Trong chia s v cch hc tt mn Vt l, ti s chia ra lm 2 phn nh sau: Phn

nguyn tc chung v nguyn tc ring.

+ Phn nguyn tc chung s a ra phng php hc ct li cho vic hc v luyn
thi.
+ Phn nguyn tc ring s ni c th v cch hc v mo ca tng chng trong
chng trnh lp 12
Nguyn tc chung:
+ Mun thi c tt th cc bn cn t tin v c mt kin thc vng vng. c
c nh vy chng ta ch c mt cch l rn luyn rt nhiu v rn luyn ng
cch. Sau y, ti s a ra mt s kinh nghim c th trong vic n luyn thi i
hc mn Vt l:
+ Mn Vt l l mt mn kh c bit trong k thi tuyn sinh i hc bi kin thc
hu ht ch nm trong chng trnh lp 12, mt s cng thc c lin quan n lp
10 v lp 11 nhng vi bt c quyn sch no vit v cc dng bi thi chng ta u
c li cc cng thc v c ch r l khi no th ta dng n v dng trong dng
no. y ti xin cp n vic rn luyn nh th no cho hiu qu.
+ rn luyn hiu qu chng ta cn nm vng cc nguyn tc: C bn (nm
vng kin thc sch gio khoa) -> Chc (s dng kin thc lm cc bi tp c bn
mt cch thun thc) -> Nng cao (tm ti lm bi tp trong cc sch nng cao)->
kh nng t tng hp (tng hp kin thc cho ring mnh-> bin kin thc sch
v mnh hc thnh ngun ca mnh, bn lm c iu ny ch khi bn c th
ging gii li cho bn b mt cch lu lot khng cn dng sch v)-> T duy
(kh nng lm cc bi tp kh, khng c dng nht nh).
+ Chia ra lm 2 qu trnh r rt : Qu trnh hc v Qu trnh luyn . cho k
thi tht tt v tm l t tin khi i thi, chng ta cn phi thc hin tt 2 qu trnh
trn, Qu trnh t hc chng ta lm theo cc nguyn tc nu trn. Sau khi hc ht
chng trnh cc bn bt u luyn . Ban u khi luyn , c th cc bn s lm
kh l chm v sai kh l nhiu. luyn c tt, cc bn phi chn lc nhng
hay v st vi chng trnh i hc, c bit l phi c p n. Nguyn tc
luyn : Cn phi lm k tng mt v phi bit cch khai thc mnh lm.
Nh th no l bit cch khai thc ?. Ln u tin: Bn bm gi v bt u lm,
[Type text]
trong khi thi i hc th thi gian cho mn Vt l l 90 pht, nh bn ch lm
trong 60 - 75 pht. lm c thi gian gp nh vy, trong khi lm gp cu no
vng m ngh khng ra, bn b qua v lm cc cu khc, tch vo nhng cu m
mnh cha lm c. Sau khong thi gian trn, bn nn dng li v bt u khai
thc . So p n xem lm sai nhng cu no v nhng cu no cha lm c v
tch p n ng vo. Nguyn nhn cha lm c bi c th c rt nhiu nguyn
nhn: bn cm thy dng y cha bao gi hc, cm thy qun cng thc, hiu sai
bn cht Bn cn phi gii quyt nguyn nhn ca chnh bn: v d nu bn qun
cng thc, tt nht l bn nn hc cch thit lp n cng vi vic lm nhiu bi
tp, bn s hiu v nh lu hn.
Nguyn tc ring:
+Tng quan chng trnh luyn thi mn vt l lp 12:
Chng trnh vt l lp 12 nng cao gm c 10 chng (chng trnh c bn s
khng c chng c hc vt rn). Ti xin chia s mt cch hc ca cc bn thi
i hc v t im cao nh sau :
Vi mi mt chng cc bn sau khi hc v tri qua qu trnh rn luyn bi rt
nhiu cc bn nn tng hp li kin thc v phn chia dng bi, phng php cho
tng dng ( ch l t mnh phn chia tng hp theo tr nh v kh nng ca mnh
trc, nu thy thiu st th mi cn n ti liu)
V d: khi bn hc xong Chng Dao ng C Hc th bn c th tng hp nh
sau:
I. Chuyn Dao ng C Hc
Dao ng c hc gm 3 phn ln:
+ Tng quan v dao ng iu ha
+ Con lc n
+ Con lc l xo
Phn Tng quan v dao ng iu ha s gm cc dng nh sau:
[Type text]
+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca
ng trn lng gic (thng ly - < )
1. Lp Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + ) : nguyn tc : tm A, , .
Chng ta phi da vo bi tm cc yu t ny. Cc bc lp phng
trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho:
* Tnh
* Tnh A
* Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t
0
(thng t
0
= 0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t

