TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).

2010

MT S GII PHP TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG L HI CNG NGHIP

SOME SOLUTIONS TO THE ENERGY SAVING INDUSTRIAL BOILER Hong Ngc ng
Trng i hc Bch khoa-i hc Nng
TM TT L hi bin i ha nng ca nhin liu nhit nng ca hi v tiu th mt lng in nng ng k trong qu trnh vn hnh. C th khi trang b cc ph kin cho l vn c nhng ch cha tht hon thin, ng thi trong qu trnh vn hnh c th c nhiu l do lm cho cc tn tht nng lng cng tng dn trong qu trnh s dng, do ch cn vi phn trm ci thin v hiu sut l cng mang li mc tit kim nng lng ng k. Vic kim tra tm nguyn nhn lm tng tn tht nng lng v a ra cc gii php khc phc l ht sc cn thit. Bi bo ny phn tch nng lng thit b l hi, t ra mt s gii php tit kim nng lng trong thit b l hi. ABSTRACT Boiler storing large amounts of thermal energy and consumed a significant amount of power during operation. Can the accessories fitted to boiler room there are not really perfect, and the operation may have many reasons to make the energy loss is increasing gradually in the process used by only a few percent improvement in performance also bring the oven to save energy significantly. Checking for causes increased loss of energy and make solutions to overcome is very necessary. This paper analyzes energy boiler system, from which proposed some solutions to save energy in the boiler system. (Boiler management of large amounts of thermal energy and consumed a significant amount of power during operation. Therefore, only a few percent of small kilns to improve performance and deliver the energy savings significantly. The article analyzes energy boiler system, from which proposed some solutions to save energy in the boiler system.)

L Hoi Anh
Trng Cao ng Cng nghip Hu

1. t vn Hin nay, tit kim nng lng ang l mt trong nhng ch "nng" khng ch trong phm vi tng quc gia m tr thnh vn ca th gii. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip ang phi i mt vi nguy c thiu nng lng, cc ngun d tr nng lng t nhin ngy cng cn kit, v th, vn tit kim nng lng tr thnh mt khu then cht trong chin lc pht trin kinh k ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Mun vy, phi ch ra c nhng bin php hu hiu nhm tit kim nng lng. Trong sn xut cng nghip, thit b l hi l mt trong nhng ni d tht thot nng lng. Do , vic nghin cu bin php tit kim nng lng trong h thng l hi l cn thit, gp phn tit kim ngun d tr nng lng quc gia. 2. Phn tch nng lng i vi l hi Khi t chy 1kg nhin liu rn hoc lng hay 1 m3 nhin liu kh iu kin tiu chun, nhit ta ra trong l hi c cn bng theo phng trnh tng qut sau:
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Qv = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 ; kJ/kg Trong : Qv : lng nhit cp vo l, kJ/kg Q1: lng nhit hu ch dng sn sut hi , kJ/kg Q2: tn tht nhit do khi thi mang ra ngoi , kJ/kg Q3: tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ha hc, kJ/kg Q4: tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v c hc, kJ/kg Q5: tn tht nhit do ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, kJ/kg Q6: tn tht nhit do tro x mang ra ngoi, kJ/kg.

(1)

