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Ngn nga nhim cng nghip

Ngn nga nhim cng nghip (Industrial Pollution Prevention - IPP) l mt thut ng c dng miu t cc cng nghip sn xut v nhng chin lc m n dn n kt qu l loi tr hoc gim bt cc dng thi c v s lng dng thi cng nh c tnh nhim ca mi dng thi. C th c nhng cch nh ngha khc nhau, y ch xin c trch dn 2 nh ngha c tnh bao qut nht: Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin hip quc (UNEP): "Ngn nga nhim cng nghip l vic p dng mt cch lin tc chin lc ngn nga tng hp v mt mi trng i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, cc sn phm v cc dch v nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t v gim thiu cc ri ro i vi con ngi v mi trng". Mc tiu ca qu trnh sn xut: Bo tn vt liu v nng lng, loi b cc vt liu th c hi v gim bt khi lng cng nh c tnh ca tt c cc cht thi v cc hi kh c hi ngay ti ngun. Mc tiu i vi cc sn phm: Gim bt cc tc ng tiu cc trong sut ton b vng i ca mt sn phm, t lc thit k cho n lc thi b. Mc tiu i vi cc dch v: Lng ghp cc khi nim mi trng vo trong vic thit k v cung cp cc dch v. Cc Bo v mi trng Hoa K (EPA): "Ngn nga nhim cng nghip l vic s dng cc vt liu, cc qu trnh hoc cc thao tc vn hnh sao cho gim bt hoc loi tr kh nng to ra cc cht nhim hoc cc cht thi ngay ti ngun. N bao gm cc hnh ng lm gim vic s dng cc vt liu c hi, nng lng, nc, hoc cc ti nguyn thin nhin thng qua vic bo tn hoc s dng c hiu qu hn". Ngn nga nhim cng nghip i hi phi c s thay i v nhn thc v thi ca cc i tng c lin quan, thc hin vic qun l mi trng vi tinh thn trch nhim v nh hng nhng s la chn v cng ngh.

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Cc yu t ct li ca cch tip cn v ngn nga nhim cng nghip c tng hp li. Hin nay chin lc ngn nga nhim cng nghip ang c Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin hip quc (UNEP) v cc chng trnh mi trng ca nhiu nc cng nghip pht trin p dng trin khai nhm bo v cc ngun ti nguyn v mi trng. Ngn nga nhim ni chung v ngn nga nhim cng nghip ni ring s tr thnh yu t quyt nh trong chin lc qun l mi trng thng nht ca c th gii. Nhiu thut ng c s dng miu t cc hot ng gii hn hoc lm gim thiu s pht trin, s pht sinh ca cht thi nguy hi, gim ti thiu cht thi, gim cht thi, ngun thi ngn nga nhim, ti ch v ti s dng. Mt s v d v qun l ngn nga cc ngun cht thi nguy hi Cht thi nguy hi, i khi cn c gi l cc cht thi c bit, l nhng cht thi cn phi vn chuyn, x l, v thi b mt cch c bit v tim nng nguy hi hay th tch ln ca chng, tt nht cc cht thi ny khng th nhp vi cc dng thi sinh hot, nhng hin tng ny vn xy ra kh thng xuyn, c bit cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam. Cht thi c bit c th gy tc ng nghim trng ti sc kho v mi trng nu khng c qun l tt. Nhng ngi lm vic vi cc cht thi ny (nh nhng ngi lm rc chng hn) phi i mt thng xuyn vi nhng s ri ro kh cao. Thnh phn c hi ca cc cht thi ny c th i vo mi trng, lm nhim cc ngun nc. Cht nguy hi cng c th lm xung cp cc trang thit b ca bi chn lp cht thi. Ngn nga cht thi nguy hi c tho lun n y bi v chng c tc ng tiu cc tim nng ln h thng qun l cht thi th ni chung, trong c bit l cc cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Qun l cht thi rn nguy hi l mt cng vic tng i kh khn i vi hu ht cc nc ang pht trin, c bit nhng ni cha c h thng qun l cht thi sinh hot hon chnh. C 3 nguyn do: th nht: quy nh i vi qun l cht thi cha r rng; th hai: cc ngun lc sn c qun l cht thi cn thiu vn; v th ba: cng ngh cn thit qun l cht thi nguy hi c bit thng khng ph bin. Vic qun l hu hiu cc cht thi nguy hi c bit cn bt u vi vic nh gi ca cht thi ln sc kho v mi trng, li ch mi trng ca vic qun l ng quy cch cht thi nguy hi c th rt ln v trong nhiu trng hp mt lng nh cht thi c th gy thit hi ln. Tuy nhin, mc du cht thi nguy hi c ri ro, s lng khng phi lc no cng nhiu c thu gom v thi ring r. Ngn nga ri ro trong qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi. C s pht sinh cht thi nguy hi cn phi k khai s lng, thnh phn cht thi cn thu gom, x l. Hot ng thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi nguy hi ch c thc hin bi n v c cp giy php. Khi thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi phi m bo an ton, trnh r r, v trang thit b vn chuyn theo tiu chun quy nh, l trnh vn chuyn khng qu di, trnh cc khu ng dn c, khu cng cng, n v thu gom phi c nht k hnh trnh, c k hoch ng cu s c khi xy ra tai nn khi vn chuyn, thu gom x l cht thi nguy hi. Cht thi nguy hi phi c ng gi v ghi nhn theo quy nh. Vic ghi nhn cnh bo cht thi nguy hi l rt quan trng. Giy nhn v mc in trn nhn phi bn trong iu kin vn chuyn. Trn nhn phi m bo nhng thng tin quan trng

