NGHIN CU - TRAO I

8 tp ch lut hc s 7/2006




ThS. Trn V Hi *
rong nn kinh t th trng, lnh vc
kinh doanh bo him nhn th gi mt
vai tr quan trng. Bo him nhn th mang
li nhiu li ch cho con ngi v nn kinh
t. Bn cnh yu t bo him, bo him nhn
th cn c tnh tit kim, gip bn mua bo
him c th thc hin c mc ch ca
mnh khi c doanh nghip bo him
(DNBH) tr s tin bo him. i vi
DNBH, s ph bo him s c u t c
hiu qu, em li li nhun cho doanh
nghip v gp phn tng trng kinh t.
Kinh doanh bo him nhn th tng
xut hin Vit Nam t thi Php thuc v
ti min Nam Vit Nam trc nm 1975. Th
trng bo him nhn th Vit Nam hin
nay c ti lp t nm 1996.
(1)
n nay, th
trng bo him nhn th c s pht trin
vt bc vi nhiu DNBH tham gia, trong
c nhng DNBH ca cc tp on bo
him ln trn th gii.
Mi quan h gia DNBH v bn mua
bo him l mi quan h hp ng. Hp
ng bo him nhn th (HBHNT) c
cc bn tho thun va l cng c thc hin
php lut va l sn phm ca th trng bo
him nhn th. Bn cnh mt tch cc, trong
thi gian qua cn c cc tranh chp
HBHNT xy ra lm nh hng khng nh
n th trng bo him ni chung v th
trng bo him nhn th ni ring, lm
gim nim tin ca ngi dn i vi hot
ng kinh doanh bo him nhn th. Mt
nguyn nhn rt quan trng l do nhng quy
nh php lut v HBHNT hin nay cn
nhiu bt cp cn phi hon thin.
1. V hp ng bo him nhn th
Bo him nhn th l loi nghip v bo
him cho trng hp ngi bo him sng
hoc cht trong mt thi gian nht nh theo
tho thun gia bn bo him v bn mua
bo him. Khi nim bo him nhn th
c hiu tng i thng nht trong cc ti
liu khoa hc v trong h thng php lut
cc quc gia trn th gii.
(2)
Tuy nhin, trong
php lut thc nh ca Vit Nam cha c
khi nim ring v HBHNT.
(3)
c quan
nim ng v HBHNT cn xem xt nhng
c trng c bn ca loi hp ng ny.
L mt loi hp ng bo him thuc
loi hnh bo him con ngi, HBHNT c
cc c trng ring bit sau y:
Th nht, HBHNT c i tng l tui
th ca con ngi. c im ny rt quan
trng v chi phi cc c im khc. Trong
HBHNT, ngha v khai bo ng tui ca
ngi c bo him l rt quan trng. Cn
c vo tui ca ngi c bo him,
DNBH s xc nh ngi c thuc nhm
T
* Ging vin Khoa php lut kinh t
Trng i hc Lut H Ni



