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Phng php phn tch mt s thng s c bn kim sot cht lng nc trong h thng ni hi
Nguyn Hoi Nam Trung tm nh gi H hng Vt liu - Vin Khoa hc Vt liu Nh B1 - 18 Hong Quc Vit - Cu Giy - H Ni in thoi: 04 - 7911673 Webpage: www.comfa.vn 1. Gii thiu Rt nhiu h hng trong h thng ni hi c lin quan n cht lng nc cp. Cc h hng ny l hon ton c th phng trnh c nu nh nc cp cho ni hi t c sch cn thit khng b ng cu cn trong ni. Tuy nhin, theo cc s liu phn tch cht lng nc cp cho ni hi thy rng hu ht cc ngun nc ny khng t c cc yu cu (k c nc ma). Nh vy ngun nc dng cp cho ni hi cn phi c x l mi c th s dng c. Ngoi ra, cht lng nc t c cc yu cu th khng ch p dng phng php x l ph hp m cn phi la chn h thng x l p ng cng sut nc cp cho ni. bo m duy tr c cht lng nc nh mong mun, vic theo di hiu qu hot ng ca h thng x l nc l rt cn thit. thc hin c vic ny mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc phi phn tch nh gi c cht lng nc sau x l. Mun vy phi la chn cc thng s c bn v c trng nht cho cht lng nc phn tch nh gi. Ngoi ra cng phi la chn phng php phn tch n gin d thc hin v c tin cy cao c th thc hin nhng ni m iu kin khng c nh trong phng th nghim. Cc ch s v phng php phn tch c gii thiu di y phn no p ng c cc yu cu nu trn c th thc hin ngay ti v tr t ni hi ca cc nh my x nghip. Ngoi ra cc phng php ny cng rt an ton v d dng thc hin cn b vn hnh ni hi c th t lm c m khng cn phi o to nhiu. 2. dn in o dn l php o kh nng dn in ca mt dung dch. Nc tinh khit hu nh khng dn in v nc phn ly rt t, nhng do nc trong t nhin lun c cha cc cht tan trong n v cc cht ny khi tan trong nc th b phn ly thnh cc cation (ion tch in dng) v anion (ion tch in m) nn cc ngun nc trong t nhin (nh nc ao, nc sng, nc ngm) u dn in. Ti mt nhit xc nh, dn in ph thuc vo nng cc cation v cc anion, tc l ph thuc vo thnh phn ca dung dch. i vi nc ung, sinh hot, nc mt th dn in c th c xem nh l thc o gn ng cho nng chung ca cc cht v c trong . V d: nc nguyn cht c dn khong 0,055 S/cm tng ng vi in tr khong 18,2 M.cm = 18.200.000 .cm ti 250C. dn ca nc ma l khong 10 20 S/cm, ca nc sng, ging khi hoc nc ngm trong khong 100 1000 S/cm. dn ca nc l thng ln hn 1000 S/cm v c th ln ti 20 000 S/cm Fax: 04 - 7911673 Email comfa@ims.vast.ac.vn

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2.1 Nguyn tc o dn in ca mt dung dch l php o dn ca mt n v th tch dung dch gia 2 tm in cc t song song v i din nhau (hnh 1). Cc tm in cc thng c lm bng platin.

Hnh 1. S nguyn l ca in cc o dn in dn in ca dung dch c o trc tip bng my o dn in s dng in cc platin. 2.2 Dng c Cc (nha hoc thy tinh) My o n Nc ct Dung dch c dn in chun (thng i km theo my o)

