Dien Ky Thuat

cng bi ging hc phn in k thut
CHNG 1
MCH IN MT CHIU
1.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v mch in mt chiu.
Dng in mt chiu l dng in c tr s v chiu khng thay i theo thi
gian.
1.1.1. Ngun in mt chiu.
Ngun in mt chiu l thit b pht ra in nng. V nguyn l, ngun in
l thit b bin i cc dng nng lng nh c nng, ha nng, nhit nng thnh
in nng. V d: pin, cquy, my pht in mt chiu, b ngun in t cng
sut
Hnh 1-2: Cc loi ngun in
1.1.1.1. Pin, c quy.
Bin i ho nng thnh in nng.
in p gia hai cc ca mt phn t (pin, c quy) khng ln, v th ta ni ni
tip cc phn t vi nhau c in p ln (Hnh 1-3a)
c dng in ln, ta ni song song cc phn t vi nhau (Hnh 1-3b).
1.1.1.2. Pin mt tri :
B mn in - in t Trang 1/48
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
Hnh 1-3 : Ni cc pin, c quy
a) b)
- - - - - - -
- -
+ + + + + + +
+ +
-
+
U
cc
nh sng
Hnh 1-4 : Cu to pin mt tri
Pin mt tri lm vic da vo hiu ng quang in, bin i trc tip quang
nng thnh in nng.
Di tc dng ca nh sng, hnh thnh s phn b in tch khc du lp
tip xc gia hai cht bn dn khc nhau s to ra in p gia hai cc.
1.1.1.3. My pht in mt chiu.
Bin i c nng a vo cc ca my thnh in nng ly ra cc cc ca
dy qun.
1.1.1.4. B ngun in t cng sut.
B ngun in t cng sut khng to ra in nng m ch bin i in p
xoay chiu (ly t li in) thnh in p mt chiu ly ra hai cc.
1.1.2. Ph ti.
Ti l cc thit b tiu th in nng v bin i in nng thnh cc dng
nng lng khc nh c nng, nhit nng, quang nng... V d: my qut, bn l,
bng n
Hnh 1-5 : Cc loi ti tiu th
1.1.3. Dy dn.
Dy dn lm bng kim loi (ng, nhm ) v v bc cch in (nha tng
hp, PVC, cao su) dng truyn ti in nng t ngun n ti.
1.1.4. Cc thit b ph.
Thit b ng ct nh cng tc, cu dao, my ct.Thit b bo v nh cu
ch, chng st
1.1.5. Mch in.

