27 1 2012 2

77GHz
Technology Trends of 77GHz Automotive Radar Components

&
(M. Park)

RF SoC

(P.J. Park)

RF SoC

(D.Y. Kim)

RF

(C.S. Kim)

RF SoC

(B.T. Koo)

SoC

(H.B. Jung)

(H.K. Yu)

SW-SoC

.
.

(IT ) [10037207, CMOS Multi-Radar Sensor

].

. 77GHz
,
. 77GHz
.

2012

101

 27 1 2012 2

(ACC) .

ACC

, 1970

1980

ACC

[2].

77GHz

.

SRR LRR
. SRR 24GHz 79GHz
UWB LRR 77GHz
FMCW SRR LRR
FMCW
[1].

( 1) CMOS multi-radar sensor

. CMOS multi-radar
sensor
CMOS
Radar on a Chip(RoC)
DSP multi-radar
CAN ECU
.

77GHz

24GHz

EU 2013 77GHz

Smart Cruise Control(SCC), Stop & Go, Pre Cr-

ash System(PCS), Blind Spot Detection(BSD),

Lane Change Assist(LCA) .

, ,

multi-radar

(SRR)

102

2012

 / 77GHz

CMOS multi-radar sensor

Multi-radar

Multi-radar
CMOS Roc

FPGA
Range
extraction

Control unit
FIFO

FFT

Digital Beam
Forming

CFAR

Velocity
extraction

Angle extraction

Interface

Display
ACC

Lane Change
Assist

ACC Stop & Go

Blind Spot
Detection

- UI
- ECU
- CAN

Waveform generator Micro-processor

Memory

: < 60m, FoV: 45

: < 200m, FoV: 10

( 1) CMOS Multi-Radar Sensor

(LRR) , 77GHz
.
SRR

Brake Assist

ACC

LRR , ,
(Traffic Jam Assist System),

Radar Sensor Functions

for Safety and Comfort

, brake assist automatic brakAutonomous

Emergency Braking

ing (Collision Damage Mitigation System), ,

Pre-Safe Brake
with Pre-Crash
Blind Spot Detection

(Adaptive Cruise Control Stop & Go),

( 2)

,
.

( 2)

77GHz Radar System 77GHz

RF transceiver H/W, de-

Advanced Driver

tection S/W,

Assistance System(ADAS) 24GHz

tracking S/W,

77GHz

2012

103

 27 1 2012 2

multi-radar 77GHz

multi-range multi-beam

Multi-radar

3(, , )

(GaAs)

. , 2000

(InP) -

2005

90nm

CMOS multi-radar

(RoC) , multi-radar

, ,

, ,

. top 5

multi-ran-

ge, multi-beam, multi-target tracking multi

( 3) ,

functional radar RoC

( 4)

DSP platform

20
19%

. DSP platform

10
9%

, multi-beam
multi-range

9
8%

clutter Constant
False Alarm Rate(CFAR), multi-target tracking

, // ,

.
1.

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

: , ~2009. 10.
, , , ~2008. 12.()

104

69
64%

2012

( 3)

 / 77GHz

(SiGe), GaAs

MAC
15%

14
12

MAB
20%

10

(40%) , 77GHz

MAA
65%

(25%)

77GHz IC

0
92 94 95 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

, 77GHz

MAA: IC
MAB:
MAC:

, 77GHz

: , ~2009. 10.
, , , ~2008. 12.()
MAC2-
(10%)
MAC1-
(5%)

77GHz IC

MAA1-
(25%)

MAB2-
(9%)

,
MAA2-SiGe, GaAs
(40%)

MAB1-
(11%)

IC
. < 1>

( 4)

top 5
.

77GHz IC 65%

IBM, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Infineon

()

, Fujitsu Hitachi , ,

< 1> Top 5

IBM
()

11

()

Fujitsu
()

Hitachi
()

Infineon Technologies
()

()

Denso Corporation
()

Fujitsu
()

California Institute
of Technology
()

Raytheon Company
()

KYOCERA CORP
()

INTERUNIVERSITAIR
MICRO-ELEKTRONICA
CENTRUM VZW
()

Hitachi
()

California Institute
of Technology
()

TRW INC.
()

Fujitsu
()

Hitachi
()

Hughes Aircraft Company

()

2012

105

 27 1 2012 2

(KERI) (ETRI)

( 5) 1959

GM

IBM

. ,

Fujitsu 77GHz IC

, IBM 77GHz

2002 FCC 02-48 Section 15.515

IC SiGe, GaAs

24GHz UWB 22~29

, Infineon, Hitachi

GHz . 77~81GHz

77GHz IC

2013 21.65~26.65GHz
. 2013

2.