Khi h s khng kh tha bl bung la cng ln th nhit chy l thuyt ca qu trnh gim, lm gim lng nhit hp thu bng bc x ca bung la, dn n nhit khi sau bung la tng ln tc l nhit khi thot tng. ng thi h s khng kh tha cng ln th th tch khi thi cng ln v nh vy th q2 cng cng ln. V vy cn khng ch mc nh nht, ng thi hn ch khng kh lnh lt vo l hi. Tuy nhin khi h s khng kh tha cng nh th q2 gim nhng q3 li tng c th do thiu khng kh hoc kh pha trn khng kh vi nhin liu (nhng khi h s khng kh tha qu ln lm cho nhit bung la qu thp th q3 cng li tng). V vy phi tnh chn sao cho tng tn tht nhit q2 + q3 l nh nht. 3. Cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu T vic phn tch cc tn tht nhit, ta c cc bin php s dng nng lng hiu qu trong h thng l hi nh sau: - Kim sot h s khng kh tha. - Kim sot nhit khi thi ca l hi. - Tn dng nhit t khi thi. - Kim sot lu lng nc x y l. - Thu hi nc ngng. - Kim sot cch nhit cho h thng l hi. 3.1. Kim sot h s khng kh tha Nh phn tch trn, lng khng kh tha s nh hng ln n tn tht nhit l hi do vic kim sot mc khng kh tha (hay %O2) trong khi s l c hi rt tt tit kim nng lng trong l hi. Mc ch cui cng ca vic kim sot mc khng kh tha l phi xc lp c mt quy trnh kim sot lng khng kh tha v xc nh hiu qu ca qu trnh ny. Mun vy cn phi xc nh c nng xy trong khi thi nh s dng b phn tch khi hoc my phn tch xy (c th o mt cch lin tc m khng cn ly mu khi thi).
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

H s khng kh tha ti u cho qu trnh t c th chn theo bng 1 hoc c th da vo th hnh 1.

Bng 1. H s khng kh tha. Nhin liu rn Ghi c nh 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 Tng si 1,2 1,25 1,2 1,25 -

Cng sut l , T/h > 30 10 30 5 10 <5

Nhin liu lng 1,05 1,15 1,2 1,25 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3

Nhin liu kh 1,0 1,15 1,2 1,25 1,2 1,25 1,2 1,25 (Ngun TLTK 1)

t hiu qu kinh t cao nht trong vic kim sot h s khng kh tha th cn phi lu : + V bc l hi v ng khi phi kn v khng c ngun gi khc lun vo hoc thot ra. Khi xem xt cn ch kim tra s x h (nu c) ti nhng v tr sau: - V tr a cc u o vo ng khi. - Ca kim tra hay l thi tro ca l hi, cc mi ni ghp l hi. - Tm chn gi ti l thi tro, mui than. - Cc vt nt trn tng gch, v tr gn cc vi t.

Hnh 1. th xc nh h khng kh tha ti u.