* Nhnh: Nhnh l mt on mch gm cc phn t ghp ni tip nhau, trong
c cng mt dng in chy t u ny n u kia.
* Nt: Nt l im gp nhau ca t ba nhnh tr ln.
* Vng: Vng l li i khp kn qua cc nhnh.
* Mt li: Vng m bn trong khng c vng no khc.
1.2. Cc i lng c trng trong qu trnh nng lng ca mch in.
1.2.1. Dng in.
M
F
C
1 2 3
A
B
a
b
c
Hnh 1 6 : Nt v vng ca mch in
Hnh 1 - 6 : K hiu ngun dng
Dng in I v tr s bng tc bin thin ca lng in tch q qua tit din
ngang ca vt dn.
dt
dQ
I
(1.1)
K hiu l I, n v tnh l Ampe (A).
Chiu ca dng in theo quy c l ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca in
t.
1.2.2. in p.
Ti mi im trong mch in c mt in th . Hiu in th gia hai im
gi l in p U, n v l vn, vit tt l V.
B A AB
U
(1.2)
Chiu quy c l chiu t im c in th cao n im c in th thp.
Chiu dng ca dng in v in p:
Khi gii mch in, ta c ty v chiu ca dng in v in p. Nu trong
qu trnh tnh ton, kt qu mang du dng th chiu thc t trng vi chiu ta v,
nu mang du m, th chiu thc t ngc vi chiu ta v.
1.2.3. Cng sut.
L tch s ca dng in v in p trong mt nhnh.
P = U.I (1.3)
n v ca cng sut l ot, vit tt l W.
1.3. M hnh mch in:
1.3.1. Ngun sc in ng E:
to ra in p t vo mch in ngi ta dng cc ngun in.
Ngun in p: l ngun in c kh nng to ra v duy tr mt in p trn
hai cc ca ngun. Ngun in p khng ph thuc vo dng in I i qua ngun.
Sc in ng E l phn t l tng, c tr s bng in p U o gia hai cc
ca ngun khi h mch ngoi. Chiu ca sc in ng quy c t in th thp
n in th cao (cc m n cc dng) (hnh 1.4).
Chiu ca in p quy c t in th cao n in th thp, do nu chiu
v nh hnh 1 - 5 th :
1.3.2. Ngun dng in J.
L ngun c kh nng to ra v cung cp mt dng in duy tr cho mch
ngoi. Ngun dng in khng ph thuc vo in p t trn hai cc ca n.
U
+ -
Hnh 1 - 5 : K hiu ngun in p v sc in ng
E
Chiu mi tn ch chiu dng ca ngun dng in.
1.3.3. in tr R.
in tr R c trng cho qu trnh tiu th in nng v bin i in nng
sang dng nng lng khc nh nhit nng, quang nng, c nng,...
in tr l phn t c bn ca mch in m in p trn n t l thun vi
dng in i qua n.
Quan h gia dng in v in p trn in tr : U
R
=R.I (1.4)
n v ca in tr l (m)
Cng sut in tr tiu th : P = RI
2
. (1.5)
V d : Mt bng n c in tr l 1000 dng in qua bng n l
200mA. Tm cng sut trn in tr ca bng n?
Hnh 1-7: in tr.
Gi tr nghch o ca in tr l in dn G.
R
G
1
(1.6)
in dn c n v l Simen (S).
1.3.4. Thit lp m hnh mch in.
1.3.4.1. Ngun in.
S thay th ca ngun in gm sc in ng E ni ni tip vi in tr
trong R
n
(hnh 1-8a)
Khi gii mch in c cc phn t tranzito, nhiu khi ngun in c s
thay th l ngun dng J mc song song vi in tr R
n
(hnh 1-8b).
1.3.4.2. S thay th ti:
- Cc ti nh ng c mt chiu, acquy c thay th bng s gm sc
in ng E ni tip vi in tr R
n
(hnh 1-8c), trong E ngc chiu I.
- Cc ti nh bn l, bp in, bng n c thay th bng in tr ca
chng.
J
Hnh 1 -8: Cc s thay th
1.4. Cc nh lut ca mch in.
1.4.1. nh lut Ohm.
1.4.1. 1. Nhnh thun in tr R.
Xt nhnh thun in tr ( Hnh 1-9)
Biu thc tnh in p trn in tr :
I R U .
(1.7)
Biu thc tnh dng in qua in tr :
R
U
I
(1.8)
Trong :
in p U tnh bng V.
Dng in I tnh bng A.
in tr R tnh bng .
V d: Trong mch in hnh 2-1, bit I = 210mA; R = 100. Tnh in p
trn in tr U.
Li gii:
in p trn in tr :
U = R . I = 100 . 0,21 = 21 V.
1.4.1.2. Nhnh c sc in ng E v in tr R.
Xt nhnh c E v R (Hnh 1-10)
Biu thc tnh in p U :
U = U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ U
4