79GHz

MMIC

1980

77GHz FMCW

24GHz 79GHz

UWB .

First integration in 1959 in Cadillac Cyclone(GM)

: constructed with tube technology
Accident-Free
Driving

HRR
3rd Gen. ACC

SRR
@ 79GHz
Distronic
(ACC)

-Prozessors
& W-HL

1950

1960
<10

Distronic Plus,
BAS Plus, PAS

77GHz radar with MMICs

S-Class from Mercedes since 1999

Greyhound
with AWR
First Experiments

APG,
LCMS, BSD
PreSafe
Brake

35GHz pulse-mode radar, constructed with TRs

2m resolution, use of microprocessor & DSP
1970

1980
35

1990
24

1999
77

2005

200x

24+77

( 5)

106

2012

2008
77

2013
79

Vision
GHz

 / 77GHz

UWB FMCW

< 3> 77GHz

77GHz LRR
Manu.

Bosch

Delphi

Hitachi

FMCW

FMCW

FSK

Appearance

Toyota, Honda GM,

Ford Volkswagen BMW
. Denso, Delphi, Visteon Bosch, Simens

Modulation
FoV

Beamscan

Switching
beam

Mechanical
beamscan

Monopulse

Fujitsu, Renesas,

Freescale Infineon

Range

> 150m

FoV

12deg
(azimuth)

.
< 2>
, < 3>
77GHz

Update
Rate
Resolution

< 50ms
< 1.5m(range)
< 2km/h(vel.)

Temp. range -40~+125

Interface
Size

CAN
FlexRay
W < 10cm
H < 9cm
D < 8cm

Power
< 10W
Consumption

, Infineon

SiGe Heterojunction Bipo-

3 .

lar Transistor(HBT)

,
77GHz LRR
< 2>

M/A-COM

.
( 6)

SiGe 24GHz UWB

Siemens Cambridge Consultant 24GHz

VDO
UWB
Valeo

24GHz FMCW

Hella

24GHz FMCW

Fujitsu

24GHz UWB
76GHz FMCW Honda Inspire

Toyota

1998 Parking Aid System

2005 Radar Cruise Control, Pre-crash Safety,
Intelligent Parking Aid

,
Electrostatic Discharge(ESD)
90nm CMOS
.
2008 12 Infineon Technologies
77GHz SiGe automotive radar transceiver
MMIC RASIC-RXN7740 Bosch 3
/ [3].
RXN7740 76~77GHz SiGe MMIC
SiGe B7HF200 SiGe

2012

107

 27 1 2012 2

Second-generation
long-range radar

1,200
1,000
Frequency(GHz)

800
600

Measured 65nm CMOS fmax

Measured 65nm CMOS fT
CMOS fmax
InP fmax

Third-generation
long-range radar

Radar dome
Printed circuit
board for
processing
and power
supply

CMOS fT

InP fT

400

Bipolar fmax

200

Bipolar fT

Radar dome
Body with
separate
connector
Radar
printed
circuit
board

Body
Radar printed
circuit board
Plastic backplane
with connector

0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Year

Die-cast
backplane

Printed
circuit
board for
processing
and power
supply

<>: K.O. Kenneth, Univ. Florida, 2008.

2011 IEEE Spectrum magazine

( 6) 77GHz

( 8) Bosch 77GHz 2 3

( 7) Infineon Technologies RASIC-RXN7740

200GHz 8
(( 7) ).
( 8) Bosch 77GHz 2 3
.

Chip-photo of the
transmitter chip
(2.4mm2.6mm)

Chip-photo of the realized receiver

(3.3mm1.3mm)

( 9) 76.5GHz SiGe BiCMOS Tx/Rx MMIC

(Freescale)

MMIC MMIC
. ( 9)
MMIC 2 ,

. 77GHz

, ,

GaAs

. MMIC

1~2 Infineon SiGe

38.5GHz

. 77GHz 3

76.5GHz , ,

SiGe

IF [5].