'
+

Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0

+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng
trn lng gic (thng ly - < )
2. Li ,vn tc,gia tc Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l , tn s f, chu k
T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin Tun hon vi tn s gc 2, tn s
2f, chu k T/2
3. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN
*
, T l chu k
dao ng) l:
2 2
W 1
2 4
m A

4. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c li x
1
n x
2
2 1
t



vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A

'

v ( 1 2
0 ,
)
[Type text]
A
-A
x1 x2
M2
M1
M'1
M'2
O

5. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
Xc nh:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )

sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t


+ +
' '
+ +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Phn tch: t
2
t
1
= nT + t (n N; 0 t < T)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian t l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2
Lu : + Nu t = T/2 th S
2
= 2A
+ Tnh S
2
bng cch nh v tr x
1
, x
2
v chiu chuyn ng ca vt trn trc Ox
+ Trong mt s trng hp c th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia
dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u s n gin hn.
+ Tc trung bnh ca vt i t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
tb
S
v
t t

vi S l qung
ng tnh nh trn.
6. Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong
thi gian 0 < t < T/2.
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong
cng mt khong thi gian qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn
VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
Gc qut = t.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
M
S

Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M

1
n M
2
i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2)
2 (1 os )
2
Min
S A c


[Type text]
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2
1
P
P
2

2

Lu : + Trong trng hp t > T/2
Tch
'
2
T
t n t +

trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t < <
Trong thi gian
2
T
n
qung ng
lun l 2nA
Trong thi gian t th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian t:
ax
ax
M
tbM
S
v
t

v
Min
tbMin
S
v
t

vi S
Max
; S
Min
tnh nh trn.
7. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
,
W

, F) ln th n
* Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi
gi tr ca k )
* Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh)
* Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n
Lu : + ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra
nghim th n
+ C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v
chuyn ng trn u
8. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W

, F)
t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
* Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim
* T t
1
< t t
2
Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z)
[Type text]
* Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr .
Lu : + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu
ho v chuyn ng trn u.
+ Trong mi chu k (mi dao ng) vt qua mi v tr bin 1 ln cn cc v tr khc
2 ln.
9. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt
khong thi gian t.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
.
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(t + ) cho x = x
0
Ly nghim t + = vi
0
ng vi x ang gim (vt chuyn
ng theo chiu m v v < 0)
hoc t + = - ng vi x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng)
* Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t giy l

x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t


t +
'
t +

hoc
x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t


t
'
t

10. Dao ng c phng trnh c bit

* x = a t Acos(t + ) vi a = const
Bin l A, tn s gc l , pha ban u
x l to , x
0
= Acos(t + ) l li .
To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a t A
Vn tc v = x = x
0
, gia tc a = v = x = x
0

H thc c lp: a = -
2
x
0


2 2 2
0
( )
v
A x

+

[Type text]
* x = a t Acos
2
(t + ) (ta h bc)
Bin A/2; tn s gc 2, pha ban u 2.
+ Tng t vi cc dng trong phn con lc l xo v con lc n
II. Chuyn Sng C:
Sng c hc chng ta li chia thnh cc phn ln nh : Sng C hc, Giao
Thoa Sng, Sng Dng, Sng m.
Xin a ra c th mt phn nh sau:
Phn giao thoa sng:
Tng qut : Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S
1
, S
2
cch
nhau mt khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2
Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun lch pha:
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft +
v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft +
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+
v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+
Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft



+ + 1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Bin dao ng ti M:
2 1
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

_
+

,
vi
1 2

Ch : * S cc i:
(k Z)
2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
* S cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2 2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
KC . d
2
-d
1
= k -
2

