Cách T Bragg S I Quang

Mc lc
MC LC
DANH MC HNH V........................................................................................................................................................1
THUT NG VIT TT....................................................................................................................................................1
LI NI U.......................................................................................................................................................................3
CHNG 1............................................................................................................................................................................5
GII THIU CHUNG.........................................................................................................................................................5
1. 1. LCH S PHT TRIN CA CCH T BRAGG QUANG .......................................................................................................5
1. 2. S LC CNG NGH CH TO FBG..........................................................................................................................6
1.3. S LC V CC NG DNG CA FBG........................................................................................................................9
CHNG 2.........................................................................................................................................................................11
CH TO FBG...................................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 NHY TRONG SI QUANG.....................................................................................................................................11
2. 1. 1 M hnh trung tm mu..............................................................................................................................11
2. 1. 2 M hnh thay i mt ............................................................................................................................12
2. 2 CC PHNG PHP TNG NHY............................................................................................................................13
2. 2. 1 X l bng Hydro.......................................................................................................................................13
2. 2. 2. X l bng nhit........................................................................................................................................13
2. 2. 3 X l bng c hc.......................................................................................................................................14
2. 3 MT S PHNG PHP CH TO CCH T...................................................................................................................16
2. 3. 1 Chiu x tia cc tm im-im.................................................................................................................16
2. 3. 2 Chiu x bng xung laser CO2..................................................................................................................17
2. 3. 3 Phng php dy vi thu knh...................................................................................................................18
2. 3. 4 Phng php cy ion.................................................................................................................................19
2. 3. 5 Phng php mt n bin tia UV..........................................................................................................19
2. 4 TM TT...............................................................................................................................................................20
CHNG 3.........................................................................................................................................................................21
C IM CU TRC V TNH CHT CA FBG.................................................................................................21
3. 1 GII THIU............................................................................................................................................................21
3. 2 IU KIN KT HP PHA...........................................................................................................................................24
3. 3 CC PHNG TRNH GHP MODE................................................................................................................................25
3. 4 L THUYT M HNH HO FBG................................................................................................................................27
3. 5 CU TRC V TNH CHT CA CC DNG CCH T......................................................................................................30
3. 5. 1 Cch t Bragg u (Uniform FBG)...........................................................................................................30
3. 5. 1. 1 Cu trc.................................................................................................................................................................... 30
3. 5. 1. 2 M t ton hc.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
3. 5. 1. 3 Thi gian tr v tn sc............................................................................................................................................ 34
3. 5. 2 Cch t Bragg quang chu k thay i ........................................................................................................35

3. 5. 2. 1 Cu trc.................................................................................................................................................................... 35
3. 5. 2. 2 M t ton hc ca CFBG........................................................................................................................................ 36
3. 5. 3 Cch t iu bin chit sut ......................................................................................................................39

3. 5. 3. 1 Nguyn l................................................................................................................................................................ 39
3. 5. 3. 2 M t ton hc ca AFBG....................................................................................................................................... 40
CHNG 4.........................................................................................................................................................................43
CC NG DNG CA CCH T BRAGG SI QUANG.........................................................................................43
4. 1 NG DNG CA CCH T BRAGG QUANG TRONG B TN SC .......................................................................................43
4. 1. 1 Gii thiu...................................................................................................................................................43
4. 1. 2 Hin tng tn sc trong si cp quang....................................................................................................43
4. 1. 3 B tn sc bng quang si cch t Bragg chu k bin i tuyn tnh........................................................45
Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT
Mc lc
4. 2 NG DNG CA FBG TRONG B TCH GHP KNH OADM.........................................................................................48
4. 2. 1 Tng quan v WDM...................................................................................................................................48
4.2.2. K thut tch ghp knh quang....................................................................................................................50
4. 2. 3 Cc cu hnh OADM .................................................................................................................................51
4. 2. 3. 1 OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB.................................................................................................................... 51
4. 2. 3. 2 OADM da trn FBG v cu hnh giao thoa March-Zehnder................................................................................53
4. 2. 3. 3 Cu hnh OADM s dng FBG v Circulator......................................................................................................... 54
4. 2. 3. 4 OADM da trn cch t t gia Coupler............................................................................................................... 55
4. 2. 3. 5 Cc tham s ca cc cu hnh OADM..................................................................................................................... 56
4. 3 NG DNG CA FBG TRONG CN BNG KHUYCH I CA THIT B KHUYCH I QUANG SI EDFA..............................58

4. 3. 1 Tng quan v EDFA...................................................................................................................................58
4. 3. 1. 1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA:...........................................................................................................58
4. 3. 1. 2 Tng cn bng cho khuych i EDFA.............................................................................................................. 59
4. 3. 2 ng dng ca FBG trong b cn bng khuych i EDFA.......................................................................62

4. 4 MT S NG DNG KHC CA FBG.........................................................................................................................68
4. 4. 1 NG DNG TRONG CM BIN................................................................................................................................68
4. 4. 2 ng dng trong cng ngh Laser ..............................................................................................................69
TI LIU THAM KHO..................................................................................................................................................72
Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 2. 1. C ch nhy trong m hnh trung tm mu................................................................................................. 12
Hnh 2. 2. Phn ng ph v cu trc Si-O-Ge do nhit..................................................................................................... 13
Hnh 2. 3. Ch s chit sut khc x thay i theo sc cng.............................................................................................15
Hnh 2.4: X l bng tia cn cc tm................................................................................................................................ 15
Hnh 2. 5. S phng php ch to im - im.......................................................................................................... 17
Hnh 2. 6. Cu trc dy vi thu knh.................................................................................................................................. 18
Hnh 2. 7. S b tr mt n v si trong phng php cy ion....................................................................................19
Hnh 2.8: Phng php mt n bin s dng tia UV................................................................................................... 20
Hnh 3. 1 Cu to v chit sut ca FBG.......................................................................................................................... 21
Hnh 3. 2: M t c tnh ca FBG................................................................................................................................... 23
Hnh 3. 3: Ph phn x ca cch t Bragg dng cch t u, di cch t 1cm, B=1550 nm, =0. 8 nm.................23
Hnh 3. 5: Cch t Bragg chu k u UFBG..................................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 3. 6: S nguyn l ca ma trn truyn t dnh cho UFBG v non - UFBG......................................................33
Hnh 3. 7:M hnh cch t Bragg chu k thay i CFBG.................................................................................................. 35
Hnh 3.8: A Ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr Chirp dB/dz =1 v -1; B: thi gian tr theo bc sng ca
CFBG; ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr chirp -1;-2;-4 (nm/cm)............................................................................39
Hnh 3.9: th iu bin chit sut si quang AFBG.................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.10: Ph phn x ca AFBG vi L=10 mm ,neff =1.447, D =1550 nm ..............................................................42
Hnh 4.1 S thay i ca vn tc nhm theo bc sng trong quang si n mode thng thng.................................44
Hnh 4.2 Hu qu ca tn sc i vi tc truyn ca mng
a) xung ti u pht
b) xung thu c ti u thu v thit b thu khng th phn bit c hai xung k tip..........45
Hnh 4.3 Nguyn l b tn sc ca quang si cch t Bagg chu k bin i...................................................................46
Hnh 4. 4. M hnh c bn ca thit b b tn sc dng cch t Bagg chu k thay i tuyn tnh...................................47
Hnh 4. 5: H thng ghp bc sng mt hng.............................................................................................................. 49
Hnh 4. 6: H thng ghp bc sng hai hng............................................................................................................... 49
Hnh 4. 7: M hnh c bn ca OADM............................................................................................................................. 50
Hnh 4. 8 : M hnh OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB.............................................................................................52
Hnh 4. 9: OADM da trn cu hnh giao thoa Mach-Zehnder........................................................................................53
Hnh 4. 10: OADM da trn FBG v Circulator............................................................................................................... 54
Hnh 4. 11: Cu hnh OADM dng cch t nm gia Coupler.........................................................................................55
Hnh 4. 12: M hnh cch ly knh OADM.................................................................................................................... 56
Hnh 4. 13: Suy hao xen trong OADM.............................................................................................................................. 57
Hnh 4. 14: M hnh v tham s ca phn x ngc trong OADM.................................................................................. 58
Hnh 4. 15: m hnh mc nng lng ca si quang pha tp Erbium............................................................................... 58
Hnh 4. 16: Cu trc modul EDFA thc t........................................................................................................................ 59
Hnh 4. 17: Cu hnh b lc t ngoi EDFA................................................................................................................61
Hnh 4. 18: Cu hnh b lc t gia EDFA..................................................................................................................... 61
Hnh 4. 19: EDFA khng s dng v c s dng FBG..................................................................................................... 62
Hnh 4. 20: c tuyn thc nghim khuych i ca EDFA ph thuc cng sut tn hiu u vo ti bc sng
1550 nm............................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Hnh 4.21: h s khuych i ph thuc bc sng trong trng hp khng s dng v s dng cch t Bragg CFBG
cho khuych i EDFA...................................................................................................................................................... 67
Hnh 4. 22 M hnh h thng cm bin s dng FBG v nguyn l hot ng................................................................69
Danh mc hnh v
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
ADM
Add / Drop Multiplexing
B tch ghp knh
AFBG
Apodisation Fibre Bragg

Grating
Cch t iu bin chit sut
AWG
Array Waveguide Gratings
Dy cch t dn sng
BFBG
Blazed Fibre Bragg Grating
Cch t chiu x Bragg
CFBG
Chirped Fibre Bragg Grating Cch t Bragg si quang chu k

bin i
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplex
Ghp knh mt cao phn chia

theo bc sng
EDFA
Erbium Doped Fibre

Amplifier
B khuych i quang si pha

tp Erbium
FBG
Fibre Bragg Grating
Cch t Bragg si quang
GODC
Germanium Oxygen
Deficient Center
Li si khng c lin kt Si - Ge
GPW
Gate Planar Waveguide
Cng dn sng Planar
LCFBG Linear Chirped Fibre Bragg

Grating
Cch t Bragg si quang chu k

bin i tuyn tnh
LPG
Long Period Grating

ln
MUX
Multiplexing
B ghp knh
OADM
Optical Add / Drop

Mutiplexing
B tch ghp knh quang
OFA
Optical Fibre Amplifier
B khuych i quang si
PDL
Polarisation Depent Loss
Phn cc ph thuc suy hao
UFBG
Uniform Chirped Fibre

Bragg Grating

u
Thut ng vit tt
UV
Ultra Violet
Tia cc tm
WDM
Wavelength Division
Multiplex
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc

sng
WGR
Waveguide Gratings Router
B nh tuyn cch t
Li ni u
LI NI U
Cuc cch mng khoa hc v k thut v ang din ra mt cch mnh m
trn ton cu. Cuc cch mng ny a nhn loi tin sang mt k nguyn mi ,
k nguyn ca nn vn minh da trn c s nn cng nghip tr tu. Khoa hc k
thut gp phn thc y kinh t pht trin v tin sang mt giai on mi l
nn kinh t tri thc. Trong vin thng l ngnh cng nghip ca tng lai v
ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong mi mt ca i sng x hi.
Mng truyn dn quang ra i p ng c cc nhu cu ca ngi s dng
dch v vin thng v bng thng ln , cht lng tn hiu m bo. iu ny dn
n s pht trin tt yu ca mng truyn dn quang. N nhanh chng pht trin tr
thnh mng ng trc tc ln vi nhiu cng ngh mi ra i phc v cho
mng nh WDM hay EDFA .
Cng vi s pht trin ca mng truyn dn quang th cc cng ngh ch to
thit b quang cng ngy cng pht trin. Cc thit b mi ra i nhm tng tc
v cht lng truyn dn cho mng cng nh khc phc cc nhc im c hu
ca mng quang nh l tn sc , suy hao , khuych i cng sut
K t khi ra i vo nm 1978 , cch t Bragg si quang c nhng bc pht
trin v cng mnh m v hin nay tr nn ph bin. N khng ch c s
dng cho cc ng dng trong mng truyn dn quang m cn c s dng cho cc
ng dng khc nh laser v cm bin quang. Vi cc u im ca mnh nh s a
dng trong ng dng , n nh cao v gi thnh h, cch t Bragg si quang
v s pht trin hn na trong thi gian ti.
Di s hng dn tn tnh ca thy Trn c Nhn cng nh s gip ca
cc thy c trong b mn thng tin quang ca Hc Vin , em tin hnh nghin
cu v nguyn l v cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang. n nay em
hon thnh bn n vi ti Cch t Bragg si . Bn n c 4 chng:
Chng I : Gii thiu chung - gii thiu v lch s v cng ngh ch to cng
nh ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang.
Chng II : Cc cng ngh ch to cch t Bragg si quang - chng ny
tin hnh tm hiu v cc cng ngh ch to v c im ca tng loi cng ngh
.
Chng III : Tnh cht v c im ca cch t Bragg si quang - chng
ny chi tit cch t Bragg si quang v c im cu to v cc m t ton hc ca
cc tnh cht ca cc dng cch t.
Chng IV : ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang - chng ny m t v
cc ng dng ni bt ca cch t trong cc h thng hin nay.
Li ni u
Do ti c ni dung rng v tng i mi m, iu kin thi gian v kin
thc cn hn ch nn ti khng trnh khi nhng thiu st , em mong nhn c
s gp chn thnh ca cc thy c gio v cc bn ti c hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n n cc thy c trong khoa vin thng , b mn
thng tin quang nhng ngi gip em trong thi gian qua. Em xin cm n
thy Nguyn c Nhn ngi tn tnh gip em trong qu trnh nghin cu v
hon thnh n. Cm n n bn b v ngi thn to iu kin v ng vin
bn n ny hon thnh tt p.
H Ni ngy 18 thng 10 nm 2005
Sinh vin
Hong Trng Giang
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung
CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG
1. 1. Lch s pht trin ca cch t Bragg quang
M hnh cch t Bragg quang c a ra v chng minh cc tnh cht ca n
ln u tin vo nm 1978 bi Hill et al. n nm 1989, n c m t mt cch r
rng hn bi Meltz et al, cch t Bragg quang c to ra bng cch s dng php
chiu giao thoa hai lung tia cc tm UV-exposure. Vi s pht trin ca mnh,
FBG c lin quan trc tip v cht ch vi s pht trin ca si quang, n c kh
nng s dng trong vic xy dng cc b lc dng tch ghp knh trong h
thng truyn ti d liu a knh. Ni bt nht trong nhng ng dng ny l FBG
c dng cho h thng DWDM, FBG l c s cho cc thit b la chn th ng
cho cc bc sng n, ghp bc sng v chn bc sng bng hp. N lm vic
tt trong iu kin cc yu t v nhit v sc cng c m bo bi v cc iu
kin ny c th nh hng n tin cy ca FBG.
S pht trin nhanh chng ca FBG v cc ng dng trong mng vin thng
quang v cc h thng cm bin thc y l nng cao tc t ph trong
nghin cu, nhng kt qu ny lm ci thin v pht trin cht lng cng nh
cc tnh nng ca cc thit b quang. Trong tng lai, cc tnh nng ca cc thit b
ny c th vt qua cc gii hn hin ti bng vic s dng k thut photonic.
Tnh nng nhy cm vi mi trng l mt im khng tt ca FBG, tuy nhin
hin nay n li c s dng rt nhiu trong cc h thng cm bin. Mt trong cc
ng dng l cu ch sillica, n lin quan n tnh cht khng b nh hng bi in
t trng ca FBG.
FBG c chu k ln c a ra v chng minh bi Vengkarsar v nhm nghin
cu ca ng, n lp tc c ng dng rng ri trong cc b lc thng bng v
c s dng trong cc h thng mng DWDM, l cc b cn bng khuych i
EDFA, trong cc h thng laser nh cc thit b cn bng laser pht. Hn na, FBG
ang tr nn rt ph bin vi t cch l mt thit b quang n gin, linh hot v c
v s cc ng dng trong cc thit b v h thng quang.