Chip on Board(COB) ,

2009 2 Fujitsu Laboratories 90nm

CMOS 77GHz

[4].

RF

2007 6 Freescale

[6],[7].

International Microwave Sym-

posium(IMS) SiGe-BiCMOS 76.5GHz

77GHz LRR

108

2012

 / 77GHz

Technology
- 0.18m SiGe
BiCMOS
- 6 metal layers
- fT = 200GHz
- fMAX = 180GHz

Voltage-controlled
oscillator
Doubler

Mixer
RF in
Low-noise Gain
amp
amp

Divider
Gain
Gain
amp
amp

Dual-Band Frequency
Synthesizer

RX_I

LPF

100MHz

PFD/CP

CLKref

+256

MUX

RF out

+3 ILFD

High-output
power amp

Pulse LO_I
Former
/4
Pulse
Former LO_Q

24GHz
Intermediate frequency out

( 10) 77GHz CMOS Transceiver (Fujitsu)

79GHz
Dual-Band
LNA

RX_pulse

PA

24GHz
79GHz

TX_pulse

Mono-Pulse Mono-Pulse
Generator
Generator

VGA

1.2mm2.4mm one chip

PA

Pulse
Former

transceiver (( 10) ).

Dual-Trigger
Generator

( 11) University of California at Irvine

RX_Q

(UCI) 2009 2 ISSCC 180nm

LNA

BiCMOS 24GHz 77GHz

dual-mode tran-

IQ
Downconverter

sceiver [8].
Toyota Celsior, Nissan
Cima, Premera
Honda Fujitsu 77GHz

Frequency 24GHz
Synthesizer PA
RX
PF

TX PF
79GHz
PA

BB Pulse
Generator

0.18m SiGe BiCMOS with six-metal AI backend.

Die Size: 3.9mm1.9mm
Supply Voltage: 2.5V(analog), 1.8V(digital, PA).

CMS Inspire

( 11) 24/79GHz Dual mode radar transceiver

(UCI)

77GHz /

< 4> 77GHz

. Natio-

, < 5>

nal Taiwan University 65nm CMOS

< 4> 77GHz

Manufacturer

Fujitsu

ADC

Delphi

Bosch

Honda elesys

Denso

Hitachi

1239879

7710753

8010864

Appearance
External
8910786 13613368 13767100 9112479
Dimensions(mm)
Modulation
Method

FM-CW

FM Pulse

FM-CW

FM-CW

FM-CW

2-frequency
CW

Detection
Range

4m to 120m
or greater

Approx.
1m to 150m

Approx.
1m to 150m

2m to 120m
or greater

4m to 100m
or greater

Approx.
2m to 150m

Approx.
1m to 150m

Horizontal
Detection Angle

Approx.
5

Approx.
5

10

Angle Detection
Method

Mechanical
Scan

Beam
Conversion

Mechanical
Scan

Beam
Conversion

Beam
Conversion

Phased
Array

Monopulse

MMIC

GUNN

GUNN

GUNN

MMIC

MMIC

MMIC

EHF Device

2012

109

 27 1 2012 2

< 5> 77GHz Radar Chip(/ )

ISSCC 2010[9]

ISSCC 2009[7]

RFIC 2008[10]

SSC 2010[11]

Technology(nm)

65nm CMOS

90nm CMOS

0.18m SiGe

90nm CMOS

Application(GHz)

77G, LRR

77G, LRR

77G, LRR

77G, LRR

Architecture
Integration Block

1 Tx, 1 Rx
FMCW Gen.

1 Tx, 1 Rx
38VCO2 FMCW Gen.

Phase array
4 Rx, Tx

1 Tx, 1 Rx
Chirp smooth FMCW

Beamforming at

Digital

2.41.2

Rx: 3.063.06
Tx: 3.063.06

3.51.95

77GHz FMCW Transceiver

Chip Size(mm )

0.951.1

Supply Voltage(V)

1.2

3.3

1.2

Power Con.(mW)

243

920

2,950

517

Receiver Topology

Only I

Only I

Only I

Only I

LNA Gain(dB)

17.5

No

LNA NF(dB)

7.4

6.8

No

LNA Power(mW)

30

No

LNA IIP3(dBm)

-12.5

-8.0

Conv. Gain(dB)

Receiver

38.7

20

23.1

Receiver NF(dB)

