Mt Vi c Tnh Ca Ma Phng

T ng
Li ni u
Nhiu hnh th c c tnh ha hp him thy trong sinh-hc nhng li rt
d xut hin trong ton-hc. T d cc hnh dng cn i ca hnh-hc, cc
ng tun hon ca i-s, cc chui s u n ca s-hc, cc qu o
c sc trong c-hc. Ma Phng cng mang mt hnh nh ha hi y. y
l mt ti vui ti, m trn mng li ton cu hin nay c gn hai
triu trang u M vit v vn ny. Ngi ta ch n Ma Phng, c l
bi tnh cch k l hoc thn b, v ni n s thc dng th tht s khng c
my. C rt nhiu loi Ma Phng, nn bi ny ch m t v hai loi chnh:
Ton Ma Phng (Full Magic Square) v Bn Ma Phng (Semi Magic
Square).
Ma Phng c bit t thi xa xa, c bn ng ln bn Ty. Ma
Phng, hay " vung thn k" l mt hnh vung c chia lm nhiu
nh, mi cha mt con s t 1 tr ln, m tng cng ca cc con s trong
mi hng ngang, hng dc hay hai ng cho chnh, gi l hng s ca Ma
Phng, u bng nhau. Loi ny l Ton Ma Phng. Trong mt nhm nh
ca loi ny, c bit cc con s ca mi ng cho ph cng cho mt tng
s y ht, nn ta c th gi l Lin Ma Phng (Pan Magic Square). C ngi
cn gi chng l Qu Ma Phng (Diabolic Magic Square) v tnh cch qui
n ca Ma Phng ny. Ta c th gi chng l Siu Ma Phng hay Super
Magic Square.
Mt vi cch v cho mt Ma Phng c th tm thy trong nhng th mc
ca bi ny (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Ta hy xt s lc cch thit lp ca hai nhm
chnh: Ma Phng l v Ma Phng chn, cng mt vi cch chuyn hon
t mt Ma Phng ny ti mt Ma Phng khc. i vi khong 880 Ma
Phng chn 4-4 (5), ta s tng kt 12 m hnh c bit ca loi Ton Ma
Phng ny. Thm vo , s to thnh v nhng m hnh c bit khc
trong cc Bn Ma Phng 4-4 lin h cng c tc gi m t.

Ma Phng L
V khng c Ma Phng chn 2-2, nn gin d nht l Ma Phng 3-3, gm
chn vung nh cha 9 con s, t 1 n 9. Ma Phng ny lin h vi H
1

 v Lc Th ca Trung Hoa t thi Phc Hi. Ti th k th 12 bn ng

phng v th 19 bn Ty phng, nhng Ma Phng c bit c in ra.
Mun thit lp mt Ma Phng l, ngi ta v thm nhng vung ph
theo ng cho, ri in tt c cc con s theo th t trn nhng vung
dc theo cc ng cho . K tip, con s nhng vung ph c
chuyn vo nhng i xng trong Ma Phng. Th d Ma Phng 3-3, m
tng s 3 hng, 3 ct hay 2 ng cho chnh u l 15:
3
2
1

2
9
4

6
5

9
8

7
5
3

6
1
8

2
9
4

7
5
3

6
1
8

C th in cc s theo hng cho, hay ti nhng gi d ni tip lin tc

khi ta cun hai mp trn/di hay phi/tri ca Ma Phng li thnh hnh
ng, v nu b cn th li xung mt , nh cc mi tn ca Ma Phng 3-3:
8

Mt li vit rt ti tnh da vo s di chuyn ca con nga 'knight' trong bn

c tng Chess. Khi b cn th li thng xung, i theo ng cho hay di
chuyn ti nhng gi d lin tc khi ta cun hai mp trn/di hay phi/
tri li thnh hnh ng, nh s thit lp Ma Phng 5-5 sau y (1):
10

18

14

22

11

24

20

17

13

21

23

19

15

12

25

16

Ma Phng Chn
Ma Phng chn kh v hn Ma Phng l. Ngi ta phi th v kim li
'trial and error' nhiu ln. Nh c in ton thi nay, s tm kim tr thnh
d dng hn xa.
A. Ton Ma Phng 4-4
y l mt li vit d nh cho mt Ma Phng thuc loi hon ton 4-4 (3):
1- Vit theo th t 1, 2, 3.. n 16, t tri sang phi, t trn xung di,
nhng b cc con s ca nhng khng nm trn ng cho.
2- Vit theo th t 1, 2, 3.. n 16, t phi sang tri, t di ln trn, nhng
b nhng con s ca nhng trn ng cho.
3- Gom cc s ca hai phn 1- v 2- li cc c y mi con s.
1

