WORKING aoe PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMSThis booklet, produced by Daystar, Inc., under contract to Sandia National Laboratories summarizes material that was presented to Sandia employees and contractor personnel in two seminars given in 1991. All materials used are in the public domain. This booklet was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or procass disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof or any of their contractor or subcontractors. Issued by: PHOTOVOLTAIC DESIGN ASSISTANCE CENTER Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA 87185 Telephone/Fax: 505 / 844-3698Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .. 2.0 About This Booklet 3.0 PV System Characteristics and Hazard: 3.1 PV System Characteristics 3.1.1 Types of Systems. 3.1.2 Balance of Systems 3.2 PV System Hazards and Recommendations. 3.2.1 Non-Electrical Hazards. Ure .. Insects, Snakes, and Other Vermin .. Cuts and Bump: Falls, Sprains, and Strains Burns—Thermal Burns—Acid 3.2.2 Electrical Hazards 3.2.3 Battery Hazards 3.2.4 AC Power Hazards 4.0 Safe PV Systems..... 4.1 Applicable Safety Codes 4.2 Designing and Installing a PV System-What the NEC Says .. —— 4.2.1 System Current and Voltage 4.2.2 Wiring and Disconnect Requirements .. 4.2.3 Grounding... 4.2.4 The PV System Output 4.3 Testing a PV System-Satety 5.0 For Your Heath ... 5.1 Non-Electrical Injuries Cuts Sprains, Strains, Dislocations, and Fractures Exposure—Cold Exposure—Heat InspecySnake Bites 5.2 Electrical Injuries .. 6.0 References .. BBERNSSOCCLOXMHR®YVDLON& in SSSS8SRSRKR8%sarraa