfloO 6T 6Tfl
(0)
~ lQ.ffi 6Tfrrrfi6dr
n; 6IDL WloO
LDllJ uS
@ 6m'l ~ LDllj u5
LDIDl$b~6ID!J If,ffi uplQ.wrr~. ~cf1rflw!Jrrffi. ~~U!JrTffi. u6®T!Q.$b!Jrrffi. ffi. n;rrLffi @T6UT8'lrflW6lHrTffi. UrrL8'rr6ID6\) U rr !J~ ffi ® ~ ~ ffi @j UP 6O'r@J ~ 6IDLD ~.6lHrr 6ID$b ~ 6U6\) ~!J tbL.5l ur 6Tf!Jrrffi. u
(gu!Jrr 8'lrfllUrr 8'~rr 8'l6lJtb .9l6lJfr ffi6lr 1952 ~ro (g u !J rr $b (0) 6lH U u 6\'> ffi 6ID6\) cG ffi W ffi ~ $b'16\'> !L $b 61f1 6Ulrfl6l.J6ID!JlUrr6Tf!JrrffiU u6OOf1 Q8'uJ lU 4> Q$.f>ITLr.iJc£,1 19 56 ~w UP ~ rrl1 6ID6\) ~6ID6\)UUCBI'i>$bUUL 61f1 rf1 6l.J (0) !J W rr 6Tf!J rr ffi U u 6001'1 t.rrri. (gLD~Lb @6lJrT ~6\)r.iJ6O)ffiU
UWffi6ID6\)lf,ffiWffi~6dr Qffirr@tb4u L'irf16l.J4> $bt.llW$b~6ID!!3$b $b 6ID6\) 6lJ !Jrr ffi 6l.JLb u 600fl W rr !D ~ 1 970 @6\') $b u51 W (gu!Jrr 8'lrfllU!Jrr ~ (g$.f>i'r!i>Q$bCBlf,ffiUULLrrrr. u W C86lJ WI 46\) 6IDLDU U rf1 c1lw ffi 6ID6TfU Q u!D !!3 (g U !J rr 8'1 rf1 W If 8' $b rr 8'1 6lJ uS .9l 6lJ If ffi orr U 6\) UWffi6ID6\)ci;ffiWffir.iJffi611lW ~uJ6l.J Q8'uJ$b~L6dr U6\) !L6\)ffi ~uJ 6l.J LDrrn;rrCBffi6lfl ~tb. ffi®4>$b!Jr.iJ@)ffi61f1~tb U~@) Qffirrt'iOOrCB ~uJ6l.Jci; ffiLCB6O)!Jffi6ID6Tfll.jtb ulQ.$b~61'r6Tfrrrr. s. a;®QIU[ITa;IJ'"'" B.A
(Hons)
~6®T6OOTrrLD6ID6DUu6Uffi6ID6\)ffiffiwffi$b ~WU C8u!Jrr8'lrflW!JrTffi.! 1~3 @w @6\)r!iJ6IDffiU uoOffi6ID6\)ffiffiWffi4> $b~~~ (gu!JrT8'lrfllU!Jrrffi 6T6lHU U6\) u6ITOl1ffi611l~ @®~ 19.07.1947 @w @6ID!J3WlQ. C88=®tb6lJ6ID!J $bu51WU u6OOf1wrrw $bu51@ffi@j !L!J&LlQ.6lHrrfr.
S.a;®QIU[ITa;IJ'"'" B.A (Hons)
32
33
a;L_(!)i1DIJ. "jI;lT~
.(@6lJ rr~ .(@6lJ 6lJ fTW 6lj cb ffi L (j) 6O>rrffi 61'r U GOffi6O>6Dcb ffi W ffi WL L ~$bl6DfT 601 ~t.6l y5lW60 ~uj 6ljffi®cb@U Q urfl ~W ~ ~6)j1w ~ 6T6OT6DfTW. UGOffi6O>6DffiffiWffi <&UrrfTCffT60TfTfi WL(j)t.6l6rlJ!J31 ~60>6D f 8'l !!3rt>~ QWfT ySlu.Jlw 6U 6lJ 6U~6OTrrfT ffi6ljW $b1®. s ~fT 8'l6lJ Lb $b1ffil:i?rt>~fTIT. U6U<&6lJIDJ QlDfTySl ~!J316ljffi6O>6lTU QU!D!!3 .(@6lJIT (~t.6lI:i?, 6lJ L Q WfTySl, UfT 6liI QWfTySl, W6O>6DWfT6lTLb) 19 54.(@6U ~ci;6TU<&UfTL U6Uffi6O>6DcbffiWffi~$b16rlJ c€6O>W£><&~wQlDfTySl 6lJ 6\'l ~ 601rr fTffi 6lj W {61rr fT6lfl L Q W fTW1 L.Ul(8 6D <'f1!!3!f>~ ~uj 6lJfTsmrn ffi6ljLb 6)j16lT~ffilw <&urrfT8'lrflWIT <&$5IT LD6TU U<&!!3fT 6T~IU 6lJrfl L Lb QWfT ySlu.Jlw!D uu.Jl!D8'l u.Jl6O>6OTll..jLb ~fTujB= 8') QWfTySlu.JlwlD uu.Jl!D8'lu.Jl6O>6OTll..jLb QU!DIDJ~ $b1ffiWrt>~fTIT.
<&U rr fTifl rflw IT 8' ~ fTifl 6lJ tb ~ 6lJ IT ffi ® 60>L W .(@6Dcbffilw ~ ffi®Lb 8'l !!3U4U Q U lD(8!!3 6)j16lT~ ffilw 601. .(@6lJ1'r FFW~U ~fTuJrt>~ <&w~Lb u6fr® 1963 1 966 .(@6DffiffilwlDfT6OT .(@6U ~®£>~w FFW£>~ ~t.6lI:i?ci; .(@GO .(@6D~ 60>ffi (®IT6OTuU6fr6lfl6O)6OJ !f>IXIT@ U$b1UUfTffi QGy6lflW1LLfTl'r. CffTffi1 ~$b1w ffi6)j16O>~ffi .(@rt>~ 6U
W 60lIT L
6D Lb
ffi6lT ®8'lw
~ IXITDJtb I
.(@6lJ 60>rr r6160>6D U U (j) ~ ~ ffiI IXIT!360>(0 .(@6lJ rr ~ ! .(@6Dci;ffilwu U601lT1u.JlIXIT8'l!!3U4 rf)l6O>6D 6T6OT6DfTLb. .(@6lJ IT ffi6lT®8'lW~~ U@UUfTuj6lj @!Bl U tJl L (j) cf ~ 601~ FFW ~ ~ ~ ~ u5l W cb ffi 6lfl60> ~ cb
<&U rr fT<'f1rflw IT 8' ~ fTc'il6lJ W ~ 6lJ ITffi 61'r Cf lliJ ffi cf QCfWll..j61'rffi6lfl6U U6D .(@L~ffi6lfl<&6D uu.Jl6rlJlDI 6lJrt>~ '8'l6rlJ' 6T6rlJ@JLb .(@6O>LB=QCffT6U6\51IXIT U W IXITUfT ~ 60>601 6)j1rfl6lJfTffi L
.!(!,~ $1 6D:!>
(86D FFW~~ 6lJrr6DfT!D6O>!!3 ~ffifT 6D~ffi6lTfT ffi GCfuj~ ~cbffifT6D c'il6D ffi6)j16O>~ffi6O>6lTll..jLb Q Cf 60T IDJ6Tr 6lTfTIT . .(@6lJ IT Cf lliJ ffi ffi fT6D tb , (8u fTIT ~~ ffi<&ffiWIT ffifT6DLb, <&~8'lw
{616\'l
~®
6T@{616OTfTrt .
