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Chuong 2
Chuong 2
1 Cc nh lut Newton 2.1.1 nh lut Newton th nht nh lut: Khi mt cht im c lp (khng chu mt tc ng no t bn ngoi) nu ang ng yn, n s tip tc ng yn, nu ang chuyn ng th chuyn ng ca n l thng u. v=0 - Cht im ng yn: - Cht im chuyn ng thng u: Tng qut:
v = const
(2-1)
v = const
Vy: Mt cht im c lp bo ton trng thi chuyn ng ca n. Tnh cht bo ton trng thi chuyn ng gi l qun tnh. 2.1.2 nh lut Newton th hai nh lut: Chuyn ng ca mt cht im chu tc dng ca cc lc c tng hp F 0 l mt chuyn ng c gia tc. Gia tc chuyn ng ca cht im t l vi tng hp lc F v t l nghch vi khi lng ca cht im y.
a=K F m
(2-2)
(2-2)
(2-3)
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2.1.4 H quy chiu qun tnh H quy chiu qun tnh l h quy chiu trong cht im c lp chuyn ng thng u. 2.1.5 Lc tc dng ln chuyn ng cong Xt cht im M chuyn ng trn ng cong (C) (hnh 2-1).
M
(C)
at
Ft
an
a
Fn
F
Hnh 2-1
Ta c: suy ra
a =at +an
F = ma = Ft + Fn = ma t + ma n
hng). Vy: mt cht im chuyn ng cong, iu kin cn l phi tc dng ln n mt lc hng tm c ln bng:
v2 Fn = ma n = m R
2.1.6 nh lut Newton th ba
(2-4)
nh lut: Khi cht im A tc dng ln cht im B mt lc F th cht im B cng tc dng ln cht im A mt lc F' , hai lc F v F' tn ti ng thi, cng phng ngc chiu v cng ln. Ni cch khc:
F + F' = 0
(2-5)
Ch : F + F' = 0 nhng tc dng ca chng khng kh nhau v im t ca hai lc khc nhau. Tng qut: Xt mt h cht im c lp (khng c ngoi lc tc dng), trong h ch c cc ni lc tng tc gia cc cht im ca h. Khi nu xt tng i cht im ca h th tng hai lc tng tc gia chng bng khng. Nu ly tng tt c cc lc th ta c kt qu:
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Tng cc ni lc ca mt h cht im c lp (h kn) bng 0. 2.2 Cc nh l v ng lng T phng trnh Newton, ta c th suy ra mt s pht biu tng ng, l cc nh l v ng lng. 2.2.1 Thit lp cc nh l v ng lng Theo nh lut Newton th hai, nu mt cht im c khi lng m chu tc dng ca mt lc F (hay ca nhiu lc c tng hp l F ) th s chuyn ng vi gia tc a cho bi:
ma = F
dv =F dt
d(mv) =F dt
K = mv gi l vc t ng lng ca cht im. Vy biu thc trn c vit li:
dK =F dt
(2-6)
nh l 1: o hm ng lng ca mt cht im i vi thi gian c gi tr bng lc (hay tng cc lc) tc dng ln cht im . T (2-6) ta c: suy ra
t2
dK = Fdt
K = K 2 K 1 = Fdt
t1 t2
(2-7) (2-8)
nh l 2: bin thin ng lng ca mt cht im trong mt khong thi gian no c gi tr bng xung lng ca lc (hay hp lc) tc dng ln cht im trong khong thi gian . Nu F = const th (2-8) thnh:
K = Ft
(2-9) (2-10)
hay
K =F t
Vy: bin thin ng lng ca mt cht im trong mt n v thi gian c gi tr bng lc tc dng ln cht im . Cc nh l v ng lng (2-6) v (2-8) l nhng pht biu tng ng ca phng trnh Newton nhng cc chng sau ta s thy, khi ra khi phm vi ca c hc Newton, cc cng thc (2-6) v (2-8) vn ng. V vy c th ni rng: v mt mt no cc nh l v ng lng tng qut hn cc nh lut Newton 18
2.2.2 ngha ca ng lng v xung lng - ngha ca ng lng: ng lng c trng cho chuyn ng v mt ng lc hc, l i lng c trng cho kh nng truyn chuyn ng. - ngha ca xung lng: Xung lng ca mt lc trong khong thi gian t c trng cho tc dng ca lc trong khong thi gian .