17.7

15.6

Power Con.(mW)

55

260

550

111

Transmitter
PA Gain(dB)

13.7

P1dB of PA(dBm)

6.7

6.3

Psat of PA(dBm)

10.5

14.0

P1dB of Tx(dBm)

5.1

-2.8

VDD(V)

1.2

3.3

1.2

Power Con.(mW)

115

390

2,400

305

77GHz VCO

38G VCO2

77GHz VCO

75.6~76.3

73.5~77.1

76~77

78.1~78.8

-85.3

-86.0

-90

-85.7

Signal Gen.
Topology
Osc. Freq.(GHz)
PN @ 1M(dBc/Hz)
Output power(dBm)

-7.3

-6.0

-13.0

Supply Voltg(V)

1.2

1.2

Power Con.(mW)

73

270

101

77GHz Radar System, Fujitsu 90nm

MMIC

CMOS 77GHz transceiver, 0.18m

KAIST, ,

SiGe Infineon Toshiba

90nm CMOS 77GHz tran-

MMIC

sceiver

[9]-[11].

110

2012

 / 77GHz

ACC , SRR

(Sensing tech), (Newmen nanotech),

pre-safe brake with pre-crash, blind spot

LG RF NRD (NRD

detection, autonomous emergency braking, brake

tech) ,

assist, parking assist

,
,

, ,

, //

3. ETRI CMOS

ETRI 2010 6 CMOS

multi-radar sensor

CMOS

2 ( 12) 1

24GHz SRR 77GHz LRR

CMOS

IPR

, SiGe/GaAs CM-

OS , Low Temperature Co-

SRR/LRR

fired Ceramics(LTCC)

MMIC,

/// ,

FEM , SRR/LRR

LRR SRR

IL divider 2

3-StageCML divider

IL divider 1

77GHz input

Buffer
3-Stage PA
77GHz VCO
(a) 38GHz Doubler

(b) 77GHz 77GHz Injection lock

(c) 2-channel Receiver

( 12) ETRI 77GHz

2012

111

 27 1 2012 2

SRR
UWB

3
, , .
5 IT
IT

, SoC

.

: ()

ACC
CAN
CMOS
CMS
DSP
ECU
FCC
FEM
FMCW
IF
IPR
LRR
MMIC
RoC
SoC

112

Adaptive Cruise Control

Controller Area Network
Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
Collision Mitigation System
Digital Signal Processing
Electronic Control Unit
Federal Communications Commission
Front-End Module
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
Intermediate Frequency
Intellectual Property Right
Long Range Radar
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
Radar on a Chip
System on Chip

Short Range Radar

Ultra WideBand

[1] Automotive Radar Workshop, European Radar

Conference (EuRAD), 7th, 2010.
[2] , ,
, , 26, 10,
1999. 10.
[3] http://www.infineon.com
[4] R. Stevenson, Long-Distance Car Radar, IEEE
Spectr., Oct. 2011, pp. 46-49.
[5] R. Reuter et al., Fully Integrated SiGe-BiCMOS Receiver(RX) and Transmitter(TX) Chips
for 76.5 GHz FMCW Automotive Radar Systems Including Demonstrator Board Design,
IEEE Int. Microw. Symp. (IMS), IEEE/MTT-S
International 3-8, June 2007, pp. 1307-1310.
[6] http://www.fujitsu.com
[7] Y. Kawano et al., A 77GHz Transceiver in
90nm CMOS, IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits
Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech., Papers, 2009, pp.
310-311.
[8] V. Jain et al., A single-Chip Dual-Band 22-to29GHz/77-to-81GHz BiCMOS Transceiver for
Automotive Radars, IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech., Papers, 2009,
pp. 308-309.
[9] Y. Li et al., A Fully Integrated 77GHz FMCW
Radar System in 65nm CMOS, IEEE Int. SolidState Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech., Papers,
2010, pp. 216-217.
[10] H. Forstner et al., A 77GHz 4-Channel Automotive Radar Transceiver in SiGe, IEEE Int.
Radio Freq. Integr. Circuits Symp. (RFIC), 2008,
pp. 233-236.
[11] Y. Mitomo et al., A 77GHz 90 nm CMOS Transceiver for FMCW Radar Applications, IEEE J.
Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 4, Apr. 2010,
pp. 928-937.

2012