W fTWU UfT @lIT ~ t.6lW<&6lJrt>~IT ffifT6D ib, ffifT6DLb, ~6U6\)fTrt>~ ffifT6DLb, ~ffiI(86DWIT 6T@B=c'il ffiffifT 6DW
UWrt>~t.aY!@J6O>LW Q$5ITLrflW6U u!D!J31ll..jLb uWrt>~t.6l@&@Lb e!P 6D~ $bl rrfT 6}jl L Q WfTy5l cb@UP61'r 6lT Q ~fT L IT4 U!D!Blll..j W .!(!,[JfTWrt>~ ffiL (j)6O>[Jffi61'r 6T@$b16OTfTIT. <&U rrfT<'f1w ® 60>L W Q WfTbPlw fTuj
6}jl
~rf>~
.(@6Dffiffilw 6lJrr6DfT!DIDJ£> ~rr6lj r9JT6DfT6OT~ ~6lJ6lDrr FFW~~ ~ u5l W U u 6OOf1 L.Ul6\'l ffi fT6D lliJ ffi fT6D W fTffi r6160>6D U U (j) ~ {61 rf)l!Dffi6lD6lJ~~61'r6lT~ 6TIXITIDI ~601lT1rt>~ 8in!!36DfTLb.
6}jl
~!f> ~
@)!J31uL.5lLci;8in~W~ ~6lJrr ~ 8i<&wrflw QWfTySl U!Dn31W .!(!,[JfTW B=8'lw fT@ Lb. 1966 .(@6U W<&6D8'lw fT6)j1GO !f>6O>LQU!D!!3 <'!p~6W6lJ~ !L6Dffi£> ~t.awrrrrfTuJB=8'l WfT!f>ITL~6U "ffi(8WrflW 6T@~ru ~IXITIDJ ~rrfT6)j1L~ Cfl.Dl'rUd~IT. (8w~ 1965 Q WfT WI" 6T60T @)J tb G6lJ 6lfl u.JlL LfTIT . <&$5IT!iJ.DLb"6T6lTI!!JffiL(j)6O)J6O>WB= .(@6U "ffi(8wrflwIXIT ~® ~[JfT6)j1L
~lliJ
~ 60>6D
34
ffi16D~ $bl6\'l
6T@{61
35
UGUffi6IDGUffiffi !J?ffisf>~;bK8GU 6)j1rflGlj 6IDlJwrr 6TTlJrrffi @®rI>$f,C8u rr~ .9l6lJ®6IDLW ffiGUrr~$5Iu ULLsf>~ffiffirr6OT ~uJ(86lJL_l-9-6ID6OTsb $f,wrrrflffi @w Qurr@~ .9l$f,6ID6OT ~uj Glj Qrf>n31U uCB sf>$5Ill.j61l srrrrfr. C8LD~JL.b C8U IJ rr 51 rf1 w IT .9l6lJ ITffi 61'r C8ffi IJ 6TTU U GUffi 6IDGUffi ffi!J? ffi ill , Q a: ~ 6ID60TU U 6\) ffi 6IDGU ffi ffi !J?ffi Lb • .9l6m5r 6mlTrrLD6IDGUU UGUffi 6IDGUffi ffi !J?ffi W, LD~ 6ID1Jffi ffirr LDlJrr@';lIT U 6\) ffi 6IDGU ffi ffi !J?ffi ill , LDC8GU 51 w U U 6\) ffi 6IDGU ffi ffi !J?ffi Lb , 6T l!J ~ U U C81Jrr U U 6\) ffi 6IDGU ffi ffi W ffi ill ~ ffil w 6lJ rinrll ~ ffi GUrr r6l $5'l U U L L ~ uj C86lJ CBffi 6ID 6TT Q 6lJ 6Tfl6lJ rr rf1 ~ C8$f,fr 6lJ rr6TIIJrr ffi LD~ U U CB Q a: uJ ll.j W U 600fl uJl6ID 60T U GU ~ 600t CBffi 6TI rr ffi C8LDoj Q ffi rr 600t CB 6lJ r5 ~ 6lt 6TI 6ID LD utJLsf>$f,ffiffi$f,rr@W. @a5I FFW~ ~~ $f,t.61W QLDrrl:{fl .9lallU~ffi61TlGU .@lLWQU!ilW LDIJLjU ~a5IutJLffiffill!JW ~ffiW6lJrr@W. C8UB:ffisb cfl all ffi 6ID$f" rf>rr6lJ GU, ffi6)j16ID $f, ~ffil W .@l6TIill 6T@ ~ $f, rr 6TI iT ffi 61'r ~ ffi ffil .@l6iJC86lJ6ID6TIWlC8GUC8w $f,uSlW @GUffiffilw Qa:rI>$f, uSI W QLDrrbPl WlC8GUC8w ,§j6n1 LDW 6lJIJGUrroj !IflC8GU C8UrrlJrrLLW @® $f,uSlW rf>6IDLUWl~W @GUffiffilwllilffi6ID6TT Q 6lJ 6Tfl uJl L L 60TiT . LDIJLjffi@ !!LLULL C86lJ6m5rCBW 6T@JLb
C8LD@lW C8ulJrr $f,6ID6OTWlC8GU ~6IDLDrI>$f, .@lGUllil6ID&u UGUffi6IDGUffiffiW&4>$5lGU .@l[5~ !J)rr&rf1ffi(lptD @® um; Q!J)jD'lWrrffi ~6IDLDW C86lJ6OOt QLD60T UGU®6IDLW C8 ffi rr rfl ffi 6ID ffi & ® ffi C8ffi oj U C8U IJ rr $f, 6ID 60T U um6IDGUffiffilJ?&~~ @$f,6ID6lJWl6dr u6OOT1uLj6O'llJw6dr C8urflGU C8 U IJ rr cfl rfl W IT 6lfl . Q a: 6\5 6lJ!J) rr W ffi u) & GU rr !J)1 $f,1 ffi rr . 6ID ffi GUrr Cf !J) rr ~ ffi @ ® ffi ffi 6lT ~ eEl W .@l® 6lJ ® Ii:> ~uuW1GUQ!J)a5IWl6ID6OT Q~rrL~@6lJ~!il@rf1w @ULj~6IDGUU Qu!D!Drrr'r. ~6OTrrGU ~uurrL G!J)n31Wl6ID6OT Gffirr@WLjU UGUffi6IDGUffiffiWffi4>$5IGU (Ip~6dr(lp$f,GU G~rrL ffiffil !J)L4>$5I W GU®6IDLDffi@rflW6lJr'r C8ulJrr cflrflwr'r Cfi;rr cfl6lJC8w ~6lJrrr'r.