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nht nh: Tn gi, xut x, c tnh l ho, tnh c, thnh phn cu to, thi hn bo qun hn s dng. C 2 loi nhn hiu: Nhn bo nguy him dng cho tt c cc cht nguy hi v cht thi nguy hi. Nhn c dng hnh vung nghing 450, cht nguy hi c biu din bng hnh nh v ch vit nu c nhn bo nguy hi ph phi dn ngay bn cnh nhn chnh. Nhn ch dn bo qun, dng hnh ch nht ghi mt mnh hoc ghi km theo nhn. Nhn ny ghi cc cht cn lu nh tnh d v, tnh t, iu kin bo qun khi vn chuyn, lu tr v hay s dng. Nhn trn bao b cha cht nguy hi v cht thi nguy hi c hnh dng, mu sc, k hiu v ch vit theo chun quc t, hoc mt s cht s theo quy nh ca quc gia. Vit Nam cng c Ngh nh 68/2005/N-CP v an ton ho cht, trong cng c quy nh v nhn dng v khai bo ho cht nguy him. Vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi xuyn bin gii phi tun th cc quy nh ca cng c Basel. Ngn nga ri ro trong qu trnh lu cha cht thi nguy hi Cht nguy hi v cht thi nguy hi ch c lu cha tm thi trong nhng khu vc quy nh, theo tiu chun, c bin bo t xa. Lu cha mt lng ln cht thi nguy hi cn c a im kho p ng v kt cu, kin trc, phng chng chy n nhm m bo an ton, trnh s c r r, tht thot ra mi trng xung quanh. Nh kho m bo mt s yu cu k thut nh: Vn liu xy dng khng d bt la, khung nh c gia c bng thp hay b tng hay nn bc cch nhit khung thp. B tng, gch c hay gch b tng va chng chy tt va c bn v n nh. Kt cu v b tr m bo cc khu vc kn v rng u c li thot him t nht theo hai ng, c ch dn r rng, ca thot him d m. Thit k nh kho thng gi tt, sn khng b thm, khng c khe nt, khng c ng cng h trong kho. Cc thit b, phng tin an ton, ng ph s c c trang b y , cc thit b in phi c ni t v c b ngt mch khi r in, bo v qu ti. Ngn nga ri ro trong qu trnh x l, tiu hu cht thi nguy hi Trong qu trnh x l, tiu hu cht thi nguy hi, ngi lao ng tuyt i tun th quy trnh k thut x l v an ton lao ng gip loi tr cht thi nguy hi vo mi trng. Cc thao tc v x l cht thi nguy hi c ghi thnh hng dn c th bao gm c cc nguy hi khi xy ra s c, cch thc x l trc v sau s c, k thut s cu tng ng. Ngoi cc bin php k thut gim nh hoc loi tr s c, vic trang b phng h c nhn cng c bt buc v ngi lao ng phi c hun luyn s dng, thao tc vi cc dng c phng h t mc thnh tho. Bn cnh vic qun l v mt k thut nh trn, qun l ri ro ni chung v qun l ri ro cht thi nguy hi ni ring cn c qun l v mt qun l. i vi cc t chc, doanh nghip hot ng sn xut cng nh dch v u cn trnh ri ro cho hot ng ca mnh. Cc bin php k thut ngn nga nhim cng nghip Mt cch tng qut c th chia ra thnh 3 nhm k thut chnh: Gim thiu ti ngun. Ti sinh.