= R
1
. I E
1
+ R
2
.I + E
2

= (R
1
+ R
2
)I (E
1
- E
2
)
Vy : U = ( R)I - E. (1.9)
Trong biu thc (1.9), quy c du nh sau : Sc in ng E v dng in I
c chiu trng vi chiu in p U s ly du dng, ngc li s ly du m.
Biu thc tnh dng in :
R
E U
I
(1.10)
E
R
n
E
R
n
I
J
R
n
I I
R
R
U
I
Hnh 1-9
U
2
I
U
1
R
1
E
1
I
U
3
R
2
E
2
U
4
U
Hnh 1 - 10
Trong biu thc (1.10), quy c du nh sau : Sc in ng E v in p U
c chiu trng vi chiu dng in I s ly du dng, ngc li s ly du m.
V d: Cho mch in nh hnh 1 11.
Bit E
1
= 100V; R
1
= 2; I1 = 5A. Tnh U
AB
?
Li gii: in p U
AB
: U
AB
= E
1
R
1
x I
1
= 100 2 x 5 = 90V
1.4.2. nh lut Kichp (KF):
1.4.2.1. nh lut Kichp 1:
nh lut ny cho ta quan h gia cc dng in ti mt nt, c pht biu
nh sau :
"Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng".
Trong quy c dng in i ti nt ly du dng, dng in ri khi nt
ly du m.
0
nut
I
(1.11)
Trn hnh 1-12, theo nh lut KS1 dng in ti nt A l :
I = I
1
+ (- I
2
) + (-I
3
) = I
1
- I
2
- I
3
= 0.
Nu mch in c n nt th ch c th vit c (n 1) phng trnh c lp
tuyn tnh theo nh lut Kichp 1 cho (n 1) nt ca mch.
ngha:
N m t tnh lin tc ca dng dn.
N nh ngha php cng cc bin dng in ti cc nh.
N xc nh kt cu nh ca graph mch in.
1.4.2.2. nh lut KF 2:
nh lut ny cho ta quan h gia sc in ng, dng in v in tr trong
mt mch vng khp kn, c pht biu nh sau :
E
1
R
1
I
1
A B
U
AB
Hnh 1 - 11
I
1
I
3
I
2
Hnh 1-12 : Dng in nt
A
i theo mt vng khp kn theo mt chiu tu chn, tng i s nhng
sc in ng bng tng i s cc in p ri trn cc in tr ca mch vng.
E RI
(1.12)
Quy c du : cc sc in ng, dng in c chiu trng chiu mch vng
ly du dng, ngc ly du m.
Hay c th pht biu nh sau : "Tng i s cc st p trn mt vng trit
tiu".
0
vong
K
U
(1.13)
mch vng hnh 1 13, biu thc c vit theo nh lut K2 nh sau :
R
1
I
1
R
2
I
2
+ R
3
I
3
= E
1
+ E
2
E
3
.
ngha nh lut KF 2:
N m t tnh cht th ca qu trnh nng lng nng lng in t trong thit
b in.
N nh ngha php cng cc p nhnh theo vng kn.
N xc nh kt cu vng ca mch in.
V d:
E
1
I
1
R
1
R
2
E
2
I
2
R
3
I
3
E
3
Hnh 1 13 : Mch vng dng in
E
1
E
3
R
1
R
3
R
2
I
1
I
2
I
3
B
A
a
b
Hnh 1 14 : Mch in cho v d
2.3
Tnh dng in I
3
v cc sc in ng E
1
, E
3
trong mch hnh 1 14. Bit I
2
= 10A; I
1
= 4A; R
1
= 1; R
2
= 2; R
3
= 5.
Li gii:
p dng nh lut K1 ti nt A:
- I
1
+ I
2
I
3
= 0 I
3
= I
2
I
1
= 10 4 = 6A.
p dng nh lut K2 cho mch vng a :
E
1
= R
1
I
1
+ R
2
I
2
= 1.4 + 2.10 = 24V.
p dng nh lut K2 cho mch vng b :
E
3
= R
3
I
3
+ R
2
I
2
= 5.6 + 2.10 = 50V.
1.5. Cc bin i tng ng.
Bin i tng ng nhm mc ch a mng in phc tp v dng n
gin hn. Khi bin i tng ng, dng in v in p ti cc b phn khng b
bin i m vn gi nguyn. Di y a ra mt s bin i tng ng thng
gp.
1.5.1. Cc in tr mc ni tip.
in tr tng ng R
td
ca R
1
, R
2
, R
3
mc ni tip (Hnh 1-15a) l :
n td
R R R R + + + ...
2 1
(1.14)
1.5.2. Cc in tr mc song song:
in tr tng ng R
td
ca cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
mc song song (Hnh 1-
15b) c tnh nh sau :
n td
R R R R
1
...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + +
(1.15)
Khi ch c hai in tr R
1
, R
2
mc song song th in tr tng ng ca
chng l :
2 1
2 1
.
R R
R R
R
td
+
(1.16)
V d: Tnh in tr tng ng theo mch in hnh 1-16a.
..
.
R
1
R
2
R
n
a)
R
t
R
1
R
2
R
n
R
t
b)
Hnh 1-15 : in tr tng ng ca mch ni tip, song
song
in tr tng ng R
23
ca hai in tr R
2
v R
3
.