FF W $b ~ $b ~ t.61 W C8U IJ rr cfl n'l W IT ffi 6TI rr ffi u6OOT1rbl6IDGUuuCB~uULL6lJr'r ffi6Tr 6lJrfl6IDCfWlC8GU !DfT 6dr&rr6lJ~ @L4>6ID~U GU!D!D C8ulJrr cflrflwr'r Cf~rr cfl6lJW ~6lJr'r ffi61T U60ffi6IDGUffi&W& ~Cfrr6OTIT ffi, GLDrry?l Wl WGU 6lJGU@l6OTIJrr&, @GUffiffi1wu U 600fl WIT 6lT60Trrffi, ~uj GljU U 600fl uirr 6TT60Trr&, ~..a!l;GLDrr!tluu6OOT1 WIT6TT6OTIT, ffi~uu6OOT1 & G&rr6mITL6lJ6OTrr ffi UGU 6lJy51ffi61Tl@ltD ~uS1Wuu6OOfl Ljrf1d:>~6Tr6TTITr'r 6T6drwrrGU uS16IDffiWIT &IT~ .
ffi ® $b ~ 6ID60T @® a:rrlJiTfr C!P~ 6ID6lJ sf>$f, mr . @6lJfrffi61l Qu®w urr@lw u600t l!J$f,rT ffi6TIrrffiC86lJ @®r5 $f,6OTIT . .@l6lJ fr ffi (@J 6IDL W U ffi ffi W 6lJ @I6lJ!il W $f, rr ffi C86lJ @®rI> $f, C8urr $5I@lw ~cflw $5IlJrrruL urr~rrru®sf>$5lB: a:llilffisf> $f,6IDGU6lJlJrrffi6ljW $f,uSlWu U6m5rl!J$f,fr a:rEuffisb $f,6n1GU6lJlJrrffiGljW @)®[5$f, C8ulJrrcilrflwfr a:$f,rrcil6lJLb QLDrrW1~~uJ6n1LD C8U6mlTUUL C86lJ6m5rCBw 6T~@JW LDIJLjU C8UrrlJrrLL ,§j~Wl~\ $f,6n1GU6n1LDW16ID60T 6J!il all U U 6mlTl Ga: uJ $f,rrfr .
37
lD.
@rWuUlui>an,¥w up&ffilwsf,~6lJtb QU(!JJU6lJr'r @&tbLD~ ~ 6(j)6lJ6lD ~6lJ 'T r'r. ~ 6lJ iT (8~6lfl @6U6lD6\) 6T6ITr J Lb ® ~Lsf,$bI6U Qumwrrr'r LD@UP~ 6\)6iJ6(j)6lJ ~6lJr'r &@&@tD QU@LDrn':''¥ QCfuJ~tbLj ~rr8=cflwrrr'r ~6lJI'r&@&@tb 1922 ~tb ~6®i (B 6(j)$bsf,$bIr1iJ&6Tr 15 tb ~rr 6lT6lfl(!JJ L.S1 1Drf>~ Q&rrGlMLrrr'r. (8 uiJ rrcflrfiw r'r ~ 6ID6lJ6lD cfI®J6(j)L W ~ tu I'r&6U 61ll 6lJrrW6lj 1946 ~6i:J Q$brrLr1iJ@ffil61lilD~. 1949 ~6U ~6\)r!li 6(j)&U u60 &6(j)6\)& &W&$i> ¢l60 cfllDU LJ& & 6(j)6\)LDrr600fI U U L LID Q u!D 1D ~ 6(j)6lJ61U 195 1 ~Lb ~GlM,¥6\) UP~&6(j)6\)lDrT6OOfIUuLLtb Qu!iJlDrrr'r. UP6T\)~tb&@ $bu51@&@ ~nJrD1w Q$brr6llll'r (B 6T6lfl®Jtb ~uj(86lJ(B c!p~&6(j)6\)LDrr 600fI UUL Lsf,$bI !iJ&rr & ~6(j)6lJ 6T\) ~6lJr'r &6lTrr 6U ~6\)r1iJ6(j)&U U6U&6(j)6\)&&W&sf,~&@ CfLDl'rUL.S1&&UULL~. ~cf1 rfiWiJ iT&6lj t.b, QLDrry?lQu wl'ruurr 6lT[T rr&6ljtb U 6OOllwrr!iJn3l w ~6(j)6lJ6T\) ~6lJr'r &@ 1959 @$b6D ~6ITr(!JJ Q@6W6lJr'r~6lflLjiJ U 60 & s» 6\) & & W & ill 6T6llT(!JJ Q U ui rt Q u!D (!JJ61'r 6fT " 6ll'1 $b !b'1 (8 w rr $b w Li " u 60 & 6(j)6\) & & W & $i> ¢l 00 6111 m6lj6(j)iJ w rr6TTffiT 8= (8CfI'rrf>~ u6lffiliWiT!D!D16lfliTl'r & . L.S1@6lflr'r~UU6U&6(j)6\)&&W& ~6l16lfl ~6IDWsf,(8$bw QLDrry5i&@ ~6(j)lDu5I6lfl $b6(j)6\)6lJ[TfT &6ljtb u6OOflwrr!iJ!D16lflrrr'r. 197960 LD~6(j)iJ & &rrLDiJrr CfiT U6U&6(j)6\)& &W&$b ~ 60 ~ 6lD 6\) rr t.61 W $b $b t.61 loP ~ 6\) Ii, ffil W $b ~ s» 1D ~ 60i (!JJ ~@LD&&UULL~. ~~6(j)lDu5I6lfl (8UiJrrcflrfiwr'r $b6lllcfl6O)6lfl
S.a;il!)iiOIII'IHf>lJilir
~6\)lliJffirfi&& (86lJ6OOT(BGlD6m'U u6b&6(j)6\)&&W&tb ~6lJ6(j)iJ ~6O)Wsf,$b~ ~6OOT 6lmTrrlD6(j)6\)U U6U&6(j)6\)&&W&sf,$bI (86O $bIB!:W:> ~6(j)lDU (8u(Jrr cfIrfiwrr $b6lllcfl6O)6lfl ~6\)rilIffirf1c:i;@)tbu,¥ 8i6lJrru51 6llILj6\)rr6lflrf>$b6(j)(J $bu51W&tb ~6(j)Wsf,$b U1@6m'1'r ion .up. ~6(j)6lJ 6Tb ~6(j)Wcf,&U UL L 6(j)lDW rr6lfl~ ~ 6lJrfi6ltr $buS!y5iw!iJu6OOfI W16di cfllDuL.S16O)6lfl 6T(Bsf,~& &rrL ,¥~6'Ii 6TT ~ 6T6lfl6Orrtb.