NGHIN CU - TRAO I
tp ch lut hc s 7/2006 9
tui tham gia bo him hay khng v mc
ph bo him cn c tnh ton nh th no
cho hp l. V l thuyt, mc ri ro s
khc nhau nu ngi c bo him c
tui khc nhau. Ngoi ra, tui th ca con
ngi cn ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t
khc nh sc kho, bnh tt, np sinh hot,
gen di truyn v.v.. Chnh v th, HBHNT
thng c ni dung rt phc tp m nguyn
nhn ch yu l do tnh phc tp ca i
tng bo him to ra.
Th hai, trong HBHNT, s kin bo
him khng hon ton gn lin vi ri ro.
Trong cc hp ng bo him phi nhn th,
trch nhim bi thng hoc tr tin bo
him ca DNBH ch pht sinh khi i tng
bo him b thit hi. Trong khi , trong
HBHNT (tr nghip v bo him t k
thun tu), ngoi trng hp khi ngi c
bo him gp ri ro c bo him, trch
nhim tr tin ca DNBH cn pht sinh
trong mt s trng hp khc (ht thi hn
hp ng, hon ph hay tr gi tr hon li).
Th ba, HBHNT l loi hp ng di
hn. Trn thc t hin nay, thi hn ngn
nht ca HBHNT m cc DNBH cung cp
l 5 nm. Tnh di hn ca HBHNT nhm
m bo quyn li cho DNBH trong hot
ng u t ng thi p ng c mc
ch tit kim ca bn mua bo him. Mt
khc, thi hn hp ng di s gip bn mua
bo him c kh nng np ph bo him.
Th t, i vi bn mua bo him, vic
tham gia vo mt HBHNT cng l mt
cch thc tit kim. Cng ging nh vic gi
tin tit kim ti t chc tn dng, bn mua
bo him dng tng khon tin nh ng
ph bo him, khi s kin bo him xy ra,
ngi th hng c th c c khon tin
ln hn. Tnh tit kim ca HBHNT cn
c nh gi cao khng nhng do gn lin
vi yu t bo him m cn ch y l
"tit kim bt buc".
(4)
Vic np ph bo
him l ngha v theo tho thun ng thi
bn mua bo him khng th tu tin ly li
cc khon ph np (khc vi vic gi tin
ti ngn hng), chnh v vy tit kim cho
bn mua bo him nhng khon chi tiu
khng tht s cn thit.
Chnh v HBHNT c tnh di hn v
tnh tit kim, nn m bo quyn li cho
cc bn, HBHNT c nhiu iu khon c
trng nh tho thun cho vay ca DNBH,
cc quyn li ca bn mua bo him duy
tr hp ng, vic chuyn nhng hp ng
bo him v.v..
Th nm, ni dung ca HBHNT bao
gm cc iu khon mu. y l nhng iu
khon c DNBH son tho sn, bn mua
bo him nu chp nhn giao kt hp ng
th phi chp nhn ton b ni dung iu
khon mu. Vn v iu khon mu hp
ng s c chng ti cp trong mt bi
vit khc. T nhng c trng ring c ca
HBHNT, vi bn cht ca mt loi hp
ng bo him, c th a ra khi nim v
HBHNT nh sau:
HBHNT l s tho thun gia bn mua
bo him v DNBH v vic DNBH cam kt
bo him cho tui th ca ngi c bo
him, vi iu kin bn mua bo him phi
ng ph bo him; DNBH s tr tin bo