+
+
8 , 1
2 18
2 . 18
3 2
3 2
23
R R
R R
R
Sau khi tnh c R23 ta c mch thay th n gin hn (Hnh 1-16b)
+ + + + 10 6 8 , 1 2 , 2
4 23 1
R R R R
ab
1.5.3. Bin i sao () sang tam gic () v ngc li.
1.5.3.1. Bin i sao () sang tam gic ().
Cng thc mc cc in tr ni hnh tam gic l:
3
2 1
2 1 12
R
R R
R R R + +
1
3 2
3 2 23
R
R R
R R R + +
2
1 3
1 3 31
R
R R
R R R + +
1.5.3.2. Bin i tam gic () sang sao ().
E
1
R
1
2,2
R
4
R
2
R
3
2
1,8
6
a)
E
1
R
1
2,2
R
4
R
2
Hnh 2-7
1,8
6
b)
Hnh 1-17 : Bin i sao sang tam gic
R
1
R
3
R
2
1
2 3
R
31
R
12
R
23
1
2 3
Cng thc mc cc in tr ni hnh sao l:
31 23 12
31 12
1
R R R
R R
R
+ +
31 23 12
12 23
2
R R R
R R
R
+ +
31 23 12
23 31
3
R R R
R R
R
+ +
1.6. Cc phng php gii mch in phc tp.

Gii mch in l tnh dng in, in p, cng sut ca cc nhnh, cc phn
t. Dng in trong cc nhnh cn cha bit, v th ta tu chn chiu dng in
(gi l chiu dng) trong cc nhnh. Kt qu tnh ton, nu dng in I > 0 chiu
(thc) dng in trong nhnh trng vi chiu dng chn. Nu dng in I < 0
chiu dng in trong nhnh ngc vi chiu dng chn.
1.6.1. Phng php dng in nhnh.
n s ca h phng trnh l dng in cc nhnh.
Phng php ny ng dng trc tip hai nh lut K1 v K2 thc hin theo
cc bc sau :
Bc 1: Xc nh s nt n =., s nhnh m = S n ca h phng trnh
bng s nhnh m.
Bc 2: Tu v chiu dng in mi nhnh.
Bc 3: Vit phng trnh K1 cho (n 1) nt chn.
Bc 4: Vit phng trnh K2 cho (m-(n-1)) = (m n + 1) mch vng c lp.
Bc 5: Gii h thng m phng trnh thit lp, ta c dng in cc nhnh.
V d: p dng phng php dng in nhnh tnh dng in trong cc nhnh
ca mch in Hnh 1 19. Vi E1 = 10V; E3 = 5V; R1 = 47; R2 = 22; R3 =
68
Li gii:
Bc 1: Mch in c hai nt A v B, s nt n = 2, mch c 3 nhnh 1, 2 v 3
s nhnh m = 3.
Bc 2: V chiu dng in cc nhnh I1, I2, I3 nh hnh 1-19.
R
1
R
3
R
2
1
2 3
R
31
R
12
R
23
1
2 3
Hnh 1-18 : Bin i tam gic sang sao
Bc 3: S nt cn vit phng trnh K1 l n 1 = 2-1 = 1. Chn nt A.
Phng trnh K1 vit cho nt A l :
I
1
- I
2
+ I
3
= 0 (1)
Bc 4: Chn (m-n-1) = 3 2 + 1 = 2 mch vng.
Chn hai mch vng c lp a,b nh hnh v. Vit phng trnh K2 cho hai
mch vng a v b.
Phng trnh K2 cho mch vng a:
R
1
I
1
+ R
2
I
2
= E
1
hay 47 I
1
+ 22 I
2
= 10 (2)
Phng trnh K2 cho mch vng b :
R
2
I
2
+ R
3
I
3
= E
3
hay 22 I
2
+ 68 I
3
= 5 (3)
Bc 5: Gii h 3 phng trnh ta c dng in cc nhnh:
I
1
= 138 mA.
I
2
= 160 mA.
I
3
= 22 mA.
* Kt lun:
Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi h nhiu phng trnh vi nhiu n
s.
1.6.2. Phng php dng in vng.
phng php ny, n s trong h phng trnh khng phi l dng in cc
nhnh, m l mt dng in vng mang ngha v ton hc, v nu bit c
chng, c th tnh c d dng dng in cc nhnh.
Cc bc gii theo phng php dng in vng nh sau :
Bc 1: Xc nh (m- n + 1) mch vng c lp v tu v chiu dng in
mch vng, thng thng nn chn chiu cc dng in mch vng ging nhau,
thun tin cho lp h phong trnh.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh K2 cho mi mch vng theo cc dng in mch
vng chn.
Bc 3: Gii h phng trnh va thit lp, ta c dng in mch vng.
Bc 4: Tnh dng in cc nhnh theo dng in mch vng nh sau: dng
in mi nhnh bng tng i s dng in mch vng chy qua nhnh y.
V d: p dng phng php dng in vng tnh dng in trong cc nhnh
ca mch in hnh 1 20. Vi E1 = 10V; E3 = 5V; R1 = 47; R2 = 22; R3 =
82
E
1
E
3
R
1
R
3
R
2
I
1
I
2
I
3
B
A
a
b
Hnh 1-19
Li gii:
Bc 1: S mch vng c lp :
(m- n + 1) = 3 2 + 1 = 2 mch vng.
V chiu dng in mch vng I
va
, I
vb
nh hnh v.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh K2 cho cc mch vng.
Mch vng a: (R
1
+ R
2
)I
va
- R
2
.I
vb
= E
1
.
(47 + 22 )I
va
- 22I
vb
= 10 hay 69 I
va
22 I
vb
= 10 . (1)
Mch vng b: - R
2
I
va
+ (R
2
+ R
3
)I
vb
= - E
3
.
- 22I
va
+ (22 + 82)I
vb
= - 5 hay - 22 I
va
+ 104 I
vb
= - 5. (2)
Bc 3: Gii h phng trnh va thit lp, ta c dng in mch vng :
{
10 22 69
5 104 22