(8 U (J rr cfl
rflw rt
lD . UP . ~ 6(j)6lJ Gn3
~ 6Tb sorr u51w sf, $bu51it' ~uj 6lj cf, @ ~nJ !Il1w U 6lmf1 & 61'r ~6TTuurfiW6(j)6lJwrruJ ffirr6lmTuu(Bffil6dilD6m'· 19516U $buS!W ~ 6Ocf,ffilw sf,~ !iJ@) UP 61U6151 Lb&61l16di U ffiJffi61l1U u 6T@)Jtb up~&6O)6OlDrr~U UL L ~uj (86lJL ,¥6(j)6lfl 195360 @f6b6lJ '¥ 6lJrrffi Q 6lJ 6111 cf, Q &rr 6lmT r'rrf>$brr I'r. ~ 8=Q s w !DU rr(B ~6\)ffiJ6O)&W1 §))ltD $bu51W&sf,$bI §))Itb ~!1jh®1'r &@ lDsf,$bIW16b Qu@illu(Ju(Ju6(j)U 6JrD u(B$i> ¢lw~. ~@ rI>'6mlT L &rT6O$f>(8~6lJ6(j)W IBMcfllDuurr& QCfuJ~ Up,¥~ !Lwrfiw ~uJQ6lJ6m'U (8urr!iJlDuuLL~. ~ 6(j)6lJ 6YU ~ 6lJ rt ffi ® 6(j)L W (8 U (J rr cfl rfl w rt
~iJ6OOTLrr6lJ~ ~uJ6lj ~6lJ@c:i;@)ffi &6W~$blWLL~6(j)6m'ffi G&rT(B~. $bIBW ~6\)ffiffiw~6\) up~tb &rTudwlliJffi6'ir 6T@)Jtb ~uJ(86lJ(B ~ffiJffil6Osf,$bI(86O 6T@$bUULL~. L.S16di6m'l'r ~~ @T6\)rr& Q6lJ61l16lJrt>$b~. ~$bl6b u6di6O'i1iJ~(B UP6T\)~tb $bIB Wffi&rnJL.S1wffiJ&6'Ii ~uJ6lj QCfuJW uUL(B6'li6lT 6(j)lDLDl6(j)6m' ffi &6OITJ(B G&rr6'li6lT6Wtb. • lD~6(j)(J & &rr lDiJrr CfiT uso &6(j)6O& &W&$b ~(86O (8 U iJrr cf1 flu: (Jrr ffi U U $b 6l.i1 6J!D 1D6lj L 6O'r ~ U G U rr (y;l ~ ~u U 6U&6(j)6\)cf,&W&sf,~ 6b ~6(j)6lmT(86lJrf> $biJrr uJ ~® rf>~ Lrr arr 6lJ.8iu.lDrr6lfOllffi&tb, Lrr arr.~6(j)6lJ6T\) ~6lJrr&61l1Ltb
39
B.A (Hons)
38
~!J6OOr(B ~lLHilgb $bILLr1:lJ&6ID6lT ~UU6IDL~;T>rn'r. ~6lfl!Ul .®16lU6DITuSiW~ $Ou5lW ~6DffiffilUJ[j]&6lt1<86D ~Li.bQUWtb ~[Jlj, um'rcf1 Qu:xrltl8= QcmdJ&6ID61T ~6I5Jri1J&6OOr(B ~6lJ!Dn316lfl GUIT®6ID61T{h ;T>uSlW ~6Dct,$1UJtb &p3U6lJrT UJIT6lJ®tb ~6OOlfr~~ Q&IT6Tr®i.b 6lJ6IDCbtDll]6D ~fr ~&[JIT $bItDl6ID6I5J ~ct,@;T>66. LDp36IDJIlUJ~ ,@6lU6DITuSlUJ~ $ou5lW ,@6llffiffilUJ 6lJiJ6DIT!D6IDJIl~ ifi,LUBL(B 6T@~;T>o\) I]Uif6lflJIl6lll6lJIT@tb. ,@6lU6DITu5lw4> $OuSiW/w66 ~uJ6l1ll]6ll l>J.ffiWl4>$bI6ID6lT 4>$0 <8U!J ITcil rfl UJ IT ~ 6ID6lJ 6lU ~ 6lJ IT & (@>& @) ~ 6iJ 61l'1 ® ~uJb1j;;b~LL[j]ffi®tD ,@6ll@6lJif& ~6IDLDrt~ QffiiT6OOrUxn. ~;T>6llll9-UU6IDLtDlo\) @6lJi'r ~IT6lfl@ ~6OOr(B8:>6lT166 $!.>uSiW ~6Dct,ffilUJ ~!JLj8=QcfITO\) ~ffi[JIT r;5) LD~6ID!J ffi &ITLDifIT fIT C U 6D & 6ll) 6D & ffi W ffi Q 6lJ 61f1 uS L ITffi 1 9 8 3 t.D ~ 600T (B Q 6lJ6lTIci:.QffiIT6OOli'r ~;T>ITi'r . (8LD~tD @6lU6DITu'l1J;;b ;T>u5lW6llffia';lw ~uJ6lj 6T6lflJIl ~!J6OOrLifb)]~ ~uJ6lj~LL~6ID6I5J ~® Gi$OiT@);:tlffi6lTI1~ (lj);T>66 Q;T>IT@)r;5)u5I6ID6lll1986 ~Lb ~6OOrl9-~Lb @[T6OOrunb Q;T>IT@)r;5)tDl6ID6I5J 1990 ~tD ~6OOTl9-~tD Gi6lJ6lTIuJ1Luffi-. ,@6lfl@)ltD ~ 6ID6lJ6lU ~6lJi'r 8:>ig96IDLW ,@6"l'U6DIT7tD 6lJ6lTrr~ ;T>u5lW 6T6lflJIl (9IT6ID6D ~6ll&~ !'bu5lWITuJ6lj $lW6lJ6I5Jtb 1984 ,@60 Q6lJ 6Tf1 uJ1 L (B6ID6lJi> $06IDlDlLj t.D ~6lJ!J~ ~uJ6ljUU6OOluj)6lfl ~UJITb)j16ID6lllffi ffiITLlQ.lLj6Tr6lT 6T6lll6UITtD. ~ <8 U !J ITifl rf1 UJ IT ~ 6ID6lJ 6n5 ~ 6)] IT 8:>6rl ~uJ 6lj~~6IDJIlu.l166 ~!D n5l UJ uGOOfIDl 6ll)6lllU I]UiT 6ll1]61 t U ~ U lj;;b ~ 6IDJIl uJ1~ tb U 6IJOf1 UJiTW !D1lLj6Tr6lTITi'r. LD!J j 6lJ Wi L @61D6DITu5lUJ !'bu5lW ~!D1(§i'r ffi6Tr I]U\JIT cfIrfiUJIT ~6ll)6lJ6lU ~6lJIT&@6IDLW U~ULjU U6OOT1u516ID6llluSi& ~8=CfLDIT& w~ct,ffi6lflJIlITIT ffi6Tr. ~ enIT wffimilll;;b~6lJIT6lfl @)6DITtD ffiIT~!))I s. a>®ooorrra>lJiOliI
B.A (Hons)
!I>rT6lJ6DIT ~6lJi'r ffi@JJ6IDLW LD@6ID!J£, $bu5lW8= CfffiJ&4>@U Lj6ll6lJ\TrT!DWU U6IDL6IDW ~6lJIT u$6luOl£,@ ~6lU6llrTu5lW $bIBW6Dffia';lw u$b1uLj£'@6IDJIlWl66 ~IT Lj~W C&UITffiffil6!5)6lll 6JIDu(B£'!Bu..j6Tr6fTrTIT . lj ~ @, 9l!1f ~ ~ ITIi:> 6lJ Cf6lll &IT6l51w~6ID5!) @6liJW UIT&rr:iJ&6fTITffiU us51uU1i>~ ~cb &ITU UlUJ~ s516liJ @!illDIi:>LD~WIT, cil~ ~ ffi $1 WIT • UIT®cb$1WIT 6T6liJ@)Jtb &6liJ W &IT6UITrLrr:iJ&@cb@W (!p6IDJIl<8w Q~.6Tl.b.6TL.b. ~u@6i:l&IT ~W1, Lj6ll6lJi'rw6OOil ~6i:l!illDIT~, 6J.6TI.b.~rflLj£,~6lfl ~ffile&WIT\TIT6i:l 6T@!'bUULL ~6ID!J&6ID6fTu..jW CbrTUUlWU u$51uUle&6\) C&Cfi'r;;b@c& Q&IT6OOi"Ui(5)LD @iIf1U Ul Li> $beb &$bIT@l.D. ~~(8!'bIT0 ~CfIT\T c:i;(8mT6ID6lJ, ~®LDffia:,rr c:i;(8mT6ID6lJ ~cSIW6lll6lJ!iJ6IDJIlu..j1.b LDWlU$b1ULj8= QCfuJ@6Tr6fTrTIT .