2.3 nh lut bo ton ng lng 2.3.1 Thit lp i vi mt h cht im chuyn ng ta c nh l v ng lng: d (m1v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n v n ) = F dt F l tng hp cc lc tc dng ln h. Nu h c lp ( F =0) th: d (m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n v n ) = 0 dt ngha l:
m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n v n = const
(2-11)
nh lut: Tng ng lng ca mt h c lp l mt i lng bo ton. 2.3.2 Bo ton ng lng theo phng Trng hp cht im khng c lp ( F 0) nhng hnh chiu ca F ln mt phng no lun bng khng th: (2-12) m1v1x + m2v2x ++ mnvnx = const Hnh chiu ca tng ng lng ca h ln phng x l mt i lng bo ton. 2.3.3 ng dng Gii thch hin tng sng git li Gi s c mt khu sng khi lng M t trn gi nm ngang, trong nng c mt vin n khi lng m. Nu b qua ma st th tng hp ngoi lc tc dng ln h (trng lc v phn lc php tuyn ca gi) bng khng: do tng ng lng ca h c bo ton. - Trc khi bn:
K1 = 0
- Khi bn n bay v pha trc vi vn tc v , sng git li v pha sau vi vn tc V . ng lng ca h sau khi bn s l:
K 2 = mv + MV .
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mv + MV = 0
V=
m v M
2.4 Chuyn ng tng i, nguyn l tng i, lc qun tnh 2.4.1 Khng gian v thi gian theo c hc c in Xt 2 h to : Oxyz ng yn v O'x'y'z' chuyn ng so vi h O 2). z z' (hnh 2-
.M
r r'
O'
B x
x'
y'
Hnh 2-2
Ta gi thit chuyn ng ca h O' sao cho O'x' lun lun trt dc theo trc Ox; O'y' song song v cng chiu vi Oy; O'z' song song v cng chiu vi Oz. Trong mi h ta ta dng mt ng h o thi gian. Xt mt im M bt k, trong h ta O, ta khng gian v thi gian ca M l: x, y, z, t ; trong h ta O', ta khng gian v thi gian ca M l: x', y', z', t'. Theo cc quan im ca NiuTn: a. Thi gian ch bi ng h trong 2 h O v O' l nh nhau: t = t' (a) c ngha l thi gian c tnh tuyt i, khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu. b. V tr ca M khng gian: theo hnh 2-2 ta c:
x = x' + OO '
y = y'
z = z'
(b)
Nh vy: v tr khng gian c tnh cht tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Do chuyn ng c tnh tng i ph thuc vo h quy chiu. c. Khong cch gia 2 im bt k trong khng gian l 1 i lng khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Xt 1 ci thc AB t dc theo trc O'x' (hnh 2-2) gn lin vi h O'. Chiu di ca thc o trong h O' l: l0 = x'B - x'A Chiu di ca thc o trong h O l: l = xB - xA Nhng theo (b): 20
Do : xB - xA = x'B - x'A , ngha l l = l0 Ni cch khc: khong khng gian c tnh tuyt i, khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Xt 1 trng hp ring: chuyn ng ca h O' l thng u vi vn tc V so vi h O. Nu ti thi im t = 0, O trng vi O' th:
B
OO' = Vt Theo (a) v (b) ta suy ra: x = x' + Vt' , y = y' , z = z' , t = t' (2-13) v ngc li: x' = x - Vt , y' = y , z' = z , t' = t (2-14) (2-13) v (2-14) gi l php bin i Galileo, chng cho ta cch chuyn cc ta khng, thi gian t h quy chiu O' sang h quy chiu O v ngc li.
(c)
d r d r ' d(OO' ) = + dt dt dt
(d)
T (d) ta thy:
dr = v l vc t vn tc ca M i vi h O; dt dr' = v ' l vc t vn tc ca M i vi h O'; dt
(d) thnh:
v = v '+ V
(2-15)
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Vy: Vc t vn tc ca 1 cht im i vi 1 h quy chiu O bng tng hp vc t vn tc ca cht im i vi h quy chiu O' chuyn ng tnh tin i vi h quy chiu O v vc t vn tc tnh tin ca h quy chiu O' i vi h quy chiu O. Ly o hm (2-15) theo t ta c:
dv d v' d V = + dt dt dt
hay: trong :
a = a '+ A
(2-16)
dv = a l vc t gia tc ca M i vi h O; dt
d v' = a ' l vc t gia tc ca M i vi h O'; dt
dV = A l vc t gia tc tnh tin ca h O' i vi h O; dt
Vy: Vc t gia tc ca 1 cht im i vi 1 h quy chiu O bng tng hp vc t gia tc ca cht im i vi h quy chiu O' chuyn ng tnh tin i vi h quy chiu O v vc t gia tc tnh tin ca h quy chiu O' i vi h quy chiu O.