2.3 Ha cht

2.3 Phng php thc hin Mu nc, sau khi ly chuyn trc tip vo cc (th tch ca mu nc trong cc phi cao nhng ngp hon ton u o n vch du c sn trn in cc do nh sn xut nh du sn). Nhng in cc vo cc v khuy nh m bo khng c bt kh b kt gia 2 in cc trong phn u in cc o sau yn my t o. i vi mt s my, mun thc hin php o cn phi thao tc bm nt trn my (c th l nt Read) v kt qu o s c hin th trn mn hnh ca my o. i cho kt qu hin th trn mn hnh dng hn khng thay i na hoc c ch Ready nh hin ln trn mn hnh th mi ghi li kt qu o. Sau khi o xong cn trng ra k in cc bng nc ct, ly khn bng mm thm nc v thc hin bo qun in cc theo nh hng dn ca nh sn xut. 3. kim kim ca nc c nh ngha l hm lng ca cc cht phn ng vi cc axit mnh, tc l phn ng vi ion hydro. kim ca nc c chia ra mt s loi nh sau: kim p ( kim hn hp): Khi trong nc cha mt lng cc mui cacbonat tan hoc cc hydroxyt tan th pH ca nc s ln hn 8,2. Trong trng hp ny kim tng ng vi lng axit cn dng gim pH ca nc xung ti 8,2 c gi l kim hn hp hay kim p ca nc. kim m ( kim tng): Khi kim tng ng vi lng axit cn dng gim pH ca nc xung ti 4,3 chnh l kim ton phn m. i vi nc thin nhin, kim ph

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thuc ch yu vo hm lng cc mui hidro cacbonat ca cc kim loi kim v kim th. Trong trng hp ny pH ca nc thng khng vt qu 8,2 v kim ny trng vi cng cacbonat v tng ng vi hm lng ca hidrocacbonat ca nc. 3.1 Nguyn tc xc nh kim ca nc cn dng dung dch axit mnh m nng bit trc chun. Da trn th tch axit dng chun c th tnh ton c kim ca nc. xc nh im tng tng ca php chun dng cc cht ch th axit-baz hoc dng my o pH. Lng dung dch axit tiu tn chuyn pH ca nc ti 8,2 tng ng vi kim hn hp p v n pH 4,3 tng ng kim tng ( kim m). Nu pH ca nc > 8,2 th c kim hn hp p Nu pH ca nc < 8,2 th kim p bng 0 Nu pH ca nc < 4,3 th kim bng 0 3.2 Dng c ng ong cc loi Bnh nn (250 mL hoc 500 mL) Cc cc loi Buret (10 mL hoc 25 mL) Dung dch axit HCl chun 0,1 N Ch th Phenolphtalein Ch th Metyl da cam Nc ct

3.3 Ha cht

3.4 Phng php thc hin Chun b mu Khng cn x l mu trc, tr trng hp mu cha cn l lng th phi lc qua giy lc c kch thc l 0,45m ngay sau khi ly. Tin hnh kim hn hp (p): Dng ng ong ly 100 mL mu nc cho vo bnh nn, thm vo vi git ch th phenolphtalein. Nu nc chuyn sang mu hoc hng nht th thc hin chun bng dung dch axit HCl cho ti khi dung dch mt mu hon ton. Nu nc khng chuyn mu chng t khng c mt ca cc cht kim hn hp. kim tng (m): Dng ng ong ly 100 mL mu nc cho vo bnh nn, thm vo vi git ch th metyl da cam. Nu nc chuyn sang mu vng th thc hin chun bng dung dch axit HCl cho ti khi dung dch chuyn hon ton sang mu . Nu nc c mu chng t khng c mt ca cc cht kim. Tnh ton kt qu Cng thc tnh ton sau c p dng cho vic tnh c 2 loi kim p v m:

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kim (mg/L CaCO3) = Trong :