NGHIN CU - TRAO I
10 tp ch lut hc s 7/2006
him cho ngi c bo him hoc ngi
th hng nu ngi c bo him sng
hoc cht trong thi gian tho thun.
2. Nhng bt cp ca php lut hin
hnh iu chnh v hp ng bo him
nhn th
Hin nay, nhng quy nh v HBHNT
c ghi nhn trong BLDS v Lut kinh
doanh bo him. Trn c s cc vn bn lut
ny, c quan c thm quyn ban hnh cc
vn bn di lut nhm hng dn thi hnh
nh Ngh nh s 42/2001/N-CP ngy
01/8/2001 quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s
iu ca Lut kinh doanh bo him, Thng
t s 98/2004/TT-BTC ngy 19/10/2004
ca B ti chnh hng dn thi hnh Ngh
nh s 42/2001/N-CP. Trong cc vn bn
ny, ch ring cc vn bn lut, c bit l
Lut kinh doanh bo him cn kh nhiu
bt cp. Chng ti ch xin nu ra mt s bt
cp c bn lin quan trc tip n
HBHNT sau y:
Th nht, gia BLDS v Lut kinh
doanh bo him khng thng nht trong quy
nh tr tin bo him khi ngi c bo
him cht.
Trong BLDS nm 1995 v BLDS nm
2005, hp ng bo him cng c quy
nh nh mt loi hp ng thng dng.
Trong nhng quy nh v hp ng bo
him ca BLDS, hon ton khng c quy
nh v ngi th hng m ch c quy
nh v ngi c bo him nhng khi
nim v ngi c bo him cng khng
c nu ra. i vi HBHNT, ngi th
hng l mt ch th lin quan rt quan
trng, v vy, vic quy nh khng r rng
tt yu dn n nhng vng mc trong qu
trnh p dng php lut.
iu 582 BLDS nm 1995 quy nh v
bo him tnh mng ghi nhn: "Trong trng
hp bo him tnh mng th khi xy ra s
kin bo him, bn bo him phi tr tin
bo him cho bn c bo him hoc ngi
i din theo u quyn ca h; nu bn c
bo him cht th tin bo him c tr cho
ngi tha k ca bn c bo him". Tuy
nhin, trong Lut kinh doanh bo him li
quy nh, ngi th hng l ngi c
bn mua bo him ch nh nhn tin bo
him trong bo him con ngi v ngi th
hng c th khng phi l ngi c bo
him. Nh vy, nu ngi c bo him
cht, theo quy nh ca BLDS, s tin bo
him s tr cho ngi tha k ca ngi
c bo him cn theo quy nh ca Lut
kinh doanh bo him, s tin bo him s tr
cho ngi th hng v c th h khng
phi l ngi (hoc nhng ngi) tha k
ca ngi c bo him. S bt cp ny
vn c gi nguyn m khng c sa i
trong BLDS nm 2005 (iu 578). V
nguyn tc, Lut kinh doanh bo him l o
lut chuyn ngnh iu chnh v HBHNT,
nn ch nhng vn m Lut ny khng
iu chnh mi p dng BLDS. Tuy nhin,
nu hai vn bn ny cng iu chnh v mt
vn m c s mu thun th cn thit
phi xem xt sa i cho thng nht d
p dng. Theo chng ti, Lut kinh doanh
bo him quy nh hp l hn, v ngi mua
bo him c quyn quyt nh vic s tin



NGHIN CU - TRAO I
tp ch lut hc s 7/2006 11
bo him s thuc v ai. Nu ngi mua
bo him khng ch nh ngi th hng,
th nhng ngi tha k ca ngi c
bo him s c nhn tin bo him nh l
mt phn ca di sn do ngi c bo
him li.
Th hai, khi nim quyn li c th c
bo him khng tht s hp l vi bn cht
ca bo him nhn th.
Quyn li c th c bo him l iu
kin bt buc i vi bn mua bo him.
Theo quy nh ca Lut kinh doanh bo
him th "quyn li c th c bo him l
quyn s hu, quyn chim hu, quyn s
dng, quyn ti sn; quyn, ngha v nui
dng, cp dng i vi i tng c
bo him". Thc cht, quyn li c th c
bo him quy nh nh trn ch l nhng
quyn li vt cht thun tu ca bn mua
bo him i vi i tng bo him. Trn
thc t, bo him nhn th khng mang yu
t bi thng thit hi m l s b p tn
tht tnh mng ca ngi c bo him v
c yu t tit kim dnh cho chnh ngi
thn ca h. Chnh v vy, nhng li ch
tinh thn cn phi c nh gi ng mc
nhm xc nh quyn li c th c bo
him. S rt kh thuyt phc nu cho rng
ng, b khng c quyn li bo him i
vi chu, v, chng khng c quyn li bo
him i vi nhau v r rng trong hon
cnh bnh thng, mi quan h ca nhng
ngi ny khng phi l quan h nui
dng, cp dng nhng n li mang n li
ch tinh thn rt su sc v khng th quy i
ra gi tr tin bc n thun. Mt s trng
hp khc xut hin trn th trng bo
him nhn th nh: Ngi cho vay c th
mua bo him nhn th cho ngi vay, ch
s dng lao ng c th mua bo him cho
ngi lao ng, mc d l hp l nhng
khng ph hp vi khi nim quyn li c
th c bo him.
Trong Lut kinh doanh bo him, i vi
bo him con ngi ni chung v bo him
nhn th ni ring cng c quy nh c
th v vic bn mua bo him c th mua
bo him cho nhng ngi no. Nh lm
lut c d liu m khi quy nh bn mua bo
him c th mua bo him cho ngi khc,
nu bn mua bo him c quyn li c th
c bo him nhng nu cn c vo khi
nim quyn li c th c bo him trong
Lut kinh doanh bo him th nhng i
tng ny b b hp rt nhiu.
Th ba, khon 2 iu 35 Lut kinh
doanh bo him khng ph hp vi tnh tit
kim ca HBHNT khi hp ng c gi
tr hon li.
Khon 2 iu 35 quy nh trong trng
hp ph bo him c ng nhiu ln v
bn mua bo him ng mt hoc mt s
ln ph bo him nhng khng th ng
c cc khon ph bo him tip theo th
sau thi hn 60 ngy, k t ngy gia hn
ng ph, DNBH c quyn n phng nh
ch thc hin hp ng, bn mua bo him
khng c quyn i li khon ph bo him
ng nu thi gian ng ph bo him
di hai nm, tr trng hp cc bn c tho
thun khc. Cn nu thi gian ng ph t 02
nm tr ln, bn mua bo him c nhn