Cc dng cch t Bragg hin ang c s dng ph bin trong cc ng dng
hin nay bao gm cc loi : FBG chu k u (Normal FBG), FBG chu k tuyn tnh
(linear chirped FBG) v Apodisation FBG.
1. 2. S lc cng ngh ch to FBG

K thut to ra cch t Bragg quang u tin l k thut mt n bin pht
minh do Vengsarkar et al, phng php ny s dng si quang Si-Ge giu Hidro
t trong mi trng chiu x laser KrF ( = 248 nm) thng qua mt n bin lm
bng silica m Crom. Mi cch t c to ra trn si quang c di chng 1
inch v chu k ca cch t vo khong 60 m cho n 1 mm. Ph truyn nh sng
ca cch t c gim st ngay trong qu trnh to nn cch t, thi gian to ra
mt cch t nm trong khong 5 10 pht. Phng php mt n bin ny l
phng php c s dng rng ri nht hin nay do tin cy trong ton b qu
trnh s dng n. Vi vic cho php cc mt n bin c th c ti s dng v
cc yu cu trong lc ch to c gim thiu lm gim gi thnh ca sn phm.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l vic to ra cc cch t c chu k khc nhau
chng ta ch co duy nht mt cch l thay i bng cc mt n c chu k khc
nhau v iu ny lm tng gi thnh sn phm.
Zhang et al ch to cch t Bragg quang bng cch s dng phng php
chiu x trc tip tia UV ln si quang theo im - im. Qu trnh chiu x im
im ph thuc vo cc yu cu v chu k v p ng ph. Qu trnh ny c iu
khin bi mt my tnh s dng chng trnh iu khin ng ngt chiu x v v
vy n c u im rt ln l c kh nng iu khin mt cch mm do chu k
ca cch t sn phm bng vic thay i cc thng s chiu x thng qua phn
mm iu khin. Nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l vic n tiu tn nhiu
thi gian trong vic chiu x, hn na yu cu k thut ca phng php ny rt
nghim ngt.
Mt k thut mi dng ch to FBG s dng chiu x tp trung xung laser
hng ngoi femto giy. Phng php ny c thuyt trnh bi Kondo et al. Trong
k thut ny, si quang c chn l si quang n mode tiu chun cho truyn ti
(NA=0. 11, ng knh trng mode 9. 3 0. 5 m, ng knh v 125 2 m,

bc sng ct 1260 40 m). Li v v ca si quang ln lt l Silica nguyn cht
v Silica pha Ge. Cc xung laser c s dng gy nh hng to ra s thay i
chit sut ca si. rng xung laser khong 120 fs, bc sng 800 nm v tn s
lp khong 200 khz. Chm laser c a ti v tp trung trong phm vi khong 20
li ca si quang. Cc tnh nng ca FBG sn phm c gim st bi camera
CCD t trn microscope. Si quang c t vo mt my tnh iu khin v s
c chiu x laser hng ngoi bi phng php im - im. Vic phn tch p
ng ph v ph truyn dn ca FBG c phn tch v gim st cng lc to ra
cc sn phm c tnh nng theo yu cu. Cc FBG sn xut theo cng ngh ny c
tui th rt cao.
Hin nay hu ht cc FBG u c ch to theo phng php chiu x tia UV
ln si quang nhng Davis et al v Karpov et al a ra kh nng s dng xung
laser CO2. Thc nghim ca h da trn cu hnh bao gm mt my tnh iu khin
dng iu chnh v tr si quang. Di s iu khin ca my tnh, cc xung
laser n (~ 0. 5W, 300ms) c tp trung vo phn ng knh ca si quang ti
cc v tr xc nh trc dc theo chiu trc si. Mt h thng gim st c lp
ngay pha trn si dng gim st v tr ca si v m bo rng cc li vt l
khng xy ra trong qu trnh ch to. Mt ngun quang bng rng c bc sng
nm trong khong 1. 4 - 1. 6 m c chiu vo si quang v mt my phn tch
ph cng c s dng phn tch nhm gim st ph truyn dn ca FBG ang
c ch to. u im chnh ca phng php ny l vic k thut s dng laser
CO2 khng qu t, cc yu t k thut ca FBG c gim st cht ch v khng
xy ra cc li vt l lm cho mo, bin dng FBGs.
Mt k thut ch to FBG khc c Lin v Wang a ra, trong cu trc
chit xut theo np gp ca si quang c to ra bng cch khc axit trn si
quang. Loi FBG ny c ch to theo cch sau : mt si quang dch tn sc tiu
chun vi ng knh v ban u l 125m c s dng. Mt lp v kim loi
mng vi dy 120nm c ph ln si quang vi mt lp cht bo v chng li
s n mn ca axit ti cc v tr nh trc, sau n c nhng vo dung dch
axit flohidric. Khi cc phn khng c bo v s b n mn bi axit vo trong

ng knh li khong 42m. Phn mt n s c thit lp sao cho cu trc np
gp c chu k l 400m trong di tng cng ca FBG l 20nm. Vic mt nh sng
truyn dn ti a nm ti hai u ca FBG do hin tng phn x, bi v lc
chnh lch v chit sut gia hai mi trng truyn nh sng l ln nht (chit sut
khng kh l 1). Mt trong cc tnh nng ca FBG ch to theo phng php ny l
quan h gia bc sng v mt nng lng truyn dn c th iu chnh bn
ngoi bng cch thay i cc iu kin tc ng c hc khi ch to, bi v ch s
chit sut iu ch truyn dn to nn bi nhiu cu trc np gp khc nhau.
Mt k thut ch to FBG khc cng c a ra bi Fujimaki et al. Trong k
thut ny, cc ion Helium c a su vo trong li si quang thng qua mt mt
n kim loi, khong cch cch t c to ra l 60m. Vic cy cc ion ny gy nh
hng n chit sut ca si quang v to nn cch t. Loi cch t ny c th
c s dng trong b lc chn bc sng trong truyn dn quang.
Vic ch to FBG hin nay l tng i n gin, cc phng php s dng
thng ph thuc vo lnh vc v mc ch s dng chng hn nh s dng trong
cc h thng truyn dn hay l cc h thng cm bin Phng php s dng ch
to FBG hin nay ph hp vi tnh cng nghip c a ra v chng minh bi
Liu l s dng tia UV tc ng ln si quang to nn mt dy cc vi thu
knh. Dy vi thu knh ny c to nn bng vic s dng laser bc sng 248nm
chu k xung 20ns. Vi phng php ny, thi gian dng cho vic ch to s nhanh
gp 4 ln so vi phng php s dng mt n kim loi.
Tm li, cc phng php s dng ch to FBG c lit k vo 2 dng : l
phng php s dng chiu x tia UV v phng php khng s dng chiu x tia
UV. Trong phng php s dng chiu x tia UV, chia lm hai k thut chnh l k
thut chiu x tia UV im - im v k thut mt n bin . K thut chiu x
im im l k thut c tnh mm do v ph hp cho vic ch to cc FBG c cc
c tnh ph khc nhau nhng li khng ph hp cho vic ch to hng lot, trong
khi phng php mt n bin khng ph hp vi vic thay i c tnh ph ca
cch t, nhng li ph hp vi vic ch to hng lot v gi thnh cho vic ch to
ny tng i r, c 3 loi mt n bin c s dng l mt n Crom, mt n

in mi v mt n kim loi. Trong phng php khng s dng chiu x tia UV,
k thut s dng laser CO2 c gi thnh r, cn cc phng php cy ion v phng
php khc axit vn ang cn trong qu trnh thc nghim.
1.3. S lc v cc ng dng ca FBG

Cc c im v cm quang v kh nng tng thch vn c vi si quang
cho php ch to rt nhiu loi FBG khc nhau, c bit l cc LPG. Hin ti, cc
FBG c rt nhiu ng dng trong cc h thng cm bin v truyn dn quang. B
lc chn bc sng rt hp dng cho b khuych i quang EDFA l mt v d
in hnh v ng dng ca loi thit b ny. Hin nay mc d cc cch t quang
dng ny c tp trung pht trin cho cc ng dng lin quan n truyn dn
quang v cc h thng cm bin nhng vn c nhiu ng dng tim nng khc c
th pht trin nh l chuyn mch quang, x l tn hiu quang v.v... Cc ng dng
ca n c th tp trung vo 3 ng dng chnh nh sau:
+ ng dng trong cc h thng cm bin:
- Cm bin nhit
- Cm bin sc cng
- Cm bin p sut.
+ ng dng trong laser quang:
- Laser cch t quang bn dn
- Khoang n nh ngoi cho laser bn dn
- Khuych i kch thch Erbium cho laser
+ ng dng trong truyn dn quang:
- B tn sc
- Cc h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM
- B lc cn bng cho khuych i Erbium
- B tch ghp knh

- B phn x nhiu
- Khuych i Raman
Nh vy cch t Bragg hin v ang tr thnh mt trong nhng pht minh v
thit b quang c cc ng dng a dng trong thc t. Trong cc chng sau chng
ta s m t cc thuc tnh v ng dng c th ca tng loi cch t Bragg si quang
lm r hn vn ny.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
CHNG 2
CH TO FBG
2.1 nhy trong si quang
Khi nim nhy trong si quang c a ra u tin bi Hill. nhy
trong si quang c nh ngha nh l mt tnh cht ca vt liu dn quang c
th hin kh nng lu gi qu trnh iu bin vi sai nhm phn b cng pht
x quang theo mun. Tnh cht ny c ng dng nhiu trong ch to cc thit
b quang, chng hn nh cch t. Cch t chit sut khc x l mt thit b quang
c nhim v iu bin tn hiu theo chu k hoc pha ca sng ti. Vic ch to cc
cch t dng ny thng dng cc vt liu c tnh cht nhy cm nh sng, chng
hn nh Li, Ga-As, Ba-Ti,
m t nhy nh sng trong si quang, chng hn si Ge, ngi ta a
ra mt s m hnh. Nhng m hnh ny da vo s thay i nh hp th ca vt
liu v mi quan h Kramer-Kronig phn tch s bin thin ca chit sut khc
x.
2. 1. 1 M hnh trung tm mu
C ch to ra nhy trong si quang l da trn s nh hng ca s thay
i chit sut khc x vo s pht x nh sng ca cu trc GeO khng hon ho v
nh hp th vt liu ti bc sng 252nm. Cu trc khng hon ho ny c gi
l m hnh trung tm mu. Cu trc ny c to ra do qu trnh ion ho c pht
x.
Hnh 2. 1 minh ho qu trnh to trung tm mu Ge. Trung tm mu c to
ra do s ph v lin kt Ge-Ge/Si gii phng 1e t do. Qu trnh ny cng vi qu
trnh chiu x bng tia cc tm s to ra nh hp th mi bc sng 195, 213 v
281nm. Qu trnh ny l lin tc do tnh cht cu trc ca vt liu SiO2.
Theo m hnh ny, ngi ta chng minh c rng chit sut khc x ti mt
im ch ph thuc vo mt v vc t nh hng ca cc ion c to ra do ph
v lin kt. N c th hin bng ph hp th electron ca cc ion ny. C th
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
nhn thy rng bng hp th ny tng ng vi trung tm GeE. Dng biu thc
Kramer-Kronig ngi ta c th nh gi c s thay i ca bng hp th ny.
Ge/Si
Ge/Si
hv
Ge
im khng
hon ho
Ge
Hnh 2. 1. C ch nhy trong m hnh trung tm mu
2. 1. 2 M hnh thay i mt
M hnh thay i mt da vo tnh cht mt ph thuc vo qu trnh
ion ho pht x ca GeO. S ion ho ny chnh l s b gy cc vng ring nh (2
hoc 3 phn t) trong cu trc vt liu si. Ngi ta chng minh c rng mi
quan h gia thay i mt v ch s chit sut khc x l xp x tuyn tnh.
Mc d m hnh thay i mt c a ra nm 1991, nhng mi n nm
1998 ngi ta mi xc nhn cc kt qu ny bng cch dng knh hin vi in t.
Tuy nhin cc kt qu a ra vn cha y . L thuyt v m hnh ny hin nay
ang tip tc c nghin cu.
Ngoi cc m hnh chng ta nu trn cn c mt s m hnh m chng
ta khng nu ra y, chng hn nh m hnh dch chuyn electron, Vic ng
dng cc m hnh ny vo qu trnh ch to cch t chnh l vic s dng cc tnh
cht lm tng nhy.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
2. 2 Cc phng php tng nhy

tng hiu qu ca cch t, nhy ca cch t phi t c gi tr ph
hp, v vy yu cu tng nhy. Phn ny trnh by tm tt cc phng php tng
nhy p ng ca si quang. Cc phng php c s dng bao gm: X l
bng Hydro, x l bng nhit v x l bng c hc.
2. 2. 1 X l bng Hydro
Khi dch chuyn si quang trong mi trng Hydro p sut cao ti nhit
phng, cc phn t Hydro s khuch tn vo trong si. Cc phn t ny s ph v
lin kt Si-O-Ge to ra Si-OH v GeO cc tnh m nh hnh 2. 2.
O
O
Si
O
O
O
Ge
O
O
O + H2
Si
O
O
OH +
Ge
Hnh 2. 2. Phn ng ph v cu trc Si-O-Ge do nhit
Cu trc Si-OH c nh hp th ti bc song 1390nm nm trong vng ph