+ B t phi hot ng tt. Khi kim tra cn ch : - Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca thit b kim sot lu lng gi nh: cnh qut gi, ca chn gi trong iu kin tt nht.V tr cnh gi phi m bo chnh xc t l nhin liu/gi. - Lp t thit b phn tch thnh phn O2 trong khi. - Kim tra hiu chnh h thng kim sot vic t l. 3.2. Kim sot nhit khi thi C th o nhit khi thi bng cp nhit in hoc nhit k lp t trong ng khi.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Nhit khi thi c nh hng rt ln n hiu sut l hi (lng nhin liu tiu hao). C th gim nhit khi thi n mc thp nht tng hiu sut l. Nhit khi thi cng cao th tn tht q2 cng ln. Tuy nhin khi nhit khi thi qu thp th s gy ng sng hi nc v hi axitsunfuric trong khi v gy ra hin tng n mn nhit thp n mn rt mnh b mt t phn ui. V vy chng ta phi tm nhng bin php gim nhit khi thi n mc hp l nht. Vi cc l hi ang s dng c nhit khi thi ln hn 1200C (khong 2500F) th nn s dng thm thit b thu hi nhit lp b mt t ui l (cui ng khi). Cc b trao i nhit thng dng l b hm du, hm nc v sy khng kh c gi chung l b tit kim nhit. Vic lp thm b tit kim nhit vo nhng l hi cha c trang b l cch lm hiu qu nhm gim tn tht nhit do khi thi. Trong thc t khng c mt quy nh c th no v gi tr ca nhit khi thi cho tt c cc loi nhin liu m ch c nhng hng dn v mc thp nht nhit khi thi da vo nhng yu t nh: loi nhin liu s dng, nhit ng sng ca khi thi, loi b mt truyn nhit. duy tr nhit khi thi ti u, trong vn hnh phi tin hnh bin php sau y: - Thng xuyn v sinh cc b mt t l hi, t nht mi ca mt ln, nu nhit khi thi vn tng cao th phi tng tn sut v sinh. - Duy tr h s khng kh tha mc ti u. - Phn tch nc cp thng xuyn c bin php hiu chnh kp thi cht lng nc cp nhm trnh hin tng ng cu trn cc b mt truyn nhit lm cn tr truyn nhit. - Phi kim tra nng xy trc v sau b sy khng kh mi thng mt ln kim tra kn ca b sy. - i vi b hm nc bng gang, phi tnh ton thit k m bo khng xy ra qu trnh si trong b hm nhm trnh vic tng p sut gy n b hm nc. 3.3. Kim sot lu lng x y l hi Trong qu trnh sinh hi, nng cc tp cht trong nc l s tng dn do cn duy tr tt ch x l gim bt tp cht trong nc l v thi cu cn ra khi l. Nu lng x y khng thch hp th c th xy ra cc trng hp sau: - Nu x y qu t th lng tp cht trong ni s vt qu gii hn cho php dn n ng cu cn cn tr qu trnh truyn nhit ca l hi v lm gim tui th ca thit b. - Nu lng x y qu nhiu th s dn n tn tht nhit, nhin liu, nc cp v ha cht b sung.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Do vy, tit kim nng lng vn t ra l: x y t nht m vn m bo cht lng nc l hi v thu hi nhit t nc x l. C th tit kim nhit t vic x y thng qua cc bin php sau: - Gim ti thiu lng nc x nh iu chnh van x sao cho cht lng nc c duy tr mc cho php. - Kim sot lng nc x nh s dng h thng t ng kim sot lng x y (lp thit b phn tch v thay van tay bng van c th t ng iu chnh). Qua thc t s dng h thng t ng x y c th tit kim 20% lu lng x [3]. - Gim thiu lng nc x y bng cch thu hi cng nhiu nc ngng cng tt (s dng nc ngng s lm gim lng tp cht a vo l). - Chn la h thng x l nc cp c kh nng gim thiu s to thnh cu cn trong l, (thng ch p dng i vi nhng d n mi hoc d n mi ci to). 3.4. Thu hi nc ngng Thu hi nc ngng cng l mt bin php kh thi tit kim nng lng. Vic thu hi nc ngng s l c hi ti u ha hot ng ca l hi v mang li nhng c hi tit kim sau: - Gim lng nc b sung do gim chi ph cho vic x l nc cp cho l hi. - Gim nng tp cht trong nc l do gim lng nc x y v gim nng lng tiu hao cho x y. - Tn dng c lng nc ngng nng cao c nhit nc cp m khng tn thm nng lng, ng thi gim c lng hi cp cho bnh kh kh. - C kh nng nng cao cng sut m khng cn cung cp thm nng lng. xem xt kh nng thu hi nc ngng cn phi tin hnh iu tra tt c cc thit b s dng hi nc trong nh my xc nh lng nc ngng x b hin thi v xem xt tt c kh nng ci tin thit b thu hi nc ngng sch. 3.5. Sn xut hi bng nhit thi Cc l hi cng sut nh c thit k trc y thng c nhit khi thi rt cao do ngi ta cha quan tm n vn tit kim nng lng. Vn t ra l xc nh c phng cch tn dng nhit trong khi thi mt cch hp l, kinh t. Cc l hi c c nhit khi thi c th ti 500 n 600oC th vic s dng b sy khng kh l khng kinh t do yu cu cao v vt liu ch to, mt khc vic trang b b sy khng kh vo cc thit b ny s lm thay i c tnh bc x ca bung t, lm nh hng xu n qu trnh truyn nhit. Do vy ngi ta c th xem xt cc phng cch tn dng nhit nh sau: - Sn xut hi bng cch lp thm b sinh hi s dng khi thi u ra ca bung t.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

