Type and Operation of Matrices

Session- 01
Unit : K0292 Linear Algebra
Year : 2010
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Concept and Definition
Rectangular arrays of real numbers arise in many
contexts

Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The
numbers in the array are called the entries or
elements in the matrix
GENERAL FORM

a
11
a
12
a
13
.. a
1n
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
2n
A = .
.
a
m1
a
m2
a
m3
a
mn


a
ij
= elements , scalar or function

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The Size of a matrix
Number of rows: m
Number of columns: n
Order or size of the matrix: m x n
Main diagonal elements: a
11
, a
12
,..,a
mn

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Example

Matrix A
3X3
=



Matrix notation, using capital letter
(
(
(

5 6 4
7 0 1
1 2 3

EQUALITY OF TWO MATRICES
Definition
Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the same
size and the corresponding entries in the two matrices
are equal

A = (aij)mxn B= (bij)mxn
A = B if aij = bij for all i = 1,2,3.,m and j= 1,2,3,n
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EXAMPLES


A = B = C =

A = B
A = C (the size is not the same)
(

8 6
7 5
(

8 6
7 5
(

3
2

8 6
7 5
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TYPE OF MATRICES
Square Matrix
is a matrix with n rows and n columns




A is square matrix then m=n
The main diagonal of A: a
11
, a
12
,.,a
nn

(
(
(
(
(

=
a a a
a a a
a a a
mn m m
n
n
A
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
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Examples



Diagonal Matrix:
Square matrix where its main diagonal not all zero and
all other elements are zeros
Examples
(
(
(

=
(

=
4 6 3
5 3 7
2 5 1

3 3
,
2 3
4 1

2 2 A A
x x

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 3

6 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 4

,

(
(
(

(
(
(

IDENTITY and NULL MATRIX

IDENTITY matrix is a square matrix with 1s on the main
diagonal and 0s off the main diagonal
Examples

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1

NULL MATRIX
Matrix with all elements are zeros
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Singular Matrix
A square matrix which does not have inverse (its determinant = 0)

Non-Singular Matrix
A square matrix which has inverse (determinant 0)

Symmetric Matrix
is a square matrix where its transpose is equal to the matrix itself
A
t
= A)

Example
(
(
(

=
5 6 1 -
6 4 3
1 - 3 2

3 3 A x
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
Square matrix with the property A.A.A..A = A = A
Example
A = 2 -2 -4
-1 3 4
1 -2 -3
2 -2 -4 2 -2 -4 2 -2 -4
A.A = -1 3 4 -1 3 4 = -1 3 4
1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3
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NILPOTENT MATRIX
NILPOTENT MATRIX
A square matrix with the property
A.A.A.A..A = A =O = Null Matrix

Example
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 0
0
A = 5 2 6 5 2 6 5 2 6 5 2 6 = 0 0 0
-2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3 0 0 0

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PROPERTY OF IDENTITY AND NULL
MATRIX
If A is a square matrix, I is identity matrix and
O is null matrix then

I.A = A.I = A
A + O = O + A = A
A.O = O.A = O
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TRIANGULAR MATRIX
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements BELOW its main
diagonal are zeros

a b c
A = 0 d e
0 0 f

LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements ABOVE its main
diagonal are zeros



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LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements ABOVE its main
diagonal are zeros

a 0 0
B = b c 0
d e f

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MATRIX OPERATION
SUM OF TWO MATRICES
A + B = (a
ij
+ b
ij
)
A B = (a
ij
- b
ij
)
the sizes of the two matrices must be the same

Example
A
2x3 =
B
2x3
=


C
2x3
= A
2x3
+ B
2x3


+ =
(

5
3

2 6
4 1
(

2
8

9 7
5 3
(

2
8

9 7
5 3
(

5
3

2 6
4 1
(

7
11

11 13
9 4
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Scalar Multiplication with a Matrix

All the elements are multiplied by the scalar
Let the scalar k = 4, and

Matrix A
2x3
=

Then
B
2x3
= k . A
2x3


B
2x3
= 4 . =

(

5
3

2 6
4 1
(

5
3

2 6
4 1
(

20
12

8 24
16 4
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Let A
mxn
and B
pxq
then,
AB = C
mxq
is defined only for n= p
AB is note always equal to BA
AB = O does not imply that A = O
or B = O
AB = AC does not imply B = C
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PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
OPERATION
A + B = B + A (Commutative)
A + ( B + C ) = ( AQ + B ) + C (Associative)
k ( A + B ) = k A + k B, k = scalar
A ( B + C ) = AB + AC (Distributive)
(A + B ) C = AC + BC (Distributive)
A (BC) = (AB) C (Associative)
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