s dng. Tuy nhin iu ny khng nh hng nhiu v thc t mt -OH trong
si nh hn nhiu mt GeO2 (lng OH ch chim 1-2%). Ngoi ra c th khc
phc hin tng ny bng cch thay cht ti H2 (Hydro) bi D2 (tri) v khi
ph ca nh hp th nm ngoi ca s ph s dng. S thay i chit sut khc x
mc cao, n 6.10 3 , c tc dng lm tng nhy khi c tc dng ca tia cc tm.
2. 2. 2. X l bng nhit
Chi nhit l phng php n gin trong vic dng nh hng ca nhit
lm thay i chit sut khc x. Vng si quang cn lm tng nhy c qut
bng ngun nhit to thnh t oxi v hydro giu vi nhit khong 1700oC trong
vng 20 pht. nhit ny hydro khuch tn vo li si rt nhanh v to phn
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
ng b gy cu trc GeO. Qu trnh ny to ra nh hp th bc sng 250nm
trong li si v lm tng nhy. Khi tia cc tm s c nh hng ln n s
thay i ch s chit sut khc x. Phng php ny c th lm tng nhy vi h
s ln hn 10.
Phng php tng nhy bng nhit c rt nhiu u im. R rng nht l
nhy to ra rt n nh khi so vi phng php x l bng hydro v trong
phng php x l bng hydro, khi hydro thm thu ra khi si th nhy ca si
s gim. Ngoi ra vt liu dng ch to cch t cng khng yu cu c nhy
cao. Nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l do x l nhit cao nn bn
si khng cao.
2. 2. 3 X l bng c hc
Bng thc nghim ngi ta chng minh c rng khi thay i sc cng b
mt ca cch t kt hp vi chiu x bng tia cc tm, ch s chit sut khc x
cng thay i. Hnh 2. 3 biu din s thay i tng ng gia chng.
Ngoi ra, khi chiu x bng tia cc tm, cch t lm bng si Ge s to nn
sc cng. L do l khi chiu x bng tia cc tm, cc phn t b b gy (hay l cu
trc khng hon ho) ca lin kt Si-Ge-O s sp xp li theo cu trc cht ch hn
lm tng mt . iu cng c ngha l nhy s tng. Trong mt s trng
hp, h s tng nhy ca phng php ny c th ln hn 10.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
2
1.8
1.6
thay i chit sut khc x
1.4
Sc cng
3%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Khng
sc cng
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
nh hng ( .10e6/cm2)
Hnh 2. 3. Ch s chit sut khc x thay i theo sc cng
2. 2. 4 X l bng tia cn cc tm
Phng th nghim Starobudov a ra phng php lm thay i ch s
chit sut bng cch s dng cc tia cn cc tm cho si Ge Si ti bc sng 330
nm. M hnh m t qu trnh lm vic ca h thng ny cho bi hnh 2. 4 sau:
Conduction
band
Conduction
band
S1
T1
240
nm
T1
GOCD
DID
DID
330
nm
GOCD
Hnh 2.4: X l bng tia cn cc tm
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Trong hnh v trn, mt h thng tia UV c bc sng khong 240 nm
c dng kch thch si Si Ge t trng thi S0 n nh ln trng thi kch
thch S1 m si c xu hng b ion ho, do t pht hoc do cc ion 240 nm
khc kch thch t bn ngoi. Qu trnh ion ho ny s nh hng n ch s chit
sut ca si v ngi ta c th iu khin qu trnh ny t c cc ch s chit
sut khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Vic ny s dn n s thay i v sp xp
li cu trc ca li si quang v gy nn s thay i chit sut. u im chnh ca
cng ngh ny l sn phm do n to ra c n nh nhit rt cao nhng n li
khng yu cu vic luyn li bng nhit.
2. 3 Mt s phng php ch to cch t

Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php ch to cch t. mc ny chng ta s
a ra cc phng php c dng ph bin hin nay.
2. 3. 1 Chiu x tia cc tm im-im
S ca phng php ny c biu din hnh 2. 5.
Trong s , cc thnh phn c tc dng nh knh thin vn v knh hin vi
c tc dng lm gim kch thc ca lung chiu x tia cc tm. My tnh c kh
nng iu khin b dch v tm chn sng. Ngun tia cc tm c to ra t laser
KrF chiu qua mt khe hp. Ton b qu trnh ch to si u c thc hin mt
cch t ng v do my tnh iu khin bng phn mm.
Phng php ny c u im chi ph thp, d dng thc hin v c kh nng
to ra cch t c chu k v di khc nhau.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Tm chn
sng
B dch
Gng
248nm
Dng UV
Knh thin
vn
Knh hin
vi
My phn
tch ph
Si
LED
Hnh 2. 5. S phng php ch to im - im
2. 3. 2 Chiu x bng xung laser CO2

Nm 1998, ngi ta a ra mt phng php ch to cch t chu k di.
Trong phng php ny, mt my tnh iu kin c cu c hc gn c nh vo si
vi chnh xc 0.1m c th iu chnh tiu im Gaussian 145m ca dng
laser CO2. Trong khi si c dch bng b dch, my tnh iu khin b chn sng
cho php dng laser chiu vo si. c th quan st d dng c th t cc thit
b nh my phn tch ph, camera.
Ngoi ra phng php ny, khi th vi si mang ti H 2 v khng mang ti
H2 ngi ta nhn thy rng cht lng ca cch t chu k di ch to t si khng
mang ti chiu x CO2 km hn. Ngoi ra, nhit yu cu i vi si khng mang
ti H2 khi chiu x trong qu trnh chiu x l 1700 trong khi i vi si mang
ti H2 l t 800oC n 1200oC. iu c ngha l mc cng sut yu cu cho si
mang ti H2 ch bng khong so vi si khng mang ti H2.
Phng php chiu x CO to ra cch t rt n nh. c tnh bng tn b
loi b khng thay i ngay c khi nhit tng ln n 1200oC trong khi cch
t dng phng php chiu x bng tia cc tm b nh hng bi nhit . Nh vy
cch t dng phng php chiu x c c u im bn v chu c nhit cao
do n thng c s dng trong thc t.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
2. 3. 3 Phng php dy vi thu knh
Phng php dy vi thu knh c u im l gi thnh thp, n c th sn
xut vi s lng ln cch t. Hnh 2. 6 ch ra cu trc ca dy vi thu knh. ch
to dy vi thu knh, ngi ta dng si silica nng chy di khong 1. 3m vi suy
hao thp trong vng 180nm n 1100nm. ng knh ca li v lp m tng ng
l 400 m v 440 m . Sau khi x l loi b lp m, si c ct thnh cc ming
nh 2cm. Tip theo cc mu ny c xp lin k t vo khun nhm. Sau
chiu x bng tia cc tm nh dng cho dy thu knh. Ch rng chu k ca
dy vi thu knh tng ng vi bc sng 440 m (bng vi ng knh lp m ca
si).
248nm
Khun
Al
248nm
Dy vi
thu
knh
Hnh 2. 6. Cu trc dy vi thu knh
Mc d phng php ny c u im v gi thnh nhng n cng c rt

nhiu nhc im. Mt nhc im d nhn thy l kh khn trong vic thc hin
cc thao tc ch to mng bi v qu trnh ny i hi chnh xc cao. Hn na
khi s dng vic tp trung nh sng vo mt vng no c th lm nh hng n
cu trc mng. khc phc nhc im ny, chng ta c th s dng mng vi
mt mt li.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
2. 3. 4 Phng php cy ion
Bng thc nghim ngi ta bit rng phng php cy ion lm tng ch s
chit sut mc cao i vi hu nh tt c cc vt liu ch to si quang, v vy
y l phng php rt ph bin trong thc tin. thc hin ngi ta dng si Ge
c li ng knh 9 m vithnh phn 97SiO2:3GeO2, v lm bng Si nguyn cht
vi ng knh 125m . Cch b tr mt n v si nh hnh 5. 6. Si c cy bng
ion He2+ ti nhit phng thng qua mt mt n kim loi bng cch dng my
gia tc 1. 7 MV (nng lng ca ion khong 51MeV). Khi ion c cy vo li,
phn v s c khc axit ng knh cn khong 53m .
ion
Mt n
Si quang
Hnh 2. 7. S b tr mt n v si trong phng php cy ion
quan st ngi ta dng mt my phn tch ph. T i n kt lun ti

vng cy ion, chit sut khc x tng ln ng k. Nh vy c th thy rng
phng php ny c hiu qu i vi hu ht cc loi vt liu. y chnh l u
im ni tri ca phng php ny.
2. 3. 5 Phng php mt n bin tia UV
y l dng phng php ph bin nht dng ch to FBG. Hnh 2. 5 m t chi
tit phng php ny.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Laser kch thch
248 nm
Mt n bin
Phn
tch
ph
quang
LED
iu khin phn
cc
Hnh 2.8: Phng php mt n bin s dng tia UV
i vi thit b ny, mt n bin cho php cc xung laser t ngng truyn qua
theo ng vung gc, ngng ca xung trong h thng ny quy nh 100 mJ/ cm2
/ 1 xung. Trong cc mt n c mt s c chu k khc vi cc mt n cn li v
do vy nh hng ca sng laser cng khc so vi cc phn cn li, do nh hng
ca laser m chit sut ca cc v tr khc nhau trong li si c th khc nhau.
Ph ca cch t c gim st bng nh sng ca mt LED bng rng chiu qua
cch t v a n mt my phn tch quang ph. Khi sng phn x tr li t cch
t tho mn cc yu cu v ph th ngun laser s ngng pht v sn phm c
hon thnh.
2. 4 Tm tt
Trn y chng ta trnh by mt cch khi qut v cch t FBG, cc tnh cht
ca cch t c xy dng da trn cc m hnh khc nhau v cc phng php
ch to cch t ph bin hin nay. Mi phng php ny u c u nhc im
ring. la chn phng php ti u chng ta phi da vo cc tiu ch khc
nh gi. Thc t hin nay cc phng php ny ngy cng c hon thin v mt
s phng php mi ang c xut th nghim. la chn mt phng php
ch to thch hp ngi s dng cn cn c vo cc tnh cht cng nh ng dng
v yu cu cht lng ca FBG s dng cc cng ngh ch to ph hp.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
CHNG 3
C IM CU TRC V TNH CHT CA FBG
3. 1 Gii thiu
B ti
B truyn
B phn
x
=B/neff
Chit sut
Khong cch
Hnh 3. 1 Cu to v chit sut ca FBG
Cch t Bragg quang thc cht l s xo trn cu trc ch s chit sut theo
dng chu k dc theo hng truyn sng ca si quang v c m t trong hnh
trn.
Ch s chit sut ca FBG c tnh theo phng trnh sau :
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
n( x, y, z )=
Trong n(x, y ,z )
2
n( x, y, z )( +, n, x) cos(
y z
z(3. 1)
l ch s chit sut trung bnh ca li si quang v
n ( x , y , z )l ch s iu ch v l chu k ca FBG.
Mt lng nh nh sng c phn x ti mi im ni ch s chit sut ca

FBG thay i. S phn x hon ton trong FBG xy ra ti cc bc sng ring khi
xut hin mode ghp mnh nht. y gi l iu kin Bragg c m t trong
phng trnh (3. 2), bc sng m ti c s phn x hon ton c gi l bc
sng Bragg B. Ch c nhng bc sng tho mn iu kin Bragg l chu nh hng
ca cch t v phn x mt cch mnh m. FBG trong sut i vi cc bc sng
nm ngoi vng bc sng Bragg.
Bc sng Bragg c tnh nh sau:
B = 2 neff
(3. 2)
Trong neff l ch s khc x nh hng v l chu k ca FBG. y chnh

l iu kin xy ra phn x Bragg. T phng trnh (3. 2) chng ta c th thy rng
bc sng Bragg hon ton ph thuc vo ch s khc x v chu k ca cch t.
Cc cch t di vi ch s khc x thay i khng ng k c nh phn x rt
nhn v bng tn phn x rt nh nh m t trong hnh (3. 2):
Hng phn
x
Ph nng lng
Ph nng lng
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Ph nng lng
Hng ra
Hng ti
Ngun vo
Hnh 3. 2: M t c tnh ca FBG
i vi cch t Bragg u, cc tham s ch s khc x nh hng n eff v chu

k cch t l c nh. Dng ph phn x ca loi cch t ny c m t trong
hnh (3. 3):
Hnh 3. 3: Ph phn x ca cch t Bragg dng cch t u, di cch t 1cm, B=1550

nm, =0. 8 nm
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
3. 2 iu kin kt hp pha
FBG cho php truyn nng lng gia cc mode trong mt si quang. iu
ny c th t c bng vic thay i pha ca mt mode sao cho n kt hp c
vi pha ca mt mode khc. Cc FBG thng c lm trn si quang trn sau khi
bc i lp v acrylat c ngha l si quang c xem nh c cu trc 3 lp vi cc
chit sut khc nhau, trong lp trong cng l lp li c chit sut l n1, tip n
l lp v c chit sut l n2 v ngoi cng l khng kh vi n3 = 1. Vi si quang
n mode vi cc tham s nh trn thi mode trung tm c hng s truyn t BCO
cho bi:
2
2
2
n2 < BCO =
nCO <
n1 (3. 3)
V cc mode ngoi c ch ra bi cu trc v - khng kh c hng s truyn

nh sau:
2
2
n3 < Bu <
n2
(3. 4)
Kt qu, cc mode pht x c th hng s truyn trong gii hn:

0 < Brad <
2
n3
(3. 5)
tm hiu s bin i ch s chit sut theo chu k dc theo chiu di si

quang, vic kt hp pha u tin c thc hin gia mode c bn v mode chm
(mode v) xut hin khi:
1 2 =
(3. 6)
Trong trng hp ghp cn mode gia hai mode ny, 2 = 1 v phng trnh
c vit li:
1 =
(3. 7)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Trong cc biu thc (3. 6) v (3. 7) l chu k ca s thay i ch s iu
ch v 1 v 2 tng ng l hng s truyn ca mode c bn v mode c
ghp i cng vi n. Cch t thc hin ghp mode chm c xem nh l m b
phn x hay l cch t Bragg. c trng ca cc thit b ny da trn c s ghp
mode gia mode c bn ti v i.
i vi cc cch t chu k ln (c 1 v 2 u ln). iu kin kt hp cho
ghp hng ti cha mode c bn v mode truyn ca v cho bi:
1 2 =
(3. 8)
3. 3 Cc phng trnh ghp mode