4
6

10

11

15
12

13

14

16

'

15

14

12

10

11

13

16

Theo tc gi, d nht l vit theo th t 1, 2, 3.. n 16, t tri sang phi, t
trn xung di. Sau , nhng s cc ca ng cho th hon i theo
v tr i xng vi tm ca Ma Phng, th d 1 vi 16, 6 vi 11:
1

16

13

11

10

10

11

12

12

13

14

15

16

14

15

V c tt c 6 nh lut lin h n Ton Ma Phng 4-4 (1), ta c th k

mt vi s hon chuyn sau y i mt Ton Ma Phng ny n mt
Ton Ma Phng khc:

i hng (hng ngang) ca (I) trn xung di, di ln trn = (II) hay i
ct (ct dc) tri sang phi, phi sang tri = (III):
1

15

14

13

16

15

14

12

12

12

10

11

10

11

10

11

13

16

15

14

16

13

II

III

i cho hai cp hng 1 v 4 trn xung di, di ln trn = (IV) hay i

cho hai cp hng 2 v 3 trn xung di, di ln trn = (V):
1

15

14

16

13

12

12

10

11

10

11

13

16

14

15

14

11

10

12

15

13

16

IV

i bn hng 1 v hng 4 theo ng cho trn xung di, di ln trn

= (VI):
1

15

14

12

10

11

13

16

13

12

10

11

16

14

15

VI

i nhm bn ca mt gc theo ng cho trn xung di, di ln

trn = (VII) hay i nhm bn gia cnh tri sang phi, phi sang tri =
(VIII):
1

15

14

11

14

15

14

12

16

12

10

11

10

15

11

10

13

16

13

12

13

16

VII

VIII

Khi cc con s ca mi ng cho ph, trn nhng gi d lin tc khi ta

cun hai mp trn/di hay phi/ tri li thnh hnh ng, nh s thit lp Ma
Phng 5-5 sau y cng cho mt tng s y ht, ta c Siu Ma Phng. Ch
c khong 384 Siu Ma Phng 4-4, m 4 hng, 4 ct, 4 ng cho i ln,
4 ng cho i xung u c tng s 4 l 34. Di y l mt th d: 4
cho ln: (1,3,11,9; 12,15,2,5; 8,6,14,16; 13,10,7,4) 4 cho xung (13,15,7,5;
8,3,14,9; 12,10,2,4; 1,6,11,16) m tng s 4 l 34.
1

15

14

12

10

11

13

16

Sau y l mt Ton Ma Phng 6-6, m hng s l 111. Cng nn bit,

theo Pin v Wieczerkowski lng nh vo nm 1998, tng s cc Ma
Phng 6-6 l 1,77 x 1019. Con s s thnh khng l cho nhng Ma Phng
ln c nhiu .

35

33

32

12

28

27

11

25

24

17

15

16

20

19

13

23

21

22

14

18

30

26

10

29

31

34

36

V mt Ton Ma Phng 8-8 c hng s l 260:

63

14

21

28

40

41

50

51

44

25

37

24

15

62

53

46

31

35

18

60

57

12

47

34

30

19

56

49

22

39

27

42

13

64

61

16

43

38

26

23

52

54

17

36

32

45

10

59

58

11

20

29

33

48

55

Cc m hnh ca Ton Ma Phng 4-4

Tt c c 12 m hnh cho 880 Ton Ma Phng, nh du t TH-I n THXII. Nhng m hnh ny c v bng cc gch ni tng cp c tng s
bng na hng s. V nhng m hnh hay ha ny cn xng nn c
dng trong ngnh in hoa trn vi vc (5). Nu dng mt tho chng m
cc m hnh ny, th ta thy s Ma Phng trong mi m hnh nhiu t
khng bng nhau. c tnh ny khng c l do khoa hc gii thch. Siu
Ma Phng m m hnh TH-VI c tn l Melencolia I, c vit vo nm
1514, v cn c gi ti British Museum. Mt m phng ca Ma Phng
ny c gi ti The Hague, vi ch thch di l 'Compatibility' (2).