m a' = F
suy ra h O' cng l h quy chiu qun tnh. Vy: Mi h quy chiu chuyn ng thng u i vi h quy chiu qun tnh cng l h quy chiu qun tnh. Hay l: Cc nh lut Newton c nghim ng trong h quy chiu qun tnh. C ngha l: Cc phng trnh ng lc hc trong cc h quy chiu qun tnh c dng nh nhau. Nguyn l tng i Galil v php bin i Galil: Theo nguyn l Galile, nh lut Newton trong h O' c dng: ma' = F ging nh phng trnh biu din nh lut Newton trong h quy chiu qun tnh O. 22
hay:
m a' = F + ( m A)
(**)
ta thy (**) khng ging (*), c ngha l: khi kho st chuyn ng ca cht im trong h O' tnh tin c gia tc i vi h qun tnh O, ngoi cc lc tc dng ln cht im phi k thm lc: Fqt = m A (2-17)
Fqt = mA gi l lc qun tnh. H quy chiu O' l h quy chiu khng qun tnh.
(2-18)
Lc qun tnh l 1 lc o ch quan st c trong h quy chiu khng qun tnh. Lc qun tnh lun lun cng phng v ngc chiu vi gia tc chuyn ng ca h quy chiu khng qun tnh.
2.5 M men ng lng 2.5.1 M men ca mt vc t i vi mt im Cho vc t v = MA v im O trong khng gian (hnh 2-3).
M
r M
A
d
Hnh 2-3
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M/O (v) c:
- Gc trng vi O. - Phng vung gc vi mt phng (O, v ). - Chiu theo chiu quay thun i vi chiu quay t OM n MA . - ln bng 2 ln din tch tam gic OMA
M/ 0 v = d.MA
c. Khi v1 + v 2 = 0 th M/ 0 (v1 ) + M/ 0 (v 2 ) = 0 2.5.2 nh l v m men ng lng Xt cht im M c khi lng m chuyn ng trn qu o (C) di tc dng ca lc F (hnh 2-4).
L
O (C)
F r M
Hnh 2-4
Ta c:
dK d(mv) = =F dt dt
d(mv) r . dt = r .F
trong :
d(mv) d d r . dt = dt ( r . mv) = dt ( r . K)
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Vy:
d dt (r .K) = r .F
dL = M/ 0 (F) dt
(2-19)
nh l: o hm theo thi gian ca m men ng lng i vi O ca mt cht im chuyn ng bng m men i vi O ca cc lc tc dng ln cht im . H qu: Nu F i qua im O c nh th M/ 0 (F) = 0 do :
dL = 0 L = const dt
c ngha l M lun lun chuyn ng trong mt mt phng c nh. 2.5.3 Trng hp chuyn ng trn Xt cht im M c khi lng m chuyn ng trn mt qu o trn (O,R) (hnh 2-5).
R
M
Hnh 2-5
mR2 = I
(2-20)
(2-21) (2-22)
Di dng vc t: Mt khc: F = Fn + Ft
L = I
(2-23)
25
V d 1: Mt vt c t trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc =300. H s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing bng k=0,2. Tm gia tc ca vt trn mt phng nghing. Ly g=10m/s2. Gii Tc dng ln vt c cc lc: Trng lc P Phn lc php tuyn N Lc ma st Fms
(*)
Chiu (*) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: Psin fms = ma Vi fms = kN = kPcos Suy ra a = g(sin- kcos)
a = 10(0,5 0, 2. 3 ) = 3, 27( m / s 2 ) 2
V d 2: Mt t khi lng 1 tn chuyn ng trn mt ng bng. H s ma st gia bnh t v mt ng l k =0,1. Tnh lc ko ca ng c t trong cc trng hp: a. t chuyn ng u. b. t chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc bng 2m/s2. Cng cu hi trn nhng cho trng hp: c. Ln dc c dc 4% d. Xung dc Ly g=9,8m/s2 v trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng h s ma st gia bnh t v mt ng lun bng k =0,1 Gii Tc dng ln t c cc lc: - Lc ko ca ng c t F
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(a) (b)
+
F f ms P
Hnh 2-7 b. Mun t chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc a =2m/s2 th t (a) suy ra F = fms+ma = ma+ kP Vy F = 1000.2+ 0,1.1000.9,8 = 2980(N) c. Trng hp t ln dc c dc 4% (t chuyn ng u) Tc dng ln t cng c cc lc nh trn, c phng chiu nh hnh 2-8 (a) cng l phng trnh chuyn ng ca t.