Nguyn l ghp cp mode c s dng thnh cng m t cc thuc tnh
ph ca cc cch t Bragg. S bin i ch s phn x theo chu k dc theo chiu
di ca si quang c m t nh sau:
n( z ) = n0 + n( z )cos[ 2
+ ( z )]
(3. 9)
Cc hm n( z ) v ( z ) l cc hm bin i chm hn so vi chu k cch t ;

n0 l chit sut ca li, n( z ) l hiu s chit sut li - v. Tham s ( z ) l pha ca
ch s iu ch; n c s dng miu t s dch chuyn pha hay l chirp cch
t. Dc theo cch t sng ti 1 v sng phn x 2 lin quan vi nhau bi phng
trnh mode:
dv1
= iv1 + iq ( z )v2
dt
(3. 10)
dv 2
= iv2 iq ( z )v1
dt
Ni bin ca vng 1 v 2 quan h vi bin ca trng in t, ta c:

A( z ) = v1.e i z
B ( z ) = v2 .e + i z
a(z) l ch s ghp mode, cho bi:
(3. 11)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
a( z ) =
n( z )
2n0
(3. 12)
V l ch s mt iu hng ca bc sng phn x t FBG

Bragg =
2 _
n0 = 2n0
c nh ngha:
=
n0
(3. 12)
Trong trng hp cch t Bragg c nhiu gi tr n dc theo chiu di cch t,

cc phn tch ph c th t c bng cch gii quyt cc phng trnh ghp
mode khc nhau. Trng hp cc cch t ng dng cng c gii quyt tng
2
t. H s phn x v1 ( ) / v2 ( ) v R = ti im bt u ca cch t l (t-v):
() =
q sinh( L)
f sinh( L) + i cosh( L)
s inh 2 ( L)
R () =
2
cosh 2 ( L)-
(3. 13)
; 2 = q 2 2 (3. 14)
Mt vi ng dng quan trng t kt qu ny: l c th chng minh h s

phn x Rmax xut hin khi quan st iu kin phn x ti = 0:
Rmax = tanh 2 (qL)
(3. 15)
Tip theo bng tn Vzero c xem l im zero th 2 trong tnh ton phn x:
Vzero n
=
1 + Bragg
n0
nL
(3. 16)
Vi cch t c nL >> Bragg , cng thc c n gin ho nh sau:

Vzero n
=
n0
(3. 17)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Phng trnh (3. 16) cung cp thng tin v vic gy ra hiu ng ch s thay i
n gin bng cch tnh ton ph bng tn ca cch t. Tng t cho cch t cng
loi, vic thay i ch s cng sut cng c th dng phng trnh (3. 14) tnh
ton, vi Rmax ti = Bragg .
hiu mt cch y v cc thuc tnh ca cch t Bragg quang, khi
nim tr nhm hay tr thi gian phi c tnh ton. Vi cch cch t loi ny thi
gian tr c th c quyt nh bi pha ca h s phn x cho trn. Nu
= phase ( ) v thi gian tr cho nh sng phn x ngc tr li t cch t cho bi:
=
d
dw
2 d
.
2 c d
(3. 18)
V di hiu qu Leff m nh sng ti cc bc sng ring s i qua trong

cch t trc khi quay ngc tr li c tnh bng Leff = c
n0 . Trong cc cch t
loi ny thi gian tr nh nht xut hin ti = Bragg . i vi cc bc sng gn

cnh cc bng tn ca cch t c tn sc ln nht vi thi gian t bin ng ln
ti cc bc sng. V vy, chnh lch thi gian t rng ln l c tnh ca dng
ny, n ph thuc vo bc sng trc khi ra khi cch t. Hnh 3. 3 cho thy ph
phn x v thi gian tr ca dng cch t ny vi thi gian tr tnh t (3. 15), tng
ng vi thi gian tr nh nht. Vi bc sng gn z zeros , thi gian tr l max.
3. 4 L thuyt m hnh ho FBG

Trong hu ht cc cch t si quang, cc ch s thay i trn nhng khong
tng i u nhau theo b ngang ca li si, v hu nh khng c mt mode nh
sng no truyn bn ngoi li. Chng ta gi nh rng s khng c mode v v b
qua dng mode ny, nh vy th c tnh trng in t ca cch t c th c
n gin ho v ch cn s chng mode gia mode hng i v hng v ca cc
mode trong li. Trng in dc theo li ca si c th c biu din theo
phng trnh sau:
E(x, y, z) = A+(z)exp(-iz) + A-(z)exp(iz)e(x, y) (3. 19)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Trong A+(z) v A-(z) l cc bin bin i chm ca sng nh sng hng
i v v dc theo li si. E(x, y, z) c th c thay th bng phng trnh ghp
mode. Phng trnh ghp mode c th n gin ho bng vic gim s mode xung
cn hai mode v c m t nh sau:
dR( z)
= i ( z ) R ( z ) ik
+ ( z) S ( z)
dz
d S( z)
= i ( z ) R ( z ) ik ( z ) R ( z ) (3. 20)
dz
Trong R(z) = A+(z)exp[ i( /2)] v S(z) = A-(z)exp[- i( + /2)], R(z) l
mode hng ti v S(z) l mode ca hng phn x ngc tr li, c hai l cc hm
th hin cc mode bao thay i chm. l mt h s t ghp mode chung DC
hay cn gi l s mt iu hng ni. k(z) l h s ghp mode AC hay cn c
gi l mnh ghp mode bn trong ca cch t.
Cc phng trnh ghp mode (3. 20) c s dng trong vic tnh ton ph
p ng phn x ca FBG. H s ghp mode k(z) v ch s iu hng ni (z) l
hai tham s rt quan trng ca phng trnh ghp mode. Chng l cc tham s c
bn trong vic tnh ton ph p ng phn x ca FBG.
H s t ghp mode c tnh nh sau:
=+Trong
1d
2 dz
(3. 21)
1d
l m t ca kh nng chirp c th ca chu k cch t v l
2 dz
pha ca FBG. H s mt iu hng c tnh nh sau:

=-
= - D
1 1
= 2n eff ( )
D
(3. 22)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Trong D = 2neff l bc sng thit k cho s phn x Bragg khi khong
cch cch t rt nh neff
0.
=
2
neff
(3. 23)
Trong neff l s thay i ch s khc x c bn.

H s ghp k(z) c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
k ( z )n(
= ) ( z ) g z v (3. 24)
Trong g(z) l hm ca iu bin chit sut v v l vn c th quan st c.

H s ghp k(z) tng ng vi su iu ch ch s khc x:
n(z) = n(z)g(z).
Pha tri: R(-L/2)=1
nh sng
pht
nh sng
ti
R(-L/2)
R(+L/2)
S(+ L/2)
Chiu di cch t L
S(-L/2)
nh sng
phn x
Pha phi: S(+L/2)=0

-L/2
+L/2
Hnh 3. 4 : iu kin u v s tnh ton p ng

ca cch t i vi nh sng ti
Khng c tn hiu vo nu nh sng ti (pha phi ca FBG) c S(L/2) = 0
v s c tn hiu ti nu phn bn phi ca FBG tho mn
R(-L/2) = 1. Da
vo hai iu kin bin ny, iu kin ban u ca FBG c th c vit theo cc
phng trnh (3. 20). H s phn x v truyn nh sng ca FBG do c th nhn
c t cc iu kin u v phng trnh ghp mode:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Pha tri :
S(-L/2)=?
R(-L/2)=1 (3. 25)
Pha phi:
S(+L/2)=0
R(+L/2)=? (3. 26)
ln ca h s phn x c tnh nh sau:
=
S ( L / 2)
R ( L / 2)
(3. 28)
H s phn x nng lng r (h s phn x) c tnh theo cng thc:

r = | 2|
(3. 29)
3. 5 Cu trc v tnh cht ca cc dng cch t

3. 5. 1 Cch t Bragg u (Uniform FBG)
3. 5. 1. 1 Cu trc
Cch t Bragg quang chu k u UFBG l dng cch t n gin nht trong h
cc FBGs. N c ch to bng li si quang v dng phng php t nh hng
gy ra bi giao thoa UV t cm ng. Trong cch t dng ny chu k cch t
khng i v chit sut ca cch t dc theo phng truyn sng bin i mt cch
tun hon.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
FBG
cladding
core
Ngun sng
phn x
Chit sut
thay i
Hnh 3. 5: Cch t Bragg chu k u UFBG
3. 5. 1. 2 M t ton hc
Cc h s kt hp pha v h s ghp mode ca UFBG l hng s. Cc phng
trnh (3. 20) s dng trong trng hp tng qut c thay th bng cc h s l
hng s. Chng ta c mt s phng php s dng phn tch tnh ton trong cc
phng trnh (3. 20). Cc phng php dng phn tch ca phng trnh ghp
mode c th tm c da trn cc phng trnh iu kin bin (3. 25) v (3. 26).
Nu x dch d / dz l 0, h s mt iu hng ni tng ng vi h s
mt iu hng . Phng trnh gii quyt s lin h gia s phn x v s cho
php truyn nh sng c biu din bi:
A ( z ) =
A+ ( z ) =
ik sinh[ B (z-L/2)]
i sinh( B L) + B cosh(B L)
(3. 30)
B cosh[ B (z-L/2)] -isinh[B (z-L/2)]

i sinh( B L) + B cosh(B L)
(3. 31)
Trong B c m t nh sau:
B = k 2 2
(k2>2)
(3. 32)
B = i 2 k 2
(k2<2)
(3. 33)
Ph phn x v ph truyn dn c m t theo cng thc sau:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
r () =
k 2 sinh 2 ( B L)
2
2 sinh 2 ( B L) + B cosh2 (B L)
t () =
B
2
2
2
sinh ( B L) + B cosh2 (B L)
(3. 34)
(3. 35)
N tho mn nh lut bo ton nng lng vi r() + t() =1. Pha ca nh

sng phn x i vi nh sng ti c th tnh ton da trn cc phng trnh (3.
30) v (3. 31) nh sau:
() = tan 1 [
B
coth( B L)]
(3. 36)
Ti bc sng Bragg, = 0, cch t c nh phn x ln nht rmax v c xc

nh bng phng trnh:
rmax = r(D)= tanh2(|k|L)
(3. 37)
Hin nhin t phng trnh ny h s phn x ca FBG l gn ti 1 khi iu

ch ch s chit sut v di cch t c tng chnh xc.
Bn thng c tnh bi r(D +/2) = r(D)/2 v phng trnh (3. 34).
Cng c mt s phng php khc c dng tnh ton i lng ny.
- Ma trn truyn t ca UFBG:
Ma trn truyn t ca FBG c dng u tin bi Yamada s dng phn
tch qu trnh truyn tn hiu quang. Phng php ny cng c s dng phn
tch cc vn lin quan n FBGs.
C th gii quyt phng trnh ghp mode (3. 20) bng ma trn truyn t cho
c hai dng UFBG v non UFBG. Hnh 3. 6 l cu trc l thuyt c bn v s
dng ma trn truyn t gii quyt cc vn cho UFBG.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
R(+L/2)
R- L/2
S-L/2
= FM.
R +L/2
S+L/2
S(+L/2)
L
1
2
R(+L/2)
R(-L/2)
S(-L/2)
S(+L/2)
R- L/2
S-L/2
= FM. FM-1F1.
R +L/2
S+L/2
Hnh 3. 6: S nguyn l ca ma trn truyn t dnh cho UFBG v non - UFBG
Trong trng hp ny, ma trn truyn t 2 2 hon ton ging nhau i vi

mi chu k ca cch t. Ma trn truyn t tng t c bng cch nhn cc ma
trn con ca mi chu k.
- Ma trn truyn t ca non UFBG:
Phng php ma trn truyn t cng c dng phn tch cc tnh cht ca
cc cch t non UFBG. Mt cch t non UFBG c th c chia thnh nhiu
phn nh dc theo si quang v mi phn c coi nh mt cch t UFBG. nh
sng ti truyn qua phn cch t UFBG th i c m t bi ma trn truyn t
Fi. Theo cu trc ca FBG, Fi c dng:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
cosh(rB z)-i
Fi =
i
sinh (rB z)
B
-i
k
sinh (rB z)
B
k
sinh (rB z)
B
cosh(rB z) + i
sinh (rB z)
B
(3.39)
Trong k c m t bi phng trnh (3. 24) v c m t bi cc

phng trnh (3. 21) v B bi phng trnh (3. 22) v (3. 23).
Ma trn truyn t tng c tnh nh sau:
R- L/2
R +L/2
= FM. FM-1F1.
S-L/2
S+L/2
3. 5. 1. 3 Thi gian tr v tn sc
Thi gian tr nhm v tn sc ca cch t c th tnh ton da trn cc thng
s v pha ca nh sng ti v nh sng phn x, nh sng truyn qua.
Thi gian tr p i vi nh sng phn x t cch t c tnh nh sau:
p =
d p
d p
d
2 d p
2 c d
= p
2 c
2
(3. 40)
(3. 41)
Tn sc dp (ps/nm) c tnh theo phng php sau:

dp =
d p
d
2 p
2 c d p
= 2
d 2
2
2
2 d p
2 c d 2
(3. 42)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
d 2 p
d
2 c 2 p
(
dp)
2
(3. 43)
Kt qu tng cng ca thi gian tr v tn sc ca cch t c th so snh vi

cc tham s ca h thng ti u ho. N cho php chng ta tnh ton cc tham s
c thit b cho cc ng dng ph hp.
3. 5. 2 Cch t Bragg quang chu k thay i
3. 5. 2. 1 Cu trc
v
li
Ngun
bng
rng
nh sng ra
phn x
ngn
di
Hnh 3. 7:M hnh cch t Bragg chu k thay i CFBG
Theo iu kin kt hp pha, chu k ca cch t nh hng ti ph phn x ca