(8 ID ~
ib
~ 6lJ IT
Q LDIT!PI GiU UJ IT ;;b @til $b u51 W u U 6lmfl ~ riJ nJllLj 61T 6fTITIT . ~~6U6ll)COuj)6i:l QLD6fT6l)6)]l.6Ttb.~u@66 6lJ!ilifJ~u 6T@~W
(8U\TITcflrflWIT ~6ID6lJ6lU ~6lJIT&6Tr $bu5lWQLDITy5l, 51 rflJ & 6fTQ LDIT!PI , ~ rr:iJ$l6D Q W IT!PI ~ cE1 UJ & 6liJ WI Qll)[l W ULj 6\)6ll)LD<8WIT 6)))6fTr6IcGl U6D ~6llct,cGlw [j]&6ID6fTu..jW CB
$b1£,$b1ffi@tb r;5)®LD6IDJIl 6T6<frJIl (9IT6!5)6\) @IT~6ciT ~LDITOl~~ 6T6lll 8' ifl f!li & 6fT~ 5!)1 6\S Q LDrTw'1 Q U W IT fb $b 6IDLD @JIl'lu LflLfb;T>eb &;T>IT@)LD. (8U\TITiflrf1W®6IDLW GlIDITW/QuUJITUOl6lfl ~8=CfLDIT & Q&IT6Tr61TUU(B6lJ@ cfl[j]&6lT ffi &6ID6D®®1.b ~!D1(§®IDIT ffilw LDITITl9-6<fr 6)))ci:.ffiI\TlDcflr61& 6T@"!b1 W & tb Q U\T 6'I5l W 6T6lfr @)I tb cfl rlli & 6fT r:oIT 6lJ6ID6D£, 5!)uSl!P1C& so Q LDIT!P1 U UJ IT £, ~ Q $1 \TITIDU 01 JIl W 6l.J 6T6<frIl J Quw®L6ciT 1964 ~6i:l Q6lJ6lTIWlLL6IDLDWIT@)Lb.
40
41
.(@6ril 6\) ITu51 ui. ~ u51 !p .(@6\) If, c61W rfillI> 61'r U!B nJ1 ~[JITuJd>~ (8u[JIT cflrfhUIT !L6l5)6lJ6ril (!p6ril6\Sltblf>®6l5)LW (8 U cf aT ~ ~ u51 !p u!B nf1LLIu) ~ [J ITW OJ ~ 61t 6lTITIT WITbPUUIT600T;;!J~00 197 4~00 OJ6l5)LQudljD OJIT!X5rIf>IT6lJ~ !L6\)1f> ~u5I!:pIT!JITlilc'j:cfl WITOJITLli).6l5)66TQwin':_li). ~® cfljDulI W6\)IT Q6lJ61ll ujlL UUL L ~ ~If cflJDUlI W6\)rf1(86\) (!p6ril6\Sl tb
0 0
Wffilf>®6l5)LW (8ulfaT;;!J~u5lbP udln31ffi If>L(B6l5)!J 6T@~66TITITo ~ $b (8 ~ rr (B W rr OJrr L li).(8 6\) UP 6115 6D'1 uS If>® 6l5)L W (8u If aT6lJ!:pffi@lf>6Tr Udl!Ill ffi If>L (B6l5)!J lJtb uli).;;!J~ 6lT6TrrrIT L
0
1952 ~u) ~6mlTli).6U .(@®rf>~ ~66TIf>!J!X5r 6lJ rr!JW ® 8'rf1 u_j) 60 @6TO 6\)ITu5lW @ 6\) ffi aQ W IIilIf>6Tr U dl!Ill 6T@~6lJ~ITo @~ d6l5r6iJfrr "@6lb6m(!ptb @6dTu;;!J ~@tb" 6T6O'r @J u) rwr sorr If> Q 6lJ siflsu rf>~ ~ (8 W ~JLb @ 6lJ IT ~!JmLrr6lJ~ !L6\)If>;;!J ~u5l!:prr!JrruJlfcfl wrrOJrr(B udl!Ill 6T@~W6l5)6lJ QOJ®cfloO r:6l6l5)jDd>~ aTdlIDJ6\)rr 6T6l5rjD rgrr6\)rr If> 1982 @00 Q6lJ61ll6lJd>~~o
0
1838 - 1898 6lJ6l5)!J 6lJITbPd>~ 19 tb rgrrdljDrrmli).oO .(@6\)IIil6l5)1f> (!p 6ril6Ul tb W ffi If>6Tr W £>~ Wli5U U 60 (8 6lJ IDJ ~ 6l5)jD If> 6lfl W 6lf1 !:P'1 u 1I 600TIT 6l5)6lJ 6J!D U (B $b ~1 d G8'w6\)rrdl!Illw6lJ!JIT If> (!plf>tbw~ If>rrcfltb cfl£>$hIQ6\)u6l5)uffi If>rr600TU U (BaQ6l5rjDrrrr 1f>6OOr u_j) (86\) 6lJ8' $hi WIT66T @(Btbuu li). tJ16dT66T6OnlIu.ll6i:UdjD~ 6lJ~ @6lJIT 8'LLffi 1f>~u.ll6b UW6l5rIDJ 8'LL6lJIT6lT!Jrr 1f>;;!JQ~~~rf1~rro 1f>/T6\)Li&Jrr8xt]6b ~w~ (!P@ Ff(BUITL6l5)LLlJtb ~rr6l5r 8'ITr'rd>~ .(@66T£>$hI6iJf~tb 8' W W ~ ~ 66T~ tb !L WIT 6lJ ffi If>rrIf> !L 6l5)!:pu U ~ (8 6\) (8w Q 8' ~;;!J $hI66TrrIT 6l5)8'6lJ£>6l5)~LlJ ib ~u516l5)!:pLlJtb 6lJ6lTITffi If> 61ll®tbdw ~IDJ(!PIf>OJrr6lJ6\)6l5)!Ju (8urr6\) @6ril6\)rr ;;!J6l5)~LlJIi: ~ u516l5)!:PLlJb 6lJ 6lTIT£>~ ~ ® 6lJ !JrrIf> @If cfl ;;!J~ Q 6\) U 6l5)L t If>rr600T uu(B cb16l5rjDrrIT
