Term Phylogeny Systematics Molecular Systematics

Fossil Record Analogy Homoplasies Specific Epithet Hierarchical Classification Taxon Clade Cladistics

Definition The evolutionary history of an organisim An analytical approach to reconstructing phylogeny. Use comparisons in nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA to identify relationships between individual genes/entire genome. Ordered array in which fossils appear in sedimentary rock strata. Similarity due to convergent evolution. Analogus structures that have evolved independently. One species within each genus Groups species into increasingly broader taxonomic categories. A named taxanomic unit at any level A group of species that include an ancestral species and all its descendents. The study of resemblance between clades

Monophyletic (Consist of ancestor and all descendants)

Paraphyletic (Has ancestor and some descendants missing)

Polyphyletic (Lack common ancestor, some descendents missing) Shared derived character Shared primitive character Out group

A feature unique to a particular clade. Found in particular clade and older clades species or group of species that is closely related to the species that we are studying, but known to be less closely related than any members of the study group are to each other The length of the branch reflects the no. of genetic changes in DNA/RNA sequence Homologus genes found in different gene pools due to speciation Result from gene duplication, More than 1 copy in same genome Measure exact time of evolutionary change

Phylogram Orthologous Paralogous Molecular clock (yardstick)

Population Genetics Modern synthesis Gene pool Hardy-Weinberg Bottle-neck Effect Genetic Drift Gene Flow Directional selection Balancing Selection

Considers how populations changes over time Causes Darwinian selection and Mendelian inheritance. Allele frequency Theorem for population equiibrium A event causes only few individuals to survive => Reduced phenotypes and genes. Where several individuals from a population get separated. The flow of genes in a population Favours one extreme Maintains stable frequencies of 2 or more phenotypes in a population. Using mechanisms= heterozygote advantage/frequency/dependent selection. Favours both extreme Favours middle How many fertile offspring is produced Average percentage of loci that are heterozygous in a population

Disruptional Selection Stabilising Selection Fitness Average heterozygosity