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Ci tin sn phm. Mi nhm k thut trn c th chia ra thnh cc tiu nhm v trong mi tiu nhm c th c nhiu bin php k thut khc nhau. Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun Thut ng gim ti thiu cht thi ti ngun p dng cho cc k thut qun l hoc s thay i quy trnh m cui cng l lm gim khi lng hoc c tnh ca cht thi a n khu x l hoc thi b. Thut ng ny khng bao gm cc hot ng n thun c gng gim tnh nguy hi ca cht thi v th tch n vic gim nguy him. Mt vi thut ng ngn nga nhim lin quan n nh ngha ny bao gm: Qun l ho cht lm gim s c Nhn ra v nh lng tt c nhng cht cn thi b. Gim ti thiu cht thi Gim thiu ti ngun bao gm: Ci tin vic qun l ni ti v vn hnh sn xut + Nhng ci tin v iu sn xut + Ngn nga vic tht thot v chy trn + Tch ring cc dng cht thi + o to nhn s Cc chng trnh ngn nga nhim c th thay i t nhng chng trnh nhn thc v nhim n gim m cc nh qun l v cc cng nhn c yu cu xc nh cc cch thc lm gim s pht sinh cht thi, cho ti nhng chng trnh phc tp i hi phi b tr cc nhn s ring bit v rng hn na - cc hot ng ton cu. Trong nhng trng hp , cc nhn cng ng mt vai tr ch cht. Mt chin dch hiu qu nhm gim thiu lng cht thi sinh ra i hi phi c kt hp vi mt chng trnh hun luyn nhn vin c hiu qu, dy nhn vin lm th no nhn bit s r r, trn v tht thot ti nguyn vt liu. Nhng ngi vn hnh qu trnh v cc c nhn bo tr cn phi c tp hun b sung chuyn su v cc phng php ngn nga nhim. Bo ton nng lng: Nng lng nhit c th c bo ton bng cch quan tm n vic ngn nga cc cht thot nhit nng trong qu trnh vn chuyn t ngun cung cp n ni tiu th. Cng c th phc hi v s dng nhit c sinh ra bi chnh cc quy trnh sn xut. Cc nh my sn xut tiu th mt khi lng khng l nhit nng cho cc qu trnh sn xut v cho c cc hot ng sinh hot trong nh my. Thay i qu trnh: Nhng thay i v qu trnh lin quan vi vic mt sn phm c to ra nh th no. Nhng thay i v nguyn liu u vo: Thay i hn nguyn vt liu c tnh c hi cao bng nhng nguyn vt liu c tnh c hi thp hn hoc khng c hi. V d c th s dng cc tc nhn ty ra c kh nng ha tan trong nc thay cho cc dung mi c hi. y mnh gio dc thc bo v mi trng v truyn thng mi trng S nghip bo v mi trng l s nghip ca ton dn th mi c mi trng trong sch lu di. Cn pht ng v khuyn khch cc phong tro qun chng tham gia bo v mi trng. Thay i np sng khng ph hp vi bo v mi trng.

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iu quan trng l lm sao cho mi h sn xut, mi ch xe my, ch x nghip, mi lnh o chnh quyn t phng n thnh ph u c c nhng nhn thc, hiu bit v c trch nhim cao i vi bo v mi trng. Nu nh ngi ta c vt rc ba bi ra ng, rc xung sng ngi, x nc bn ra mt ng th khng th bo m c ph phng sch - p - v sinh. PGS.TS. Nguyn c Khin, KS. Nguyn Vn Ho - Mi trng v Sc kho, 2010, s 135, tr.17