0 0 0
U 6\) ~ 6lTr:6l6l5) \) If>61lli5U ~u51 bPU U 6lmf1 6 ~dl!Ill W W (!p !L 6l5)6lJ6ril ~ 6lJITIf>61ll6lir U 6lmf1 FfW;;!J~ ~u51 y516\)ffiaQ wu u!JuU1oO [lJI6lirIDJtb U1rf1;;!J~u urrr'r ffilf> (!pli).wrr ~~rruJ If>rr600TuU(BaQ 6Iir[!l~
~ 6iJ 6lJrrIDJ
0 0 0
@6lJ !J ~ Q W IT!:P'1 .(@6\)c6 c6l W rf ~ LLfl6\) rr 61" U IIilIf> 6lfl U tJl6l5) sn (8OJITffi@c61!X5rjD(8u rr ~ u ~ ~ rfl 6l5)c ~ cf1 n'lw !J rr If> 6lJ uS • OJrr 6lJ 6U ~ cf1 n'l W !J rr If> 6lJ uS mJT 6\) rr a'l n'lw !J ITIf>6lJ uS ~ 6lJ rt ~!B nflw U 6ffi5fl1f>61 @!IlluU! L £>~ffi If>6iJf6lJrruJ 61ll6lTffi@aQ 6dTjD66T u£>~ rf16l5)If>~ ~6l5)jDu.lloO cfl;;!J$hIQ6\)u6l5)U ~dln31w u6OnlI1f>6Tr 61ll~d>~ Bin.D;;!J~ffi&6O)6lJwrruJ If>IT 600T j uu(B 416dTjD66T (!p6ril~ tb (8 rI>8' 6ti (@T66T~Utb ~cb1w u~rf16l5)lf>lf>om6dT ~51rf1w!JITIf> 61ll6lTr5Je: ~6lJ dl!Ill6dT @6\)tb ~66T ~ If>®£>~ ffilf>6l5)6lT Qurr ~Wffi1f>6 w~ujJ6b UJ6lJ1f Q8'uJLlJtD (!pwWfiu.ll6b ~6lJrr Ff(BuuLLrr' 6ToO(86\)rr ® ffi@tb 61ll6lTr5JIf>ffi Bin.li).w 6Tom W OJ6l5)L u_j) s» 6lf UW60T u(B~ ~6lJ~6U ~IT 6lJu) Qlf>rrm L6lJ!JITIf>6lj @If cfl ;;!J~ Q 6\)U 6l5)U 61ll6lTr5JaQ66TITIT
0 0 0
S.a;®IMrIHblJti!ir
BoA (Hons)
42
43
~~~rr ~~~Qwu~U ~~~@ID @wffi~w 8'1rb~~6/5TWfT6lTfr &6lT1~L (8w !L.L 6IiJ (8$bfT6liJUl/ID r6l~6/5T~ ~6lJ!J @ !J>Il6lJoO @~~ a=fTrr~ ur6J&6lT1UL! ~@W. ~6lJ!J @ ~6TU6IiJ (8uuJ161IT a:rfl~~!Jtb, ~6TU~(8uuJ1~ &~~. 1885 ~ 6D Q 6lJ6lfl6lJ rb $b@. ~ wffiJ ~& uJl61iJ (!p $b6D :!>t.6l W !I>fT6lJWfT@tb. ~u5)y?l6D ~!J6OOJLfT6lJG9J )I>fT6lJWfT ~tb & ~@ 6Ul6lTr!lJ@.$l6liJ!ll@. lbITWfT~rflwrr ~61IT!ll 6lJ~&ujJoO 8'1~$b1QW6iJ~6lJ .!U,!U afl w U 6lmfl & 61T @afl u Ul L $fi ~ & & ~ 6lJ ~ @t.D . ~6iJ6lJ~&uJ16i) ~!JL!QLDfTy?luJ16D ~®rb@ ~1J,!D6lJfT6n5l6IiJ &~~~w QLDfTy;51 Quwrt $fi @t.D 6l1'!JLDfT(!P~ 6lJ1i161iJ U!JLDfTr'r ~~ffi@®ffi &~~~w LD!!lJLJl!J &!Jtb Qa=w@w &(8!J L9JTWfT& ~1J,!D6lJfT6l15l6IiJ &~~l1..Jw u!JLDfTrr~~ffi@®6Ul6IiJ &~~I1..Jl.b ~6IiJ!ll ~~wuLJl6D Q6lJ6lT1uJ1LLm'r. 19l.b L9JTdJj13fT 6IiJ (!p6'fb6\Sl tb LDffi&6Tr LD~sb1uJ16i) 6IJITrI~ cf)~rb~ ~!Dl~!JfT& 6ill6TTr!2J$lw @&WLD@ &rrcf)w 8'1~sb1Qw6iJ~6lJ ~6lJrr&6Tr :!>u51!p ~Wffi~W~:!>L~sb1@Jl.b :!>LD@ &6lJ(B&6O)6lTU U~~@6= Qa:61IT!!lJ6Tr6lTfTli". ~6lJrr &fTW~$b16D ~®!b@ ~wf!iJ~&uJ1(8w $bu51!p !Drr6lJ6D ~wffi~wLb .6lJ6lTrr6=8'1 QU!ll~ Q:!>fTLf!iJ~ ~61iJ!!lJ !bJT!!lJ ~@r(B&6O)6TTlL.jtb &L!h@6UlLL [§6O)6UujJ6i) CbfT6®uu(Bffil!ll@ ~6<ITwrrLb. ~6iJ6lJ6,IDffiuJ16\) ~!Bl~r'r &fT<1Itb 8'1~$b1Q6U6iJ~6lJ ~6lJfr &6Tr $bu51!p ~W&.$lw~$b1dJ@ ~dJ!6lUJ U6?JDflffi6Tr uso !L. 6Tr6lT6<IT.