FBG. Bng cch thay i tham s ny theo mt trnh t nht nh chng ta c cch
t Bragg CFBG, dng cch t ny c m t trong hnh 3. 7. LCFBG c ch
to bng li si quang v hin ti cc chirp t ti khong 0. 4 nm ti bc sng
1549 nm.
ng dng ni bt ca CFBG lin quan ti vic b tn sc v c th hin
trong hnh 3. 7, chng ta thy rng c nhiu bc sng c cch t phn x tr li
dc theo chiu di ca cch t. Cc bc sng ngn c phn x khi n i vo
cch t vi khong cch ngn, cn ngc li cc bc sng di b phn x ti cc
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
cch t xa hn. iu ny c ngha l cc bc sng di s i trong cch t vi
qung ng di hn v do vy thi gian tr ca n cng ln hn so vi cc bc
sng ngn. y l c s ca b tn sc. Chng ta s xem xt vn ny c th hn
trong cc chng sau.
3. 5. 2. 2 M t ton hc ca CFBG
CFBG c th m hnh ho da trn phng trnh ghp mode. Ch s chit sut
ca CFBG c th biu din nh sau:
n( x, y , z ) = n( x, y, z ) + n( x, y, z ) cos(
2 z
+ 2 ( )d )
0
z
(3. 44)
Trong l chu k ca cch t v () biu din pha tc thi ca cch t

CFBG. C nhiu phng php dng gii phng trnh ny, trong c hai
phng php chnh l s dng ma trn truyn t v phng php tch phn trc
tip.
Phng php tch phn trc tip:
Chu k ca CFBG thay i dc theo chiu ca trc z, bi vy bc sng phn
x B ca cc im khc nhau dc theo cch t l khc nhau. S thay i chit sut
ca cch t cng c nh hng ging nh s thay i ca chu k cch t. iu ny
c ngha l chu k quang vn c thay i mc d chu k cch t l c nh.
Biu thc pha trong phng trnh (3. 21) i vi cch t chu k tuyn tnh nh
sau:
4 neff z d D
1 d
=
2 dz
2 D dz
(3. 45)
Trong dD /dz l tc thay i pha ca cc bc sng ti cc v tr trong

cch t. Thay phng trnh ny v phng trnh (3. 21) vo phng trnh ghp
mode ta thu c phng trnh c tnh ca CFBG.
i vi cch t quang Bragg chu k bin i tuyn tnh, nh vy th dD /dz l
hng s. i vi mt s ng dng, CFBG c th c m t theo tham s chirp F
cho bi:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
( FWHM) 2
( z)
z2
( FWHM) 2 d D
= 4 neff
D
dz
F=
(3. 46)
Trong F l s thay i ca chu k cch t v FWHM l full width at

half maximum ca GP (grating profile).
T phng trnh (3. 45) v (3. 46) phng trnh pha (3. 21) i vi cch t
LCFBG c dng nh sau:
1 d
z
=F
2 dz
( FWHM) 2
(3. 47)
Phng php ma trn truyn t:

Trong phn trc chng ta phn tch dng ma trn truyn t ca cch t
non uniform FBG, ma trn c dng :
cosh(rB z)-i
sinh (rB z)
B
-i
k
sinh (rB z)
B
Fi =
i
k
sinh (rB z)
B
cosh(rB z) + i
sinh (rB z)
B
Thay phng trnh (3. 45) hoc (3. 47) vo ma trn ny ta c ma trn truyn
t ca CFBG.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
phn x (p.u)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.546
1.548
1.550
1.552
1.554
Bc sng (m)
140
Thi gian tr (ps)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
1.546
1.548
1.550
1.552
Bc sng (m)
1.554
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
phn x (p.u)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.544
1.546
1.548
1.550
1.552
1.554
Bc sng (m)
Hnh 3.8: A Ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr Chirp dB/dz =1 v -1; B: thi gian

tr theo bc sng ca CFBG; ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr chirp -1;2;-4 (nm/cm)
3. 5. 3 Cch t iu bin chit sut

3. 5. 3. 1 Nguyn l
Trong AFBG, cc ch s thay i ca h s chit sut l hng s. Ph phn x
ca mt cch t Bragg di hn ch c ch to theo phng php AFBG c
cc nh sn bn ti cc bc sng k nhau. N rt quan trng cho vic gim
thiu v cng c th loi tr vic phn x ca cc nh sn bn ny.
Hnh 3. 3 cho chng ta thy ph ca UFBG, cc cch t ny c cc nh sn
bn ln. Tnh nng ca UFBG phi c ci tin c th s dng cho cc ng
dng trong cc h thng vin thng. Mt phng php thc hin iu ny l s
dng iu bin chit sut. iu bin chit sut c th thc hin bng vic chiu x
tia UV theo ng vin gim ch s chit sut chch khi ch s chit sut trung
tm theo c hai hng ca cch t.
AFBG c th m hnh ho da trn phng trnh ghp mode. Chng ta s xem
xt hai phng php chnh l tch phn trc tip v phng php ma trn truyn
t.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
3. 5. 3. 2 M t ton hc ca AFBG
Phng php tch phn trc tip:
Hiu qu ca iu bin chit sut trong cc m hnh FBG c th biu din da
trn hm ph thuc to hng z ca ch s chit sut l g(z). Ch s chit sut
ca AFBG c th hin trong phng trnh sau:
n( z ) = n0 + n0 + n g ( z )cos(
2
+ (z))
(3. 48)
Trong n l su ca iu ch v g(z) l hm iu ch (cn c gi l

hm iu bin chit sut). Ni chung dng ca g(z) thng c dng hm Gausse.
i vi UFBG gi tr ca g(z) l 1. H s ghp ca AFBG c cho bi phng
trnh (3. 24):
k ( z )n(
= ) ( z) g z v
Nu nh chng ta thay phng trnh ny vo trong phng trnh ghp mode

(3. 19) v (3. 20), gii phng trnh thu c ta c th tnh ton c ph ca dng
cch t AFBG ny.
Phng php ma trn truyn t:
Nu chng ta thay th phng trnh (3. 24) vo ma trn truyn t (3. 39), p
ng ph ca cch t AFBG c tnh ton bng cch gii quyt cc phng trnh
ny.
Cc hm iu bin chit sut:
i vi UFBG:
g(z) = 1 ; z [0, L]
1.. c tnh Gaussian : g ( z ) = exp{-ln2 [
(3. 49)
2( z-L/2 ) 2
] } ; z [0, L] (3.50)
FWHM
FWHM = 0. 4L. Phng trnh ny cn c dng khc nh sau:
Trong
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
g ( z ) = exp{-a[
z-L/2 2
] } ; z [0,L]
L
(3. 51)
2. c tnh Raised cosine:

1
(z - L/2)
g ( z ) = [1 + cos (
)] ; z [0,L]
2
FWHM
(3. 52)
Trong FWHM = L.
3. c tnh Kaiser :
g ( z) =
2n 2
) )
N 1
I0 (k )
I0 (k 1 (
(3. 53)
; n [0,N-1]
Trong k l tham s ca s Kaiser v I0 l hm Bessel th 0.

0.00020
0.00018
0.00016
Ch s phn x
0.00014
0.00012
0.00010
0.00008
0.00006
0.00004
0.00002
0.00000
V tr (milimet)
Hnh 3.9: th iu bin chit sut si quang AFBG
10
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.546
1.548
1.550
1.552
1.554
Hnh 3.10: Ph phn x ca AFBG vi L=10 mm ,neff =1.447, D =1550 nm
Nh vy chng ta c th thy trn c tnh ph ca AFBG cc nh sn bn

c gim thiu so vi cc dng cch t UFBG. Chnh iu ny l u im ni
tri ca AFBG trong vic thc hin chng nhiu do nh sn bn gy ra trong cc
ng dng.
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang
CHNG 4
CC NG DNG CA CCH T BRAGG SI QUANG
4. 1 ng dng ca cch t Bragg quang trong b tn sc
4. 1. 1 Gii thiu
Tn sc trong quang si n mode l mt trong nhng hin tng vt l nh
hng nghim trng n cht lng ca mng thng tin quang tc cao dng
bc sng nh sng vng ca s 1550nm. N lm tng t l li bit, gii hn tc
hoc khong cch truyn ca mng. xy dng hoc nng cp nhng mng
thng tin quang (OTDM, DWDM, OCDMA) kch thc ln (vi nghn km), tc
cao (vi chc Gbit/s) th mt vn quan trng phi gii quyt l gim ti
thiu tn sc trong si cp quang.
Mt s gii php khc phc hin tng tn sc ang c p dng hin nay trn
th gii l s dng cc cp quang thng tin c tn sc ti thiu (dispersionshifted fibers) hoc cp quang c kh nng b tn sc (dispension-compensating
fibers). Tuy nhin cc phng php ny c mt nhc im l chi ph ln do gi
thnh cp quang c bit ny t hn nhiu so vi cp quang thng tin thng
thng. Ngoi ra phi tnh n chi ph thay th ton b cc cp quang thng
thng lp t trc hoc lp t thm nhng on cp quang b tn sc kh
di (c vi km cp quang b tn sc b cho vi chc km cp quang thng).
Hin nay c mt hng nghin cu mi s dng cc quang si c li l cc cch t
Bragg b tn sc. u im ca phng php ny l thit b c kch thc nh
gn, ch to n gin, v hot ng rt c hiu qu. Phng php b tn sc
trong quang si n mode dng quang si cch t Bragg chu k thay i tuyn tnh
(linear chirped Fiber Bragg Grating).
4. 1. 2 Hin tng tn sc trong si cp quang
Hin tng mt xung nh sng b gin rng ra v mt thi gian sau mt qung
ng truyn nht nh trong si cp quang c gi l hin tng tn sc trong
si cp quang. C ba ngun gy nn hin tng tn sc l:

- Tn sc vt liu
- Tn sc dn sng
- Tr nhm
i vi cc bc sng trong phm vi 1550nm th tn sc vt liu l nguyn
nhn chnh gy nn hin tng tn sc. Tn sc vt liu sinh ra l do trong mt si
cp quang, vn tc nh sng cng nh chit xut ca quang si l mt hm s ca
bc sng nh sng tn hiu. Hnh v 1 biu din s thay i ca vn tc nhm ca
mt xung nh sng i vi cc bc sng khc nhau trong mt si cp quang thng
tin n mode thng thng.
Hnh 4.1 S thay i ca vn tc nhm theo bc sng trong quang si n mode thng
thng
Trn hnh v 1, chng ta nhn thy ti cc bc sng vng ca s 1550nm, vn

tc nhm t l nghch vi bc sng ca nh sng. Nh chng ta bit, trn thc
t khng th c mt ngun sng n sc tuyt i, mi ngun sng u c mt
rng ph nht nh. Gi s mt xung nh sng c bc sng trung tm ti 1550nm,
rng ph 0 truyn qua mt si cp quang n mode. Cc thnh phn bc
sng di hn ca xung s chuyn chm hn cc thnh phn bc sng ngn hn.
Nh vy, sau mt qung ng truyn di, rng xung s b ko gin ra ti
mc hai xung k tip nhau s b chn ln nhau (hnh 4.2). Hu qu l thit b u

thu s khng th phn bit c 2 xung ring bit. thit b thu c tn hiu
xung, ngi ta phi gim tc truyn hoc rt ngn khong cch gia bn pht v
bn thu.
Hnh 4.2 Hu qu ca tn sc i vi tc truyn ca mng

a) xung ti u pht
b) xung thu c ti u thu v thit b thu khng th
phn bit c hai xung k tip
4. 1. 3 B tn sc bng quang si cch t Bragg chu k bin i tuyn tnh

Quang si cch t Bragg chu k bin i tuyn tnh l mt si quang n mode
c mt on li c ghi nhng cch t c chu k thay i mt cch tuyn tnh dc
theo chiu di ca quang si.
(z) = 0 + 1(z)
(4.1)
0 l chu k im bt u ca on cch t, 1 l s thay i tuyn tnh dc

theo chiu di ca on cch t.
Ti v tr z trn on cch t Bragg, mt sng nh sng s b phn x ngc li
nu bc sng ca n tho mn cng thc:
B(z) = 2neff (z)(z) (4.2)
B(z) l bc sng Bragg ti v tr z tng ng vi chu k cch t (z).
c tnh ca quang si cch t Bragg chu k bin i l ti nhng v tr tng
ng vi chu k di hn s phn x nhng nh sng c bc sng di hn.
Gi s xung tn hiu i vo u c chu k di hn ca on cch t nh hnh v
4. Khi , nhng bc sng di hn s b phn x gn phn u ca on cch t

hn. Ni cch khc, nhng bc sng ngn hn s phi i mt qung ng xa hn
trong on cch t trc khi chng c phn x ngc li. Kt qu l mt khong
thi gian tr d s c to ra gia thnh phn bc sng ngn so vi thnh phn
bc sng di.
(4.3)
Trong cng thc trn d l khong thi gian tr, neff l chit xut hiu dng, L l
di on cch t Bragg, c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, c l hiu s gia
bc sng b phn x u on cch t (thnh phn bc sng di nht) so vi
bc sng b phn x cui on cch t (thnh phn ngn nht).
ngn
di
FBG
Hnh 4.3 Nguyn l b tn sc ca quang si cch t Bagg chu k bin i
y l hin tng ngc vi hin tng tn sc v l nguyn l ca thit b b

tn sc trong mng thng tin quang dng cch t Bragg chu k thay i tuyn tnh.
Hnh v 4.4 l mt m hnh c bn ca thit b b tn sc dng cch t Bragg
chu k thay i tuyn tnh.
EDFA
Tx
Rx
Circulator
input
Broadened
pulse
Recompressed
pulse
Hnh 4. 4. M hnh c bn ca thit b b tn sc dng cch t Bagg chu k thay i tuyn

tnh
Trn hnh v circulator l thit b ghp ni quang ch cho nh sng i ln lt

cc cng 1, 2, 3 theo chiu kim ng h. Mt xung b gin rng sau khi c
khuch i s i qua mt circulator ti on cch t Bragg c chu k bin i
nh hnh v. Ti on cch t, thnh phn bc sng ngn ti trc do tn sc s
phi i thm qung ng na trc khi c phn x ngc li ti thit b u
thu. Trong khi , thnh phn bc sng di hn, n chm hn do b tn sc, s
c phn x ngay khi ti cch t Bragg. Kt qu l xung tn hiu sau khi i qua
thit b b c co li. Tnh ton hp l cc s liu v di on cch t
Bragg, hm thay i ca chu k cc cch t L(z), ngi ta c th thu c xung
nh sng c rng nh u pht.
Ngi ta chng minh rng mt on cch t Bragg di 5, 7cm c th b cho
100km quang si truyn thng c tn sc 17ps/nm km dng bc sng 1550nm,
rng ph 0, 2 nm.
4. 2 ng dng ca FBG trong b tch ghp knh OADM