NGHIN CU - TRAO I
12 tp ch lut hc s 7/2006
gi tr hon li ca hp ng.
Quy nh trn lm gim i yu t tit
kim ca HBHNT v v hnh trung lm
gim kh nng kinh doanh ca DNBH.
HBHNT c thi hn di, bn thn bn mua
bo him cng khng th lng trc c
nhng kh khn ti chnh trong qu trnh
thc hin hp ng. bo v quyn li cho
bn mua bo him v ngi th hng, php
lut nhiu quc gia quy nh: i vi hp
ng c gi tr hon li, trong trng hp
nu bn mua bo him khng th ng ph
bo him trong thi gian gia hn np ph v
khng c tho thun khc (v d, tho thun
np ph bo him t ng), bn mua c
quyn yu cu duy tr hp ng bo him
vi s tin bo him gim hoc chuyn sang
hp ng bo him c s tin bo him t
hn c np ph mt ln t gi tr hon li
ca hp ng c nu nhng loi hp ng
ny c DNBH cung cp; nu bn mua
khng yu cu cc quyn li trn, DNBH
mi c quyn nh ch thc hin hp ng
v tr cho bn mua gi tr hon li. Nhng
quyn li ny c gi l quyn li khng
th b tc ot. Nh vy, Lut kinh doanh
bo him hin nay coi quyn hu b hp
ng l quyn ng nhin v hnh trung
tc ot nhng quyn li chnh ng ca
bn mua bo him m php lut cc quc gia
khc rt coi trng.
(5)

Trn thc t hin nay, cc DNBH kinh
doanh bo him nhn th trong iu khon
bo him u tho thun cung cp cho khch
hng mt s quyn li nh duy tr hp ng
bo him vi s tin bo him gim dn,
chuyn i thnh hp ng khc tr ph
mt ln v.v.. Tuy nhin, nhng tho thun
ny thng c hiu l nhng u i ca
DNBH cho khch hng ch khng phi l
nhng quyn li chnh ng ca bn mua
bo him c php lut bo m.
Vi tnh cht l vn bn lut chuyn
ngnh iu chnh v hot ng kinh doanh
bo him ni chung v HBHNT ni ring,
ngoi nhng bt cp trong quy nh nu
trn, Lut kinh doanh bo him cn thiu
nhiu quy nh c th th hin bn cht
ca HBHNT.
Th nht, Lut kinh doanh bo him cn
thiu s gii thch mt s thut ng rt ph
bin trong HBHNT nh gi tr hon li v
chi ph hp l mc d nhng thut ng ny
c s dng thng xuyn trong lut v cc
vn bn di lut dn n nhiu cch hiu
khc nhau, gy kh khn cho vic p dng.
Th hai, Lut kinh doanh bo him cha
quy nh hp l v vic chuyn nhng hp
ng bo him con ngi. Bn cht ca vic
chuyn nhng hp ng l vic mt ch th
khc s thay th v tr php l ca bn mua
bo him trong hp ng. Bn mua bo him
c th chuyn nhng HBHNT cho ngi
khc tip tc duy tr hp ng hoc c
khon tin nht nh hoc khng mun hp
ng chm dt v iu lm nh hng
n quyn li ca ngi th hng. Vn
ny c Lut kinh doanh bo him quy
nh ti iu 26 nhng thc t iu khon
ny ch vi hp ng bo him thit hi
khi m bn mua bo him ng thi l
ngi c bo him. i vi hp ng