[Type text]
KCT . d
2
-d
1
= (k+
1
2
) -
2

1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha (

1 2
0
)
* im dao ng cc i: d
2
d
1
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im trn khong S
1
S
2
(khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu trn khong S
1
S
2
(khng dao ng): d
2
d
1
= (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im trn khong S
1
S
2
(khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:( 1 2

)
* im dao ng cc i: d
2
d
1
= (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im trn khong S
1
S
2
(khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu trn khong S
1
S
2
(khng dao ng): d
2
d
1
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im trn khong S
1
S
2
(khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v dao ng gia hai im M,
N cch hai ngun ln lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
.
t d
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; d
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s d
M
< d
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
Cc i: d
M
< k < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
[Type text]
+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
Cc i:d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< k < d
N
+ Hai ngun dao ng lch pha:
Cc i: d
M
< k -
2

< d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< (k+0,5) -
2

< d
N
S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
+C th im N trng vi im S
1
th d
BB
=d
BN
=0
Loi ton tm khong cch ngn nht t S1,S2 n 1 im trn dao ng tng hp
ti M 2 im cng pha hoc ngc pha:Cch lm nh sau:th lch pha s
l
( )
1 2
MS
d d

+
Nu Cos
( )
2 1
0
d d

>
Cn
( )
1 2
MS
d d

+
+ . Nu Cos
( )
2 1
0
d d

<
Cng pha th cho
MS

=2k

.Ngc pha th cho

MS

=(2k+1)

=> d nh nht =>k

nh nht
III. Chuyn Dao ng v Sng in T:
Phn ny bao gm cc phn ln nh: Dao ng in t, Sng in t
1. Dao ng in t
* in tch tc thi q = q
0
cos(t + )
[Type text]
* Hiu in th (in p) tc thi
0
0
os( ) os( )
q q
u c t U c t
C C
+ +
* Dng in tc thi i = q = -q
0
sin(t + ) = I
0
cos(t + +
2

)
* Cm ng t:
0
os( );
2
B B c t T

+ +
*in trng
0
os( );
2
V
E E c t
m

+ +
Thn:q,u dao ng cng pha.i nhanh pha
2

u,q
E,B,I dao ng cng pha vi nhau
Trong :
1
LC

l tn s gc ring
2 T LC l chu k ring

1
2
f
LC

l tn s ring

0
0 0
q
I q
LC


0 0
0 0 0
q I L
U LI I
C C C

* Nng lng in trng:
2
2

1 1
W
2 2 2
q
Cu qu
C


2
2 0

W os ( )
2
q
c t
C
+
* Nng lng t trng:
2
2 2 0
1
W sin ( )
2 2
t
q
Li t
C
+
* Nng lng in t:

W=W W
t
+
[Type text]

2
2 2 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2
q
CU q U LI
C

Ch : + Mch dao ng c tn s gc , tn s f v chu k T th W

v W
t
bin
thin vi tn s gc 2, tn s 2f v chu k T/2
+Nng l ng TT dao ng lch pha so vi NLT
+ Mch dao ng c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn.
duy tr dao ng cn cung cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
C U U RC
I R R
L

P
+ Khi t phng in th q v u gim v ngc li
+ Quy c: q > 0 ng vi bn t ta xt tch in dng th i > 0 ng vi dng in
chy n bn t m ta xt.
+Nng lng in t: v Nng lng t trng dao ng cng tn s 2f nhung
khng cng pha.
2. Sng in t
Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
8
m/s
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng
in t pht hoc thu c bng tn s ring ca mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t
2
v
v LC
f

Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
Min
L
Max
v C bin i t C
Min
C
Max
th
bc sng ca sng in t pht (hoc thu)

Min
tng ng vi L
Min
v C
Min

Max
tng ng vi L
Max
v C
Max

Cc chuyn cn li nh:
+ C hc vt rn
[Type text]
+ Dng in Xoay Chiu
+ Sng nh Sng
+ Lng T nh Sng
+ Thuyt tng i hp
+ Vt l ht nhn
+ T vi m n v m
L Anh Qun
CLB Gia s Th khoa
[Type text]