Ffw$fi§516"0
(8$blT!D!Dw
QU!D!D
CWW(8UfT&@
6T@~~IT6lTr'r&®9&@6Tr(861T @!BlUL5l.Qb$b&.& ~®611!JIT~ (g ffi. L IT6l5f) w 6D ~ 6lJ IT ffi61'r 6ill6TT1!lI@ .$\ 6(fl jDlTIT. ~ 6lJIT WITwuUIT600TLb !D&6ll)!J ~(B~~6Tr61T ~6O)~&(g~fTL~~ 6T61TI@)Jtb ~!JITLD~sb16U 1926tb ~6lNr(B L5llD!I>$bITIT.~611~ LJl~rI>$b @(BtbU8: @Jw!J}l6ll)W u51ffi~tb 6ll!]31w @(BLDUa: @i>Y?r6l6O)6UWIT &4. ffiIT600TUULL~ . $!JQ&mfl, t.af1WIT6Tr ~41(gwlT<8!J ~611!J @ QU!D£llIT~ ~61.JfTfr. u61'r6lf1uUll}.U6O)U 6lJ(JJI~LD &IT!J~LDIT&. 5~ 6ll@UL!L61TI CWll}.~@& Q&IT6lNrL LfT6lI1Iw6U ~~IT ffi~ ~6OT@ @w~Q~ITy?l6\5l6ll)6OT8: Qa:~W~ $I>~WUULLITIT. ~~(8Wll..jW uso L.J1!J8:8'1~6OT&6fr 6ll!I>@ Qffi~6lT6lT ~$b~6lJT Gill (B1>@ C!P n3 (g U ITct@ ct ffi L if! ffi ® L 60T ~ ~ 600T !I>@ Q8'W!i3UL~ Q$I>ITU611:&I6OTITi'r. LfT6OflW@I& @ ~W!D ~&WITffi(g6lJ QffifT(B6ll)l.Dffi~6TT& ffi6lNr(B QUITn.JJ$ ~@t.b @6i5OI~ ~~®. ~$b6/5TIT6D WITWUUfT6i5OI~~6U ~Uf.,ffi1 &.®ffi~UUL L c€W~~L® 6llr'r&&~@&&lTffi& @[T6U Q&IT®~@$I> ~~@ U6ll)LULt&ffi~6lT& !L.®6lJ1T &ffi16/5TITr'r. 16 6llWsb16\5l®!I>@ 6lJuJ1!Ds» lD 6lJ6lTITU u~!D 60) su U U $f:l!Dffi ITffi ~ W &ITuurr!D(JJI6lJ~!i3&rr &~tb '~6lJrt &m $f:l6OT@ Q8'w!DuLCB6Tr6lTITr'r . ffifTffi ~w su ITW ffi sn ffi~W ~~ ~ 6Iir 6ID6/5T !I>til U1 W 6lJ rr & 6ID6TT ~ UITCBUL~ Q$bfTLrlliffi1W Lrr~W~ ~!Dl~ &ci & 6ll6ID!Jffi@LD
44
L IT6afl W 6\) @ U 60) L U Lt ffi ffi m ffi L CB60) [T& 61'r , ffill}.$f:lf!iJffi61T<11 (JJI&6O)$bffi6fr, !J>Il6lJ Uffi6fr, !I>ITL&n.JJffi6Tr~ 6IiJ!D , 6
45
a>L_(i)iO)IJJb
bljif;fT9
~'9-UU@LW16D 6lJ@ffiuuCB~sb1 (8~IT ffiffi6DlTtD. ~6lJ0" @ ~uu@LuLjffiffi6lT FFW(8ffilfrfi, (8~IfITt..JlLDIT6OOl1. ~ITLD@O". If 0"6TU6lJ$6l. FT-W~IT(B. 6ll'O"(8ffilfrf1, $6l6OT ffi[T6dr. !L....~W6ID, If @>cf6lll (8u IT6drlD ~~Y? ffi6lflEiO G 6lJ 6lfl6lJ ~ @6lT6TT@LD @)r!31ut..JlL~~ffiffi~IT@L.b. LITfiOTlw6i:l 6T@~W ffiL(B@O"ffi6lT FT-w~~(86D LjffiW GUlDIDI 6lll6TT~ch16OTIT@ltD 6T6D6DIT6lJlD@lDll.jtD (8~'9-uGulD C!P '9- W IT~ 6lt 6TT@ . 6T6Of1 @l u) ~ 6lJ 0"~ cf\ lD if> ~ ffiL(B@O" ffi@}1ffi@ !L....~ITO"6mITLDIT If1ID1UIT6dr@LD~ ~u5l1:i? ffi LDffiITIf@U LD6Dffi6i:l6T@~W ~1T(Btb ~c!ptb 6T6drlD ffiL(B@O". ~'9-@LD 6lll6D~@ ~IDIu(8ulTtD 6T6dr!!3 ~@6DUt..Jl6DIT6OT .11IDIt...l1"en 0"tD , 6T61H@6OT !L....® 6lJITcf, i£1W 6lJ IT ffi 6l'r 6T6IDlD 0 ~@6Dut...l1EiO ffi@6DifGIfEi06lll 1f@,51@ffiWlEiO 6T@$6lW ffiL(B6IDO". fFWC!PO"n u~~rf1@ffiWl6i:l e 6lJITO" G~ITLO"IT ffi ~ 6T@~W ~1T!BU~ffi6Tf16D WITWUUIT6mITW (8ulT6lirlD ffiL(B@O"ffi@6TTffi @r!31ut..JlL(j)ffi GffiIT6l'r6lTWITtD. fiOTl W6D ~61 .. ffi6TT~ U@L ULjffiffi@}16l'r ~6lJ0" ~ II'r ffi'9-~~ffi@}1tD QP~6dr@LD GUlDIDI 6lll6TT~@ffi\6drlD61H· ~dJ~ 6lJ@ffiWl6D 1i>@6D8:GIf6D6lll 1f@>11 @ffiWl@llb. fFWQPO" en u~~rf1@ffiWl@ltb ~6lJfr 6T@~W ~6Dffiffiwffi ffi'9-~~ffi6Tr 51lDULjlDIDI 6lll6TT~@6lJ@~ffi @oj)Ut..JlL6DITtD.
UT
~6lll0" ~6lJi'r
6T61HlD 51 IDIffi6ID~l1.I tb
L IT 6Of1 W 6D ~ 6lJ IT ffi s» 6lT ~ 6}j 6l.t W @ ffi @ ~@LWIT6lTtD ffiITL'9-W~ ~6lJi'r 6T@~W ~1T6lJ6Dffi(86TT ~@)tb. LIT6O'i1W6l5l6dJQP~6D ~6lJ6\)iTffi 1961 .@l6D 6flO"(8ffilfrl1 6lJ1T0" G6lJ61TlWL'9-6D G~ITLO"IT ffi 6lJdJ~ G~CBdJ@TlJtD 6T61HlD ~IT6lJWIT@)tD. ~~ ~6lJ®ffi@ ~~ffi Ljffi@W$b (8~'9-~~0"6lll6D@6D. ~6lfI1T6D ~6lJfr 6T@~W U@>IfLDtD. (UlTffitD 1, UlTffitD II) (8UITO"IT61l1ffi6lr ffilT~~®ffiffi\61HlD6lflI'r .. (8ffiIT6lll dJ~6dT • ~'9- @LDffi6lT • ffiIT6lfI6D, U@>If(8ffilT6OOTrblffi6Tr (8ulT6IDlD ~1T6lJEiOffi6Tr ~6lJ®ffi@ fFW~~ ~wffii£1w 6lJO"6DlTlDoj)(86D ~lPWITU LjffilP@61H~ (8~'9-~ ~dJ@6lT6TT6iJf· ~6lJ0"@ Gu®L.bUIT6D1T6lfI u6IDLuLjffiffi6lT IfIT~W~@~ ~ '9-U U @L WIT ffi ffi G ffiIT6lllfT L @6lJ WIT ffi 6l.ttD 6lJ IT ffi ffi U • (8UIT 0"ITL L$b@~ QP~6ID @LDU u(B$b ~W@6lJWIT ffi6l.t(8LD ffiIT600TUU(Bffi\6IDlD6OT . ~ 6iJ 6lJ@ffiuJiEiO ~®6lJO"IT i£1w FFW$b ~u U@LUUIT6Tf1ffi6Tf1EiO
LITfiOTlW6D~ .@l6Dffiffi\wu U6OOllffi@}16Tr ~CB~~ffi @rDlut..JlLffi<'fu'9-W~. ~6lJi'r 6T@~W If1ID1ffi@~ffi6lr ~@tD. ~6lJ0" ~ ~ 6lHiDffi61Tl@6lfIU (8UIT6drIDI ~6lJ0" ~ 51 IDIffi@~ffi6Tr <88=rrt..Jl<'ixf,6lll6\)6i5)6D ~uJ)®Jtb 1f0"6Yb6lJ~. ~LD6IDIJ, fFw(8ffi1frTl. (8~IfITt..JllDrT6OOllQP~~W ...f@>51@ffiffi61l16D GLDfiOTlffiC&rT, I 6T6dr!J3 B'lIDIffi6IDSf>G~Lc.i;d)tb 6lJIT6iJftb G6lJ@9~ 6T6dJlD B'lIDIffi6lD$b 6lJ@0" 19 If1ID1ffi@~ffi@6TT ~6lJi'r 6T@~ll.j6l'r6TTITi'r. ~~
s. dJ@QIOJfJdJiJiM B.A (Hons)
46
dJL..(j)i!DiJJf, ~JJ>TT~
s.dJ@8afJa>iJiM
B.A (Hons)
47
6lJ 1:[51
6TGOT U
0
U 6D 6lJ 6IDCDU U L L 601 6lJ ITuj ffi ,®) 6lJ !J ~ umcui CDL CB6ID!J ffi ® UfJlTlftt,$1,
0
ffi IT600T U U CBa:,'") Slt !!3 GOT !L~ITfJ6OOTLDlTffi rD6i:l6O)WrDffirT 6lJ ITW I.i, 60) ffi 6))1sb ~ 6lJ IT6M
0
Ii, @
,®)6lJ IT $1 ffi$1
6IDurt>~u5l!:p,
&j,6mTI CB (gLD 2 &j,tb LDffi601IT ffiU ,®)rt>~tt,ffi6i:l @lTrfl &j,cfI rflW ~ ~til $1ffiwdJ~rrrT
0
rDlT6lJ WIT .