4. 2. 1 Tng quan v WDM
Ghp knh theo bc sng l cng ngh c bn to nn mng quang. K thut
ny s dng si quang mang nhiu knh quang c lp ring r. Mi mt bc
sng biu th cho mt knh quang trong si.
Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM l k thut truyn dn trn si quang m s
dng cc bc sng nh sng khc nhau truyn dn s liu song song theo bit
hay ni tip theo k t.
Qua qu trnh pht trin cng ngh khi nim WDM c thay bng khi nim
DWDM. V nguyn l khng c s khc bit no ln gia hai cng ngh trn,
DWDM ni n khong cch gn gia cc knh v ch ra mt cch nh tnh s
lng knh ring r (mt knh) trong h thng. Nhng knh quang trong h
thng DWDM thng nm trong ca s mt bc sng ch yu l 1550 nm.
H thng WDM hon ton tng t nh h thng TDM truyn thng. Cu to
ca n bao gm cc b pht v thu hai pha cng vi cc b lp v xen r gia.
Tuy nhin n khc ch WDM truyn dn ng thi cc knh quang qua si.
Chng ta c th xem WDM nh l mt h thng nhiu TDM dng chung ng
truyn l si quang. Ngi ta chia h thng WDM thnh hai dng da trn s
lng si nm gia pht v thu :
H thng ghp bc sng mt hng:
H thng ghp bc sng mt hng s dng mi si quang cho tng hng
truyn dn:

1,2.N
2
Tx2
N
TxN
R
E
G
O
A
D
M
R
E
G
MUX & DEMUX
Tx1
MUX & DEMUX
Rx1
2
Rx2
N
RxN
1,2.N
Hnh 4. 5: H thng ghp bc sng mt hng
H thng ghp bc sng hai hng:

1,2.N
2
Tx2
N
TxN
R
E
G
OA
DM
R
E
G
MUX & DEMUX
Tx1
MUX & DEMUX
Rx1
2
Rx2
N
RxN
'1,2.N
Hnh 4. 6: H thng ghp bc sng hai hng
Nguyn l hot ng chung ca h thng WDM ny nh sau :

Mi tn hiu cn truyn i u pht c iu ch vi mi bc sng khc
nhau (c th l iu pha, iu tn hay iu bin), sau tt c cc tn hiu sau iu
ch ny c a vo mt b ghp knh MUX, tn hiu ra khi b ghp knh l tn
hiu quang t hp ca nhiu bc sng dng iu ch 1, 2 N. Tn hiu
ny c khuych i sau a vo si quang truyn ti b thu. i vi mng
truyn dn quang khong cch ln ngi ta cn dng thm cc trm lp v cc b

tch ghp knh quang t trn ng truyn nhm ti to tn hiu, tch ghp lung
nng cao cht lng truyn dn.
Cu hnh mng thc t ca mng WDM quang bao gm cc cu hnh im im, cu hnh Ring v cu hnh Meshed.
4.2.2. K thut tch ghp knh quang
H thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM l mt trong nhng gii
php quan trng nht ca cc h thng truyn dn quang tc cao. S pht trin
ca cc tuyn truyn dn quang im- im vi bc sng n ln thnh h thng
truyn dn quang ghp knh theo bc sng a ra nhu cu v cc b tch ghp
knh theo bc sng OADM dng tch ghp v nh tuyn cc knh bc sng
khc nhau. Cc thit b ny c th c s dng ti nhiu im khc nhau trn
mng dc theo cc tuyn truyn dn quang v c chc nng ghp/tch cc knh
quang vi cc bc sng c la chn, vi chc nng ny mm do linh
hot ca h thng c ci thin r rt. N tr thnh mt phn rt quan trng
ca cc ng dng WDM, chng hn nh cc khu vc khc nhau c th cng kt ni
trn mt tuyn quang bng vic tch / ghp knh t mt ng truyn quang. Thm
vo , s mm do trong tc d liu ca cc knh WDM ring bit cho php
cung cp tc tu theo nhu cu. M hnh ca b tch ghp knh c m t trong
hnh sau :
1 In
1 .. 16
3
add
ADM
2 out
..
16
..
16
4
drop
M hnh c bn ca OADM
Hnh 4. 7: M hnh c bn ca OADM

C hai dng OADM chnh c s dng trong cc mng quang WDM, l
fixed OADM c dng tch hoc ghp cc tn hiu d liu trn cc knh
WDM ring bit c nh v OADM c th iu chnh v vy n c kh nng la
chn nh tuyn c cc bc sng khc nhau trong mng quang. Chc nng
chnh ca dng thit b OADM th hai ny l cung cp nh tuyn li mt cch
mm do cho cc lung quang, nh tuyn vng cho cc kt ni hng, do vy n
lm cho gim ti thiu vic phi ngt dch v v cng nh kh nng thch ng hay
nng cp mng quang vi cc k thut WDM khc nhau.
Cc cu hnh gii thiu trc y dng thc hin tch hay ghp knh
quang s dng c hai cng ngh Planar v cng ngh si. Cc thit b Planar cung
cp cc t hp gii php vi kh nng tch v ghp nhiu knh s dng duy nht
ch mt mch quang tch hp s dng k thut dy cch t dn sng AWG (arrayed
waveguide gratings) hoc k thut nh tuyn cch t dn sng WGR (waveguide
grating router). Mt hn ch chnh ca thit b Planar l suy hao xen cao, c th ln
ti 7 dB v tnh ph thuc phn cc. Mt khc cc thit b ton quang l cng l
cc gii php rt hp dn bi v tnh suy hao xen thp, tnh nhy phn cc (ph
thuc vo si v cu hnh) v d dng s dng cho vic ghp gia cc thit b u
vo v u ra ca mng quang bng vic s dng cc ghp ni n gin.
Mt dng ring ca cc OADM ton quang l da trn cch t Bragg t
gia cc coupler quang. Cu hnh ny c chng minh l ph hp cho vic
thc hin tch ghp knh, bao gm cc cch t Bragg v cc dng coupler nh l
coupler na vng (half cycle), coupler kn (full cycle).
4. 2. 3 Cc cu hnh OADM
4. 2. 3. 1 OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB
Cu hnh m bo tnh n nh v thc hin tt chc nng tch ghp knh c
a ra da trn thit b 4 cng PW (planar waveguide) c m t trong hnh
N bao gm cc thit b : b chia 3 dB v cch t mt trong cc cng ra output
ca coupler lm nhim v chn bc sng.
In
isolator
1
isolator
3 dB
coupler
1 .. 16
4
G
Drop
grating
G
add
3 dB
coupler
2
1 .. 16
out
Hnh 4. 8 : M hnh OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB
Nguyn l hot ng ca m hnh thit b ny nh sau: nh sng a vo cng 1

v c chia lm 2, ti cng ra FBG s phn x cc nh sng c bc sng G v
quay tr li cng Dropped 4 v c ly ra ngoi. Cng ra cn li ca Coupler
c ngm chm vo trong vo trong cht lu c ch s chit sut ph hp lm
cho nh sng khng phn x tr li. Tn hiu c chn s xut hin ti c
cng 1 v 4 (cng In v Drop). Mt thit b Isolator t ti cng 1 ca Coupler
bo v tn hiu vo ca h thng khng b nh hng bi cc tn hiu phn x. Tn
hiu tch yu hn 6 dB so vi tn hiu gc a vo. Trong truyn dn, mt Coupler
3 dB th hai s chia tn hiu khng c cch t phn x. Chc nng thm vo ny
c thc hin bng cch a mt tn hiu vo cng 3, bc sng ca tn hiu la
chn sao cho n b phn x bi cch t ( G) v v vy n c ghp vo tn hiu
quang cng 2 theo nguyn l hot ng ca Coupler. Mt thit b Isolator cng
c s dng v t ti cng 3 cch ly tn hiu a vo v tn hiu truyn dn t
cng vo a ti. Khi s dng hai Isolator ti cng vo v cng ghp thm , cu
hnh khng giao thoa cho php thc hin kh nng tch ghp rt tt. Trong cu hnh
ny khng c gii hn hay iu kin no v di, v tr hay apodisation ca cch
t. Cch t lc bc sng c th c thit k s dng phng php inverse
scattering. Nhc im ca cu hnh ny l vic h tr mt dung lng cho tt c
cc knh thp nht 6 dB. Tuy nhin khi so snh n vi cc thit b da trn c s
PW (planar waveguide) c mt tn hiu tng t nhng li c s linh hot hn
trong vic ch to v iu chnh bc sng la chn ca cch t.

4. 2. 3. 2 OADM da trn FBG v cu hnh giao thoa March-Zehnder
Mt phng php khc phc vic mt tn hiu ca cu hnh trn yu cu
thm mt cch t ging ht nh cch t u tin v tt c cc cng ca Coupler u
s dng, v vy cu hnh ny cn gi l cu hnh giao thoa Mach Zehnder. C hai
dng thit b ch to theo cng ngh planar hay cng ngh ton quang s dng cho
cu hnh ny u c m t v thc nghim.
V mt l thuyt thit b ny l i xng v c th mang li nhng kt qu kh
quan trong chng mt tn hiu, s phn x ngc v chng xuyn m.
3 add
1 In
G
1 8
Identical
grating
4 drop
3 dB coupler
3 dB coupler
2 out
1 8
Hnh 4. 9: OADM da trn cu hnh giao thoa Mach-Zehnder
Nguyn l ca cu hnh ny c miu t trong hnh v trn: Mt Coupler 3 dB

chia nh sng a vo t cng 1 v nh sng c bc sng G c phn x bi hai
cch t FBG ging nhau. Cc tn hiu phn x ny c a tr li vo Coupler v
c ly ra ti cng Drop. Tn hiu phn hi ngc tr li cng 1 c trit tiu
hon ton nh s dng Coupler ph hp (b chia 50%). Cc bc sng pht c
lm nhiu trong Coupler 3 dB th hai v th chng n cng ra m khng c phn
d no phn x tr li cng Add, tnh nng ny cng do Coupler quyt nh. Cu
hnh ny da trn c s chia v nhiu ca nh sng v v th kh nhy trong vic
thay i di truyn tn hiu, c im ca cc cch t ging nhau, tnh cht ca
b Coupler 3 dB. V vy n nh ca mi trng, ca cc Coupler ging nhau,
ca cc FBG quyt nh vic thit b thc hin cc tnh nng ca n c m bo
hay khng. S n nh v kh nng chu nh hng ca thit b ny trong h thng
WDM thc t c phn tch bi Erdogan: cu hnh ny nu s dng cc thit b
theo cng ngh Planar c di truyn dn ngn hn v vy d n nh hn.

Nhng mt khc cc thit b da trn si li kp trnh c yu cu v lung UV
s dng trong cu hnh giao thoa Mach Zehnder.
4. 2. 3. 3 Cu hnh OADM s dng FBG v Circulator
Cu hnh ny tng t nh cc cu hnh 4 cng ni trn, nhng trong
cc Coupler c thay th bng cc Circulator quang. V l thuyt, cu hnh ny s
dng cc thit b khng giao thoa l l tng. Cc tnh cht ph theo nguyn l ph
thuc vo hot ng v tnh cht ca FBG v c th c thit k nh mt b lc
trc giao l tng s dng k thut scattering ngc, s mt tn hiu v xuyn m
ch yu ph thuc vo hot ng ca cc Circulator quang.
circulator
circulator
grating
2
1 .8
1 .8
G
drop
out
G
add
Hnh 4. 10: OADM da trn FBG v Circulator
Nguyn l hot ng ca OADM dng ny nh sau : nh sng c a vo

cng In 1 v c nh hng ti FBG c bc sng phn x l G, nh sng c
bc sng ny c cch t phn x tr li Circulator v c tch ra cng Drop
4, cc phn nh sng cn li s chuyn qua cch t v a ti Circulator 2.
Circulator 2, mt tn hiu khc c bc sng G c a vo cng Add 3, tn hiu
ny c cch t phn x tr li v i ra cng Out 2.
Nhc im chnh ca cu hnh OADM dng ny l Circulator tng i t
v cng knh. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh Circulator gi r
v mt mt tn hiu khng ln, cu hnh ny l mt gii php rt tt cho thit b
OADM bi v tnh n nh ca n.

4. 2. 3. 4 OADM da trn cch t t gia Coupler
Tnh n nh ca OADM da trn cu hnh ca giao thoa Mach-Zehnder gii
thiu trong 4. 4. 4. 2 cng c th c ci thin nh s dng nhiu gia cc mode
ca Coupler quang. Vic to ra mt cch t gia mt coupler na vng (100%)
c chng minh trong c hai dng cu hnh thit b Planar v thit b ton
quang.
100%
coupler
add
3
1 In
grating
1 .8
G
2
G
1 .8
out
drop
Hnh 4. 11: Cu hnh OADM dng cch t nm gia Coupler
Thit b ny rt nh gn, tuy vy v nguyn l ch c s i xng hon ton khi

ch to cch t c dng nh mt b phn x im. iu ny ch c kh nng thc
hin khi s dng cc cch t rt ngn hoc cc coupler rt di. Hnh trn cho thy
cu hnh dng ny : nh sng c a vo cng 1 v c truyn ti trung tm
ca coupler. Mt cch t c t ti trung tm ca coupler ni s khc pha gia
cc mode eigen l /4, ni nh sng c chia mt cch u nhau gia hai cc phn
dn sng ca coupler. Knh c bc sng G dc phn x tr li do cch t v
phn tn hiu cn li truyn qua coupler n cng ra 2. Trong qu trnh phn x, cc
eigenmode phn x trong coupler t n khc pha tng cng l /2 v v th
knh c bc sng G c tch ra ti cng 4. V nguyn l, n nh ca thit b
giao thoa c ci thin vi cu hnh Mach-Zehnder bi v s phn x im v
nhiu t c thng qua vic truyn cc eigenmode ca coupler. Tuy nhin cc gii
hn ca i vi di cch t v di cc coupler ch to i hi phi c cc
tnh ton ph hp.