16

13

10

11

15

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12

TH-I
4

13

16

14

15

11

10

12

TH-II
1

13

16

12

14

15

11

10

TH-III
1

14

12

10

16

15

11

13

TH-IV

10

15

14

11

16

12

13

TH-V
16

13

10

11

12

15

14

TH-VI
16

12

11

15

14

10

13

TH-VII
11

14

16

10

15

13

12

TH-VIII

11

14

16

10

15

13

12

TH- IX
12

13

16

15

10

14

11

TH-X
1

16

15

13

14

12

11

10

TH-XI
2

15

16

11

10

14

13

12

TH-XII

B. Bn Ma Phng 4-4:
Tc gi ngh mt li vit d nh cho mt Bn Ma Phng nh sau:
1- Vit theo th t 1, 2, 3.. n 8, t tri sang phi, t trn xung di, vo
nhng khng nm trn ng cho.
2- Vit theo th t 8, 9, 10.. n 16, t phi sang tri, t di ln trn, vo
nhng trn ng cho.
3- Gom cc s ca hai phn 1- v 2- li cc c y mi con s.
C th phn nhm cc Bn Ma Phng bng hai tng s ca cc trn hai
ng cho chnh, trong th d ny l (50-50):
1

16

6
7

15
14

13

12

11

10

'
9

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

(50, 50)
Cc m hnh ca Bn Ma Phng 4-4
V iu kin lp mt Bn Ma Phng d hn Ton Ma Phng nn con s
Bn Ma Phng nhiu hn con s Ton Ma Phng. C nhin s m hnh
tng ng cng nhiu hn. Ngoi 12 m hnh t TH-I n TH-XII nh 880
Ton Ma Phng, Bn Ma Phng c th c thm 12 nhm ha khc. Ta
nh s t BH-I n BH-XII.

10

16

15

10

13

12

11

14

BH-I (14, 54)

5

10

11

13

14

16

15

12

BH-II (16, 48)

6

12

10

11

13

14

15

16

BH-III (20, 40)

2

15

16

12

11

10

14

13

BH-IV (20,52)

11

14

12

16

10

15

11

13

BH-V (26,10)
11

15

14

10

12

16

13

BH-VI (28,32)
15

16

10

11

13

14

12

BH-VII (42, 10)

10

15

11

14

16

13

12

BH-VIII (42, 10)

12

16

15

12

10

11

13

14

BH-IV (44,28)
16

15

10

11

13

14

12

BH-X (46, 22)

7

12

11

10

14

13

15

16

BH-XI (46, 22)

15

16

12

10

11

13

14

BH-XII (46, 22)

13

Thay li kt
Tc gi ch mun trnh by mt vi kha cnh ca Ma Phng nh mt k b
hay tr chi Puzzles ca ton hc. Nhng tr chi ny cn c nhiu loi,
hnh dng ha hi khc nhau, k c trong khng gian ba chiu nh Ma Lp
Phng (Magic Cubes).
Ma Phng mang li nhiu s suy on trong s hc qua cc thi i. V h
thng nh phn c t thi xa xa c dng cho tin hc thi nay, nhiu hc
gi khm ph ra s lin h ca Ma Phng vi cc khoa hc hin i nh
bn th hc, di th hc. Bc s Nguyn Vn Th m t s lin h vi Kinh
Dch (6). Tuy s gii thch v nguyn l hay c ch cn c nhiu kh khn,
nhng s ng dng ca Ma Phng chc s tng dn vi thi gian.

Th Mc:
1) Andrews W. S. (1960): Magic Squares and Cubes
Dover Publications, Inc. New York, New York
2) Kenneth Kelsey & David King (1992): Number Puzzles
Dorset Press, Great Britain
3) Kurosaka, R.T. (1985): Magic Squares - Byte, 10:383-388
4) Reiner, B.S. (1981): Magic Squares and Matrices, The Mathematical Gazette, 81:
250-252
5) Sonneborn III, H. (1988): Magic Squares and Textile Designs, Access, 7: 10-16
6) Nguyn Vn Th (1997): Dch Kinh i Ton, Tc Gi xut bn, Wesminter CA

Mng Li:
1. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MagicSquare.html
2. http://www. pasles.com/magic.html
3. http://www.grogono.com/magic/4x4.php

San Diego, 14 thng 11, 2005

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