(8 If IT QUIT 6M o,®)!JITLDrDlT ~6lH ;:v u5l btl U (g U fJ 6lH U IT ffi 6))1§I UP;:v tb
6T6lHU6lJ®tt,@ UOOIT6l5I
t.S1!!3rt>~rrrT &J,!Jtbuu ~~
In ® 4, (f) til ,
if> 601~
ffi 6lll6ID;:v sb ~ 6IDlD u.l1 @Jtil ffi 6ill6ID;:v ffi 6lTITffi §I U Urfl6M 6IDlf6lJUQUrflWITi'r
0
If1lD rt>~
o L.S16dr 6lTl6i:l WITWUUIT 600Ttb u6i:lffi6O)ooffiffiWffisb~ 6Ol1T Qffi6lT!J 6lJ ffi6UiTrf)I$1 U UL L tb QffilTCBsb~ Q If ITffiffi6ITr §I!J cfl601IT §l6lJi'r ffi6lr ulTq~rr6i:l &j,cfI rfIW!JIT ffi, Q6lJ6lTlu1LCB rf)Ii'r6lJITffi (glf 6O)6lJWIT6lT60lITffi, QffiIT ~6llO'i1 !LIDlUt.S1601\TIT ffi6l.Jtb (gLD@Jtb QffilT6mTIL6O)LD 1nrt>~!Jtil, $1®6lJ6i'J®6lJi'r, ®IT601tb, Quwi'r ffi61l\6i:l §I $1 U!JITffi, §I~ &j,(gWIT 1f6O)6Olffi
0
6i:l
rD6i:l@fTrTffiffirt>;:v6liT
<'!p;:v6151W 6lJ rD 60)!!3ffi @r61uL.S1 L WIT tb ffi W ITrD1 ;:b1 rDITL ffi rlli ffi6O) 6lTLl..jil t rDrTLffirfilffi6ID6lTU
ffiL 6O)LDWITrD!]31 l..j6lr6lTITi'r L ,®)wtt,ffiI W !L wffil6i:l ,®)6lJrT , QlfIT ffiffi6lH QlfIT tt,ffi6ITr
§I 6lJ
rt
ffi 6lT
UW
0
Q U ® 6IDLD
ffi6O)W
UIl}.UU;:V!D@5tb,rDIl}.UU;:v!D@c.!Prflw QlfIT tb&@Itb(g/D !L ;:v IT!J6WTLDITffi Q;:vuJ 6lJ UUiT6ID6lJ , 6T@U6lJID6IDlDffi !LrflW;:vIT@tbo cf1w til
(f)6O)WWIT ffi
;:v6lH6O)601 ,®)601rfilffiITLll}.ffi
u U lD rf> ;:v ~ ,
0
(g6lJ 6OT\ OOIT 6lH, $1rf1 Lj!JITrt>;:Vffi6ITr &j,fJIT 6lJ<'!p~6dr , InL6O)OOUJ,i'r , (glfIT6l!i1, IfITtbU6lJfidT, (gUujcj:lfITsb~IT6liT, ffirDIDltt,@LIl)., &j,ffilw Lj6O)601 UrfI(gLDwWffilwi'r, 6T@$1Ll..j6lr6lTITi'ro (g~6OT, UITW6M
LDlD6lJ@
Qu®tb
0
ffiLCB6O">!J 6T@~6lJ$16i:l §l6lJIT ffi6lr uso Q ~ IT@ U II ffi ffi (g 6lT QUIT ~ 6li1 L W rlli ffi 6lT,
S. a>1!])8IIIrrra>!J0ilir BoA (Hons)
If';:v IT
6T6O'r
@l
til
W IT\flU UIT6WTsb$1 (8w §Ill}. U U 60) L W ITffi 4, 6T@$1 W 6lJ fJITIf> .@1~o
QIf GD@JW 6lJ bP1 .@1®L CB, ®IT 60l tbffi6))1 ®6lfr, rDIT6lJ 60 If> 6ID6lTLl..jb ,®) 6lJ IT 6T@$1 Ll..j t 6Tr6lTITi'r
0
48
s, a>®.mrrra>!JOilir
BoA (Hens)
49
Ga=rr ffia;6llT ~ ~6Uffi41 uiu u~ a;61T1(86U .!9ICB$i;@ffi ® rrfl u Li1 L U U L (8 6lJ 60N "J. UJ @ . .!916lJ ® 6IDL ui 4lwa;6ID$bw6?M1UJrr®LD. fFW~8=41Wff>6ID~ (!p@(86rn"J.a;6l'i16b 9® 6lJ(Jrra; 61l1rolbl@)Lb Ga=rr ffia;61ir ~ 6lJrra;61l fFw(8a;a= rf1U u$i;~rf16ID&Wl6b a;6llT6lJffi (8a;rrWl6'i:l, a;6lll®61iru615l, @L6IDL ]I>rrw, LDrr~ffia;Lb, LDWUlW6lll, a;ri3u[Tcfl, $rru4, Cfu6llT6'i:l, u6O'i'I$i;~6lTl, ~rrLD6IDIJWl61ir 6Jffi&Lb (8urr61irw cflIDJ&6ID~a;6IDro 6T@~lLl6irrorrrr. ~6iJ6lJ6ID&Wl6'i:l fFW~ ~nJ1@irCf:>(@J6ir 9®6lJ[Trr ffilw Ga=rrffi&6tir uri3!Dlffi @!DlUUlL6UrrLb.
a>L(!)6mIJU
"Urr@@!Jcb®
10
a>®,si;_sr,6lJ)l.()6lIa;®
04:
02
S.a;®QJ!IJITa;IJ~
B.A (Hons)
50