4. 2. 3. 5 Cc tham s ca cc cu hnh OADM
Hot ng ca cc OADM c m t bng cch s dng cc k hiu scattering
Sij cho mi cp cng. K hiu u tin i l k hiu cng ch (cng ra) v k hiu j l
k hiu cng vo. Mt vi tham s ca c th m t bng cch s dng cc k hiu
Scattering nh l : suy hao xen, s phn cc ph thuc mt tn hiu PDL
(polarisation depent loss), cch ly knh, phn x ngc .
Cch ly v xuyn m:
Hai tham s chnh lin quan ti s cch ly cc knh trong b tch ghp knh
OADM l tham s cch ly ca cc knh v xuyn m gia cc knh trong h thng
WDM.
P1
1 In
P2
2 out
ADM
3 Add
4 dropp
P4
G
Hnh 4. 12: M hnh cch ly knh OADM
Nu nng lng ca tn hiu quang cng vo 1 l P1 v nng lng ca tn

hiu c tch t cng 4 l P4 v nng lng cn li ca tn hiu sau tch l P2 th
h s cch ly c tnh bng -10 log (P1/P2).
Xuyn m l do cc tn hiu khng mong mun truyn t cc knh ln cn ti mt
knh no trong b lc, n c tn l xuyn m lin knh. Dng xuyn m ny c
th xut hin trong cc cu hnh OADM giao thoa v l kt qu ca vic t l phn
chia nng lng nh sng trong coupler 3 dB khng chnh xc. Tuy vy dng xuyn
m ny khng nh hng nhiu n hot ng ca h thng WDM.
Suy hao xen:

Suy hao xen lm nng lng ca cc tn hiu quang ca cc knh yu i, m hnh
ca chng c m t trong hnh sau, trong c hai tn hiu ca knh tch v
phn tn hiu cn li sau tch u b yu i :
P1
1 In
P2
2 out
ADM
3 Add
4 dropp
P4
G
Hnh 4. 13: Suy hao xen trong OADM
H s suy hao xen lins tng ng vi hiu sut truyn nh sng t mt cng i
ti mt cng j v nh hng ca n ln tt c cc knh l nh nhau v c tnh
theo cng thc:
Lins= 10 log (Pi /P j) (4.4)
Trong Pi v Pj l nng lng ca tn hiu quang ti cc cng ra ca OADM v
gi s khng xut hin xuyn m hay PDL.
Phn x ngc:
M hnh v cc tham s nh hng n qu trnh phn x ngc c m t trong

hnh (). Nu OADM la chn bc sng da trn cch t Bragg vi bc sng
phn x l G v khi cc knh (cc tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau) c
a vo cng 1 hoc 3 cc tn hiu c bc sng G c la chn s c phn x
v a n cng 4 hoc 2 theo th t . Tuy nhin cng c mt b phn ca nh
sng b phn x ngc tr li cng ban u, ta xem phn phn x ngc tr li ny
c nng lng l P1 v P3. Nh vy h s phn x ngc Sii c tnh bng 10
log(Pi / Pi). Cc nh hng ca vic phn x ngc ny c th trnh c bng
vic s dng cc b cch ly Isolator ti c hai cng ny (cng In 1 v cng Add 3).

Cng c mt phng php khc dng trnh hin tng ny l dng b cn bng
OADM ph hp.
P1
P1'
1 In
2 out
ADM
P3
3 Add
4 dropp
P3'
G
Hnh 4. 14: M hnh v tham s ca phn x ngc trong OADM
4. 3 ng dng ca FBG trong cn bng khuych i ca thit b khuych

i quang si EDFA
4. 3. 1 Tng quan v EDFA
4. 3. 1. 1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA:
Thit b EDFA l mt dng ca thit b khuych i quang si OFA (Optical
Fibre Amplifier). Cu to ca n bao gm mt si quang c pha tp thm
nguyn t t him Erbium. Si quang sau khi c pha tp s thay i cu trc
phn t v trong bn thn si quang xut hin cc mc nng lng m ti
Electron c tp trung ti trong nhng iu kin ph hp. Cc mc nng lng
c m t c th trong s sau :
E2
Phn r
E3
980 nm
bm
1480 nm
bm
Pht x
kch thch
1550 nm
E1
Hnh 4. 15: m hnh mc nng lng ca si quang pha tp Erbium

EDFA bao gm mt on ngn si cp quang v phn li ca n c pha tp
khong 0. 1% Erbium. Nguyn l hot ng ca n nh sau : khi cc ion Erbium
nhn c nng lng t ngun laser bm (cc bc sng bm c th l 1480 nm
hay 980 nm tu theo cu trc ca EDFA) cc in t ca n c bm ti mc
nng lng cao hn chng hn nh t E1 ln E2, E2 l trng thi khng bn nn
in t s phn r xung mc nng lng thp hn l E4.
Nu thi gian in t sng mc E3 ln cc in t c ngun bm
kch thch tp trung li mc nng lng ny th s xy ra hin tng o mt :
c ngha l mt in t nm trn mc nng lng E2 ln hn mt ca chng
nm trn mc nng lng c bn E1. Lc ny trong si quang s c hin tng bc
x t pht : in t s t phn hu t mc nng lng kch thch E2 v mc nng
lng c bn E1, qu trnh ny s gii phng ra mt photon c tn s = (E2 E1)/
h hoc bc x kch thch khi in t c kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng
h = E2- E1 n cng s nhy v mc c bn v sinh ra mt photon c nng lng
ng bng h. Hin tng pht x kch thch ny c ng dng lm b khuych
i EDFA, khi cc photon ca tn hiu quang c a vo si EDFA trong si s
xut hin hin tng pht x kch thch v tn hiu c khuych i.
Cc h thng EDFA trong thc t c m t trong hnh sau :
EDFA
input
B cch
ly
Coupler
B cch
ly
Out put
Laser
bm
Hnh 4. 16: Cu trc modul EDFA thc t
4. 3. 1. 2 Tng cn bng cho khuych i EDFA

K t khi ra i vo nm 1987 cho ti nay, EDFA c nhng bc pht trin
mnh m v lin tc c hon thin. EDFA c bit ph hp vi cc h thng
truyn dn quang WDM bi n lm vic ti bc sng 1550 nm vi h s khuych

i cao, cng sut ra ln v nhiu thp. N cng c ng dng cho cc b
khuych i Raman
Tuy nhin i vi cc ng dng trong h thng truyn dn quang WDM, EDFA
cng c nhng hn ch l do cu trc mc nng lng, EDFA c h s khuych
i khng u nhau i vi cc bc sng khc nhau ca h thng WDM, iu ny
dn n cc h thng WDM s dng khuych i EDFA c cht lng ca cc
knh tn hiu khng u nhau nh hng n cht lng truyn dn, do vy s cn
bng ph khuych i ca mt b khuych i rt cn thit cho vic cn bng nng
lng gia cc knh nhm trnh li cc tn hiu c truyn qua h thng truyn
dn quang. c mt s phng php s dng cho cc b cn bng EDFA (cc b
cn bng ny c th l cn bng trong hoc cn bng ngoi). Cc phng php cn
bng trong to ra s thay i ca cc thuc tnh ph hp th ca si v ph nh
sng truyn qua si bng cch s dng cc k thut co doping i vi cc ion. Cc
phng php da trn c s cc thit b lc c thit k vi ph lc ph thuc vo
ph khuych i ca EDFA. Cc dng b lc ny hin c m t v thc
nghim. Cc dng thit b ny c th c phn chia lm hai loi : l thit b
active (ch ng) vi kh nng cu hnh li do n c kh nng thay i c tnh
ph tu thuc vo cc hiu ng bo ho, dng thit b passive (th ng) c c
tnh ph hon ton c nh khng c kh nng thay i.
Cc dng thit b active bao gm : cc b lc acousto- optic tunable, Straintuneable s dng FBG, micro mechanical v b lc quang tch hp s dng cng
ngh planar. Cc dng thit b th ng Passive bao gm cc dng : cc thit b
LPG, FBG, v cc b lc s dng si kch thch pha Samarium.
Tt c cc thit b trn u c cc thuc tnh l kh nng cn bng khuych
i v gim suy hao xen (insertion loss). Cu hnh ca EDFA s dng b lc nh
sau :
Tn hiu
WDM
coupler
EDFA
B lc
cn bng
Tn hiu
cn bng
Bm
Hnh 4. 17: Cu hnh b lc t ngoi EDFA

Tn hiu
WDM
coupler
EDFA
B lc
cn bng
EDFA
Tn hiu
cn bng
Bm
Hnh 4. 18: Cu hnh b lc t gia EDFA
Vic la chn cu hnh cng nh loi thit b dng cn bng khuych i cho
h thng EDFA ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh yu cu ca h thng WDM ang
s dng, yu cu v cc thuc tnh k thut nh l suy hao, xuyn m . Tuy vy,
trong cc h thng thc t hin nay cc thit b cn bng dng FBG hin ang rt
pht trin v c nhiu ng dng rng ri v t ra rt ph hp vi cc h thng
WDM bi tin cy cao v chi ph sn xut r.

4. 3. 2 ng dng ca FBG trong b cn bng khuych i EDFA
isolator
EDFA
WDM
coupler
isolator
Signal
Signal
pump
isolator
WDM
coupler
EDFA
FBG
isolator
Signal
Signal
pump
Hnh 4. 19: EDFA khng s dng v c s dng FBG
Hnh (4. 19) m t cu hnh EDFA c s dng b cn bng v khng s dng b

cn bng khuych i. Trong cu hnh s dng b cn bng khuych i, cch t
Bragg c t ngay trc si quang pha Erbium nhm mc ch phn x gn nh
ton b nhiu khuych i t pht ASE quay tr li si EDF nhm gim bo ho
gy nn bi tn hiu, do vy lm tng di bin thin cng sut u vo. Xt ring
tng cu hnh v so snh h s khuych i ca chng, ta thy :
i vi trng hp khng s dng FBG:

Theo nh ngha, h s khuych i ca b khuych i l t s cng sut gia
u ra v u vo :
G () =
P out ()
Pin ()
(4.5)

i vi EDFA cng sut u ra ngoi tn hiu cn thm phn cng sut ASE, do
out
out
cng sut ra P () l tng cng sut ca tn hiu c khuych i Ps ()
v tng cng sut ASE trung bnh trn c hai hng thun ngc PASE () :
out
in
P out () = Ps () + PASE () = G() Ps () + PASE () (4.6)
Nh vy h s khuych i ca EDFA c tnh nh sau :
G () =
P out () PASE ()
in
Ps ()
(4.7)
in
y Ps () l cng sut ca tn hiu vo. nh hng ca gia tng cng sut tn
in
hiu vo Ps () i vi h s khuych i ca EDFA c c t bi ng cong
in
G()= f ( Ps () ). Trong ch nng lng tn hiu vo nh, ng cong ny l
tuyn tnh nhng trong ch tn hiu vo ln ng cong ny l phi tuyn v xy

ra hin tng bo ho khuych i. Theo quy nh, bo ho xy ra khi khuych
i ca EDFA gim xung 3 dB di gi tr cha bo ho Gmax, hay ni cch khc
h s khuych i ca EDFA gim xung mt na [4]. Quan h ny nh sau:
Psatout () =
G max ( ) in
Psat ( )
2
(4.8)
hoc:
Psatout (,dB ) =G max
( ,dB )+ Psatin( ,dB

) 3(dB )
(4.9)
Hai tham s Gmax v Psat ( ) hoc Psat () tng ng vi mi cng sut bm

in
out
s quyt nh di rng thay i cng sut tn hiu u vo ca EDFA trong gii

hn:
Psin ( ) < Psatin ( ) hoc Psout () < Psatout ()

. i vi trng hp EDFA
s dng FBG:
(4.10)

Trong trng hp s dng FBG, thnh phn cng sut nhiu ASE hng ngc
PAES
( ) s b FBG ngn chn v phn x ngc tr li si EDF. Khi cng sut
nhiu ASE phn x bi FBG ngc tr li si EDF xc nh nh sau:
PASE ref ( ) = RFBG ( ) PASE

( )
(4.11)
Trong RFBG( ) l phn x ca FBG. Sau khi thnh phn ASE phn x
ngc tr li t FBG PASE ref ( ) n li tr thnh truyn cng hng vi nh sng
tn hiu, khi cng sut u vo Prinef ( ) v u ra Prout
ef ( ) c xc nh nh sau:
Prinef ( ) = Psinref ( ) + PASE ref ( ) = Psinref ( ) + RFBG ( ) PASE

( )
out
in
Prout
ef ( ) = Ps ref ( ) + PASE ref ( ) = GFBG ( ) Pref ( ) + PASE ( )
(4.12)
Psin ref ( ) v Psout

ref ( ) l cng sut tn hiu u vo v u ra khi s dng FBG. T
phng trnh (13), (14), (15) suy ra h s khuych i trong trng hp s dng
FBG nh sau:
G FBG ( ) =
Prout
Prout
ef () PASE ()
ef () PASE ()
=
Prinef ()
Psinref () + RFBG ( ) PASE
()
(4.13)
Phng trnh cho thy tn hiu u vo EDFA c thm thnh phn nhiu ASE b
phn x ngc tr li bi FBG, do vy h s khuych i s b gim xung.
cn bng khuych i ca EDFA, bin php n gin v hiu qu l da
trn c s s dng FBG u vo si EDF phn x (ti trn 99%) thnh phn
nhiu ASE tr li si EDF (nh th hin trn hnh v ). T cc biu thc ton hc
xc nh v cn bng h s khuych i ca EDFA l cng sut nhiu ASE
( ) .
hng ngc PAES
H s khuych i i vi cng sut tn hiu u vo ph thuc vo c tnh

khuych i tnh hiu ca EDFA. Trong ch khuych i tn hiu nh (hay
khuych i cha bo ho), h s khuyc i G thay i tuyn tnh vi cng sut
tn hiu u vo hu nh t thay i trong mt phm vi xc nh. Trong ch
khuych i tn hiu ln (hay khuych i bo ho), h s khuych i G thay i