+
vb va
vb va
I I
I I
I
va
= 0,139A.
I
vb
= - 0,0187A
Bc 4: Tnh dng in cc nhnh theo dng in mch vng :
I
1
= I
va
= 0,139A.
I
2
= I
va
I
vb
= 0,139 (- 0,0187) = 0,158A.
I
3
= I
vb
= - 0,0187A.
Dng in I
3
< 0, do I
3
c chiu ngc vi chiu v.
* Kt lun:
Phng php dng in vng c u im l gii h t phng trnh, t n s
hn phng php dng in nhnh, thng c s dng gii bi ton mch
in phc tp.
1.6.3. Phng php in th nt.
- Ty chn chiu dng in nhnh v in p hai nt.
- Tm in p hai nt theo cng thc:
n
k
k
n
k
k k
AB
Y
Y E
U
1
1
Trong quy c, nu E
k
cng chiu vi U
AB
th ly du dng, ngc li th
ly du m.
E
1
E
3
R
1 R
3
R
2
I
1
I
2
I
3
B
A
I
va
I
vb
Hnh 1 20
Tm dng in nhnh bng cch p dng nh lut Ohm cho tng nhnh.
V d: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Trong E1 = E2 = 10V; E3 = 5V; R1 =
R2 = R3 = 100. Xc nh gi tr cc dng I1; I2; I3.
Li gii :
in p trn hai nt A, B l:
U
AB
= = = V
Dng in trn cc nhnh l:
V
R
U E
I R I E U
AB
AB
300
5
100
3
25
10
1
1
1 1 1 1