- Lp t thit b hm nng du hoc Ethylen Glycol a n ni s dng khc. - Lp t thit b hm du cung cp cho l hi. Tuy nhin, trong thc t do phn ln cc quy trnh cng ngh u cn hi nc nn bin php thng p dng nht l thit b sinh hi bng nhit khi thi khng c bung t. 3.6. Gia nhit nc cp cho l hi Gia nhit nc cp cho l hi s gim c lng oxy trong nc, do gim c s n mn. C th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau: - Ti s dng nc ngng. - t b hm nc ca l hi. - S dng cc qu trnh trao i nhit khc. 3.7. X l nc cp cho l, kim sot cu cn v bm bn Nu thc hin ch nc cp vo l khng tt, trong nc l c nhiu tp cht, iu khng ch sinh ra cu cn trong l c th lm n ng m cn lm cho cht lng hi km i, gy ng cu ng dn hi, trong cc chi tit cu tuc bin v c th gy ra nhng s c nghim trng. V vy, trc khi nc c cp vo l cn phi cn c tiu chun cht lng nc cho php la chn cc phng php x l nc ph hp v thc hin nghim cc bin php x l nc. Tiu chun cht lng nc cp c th tham kho theo (TLTK3). 3.8. Gim s tht thot do bm bn v ng cn l hi t than v du, mui bm vo ng s ng vai tr nh mt lp cch nhit cn tr qu trnh trao i nhit, do cn loi b mui mt cch thng xuyn. Mt khc, khi ng cu trn cc b mt t cng lm tng nhit tr vch. Nhit khi l tng c th l do mui bm nhiu qu hoc c th ng cn trn b mt tip xc vi nc. Bng 2 biu din quan h gia tn tht nhin liu v chiu dy lp cu cn. c tnh, nhit khi l c tng 22 oC s gy ra tn tht nhit c tnh khong 1 % [1].
Bng 2. Quan h gia tn tht nhin liu v dy lp cu cn carbonat. dy lp cu cn, mm Tn tht nhin liu, % 0,5 1,2 1 2,2 2 4,0 3 4,7 4 6,3 5 6,8 6 8,2

(Ngun cng ty Korea Energy Management corporation)

Hin nay x l lp cu cn, chng ta c cc bin php sau: - Dng sng siu m. - Dng nam chm vnh cu. - Dng in t trng.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Hnh 6. Thit b dng sng siu m.

Khi tin hnh x l lp cu cn th mang li mt s li ch sau: - Tit kim t 2 - 4%, tin nhin liu. - Gim chi ph u t lp t v vn hnh h thng lm mm nc. - Tng tui th ng l ln 1.5 - 2 ln. Khng phi tn tin ph cu bng axt.[1]

(a) Hnh 8. ng nc l hi.

(b)

a. Trc khi dng thit b sng siu m; b. Sau khi dng thit b song siu m.

3.9. Bo n (cch nhit) l hi Cn phi kim tra thng xuyn lp bo n v phi tin hnh b sung, sa cha kp thi gim tn tht do to nhit ra mi trng. Tuy nhin, khi bc cch nhit cn ch trong vic xc nh chiu dy ti u ca lp cch nhit, vic hp th m vo cht cch nhit lm gim hiu qu cch nhit mong mun. 3.10. Thay th l hi Vic thay l hi mi s mang li hiu qu kinh t v tit kim nng lng trong cc trng hp sau y: L hi ang s dng c v c hiu sut thp th thay bng l hi c hiu sut cao hn. L hi c cng sut khng ph hp (ln hn so vi yu cu) s khi ng lu hn, lun chy non ti nn hiu sut s thp hn, tiu tn nhiu nhin liu hn. Thay th bng l hi t cc loi ph phm ph thi t nng nghip nh nhin liu sinh khi, cc cht thi nh tru, c c ph, v ht iu ... s gp phn gim thiu nhim mi trng, ng thi gp phn tit kim nng lng truyn thng ang ngy cng cn kit.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Hnh 9. L hi c chnh sa t nhin liu sinh khi. (Ngun Cng ty Thai K Boiler Co., Ltd)

Cc bng 1- 4 trnh by hiu qu kinh t khi s dng mt s gii php tit kim nng lng.
Bng 1. So snh hiu qu kinh t khi thay th l hi t du bng l hi t than Cng ty C phn Dt may Hu.