NGHIN CU - TRAO I
tp ch lut hc s 7/2006 13
bo him con ngi, bn chuyn nhng
(bn mua bo him) c th khng phi l
ngi c bo him. Do vy, qu trnh
chuyn nhng hp ng bo him con
ngi c nhiu vn ny sinh cn php
lut quy nh. V d: iu kin i vi
ngi nhn chuyn nhng nh th no, c
cn c s ng ca ngi c bo him
hay khng v.v.. Nhng b sung ny rt quan
trng nhm trnh nhng tranh chp c th
xy ra sau khi hp ng c chuyn
nhng. Nu khng c quy nh c th s
kh khn khi xem xt trch nhim ca
DNBH trong vic chp nhn chuyn nhng
ca bn mua bo him. Trn thc t, cc
DNBH u tho thun vi bn mua bo
him v vic khng chu trch nhim v tnh
hp php ca tho thun chuyn nhng, t
dn n tnh trng DNBH chp nhn vic
chuyn nhng tip tc thu ph, n khi
s kin bo him xy ra li t chi tr tin
bo him m ch hon li ph bo him v
hp ng khng cn hiu lc.
Th ba, Lut kinh doanh bo him cha
c quy nh c th v trnh t, th tc ph
chun quy tc, iu khon bo him nhn
th. Ti Ngh nh s 42/2001/N-CP v
Thng t s 98/2004/TT-BTC c quy nh
v trnh t th tc ph chun quy tc, iu
khon bo him nhn th. Tuy nhin, y l
ni dung quan trng cn phi c cp
trong lut nng cao hiu lc php l trong
iu chnh hot ng kinh doanh bo him
nhn th. Ti Ngh nh s 42/2001/N-CP
quy nh kh s si v vn ny. C th,
ngh nh ny ch quy nh c quan c thm
quyn ph chun quy tc, iu khon bo
him nhn th l B ti chnh; DNBH phi
np h s ngh ph chun c y ti
liu theo quy nh; B ti chnh phi chp
thun hoc t chi trong thi hn 30 ngy.
Nhng vn cha c quy nh l: Trnh
t, th tc cc bc ph chun c thc
hin nh th no? Ch th no thc t
thm nh ni dung quy tc, iu khon bo
him? Thit ngh, y l vic cn thit
m bo cht lng ca hot ng ph
chun, ng thi cn xc nh c th trch
nhim ca cc c nhn v t chc lin quan
i vi hot ng ph chun sn phm bo
him nhn th nhm m bo quyn li hp
php ca cc bn trong HBHNT cng nh
nng cao vai tr qun l ca nh nc trong
lnh vc kinh doanh bo him.
Nh vy, c th nhn thy php lut v
hp ng bo him ni chung v HBHNT
ni ring cn kh nhiu bt cp. iu nh
hng khng nh n hot ng kinh doanh
bo him v cn phi c sa i, b sung
kp thi./.

(1).Xem: Quyt nh s 281/BTC-TCNH ca B ti
chnh ngy 20/3/1996 v vic trin khai th im hot
ng kinh doanh bo him nhn th.
(2).Xem: Jrme Yeatman, Gio khoa quc t v bo
him, Nxb. Thng k, H Ni, 2001.
(3).Xem: Khon 1 iu 12 Lut kinh doanh bo him.
(4).Xem: GS.TS. Trng Mc Lm v Lu Nguyn
Khnh, Mt s iu cn bit v php l trong kinh
doanh bo him, Nxb. Thng K, H Ni, 2001.
(5).Xem: Nguyn Hng Thu, Php lut v cc iu
khon mu p dng trong hp ng bo him nhn
th, Lun vn thc s lut hc, Khoa lut i hc
quc gia H Ni, 2003.