V
R
U E
I R I E U
AB
AB
300
5
100
3
25
10
2
2
2 2 2 2

V
R
U E
I R I E U
AB
AB
300
10
100
3
25
5
3
3
3 3 3 3

* Kt lun:
Phng php in p hai nt thch hp gii cho mch in c nhiu nhnh
nhng ch c hai nt.
CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Nu khi nim mch in, cc thnh phn ca mch in?
E
1
E
2
E
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
A
B
U
AB
Hnh 1-21
2. Trnh by cc thng s ca mch in?
3. Pht biu nh lut m.
4. Pht biu nh lut Kic hp 1.
5. Pht biu nh lut Kic hp 2.
6. Trnh by cc bc gii mch in bng phng php dng in
nhnh.
7. Trnh by cc bc gii mch in bng phng php dng in vng.
8. Trnh by cc bc gii mch in bng phng php in p hai nt.
9. Cho E = 100V; R = 10; I = 5A. Tnh in p U trong hai s sau:
p s : U = 150 V, U = 50V
10. Cho E = 50V; R = 5; U = 40V. Tnh dng in I trong hai s
sau:
p s : I = 18 A, I = 2A
11. Mt ti c in tr R = 5 u vo ngun in mt chiu c E =
100V, in tr trong R
tr
= 1. Tnh dng in I in p U v cng sut P ca
ti
p s : I = 5 A, U = 95V; P = 475W.
12. Bn in tr mc ni tip u vo ngun in in p U = 12V
(khng c in tr trong). Dng in trong mch I = 25mA, in p trn cc
in tr R
1
; R
2
; R
3
l 2,5V; 3V; 4,5V.
V s cch u dy, cch mc ampe k, vn k o cc i lng
trn. Tnh in p U
4
. Tnh in tr R
1
; R
2
; R
3
; R
4
.
p s : U
4
= 2V; R
1
= 100; R
2
= 120; R
3
= 180; R
4
= 80.
13. c in tr tng ung 150, ngi ta u song song hai in
tr R
1
= 330 v R
1
.Tnh R
2
p s : R
2
= 275;
14. Cho mch in nh hnh sau. Hy gii mch in bng :
a) Phng php dng in nhnh.
b) Phong php dng in vng.
c) Phng php in p hai nt.
15. Cho E
1
= 200V; R
1
= 2; E
2
= 170V; R
2
= 10; R
3
= 20.
E R I E R I
U
U
E R I E R I
U
U
16. p dng phng php dng in nhnh tnh dng in trong cc
nhnh ca mch in Hnh 3 1. Vi E
1
= 8V; E
3
= 5V; R
1
= 1; R
2
= 2;
R
3
= 6
CHNG 2
R
1
R
2
E
1
R
3
E
3
A
B
E
1
E
3
R
1 R
3
R
2
I
1
I
2
I
3
B
A
IN T
2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v t trng.
Nam chm vnh cu, nam chm in, dy dn dn in to ra xung quanh n
mt t trng. T trng c biu din bi nhng ng sc t trng (gi l
cc ng cm ng t) i t cc bc (N) n cc nam (S) v tr v cc bc (N)
qua li nam chm. (Hnh 2 1 a,b)
i vi dy dn thng di mang in, chiu t trng c xc nh theo quy
tc vn nt chai: Nu chiu dng in trng vi chiu tin ca ci vn nt chai
th chiu quay ca ci vn nt chai xc nh cho ta chiu t trng mi im
(Hnh 2 2a).
Ta cng c th s dng quy tc bn tay phi (Hnh 2 2b): Ngn tay ci
hng theo chiu dng in, bn ngn tay cn li ch hng ng sc t
trng.
i vi cun dy gm mt s vng dy c dng in ta cng dng quy tc
vn nt chai xc nh chiu ng sc t trng: Nu chiu quay ci vn nt
chai trng vi chiu dng in th chiu tin ca ci vn nt chai l chiu ng
sc t trng (Hnh 2 3).
S
N
a) b)
Hnh 2 1 : ng sc ca nam chm
a) nam chm vnh cu b) nam chm
in
+
-
K
I
I
Hnh 2-2 : Xc nh chiu ng sc t trng ca dy dn thng mang dng in
a)
b)
S c mt ca t trng trong khng gian c trng bng cc biu hin sau:
2.1.1. Lc t gia cc cc nam chm.
Hai cc khc tn ca nam chm t gn nhau s ht nhau, ngc li hai cc
cng tn t gn nhau s y nhau.
Hnh 2 -4
2.1.2. Lc in t.
Lc tc dng ln dy dn c dng in t trong t trng hoc in tch ang
chuyn ng trong t trng.
2.1.3. Cm ng in t.
S xut hin sc in ng cm ng vo mt vng dy khi t trng bin
thin hoc dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng.
2.2. Cng t cm - Cng t trng - T thng.
T trng phn b trong khng gian c biu din bng cc ng sc t
trng, n l ng cong khp kn, tip tuyn ti mi im trng vi phng ca
t trng ti im y, mt ng sc ln hay nh cho ta bit t trng mnh
hay yu. Cc biu din bng ng sc cho ta thy mt cch tng minh s phn
b ca t trng tuy nhin trong tnh ton nguyn cu, c trng cho t trng
ngi ta dng khi nim vc t t cm
B
2.2.1 Vect cng t cm
B
:
T trng c c trng bi i lng vt l l vect cng t cm (gi
l vect t cm, vect cm ng in t). Tr s ca vect t cm
B
cho ta bit t
trng mnh hay yu. Chiu ca vect t cm
B
l chiu ca t trng (chiu ca
ng sc t trng).
I Hnh 2-3 : Xc nh chiu ng
sc t ca cun dy c dng in
Trong h n v quc t SI, n v ca cng t trng l Tesla, k hiu l
T. Trong cc my in, cng t cm B vo khong t 1T - 6 T.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng cm ng t ca mt dng in chy trong
dy dn di t trong khng kh c tnh bng cng thc:
r
I
B
7
10 . 2