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Thng s Sn lng hi nh mc p sut hi bo ho sut tiu hao nhin liu lng nhin liu tiu th trong nm Gi nhin liu Chi ph nhin liu trong 1 nm S tin tit kim c/nm Chi ph u t Thi gian hon vn

L hi t du 8 10 455 318500 7500/lit 24550

L hi t than

Gi tr

n v t/h Bar

1065 745500 1800/kg 13419 11131 3545 0,35

Kg/h % VN 106 VN 106 VN 106 VN nm

(Ngun Cng ty thuc l Nng) Bng 2. Hiu qu kinh t khi thay th l hi t du bng l hi t than Cng ty thuc l Nng.

STT

Thng s L hi t du

Gi tr

n v

1 2 3 4 5
54

Lng du tiu hao S gi hot ng trong mt ngy S ngy hot ng trong mt nm Tng lng du tiu hao trong mt nm Gi du

342 10 360 1.231.200 5.000

lt/h gi Ngy Lt ng/lt

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Tng chi ph L hi t than thay th Lng than tiu hao S gi hot ng trong mt ngy Tng lng than tiu hao trong mt nm Gi than Tng chi ph Chi ph u t S tin tit kim hng nm Thi gian hon vn

6,15 632 10 2.275.200 1540 3,5 770 2,65 0,3

T ng Kg/h gi Kg ng/kg T ng Triu ng T ng Nm

Bng 3. Hiu qu kinh t khi thu hi nc ngng HTX Dt May Duy Trinh.

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Thng s Lng nc ngng thu hi Nhit lng tit kim c Lng nhin liu tit kim trong 1 gi S gi lm vic trong ngy S ngy lm vic trong nm Lng nhin liu tit kim trong mt nm Gi thnh nhin liu S tin tit kim trong mt nm Chi ph u t Thi gian hon vn

Gi tr 1020 77 9,6 8 320 24.567 1.540 37,85 9,48 0,25

n v kg/h kW kg/h Gi Ngy Kg ng/kg Triu ng Triu ng Nm

Bng 4. Hiu qu kinh t khi s dng sng siu m x l cu cn trong l hi thay th bin php s dng ha cht Cng ty dt Si Gn.

STT

Thng s Bin php s dng ha cht

Gi tr

n v

1 2 3 4

Chi ph mua ha cht ha cht Lng nhin liu s dng trong mt nm Gi thnh phn nhin liu Tng chi ph

6,00
64.800.000

Triu ng
lt

15.000 972

ng/lt T ng
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Bin php s dng sng siu m 5 6 7 8 9 10 4. Kt lun Vic nghin cu tit kim nng lng trong h thng l hi gp phn tit kim nng lng ni chung l mt i hi ca thc t khch quan, v vy cn phi c p dng rng ri trong cc cng ty, x nghip trn ton quc. Chng ta thy li ch thu c t nhng gii php tit kim, chng khng nhng tit kim c chi ph sn xut nhm h gi thnh sn phm, tng sc cnh tranh m cn gim bt chi ph u t cho cc cng trnh cung cp nng lng, gim s pht sinh cht thi v bo v ti nguyn v mi trng. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyn Th Bo, Nguyn Xun Ph, Bo ton nng lng s dng hp l, tit kim v hiu qu trong cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2006. [2] o Ngc Chn, Hong Ngc ng, L hi & Thit b t, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2008. [3] Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia, Thermal energy equipment: Boiler and thermic fluids heaters, United Nations Environment Programme, 2006. Gi thit b siu m Lung nhin liu s dng trong mt nm Tng chi ph Lng nhin liu tit kim trong mt nm S tin tit kim trong mt nm Thi gian hon vn 120 62.856.000 942,96 1.944.000 29,04 0,03 Triu ng lt T ng lt T ng Nm

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