+
F N f ms
Hnh 2-8 Chiu (a) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: F- Psin fms = 0 Vi fms = kN = kPcos Suy ra F = mg(sin + kcos) Ch rng dc 4% tc l sin =0,04. Thay cc gi tr vo ta c: F = 1372N
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d. Trng hp t xung dc c dc 4% (t chuyn ng u) Tc dng ln t cng c cc lc nh trn, c phng chiu nh hnh 2-9
N f ms P F
Hnh 2-9 (a) cng l phng trnh chuyn ng ca t. Chiu (a) ln chiu dng chn, ta c: F+ Psin fms = 0 Vi fms = kN = kPcos Suy ra F = mg(kcos - sin) Thay cc gi tr vo ta c: F = 588N V d 3: Mt si dy c vt qua mt rng rc khi lng khng ng k. Hai u buc hai vt c khi lng m1 v m2 (m1> m2). Coi ma st l khng ng k. Xc nh: a. Gia tc ca hai vt. b. Sc cng ca dy. Gii Tc dng ln m1 v m2 c cc lc: Trng lc P
+
P2 T2 T1
- Lc cng dy T Cc lc c phng chiu nh hnh 2-10 a. Gi a l gia tc ca h, phng trnh chuyn ng ca h c vit:
P1 + T1 + P2 + T2 = (m 1 + m 2 )a
(a)
P1
trong :
T1 = T2
Hnh 2-10
Suy ra:
a=
(m1 m 2 ) g (m1 + m 2 )
(b)
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Suy ra
T1 =
2m1 m 2 g (m1 + m 2 )
BI TP 2.1 Mt xe c khi lng 20 tn, chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc hm c ln 6000N, vn tc ban u ca xe bng 15m/s. Hi: a. Gia tc ca xe. b. Sau bao lu xe dng li. c. on ng xe chy c k t lc hm cho n khi xe dng hn. p s: a/ a = 0,3m/s2 b/ t = 50s c/ s = 375m 2.2 Mt vt trt xung trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang gc =450. Khi trt c qung ng s=36,4cm, vt thu c vn tc v=2m/s. Xc nh h s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing. p s: k = 0,22 2.3 Mt xe c khi lng 1 tn chuyn ng trn mt on ng nm ngang, h s ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng l 0,1. Tnh lc ko ca ng c trong cc trng hp: a. Xe chuyn ng u. b. Xe chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc bng 2m/s2. p s: a/ Fk =1000N b/ Fk =3000N 2.4 Mt vt A c t trn mt mt phng nm A ngang. Vt A c ni vi vt B bng mt si dy vt B qua rng rc c nh (Hnh 2-6). Khi lng ca vt A l Hnh 2-6 200g, ca vt B l 300g. Khi lng ca rng rc v dy coi nh khng ng k. a. Tnh lc cng ca dy nu cho h s ma st gia vt A v mt phng nm ngang l k=0,25. b. Nu thay i v tr ca vt A v vt B th lc cng ca dy bng bao nhiu? p s: a/ T =1,5N b/ T =1,5N 2.5 Mt vt c khi lng m=500g c buc vo u si dy di l=100cm. Mt ngi cm u kia ca dy m quay vt trong mt phng thng ng vi tn s n=3 vng/s. Ly g=10m/s2. a. Tnh lc cng ca dy khi vt i qua v tr cao nht v thp nht ca qu o.
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b. Ngi y quay dy nhanh dn ln cho n khi dy t. Hi dy b t v tr no v tn s vng khi dy b t l bao nhiu? Bit rng dy b t khi lc cng bng 205N. p s: a/ T1 =172N; T2 =182N b/ n =3,18vng/s 2.6 Mt vt c khi lng m=200g c treo u si dy di l=40cm, vt quay trong mt phng nm ngang vi vn tc khng i sao cho si dy vch mt mt nn. Gi s khi dy to vi phng thng ng mt gc =450. Tm vn tc ca vt v lc cng dy. p s: =5,95rad/s; T =2,84N 2.7 Mt ngi dng dy ko mt vt c trng lng P=50N trt u trn mt sn nm ngang. Dy nghing 1 gc =300 so vi phng ngang. H s ma st trt gia vt v mt sn l k=0,3. Xc nh ln ca lc ko. p s: Fk =14,78N
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