phi tuyn vi cng sut tn hiu u vo. Cc c tuyn thc nghim xc nh h s
khuych i ca EDFA i vi cng sut tn hiu u vo v chiu di khuych i
nh th hin trn hnh v di tng ng vi bc sng tn hiu 1550 nm, 11 m
chiu di si EDF, cng sut bm 145 mW, trong cc trng hp khng s dng
FBG v s dng FBG bng hp (NB-FBG)/ FBG bng rng (BB-FBG).
khuych
i
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Cng sut
tn hiu vo
Hnh 4. 20: c tuyn thc nghim khuych i ca EDFA ph thuc cng sut tn hiu
u vo ti bc sng 1550 nm
Nhn xt:
Trong trng hp khng s dng FBG: h s khuyc i hay ni cch khc
khuych i ca EDFA gi n nh (hu nh khng thay i, th hin on bng
phng trn ng c tuyn) khi cng sut tn hiu u vo cn nh trong phm vi
t - 40 dB dn 16 dB (ngha l khong bin thin cng sut tn hiu u vo 24
dB); khi cng sut tn hiu u vo vt gi tr cng sut tn hiu u vo bo ho
Psatin (16dBm) th h s khuych i gim xung nhanh v gy mt n nh khuych
i (th hin on dc xung trn ng c tuyn). iu ny gii thch nh sau:

khi tn hiu u vo cn nh, cng sut nhiu ASE hu nh khng thay i v cng

sut tn hiu u ra tng ln tng ng nhng theo phng trnh (9) quan h t l
thay i gia cng sut tn hiu u vo v u ra vn cn nm trong phm vi cho
php m khng gy nn tnh trng thay i h s khuych i, do on c
tuyn khuych i bng phng cho n khi cng sut tn hiu u vo tng ln ti
gii hn bo ho khuych i, khi ny tc bc x cng bc gy ra bi cng
sut tn hiu cao xp x vi tc bm; nu cng sut tn hiu vo tip tc tng ln,
cng sut tn hiu ra tng ln chm dn ri t ti trng thi bo ho gy nn bi
ASE, t phng trnh (9) khi cng sut u ra tng ln chm dn ri hu nh khng
tng (bo ho), nhng cng sut tn hiu u vo vn tng ln dn ti h s
khuych i suy gim, lm cho on c tuyn khuych i b dc xung.
Trong trng hp s dng FBG (cu hnh s dng BB-FBG hoc NB-FBG): h
s khuych i ca EDFA hu nh khng thay i khi cng sut tn hiu u vo
thay i (phm vi rng hn so vi khi khng s dng FBG) t -40 dBm ti -2 dBm
(khong bin thin cng sut tn hiu u vo 38 dB); khi cng sut tn hiu u
vo tng i ln v t gi tr bo ho Psatin ref (2dBm) h s khuych i bt u
thay i; khi cng sut tn hiu vt gi tr bo ho Psatin ref h s khuych i gim
xung. iu ny gii thch nh sau: do tc dng phn x li phn cng sut nhiu
ASE hng ngc PASE

, sau khi b phn x bi FBG, thnh phn ASE ny s
truyn cng hng truyn tn hiu, khi n li tr thnh ASE hng thun (
+
PASE
- ref ), do nh sng tn hiu b hp th mt phn, cho nn lm gim bo ho
khuych i gy nn bi tn hiu khuych i hay ni cch khc cng sut tn hiu

u ra vn tip tc tng ln khi cng sut tn hiu vo tng (so vi trng hp
khng s dng FBG), theo cc phng trnh h s khuych i ca EDFA vn
khng thay i (on c tuyn bng phng m rng hn) khi cng sut tn hiu
u vo tng ln cho ti khi cng sut tn hiu u vo tng ln ti gii hn bo ho
(-2dBm), k c c s gp phn thm vo ca cng sut ASE phn x ngc tr li
FBG; nu cng sut tn hiu u vo tip tc tng ln, cng sut tn hiu u ra tng
ln chm dn ri t ti trng thi bo ho, t phng trnh (13) khi cng sut u
ra tng ln chm dn ri hu nh khng tng, nhng cng sut tn hiu u vo vn

tng ln v cng sut nhiu ASE phn x tr li bi FBG tng ln lm cho h s
khuych i suy gim (on c tuyn khuych i dc xung).
H s khuych i ca EDFA cao nht trong trng hp khng s dng FBG v
gim xung trong trng hp s dng FBG (BB-FBG hoc NB-FBG). S suy gim
h s khuych i ca EDFA khi s dng FBG so vi khi khng s dng FBG l
do: trong cu hnh s dng FBG phn x nhiu ASE ngc tr li si EDF, nh
phn tch trn, nhiu ASE b phn x ngc tr li si EDF bi FBG tr thnh
cng chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu, cho nn tc ng lm suy gim cng sut tn
hiu u vo v gim bo ho khuych i gy nn bi tn hiu c khuych i;
theo phng trnh (9), (13), (16), thnh phn cng sut nhiu ASE hng ngc
PASE
phn x ngc tr li si EDF bi FBG v tham gia vo hng truyn tn
hiu nh mt tn hiu u vo ca EDFA, v vy h s khuych i ca EDFA khi

s dng FBG do c thm thnh phn cng sut PASE ref ( ) thp hn so vi
khng s dng FBG.
khuych i
(p.u)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1546 nm
1552 nm
0.7
khuych i
(p.u)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1546 nm
1552 nm
Hnh 4.21: h s khuych i ph thuc bc sng trong trng hp khng s dng v s

dng cch t Bragg CFBG cho khuych i EDFA
4. 4 Mt s ng dng khc ca FBG

4. 4. 1 ng dng trong cm bin
Cch t Bragg quang l mt trong nhng s pht trin th v nht trong lnh vc
nghin cu cc h thng cm bin si quang trong nhng nm gn y. Cc dng
FBG nh FBG thng thng, FBG chu k bin i tuyn tnh, FBG dch pha u
c th s dng trong cc h thng cm bin.
Cc dng cm bin c th ng dng cch t Bragg quang l nhit v sc
cng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta c th dng FBG gim st trng thi v
nhit hoc sc cng ca mi trng hay gim st c hai yu t ny cng lc.
Cch t quang bc sng kp s dng nhn bit cc nh hng ca nhit v
sc cng c tm ra ti phng th nghim M. G. Xu et al.
Hn na, FBG cho thy cc p ng bc sng rt tt i vi nhit v sc
cng m chng ta c th s dng iu chnh mt cch chnh xc cc bc sng
trong cc phn t chuyn i tn hiu cm bin.
FBG c kh nng phn x cao vi bc sng hp ti bc sng Bragg ca n
G, thng thng hiu sut phn x ca FBG c th ln hn 75%. Vi hiu sut
phn x ny s c nng lng cho photodiode thc hin tch sng. c im
ring ny ca cm bin FBG vi G duy nht gip cho n khng ph thuc nhiu
vo cng quang trong h thng.
Nguyn l hot ng v m hnh ca cc h thng cm bin s dng FBG c
m t trong hnh (4. 21). Trong h thng ny, FBG c t di cc tc ng trc
tip ca mi trng cn gim st, di tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng nh
nhit , p sut hay sc cng FBG s thay i cc c tnh ca n v lm cho G
thay i, b tch sng v x l khi pht hin ra s thay i ny s iu khin v
pht ra tn hiu cnh bo.
Nh ni trn, FBG c th p ng i vi nhiu yu t nh hng ca mi
trng nn rt d dng ghp nhiu loi cm bin vo trong cng mt si quang. Khi
cn m rng cc chc nng ca h thng, chng ta c th thm vo trong h thng
cm bin c nhiu sensor phc v cho cc chc nng c m rng.
Bin
Bin
Bc sng ti
Bc sng lc qua FBG

Mi
trng
coupler
Ngun bng
rng
Ngun bng
rng
FBG
Tc ng
Bc sng phn x
Bin
Bin
Tch sng &

x l
Bc sng phn x
Hnh 4. 22 M hnh h thng cm bin s dng FBG v nguyn l hot ng
So vi cc dng sensor khc, sensor FBG c rt nhiu u im: kch thc nh

gn, khng chu cc tc ng ca trng in t, khng dn in, c cm bin v
ghp knh th ng (mng cm bin). C rt nhiu ng dng i vi dng thit b
cm bin ny, ngoi cc dng trn n cn c th dng trong gim st cu trc bn
trong cng trnh xy dng nh nh ca, cu cng hay p nc
4. 4. 2 ng dng trong cng ngh Laser
FBG c mt s ng dng quan trng trong dng thit b quang ny. FBG c th s
dng nh mt thit b phn x c khong bc sng phn x rt nh ph hp cho
vic cung cp cc dng xung ngn hay laser n sc, n cng c th s dng cho
cc b lc ca h thng thng tin quang WDM.
KT LUN
Qua mt thi gian tm hiu nghin cu v tng hp v cch t Bragg si quang,
em nm bt mt cch tng quan v nguyn l, tnh cht cng nh cc ng dng
ca cch t Bragg si quang trong cc h thng thc t. Trc ht, n nghin
cu v cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca cch t Bragg si quang, trong c bao
gm cc tnh cht ca cc dng cch t ring bit khc nhau. Tip n da trn cc
tnh cht ny m n a ra cc ng dng ca cc dng cch t trong cc h
thng thc t nh cm bin, laser v ni bt l ng dng trong h thng truyn dn
quang. Tuy nhin, sau gn 30 nm nghin cu v pht trin, cch t Bragg si
quang tr thnh mt lnh vc rt a dng trong loi hnh v rng ln trong ng
dng nn trong phm n ny em khng th nghin c th, chi tit v cc vn
ca cch t Bragg si quang m ch tin hnh tm hiu, nghin cu v cc vn c
bn nht. Cng vi s pht trin chng loi ca cch t ngy cng c tm ti v
a ra thc t (chng hn cch t Chiu x FBG), cc ng dng ca n cng cng
ngy cng c m rng nht l trong lnh vc vin thng v cc h thng cm bin
trong xy dng, bo mt, kim tra cc yu t mi trng trong cc ngnh cng
nghip chng hn nh luyn kim, sinh ha Sau cng n cp n cc cng
ngh dng ch to cch t Bragg, n bao gm c cc cch ch to c in cng
nh hn i. Thm ch n cn cp n cc cng ngh ch to FBG hin ang ch
di dng tim nng v ch xut hin trong cc phng th nghim v cha c a
ra thng mi ho trong thc t.
Tng lai, cch t Bragg si quang s cn c nhiu ng dng quan trng cn
c nghin cu s dng ht tim nng, chng hn nh h thng chuyn mch
knh quang v cc h thng cm bin trong cc cng trnh. iu i hi phi c
nhng nghin cu su v ton din hn na v kh nng ca dng thit b ny
Trong n ny chc chn em khng th trnh khi nhiu thiu st. Em mong c
s gp v lng th ca cc thy c v cc bn.
71

hon thnh n ny mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn
tnh ca thy Nguyn c Nhn cng cc thy c gio trong hc vin gip em
hon thnh bn n ny.
Sinh vin
Hong Trng Giang
72
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Yinian Zhu, Rand Afrikaans University Johannesburg Republic of South
Africa Fabrication of Long period Gratings and their Application in Optical Fibre
Communications and Sensing Systems
[2]. Jianfeng Zhao, Rand Afrikaans University Johannesburg Republic of
South Africa An Object-Oriented Simulation Program for Fibre Bragg Gratings
[3]. www.photonic.com
[4]. V Vn San, K thut thng tin quang, NXB KHKT 12/1997
1[5] Yihong Chen, Christopher Visone, Richard Pavlik, Daniel Al-Salameh,
Jack Tomlimson, Stan Lumish, Role of the Dynamic Gain Equaliser as a

Network Equaliser, JDS Uniphase Corporation
2
[6] Atul Srivastava, Ph.D, Gordon Wilson, Ph.D, Horacio Facca, M.B.A,
Creating Economic Value in DWDM Systems with Dynamic Gain Equalization,

White Paper, Onetta.
3 [7] Ozan K. Tonguz, Member, IEEE, and Felton A. Flood, Member IEEE,
Gain Equalization of EDFA Ccascades, Journal of lightwave technology, Vol 15,

No 10 Octorber, 1997
4[8] Yihong Chen, Christopher Visone, Richard Pavlik, Daniel Al-Salameh,
Jack Tomlimson, System test of Dynamic Gain Equalizer in Long Haul

Transmission, JDS Uniphase Corporation, 625 Industrial Way, Eatontown, NJ
07724, USA
73

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Mc lc

3. 5. 2 Cch t Bragg quang chu k thay i ........................................................................................................35

3. 5. 3 Cch t iu bin chit sut ......................................................................................................................39

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT

4. 3 NG DNG CA FBG TRONG CN BNG KHUYCH I CA THIT B KHUYCH I QUANG SI EDFA..............................58

4. 3. 2 ng dng ca FBG trong b cn bng khuych i EDFA.......................................................................62

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT

Add / Drop Multiplexing

B tch ghp knh

Apodisation Fibre Bragg

Cch t iu bin chit sut

Array Waveguide Gratings

Blazed Fibre Bragg Grating

Cch t chiu x Bragg

Chirped Fibre Bragg Grating Cch t Bragg si quang chu k

DWDM Dense Wavelength Division

Ghp knh mt cao phn chia

Erbium Doped Fibre

B khuych i quang si pha

Fibre Bragg Grating

Cch t Bragg si quang

Gate Planar Waveguide

Cng dn sng Planar

LCFBG Linear Chirped Fibre Bragg

Cch t Bragg si quang chu k

Long Period Grating

Cch t Bragg si quang chu k

Optical Add / Drop

B tch ghp knh quang

Optical Fibre Amplifier

Polarisation Depent Loss

Phn cc ph thuc suy hao

Uniform Chirped Fibre

Cch t Bragg si quang chu k

Ghp knh phn chia theo bc

Waveguide Gratings Router

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

1. 2. S lc cng ngh ch to FBG

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

1.3. S lc v cc ng dng ca FBG

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Hnh 2. 1. C ch nhy trong m hnh trung tm mu

2. 2 Cc phng php tng nhy

Hnh 2. 2. Phn ng ph v cu trc Si-O-Ge do nhit

Cu trc Si-OH c nh hp th ti bc song 1390nm nm trong vng ph

thay i chit sut khc x

Hnh 2. 3. Ch s chit sut khc x thay i theo sc cng

Hnh 2.4: X l bng tia cn cc tm

2. 3 Mt s phng php ch to cch t

Hnh 2. 5. S phng php ch to im - im

2. 3. 2 Chiu x bng xung laser CO2

Hnh 2. 6. Cu trc dy vi thu knh

Mc d phng php ny c u im v gi thnh nhng n cng c rt

Hnh 2. 7. S b tr mt n v si trong phng php cy ion

quan st ngi ta dng mt my phn tch ph. T i n kt lun ti

Hnh 2.8: Phng php mt n bin s dng tia UV

Hnh 3. 1 Cu to v chit sut ca FBG

l ch s chit sut trung bnh ca li si quang v