AxNx1000 x50 V

A: Th tch dung dch axit chun , mL N: nng axit, N ( y l 0,1N) V: th tch nc dng chun , mL Cc cht c nh hng ti kt qu Khi c mt ca clo t do trong nc s nh hng n vic xc nh im tng ng. Lng CO2 t do qu cao cng nh hng n s chuyn mu ca cht ch th im tng ng. Cc ion silicat, phtpht, bort v sulphua cng b chun cng, nhng do hm lng ca cc ion k trn trong nc thng khng ng k nn t nh hng n kt qu. 4. cng cng ca nc l do cc kim loi kim th ch yu l canxi v magi gy nn. cng c chia lm hai loi l cng cacbonat v cng phi cacbonat. Lng ion canxi v magie tng ng vi lng mui cacbonat v hidro cacbonat (bicacbonat) c gi l cng cacbonat. Lng ion canxi v magie tng ng vi cc anion ca cc axit v c mnh nh clorua, sunpht v nitrat l cng phi cacbonat. cng ton phn l tng ca c hai loi cng trn. 4.1 Nguyn tc Axit Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic (EDTA) v mui ca n to phc cng cua vi mt s ion kim loi. Nu cho mt lng nh ch th Eriochrome black T (ET-OO) vo dung dch c ion canxi v magi v iu chnh pH = 100.1 dung dch s c mu ru. Khi dng dung dch EDTA chun th canxi v magi s to phc vi EDTA. Khi cc cation trong dung dch to phc ht th dung dch s chuyn sang mu xanh, lc cng l lc t im tng ng v kt thc qu trnh chun . xc nh cng ca nc dng dung dch EDTA bit trc nng chun. Da trn th tch EDTA dng chun c th tnh ton c cng ca nc. 4.2 Dng c ng ong cc loi Bnh nn (250 mL hoc 500 mL) Cc cc loi Buret (10 mL hoc 25 mL) Dung dch m amoni (NH4Cl+NH4OH) Ch th ET-OO (Eriochrome T en) Dung dch EDTA chun 0,01M Dung dch NaOH 1N

4.3 Ha cht

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Dung dch HCl 1N

4.4 Phng php thc hin Chun b phn mu th Thng thng khng cn phi x l mu trc khi chun , tr trng hp mu c cha cn l lng th phi lc qua giy lc vi kch thc l 0,45m ngay sau khi ly mu. Lu rng lc c th lm mt i mt phn canxi v magi trong mu nc lc. Tin hnh Dng ng ong ly 50 - 100 mL mu nc cn xc nh cng vo bnh nn. Thm 1 mL dung dch m v mt lng nh cht ch th. Nu pH ca mu nc khng nm trong khong pH = 6 - 8 th dng dung dch HCl hoc NaOH iu chnh (nn dng giy ch th kim tra trc) ri mi thm dung dch m v ch th. Nu dung dch c mu hoc tm th tin hnh chun bng dung dch EDTA t burt ng thi khuy hoc lc u. Chun nhanh lc u v chm dn khi gn n cui. Tip tc thm dung dch EDTA khi mu ca dung dch bt u chuyn t mu hoc tm sang mu xanh. Sc thi mu dung dch khng thay i nu thm mt git EDTA na. Nu dung dch c mu xanh c ngha l nc mm v khng cn chun na. Tnh ton kt qu cng (mg/L CaCO3) = Trong : A: th tch EDTA chun, mL M: nng ca EDTA, M ( y l 0,01M) V: Th tch mu nc dng chun , mL Cc cht c nh hng ti kt qu Cc ion nhm, bari, ch, st, coban, ng, mangan, thic, km cn tr vic xc nh bi chng hoc cng b chun vi canxi v magi hoc chng cn tr s chuyn mu ca ch th im cui. Ion photphat v cacbonat c th kt ta canxi pH chun . Mt s cht hu c cng c th cn tr vic xc nh.

AxMx1000 x 100 V

Ti liu tham kho

APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1998). Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater.20th Edition. Washington DC Clair N.Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty and Gene F.Parkin (2003). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science. 5 th edition. McGraw-Hill Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6224 : 1996 (ISO 6059 : 1984 E) (1996). H ni Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6636 2 : 2000 (ISO 9963 2 : 1994) (2000). H ni T Vng Nghi, Hunh Vn Trung, Trn T Hiu (1986). Phn tch nc. Nh xut bn Khoa

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hc v K thut. H ni.

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