CH NG III-NGUYN L I U CH NH NG C DC B NG PWM

I.Gi i thi u v PWM Phng php iu ch PWM ( Pulse Width Modulation) l phng php iu chnh in p ra ti hay ni cch khc l phng php iu ch da trn s thay i rng ca chui xung vung dn m s thay i in p ra d hiu hn ta c hnh v sau :

S trn l dng xung iu ch trong 1 chu k th thi gian xung ln (Sn dng) n thay i dn ra hoc co vo. V rng ca n c tnh bng phn trm tc l rng ca n c tnh nh sau : rng = (t1/T).100 (%) Nh vy thi gian xung ln cng ln trong 1 chu k th in p u ra s cng ln. Nhn trn hnh v trn th ta tnh c in p ra ti s l : + i vi PWM = 25% ==> Ut = Umax.(t1/T) = Umax.25% (V) + i vi PWM = 50% ==> Ut = Umax.50% (V) + i vi PWM = 75% ==> Ut = Umax.75% (V) C nh th ta tnh c in p u ra ti vi bt k rng xung no.

II. Nguyn l c a PWM. y l phng php c thc hin theo nguyn tc ng ngt ngun ti ti v mt cch c chu k theo lut iu chnh thi gian ng ct. Phn t thc hin nhin v trong mch cc van bn dn. Xt hot ng ng ct ca mt van bn dn. Dng van ng ct bng Mosfet

Gin xung

Trn l mch nguyn l iu khin ti bng PWM v gin xung ca chn iu khin v dng in p u ra khi dng PWM. * Nguyn l : Trong khong thi gian 0 - to ta cho van G m ton b in p ngun Ud c a ra ti. Cn trong khong thi gian to - T cho van G kha, ct ngun cung cp cho ti. V vy vi to thay i t 0 cho n T ta s cung cp ton b , mt phn hay kha hon ton in p cung cp cho ti. + Cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ti : Gi to l thi gian xung sn dng (kha m )cn T l thi gian ca c sn m v dng, Umax l in p ngun cung cp cho ti. ==> Ud = Umax.( t1/T) (V) hay Ud = Umax.D vi D = t1/T l h s iu chnh v c tnh bng % Nh vy ta nhn trn hnh th dng iu ch xung th ta c : in p trng bnh trn ti s l : + Ud = 12.20% = 2.4V ( vi D = 20%) + Ud = 12.40% = 4.8V (Vi D = 40%) + Ud = 12.90% = 10.8V (Vi D = 90%) III.Cch i u khi n r ng xung c a PWM C rt nhiu cch iu chnh rng xung u ra cho PWM .Vi s ca ti ny th rng xung u ra c iu chnh theo phng php so snh to c bng phng php so snh th cn 2 iu kin sau y : + Tn hiu rng ca : Xc nh tn s ca PWM + Tn hiu ta l tn hiu xc nh mc cng sut iu ch (Tn hiu DC) Xt s mch sau :

Chng ta s dng mt b so snh in p 2 u vo l 1 xung rng ca (Saw) v 1 tn hiu 1 chiu (Ref) + Khi Saw > Ref th cho ra in p l 0V + Khi Saw < Ref th cho ra in p l Urmax V c nh vy mi khi chng ta thay i Ref th Output li c chui xung rng D thay i vi tn s xung vung Output = tn s xung rng ca Saw. IV. u nh c i m c a m ch PWM dng lm m ch i u khi n ng c DC: u im: - Transistor li ra ch c duy nht hai trng thi (ON hoc OFF) do loi b c mt mt v nng lng t nng hay nng lng r r ti li ra. - Di iu khin rng hn so vi mch iu chnh tuyn tnh. - Tc m t quay nhanh hn khi cp chui xung iu ch theo kiu PWM so vi khi cp mt in p tng ng vi in p trung bnh ca chui xung PWM. Nhc im:

- Cn cc mch in t b tr - gi thnh cao - Cc xung kch ln 12 Volt c th gy nn ting n nu m t khng c gn cht v ting n ny s tng ln nu gp phi trng hp cng hng ca v. - Ngoi ra vic dng chui xung iu ch PWM c th lm gim tui th ca m t. CH NG IV.PHN TCH S HO T NG C A M CH THI T K S KHI MCH IU KHIN

mch lp

To xung vung

To xung rng ca

Mch so snh

Van ng lc

Hot ng ca tng khi : Mch lp :

Mch lp c chc nng n nh in p u ra ly t cu phn p a vo u vo khng o ca ic khuch i thut ton .Ta c:

Vout=[R2/(R1+R2)]*Vin

R1=R2=100K nn : Vout=[R2/2R2]*Vin =Vin/2=24v/2v=12V Khu to xung vung v in p rng ca :

Hnh IV.1.a

hnh IV.1.b

To in p tam gic bng cch tch phn xung vung OA 1 nh hnh IV.1.a .Xung vung c th to bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Tch phn xung ny chnh l qu trnh np, x t nu in p vo khu tch phn khng i xng c th xut hin sai s ng k. in p rng ca trn hnh IV.1.b mang tnh phi tuyn cao. in p rng ca s nhn c tuyn tnh hn khi s dng s hnh IV.1.a. Khuch i OA 1 c hi tip dng bng in tr R3, u ra c tr s in p ngun v du ph thuc hiu in p hai cng V+, V-.

u vo V+ c hai tn hiu, mt tn hiu khng i ly t u ra ca OA 1, mt tn hiu bin thin ly t u ra ca OA 4. in p chun so snh quyt nh i du in p ra ca OA 1 l trung tnh vo V-. Gi s u ra caOA 1 dng U1 > 0 khuch i OA 2 tch phn o du cho in p c sn i xung ca in p rng

ca. Sn i xung ca in p ta ti lc in p vo R3, R5 tri du, ti khi no V+ = 0 u ra ca OA 1 i du thnh m. Chu k in p ra ca OA 1 c lun phin i du nh vy cho ta in p ra nh hnh IV.1.b. Tn s ca in p rng ca c tnh:

Bng cch chn cc tr s ca in tr v t in ta c c in p ta c tn s nh mong mun.

Khu so snh in p:

Hnh IV.2

Tng t nh cc mch so snh thng gp. Khu so snh ca PWM s xc nh thi im m v kho van bn dn. u vo ca khu ny gm c hai tn hiu, in p ta (in p tam gic) v in p mt chiu lm in p iu khin nh trn hnh IV.2 T hnh IV.2 thy rng trong mi chu k in p ta (in p rng ca) c hai thi im in p ta bng in p iu khin. Ti cc thi

im , u ra ca khu so snh i du in p. Tng ng vi cc thi im t bin in p u ra ca khu so snh cn c lnh m hoc kho van bn dn.