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HBsAg Prevalence
WHO 2001, Introduction of Hep. B Vaccines into childhood immunization services 8% - High 2-7% - Intermediate <2% - Low
Hepatitis B
Booster doses: These are not recommended. Studies have shown that infants, children and adults who have responded to a three-dose hepatitis B immunization series are protected from hepatitis B for at least 15 years even if they lose detectable antibodies over time. Long-term protection relies on the immunological memory, which allows a protective anamnestic antibody response after exposure to HBV.
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Booster vaccination: the WHO does not recommend booster vaccination, as it has been shown that 3 dose series of hepatitis B immunisation protects for as long as 15 years, and that a protective anamnestic response occurs after exposure to HBV, even if protective antibodies have been lost over time. However, some local vaccination programmes worldwide currently include a recommendation for a booster dose, and these should be respected
IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULES
Newborns from infected mothers:
first dose of HB vaccine within 12 hours following the birth
High-risk situations: the 0-, 1-, 2-, and 12- month schedule provides a more rapid and a longer lasting protection than the 0-, 1-, 6 month schedule Mode of administration: Intramuscular route
in the anterolateral area of the thigh muscle for infants in the deltoid area for adolescents and adults
AGE
GENETICS
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
(2) WHO VHPB. Hepatitis B as an occupational hazard - European Occupational Health Series N8 1994: 1-64
EUVAX B
recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine produced by the technology of genetic engineering in yeast cell (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) no substances of human origin are used in the manufacturing Available in vial with 2 presentation : 0,5 ml unt anak-anak (10 g) dan 1 ml (20 g)
Euvax B United Nations Prequalified Vaccines WHO list of vaccines for purchase by UN agencies As of December 2005
http://www.who.int/vaccines-
access/vacman/vvm/vvmreferences.htm
SEROCONVERSION RATE AFTER THE THIRD DOSE* (0-, 1-, 6-month schedule) 99.6% 100 91.3%
seroconversion rate (%) 80 60 40 20
(84.9%)
(41.0%)
Anti-HBs titers (IU/L) > 1 000 100-999.9 10-99.9
Euvax B
* samples were taken between one and four months after the third dose.
0
0-, 1-, 2-month schedule Neonates 0-, 1-, 6-month schedule Children Total Adults
2.0%
1.5%
2.0%
1.9%
4.3%
3.7%
1933 Virus flu pd manusia pertama kali diisolasi 1918 Flu spanyol" 20-40 juta orang terbunuh 412 B.C 1781 & 1830Epidemics menyebar dr Rusia ke Asia Jaman pertengahan
Murphy B.R., Webster R.G., Virology, IInd edition, New York, 1990, 1091-2 Ghendon Y. Introduction to pandemic influenza through history Eur Jour of Epid, 1994;10: 451-45
SHIFT
Menghasilkan subtipe baru :"new" HA and/or "new" NA. Mis dari H3N2 menjadi H5N1
NA Antigen
Mixing vessels
Influenza
Umumnya tinggi (39-400C), 3-4 hari gejala cukup menonjol Sering dan kadang berat Bisa hingga 2-3 minggu segera, dan gejala cukup menonjol Kadang-kadang Kadang-kadang Kadang-kadang Sering dan dapat menjadi berat
12
VAXIGRIP:
Respons antibodi humoral dan imunitas sistemik
Meningkatkan respons sistemik
Hari ke 2
Respons sistemik Secara bermakna meningkatkan (IgG dan IgA ASC)
Hari ke 10-15
(IgA, IgG dan IgM) Antibodi mencapai tingkat proteksi untuk ketiga strain
Bertahan
Imunitas bertahan hingga 1 tahun
Efek Samping
Total 28.4% Panas 1%
Incidence of fever per 1000 vaccinees on each day during the follow-up
Efek Samping
8 6 4 2 0
Kesimpulan peneliti adalah: Vaksin influenza aman dan ditoleransi dgn baik Tidak ditemukan adanya efek samping serius Jarang demam
Honkanen PO, Keistinen T, Kivela SL. Reactions following administration of influenza vaccine alone or with pneumococcal vaccine to the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:205-8
Jumlah dosis 1 or 2* 1 or 2* 1 1
Vaksin sel utuh tidak boleh diberikan pada pasien usia dibawah 13 tahun
MMWR, ACIP 1996
Pertama kali terdaftar pada tahun 1968 Kemasan praktis (prefilled syringe) Bebas thimerosal Terdaftar di lebih dari 100 negara Sesuai dengan rekomendasi WHO 250 juta dosis Vaxigrip telah digunakan Pengalaman selama 36 tahun
20
Siapa Yang Bertanggung Jawab Pada Penyebaran Typhoid Melalui Makanan dan Minuman ?
THAILAND MALAYSIA VIETNAM
Air
INDIA Feses dan urin dari penderita / karier
Tanah
Lalat
Jari tangan
Makanan Minuman
SRI LANKA
PAKISTAN
PHILLIPINES
BANGLADESH
Food Handlers
Park K, Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 14th Edition, 1995 B. B. Publisher, Jabalpur, India. pp.162
12
9.76
10 8 6 4 2 0
1992 1993 1994 Year 1995 1996
7.43 5.27 4.46
4.28
Incidence Rate
Source : Epidemiology Dept., MOH
Kesimpulan: Benefit/cost rasio: 1.83; Untuk setiap 1 rupiah yang diinvestasikan untuk vaksinasi, perusahaan menyelamatkan (saving) 1.83 rupiahs.
Nguyen V, Lascar S & Wood S. 3rd Asia-Pacific Symposium on Typhoid fever and other Salmonellosis, Bali, Dec 8-10, 1997
Vaksin untuk mencegah demam tifoid Bukan bakteri hidup (vaksin polisakarida Vi / kapsul bakteri)
Terima Kasih