(2.1)
Chiu ca
B
c xc nh theo quy tc ci inh c 1.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng cm ng t ca mt dng in chy trong
ng dy dn t trong khng kh c tnh bng cng thc:
nI B
7
10 . . 4

(2.2)
Vi n l s vng dy trn mi mt chiu di ca ng, I l dng in chy
trong dy dn.
Chiu ca
B
c xc nh theo quy tc ci inh c 1.
2.2.2 Vect cng t trng
H
:
Trong chn khng, vect t cm
B
m t trng thi ca t trng.
Nhng trong vt cht, ta phi xt n nh hng ca chng ln t trng.
Khi t vt liu nh giy, thy tinh, nha vo trong t trng ca mt nam
chm, ng sc t khng b bin dng. Ngc li, khi ta t vo mt tm st,
ng sc t s tp trung i vo tm st, t trng b bin dng. xt n nh
hng ny ca mi trng vt cht, ngi ta dng vect cng t trng
H
.
Trong mi trng ng hng (mi trng c tnh cht vt l ng nht theo
mi hng khc nhau), quan h gia
B
v
H
nh sau:

+ H H B
m
. ). 1 (
0

(2.3)
Trong :
m
: t thm ca mi trng vt cht, c trng nh hng ca
mi trng.
0
: h s () t thm ca chn khng.
: h s t thm ca mi trng vt cht.
n v ca cng ca h s t thm l Henry trn mt, k hiu .
n v ca cng t trng l Ampe trn met, k hiu l .
Trong thc t h s t thm ca vt liu in t ln gp hng nghn ln i
vi chn khng, so snh ngi ta a ra mt khi nim h s t thm tng i
r
:
0

r
(2.4)
Trong k thut in, cc vt liu st t dn t rt tt c
r
t vi trm n vi
vn v th vt liu st t c s dng ch to cc mch t cho cc thit b in.
Biu thc (6.1), khi p dng vo cho cc b phn ca thit b in ta c:
Trong cc khe h khng kh hoc cc b phn khng st t:
B =
0
H (2.5)
Trong :
0
= 4.10 -7 ()
Trong phn thp:
B = H =
0
r
H. (2.6)
2.2.3 T thng .
Khi nghin cu, thit k cc thit b in, ngoi khi nim
B
v
H
, ngi
ta cn s dng khi nim t thng.
T thng l thng lng ca vect
B
xuyn qua mt b mt S.
Khi vect
B
thng gc vi mt S v c tr s bng nhau trn mt phng y th
t thng c tnh nh sau:
= B.S (2.7)
n v ca t thng l Vbe, k hiu l Wb.
Biu thc (3.8) c th vit:
B = (2.8)
Vy cng t cm B chnh l mt t thng trn din tch S.
2.3. Vt liu st t:
Cc cht st, cban, niken v nhng hp kim ca chng lm thnh nhm vt
liu st t. Do cu to vt cht ca n, h s t thm ca vt liu st t rt ln (
r
c tr s t vi trm n vi vn) v h s t thm khng phi l hng s m l mt
hm ca cng t trng H. Ngoi ra vt liu st t, c hin tng t tr,
ngha l khi ta t ha li st bng dng in xoay chiu trong c chu k, qu trnh
din ra khng thun nghch, ngha l khi tng cng t trng H th cng
t cm B tng, quan h theo nhnh tng, khi ta gim H th B gim theo nhnh gim
khng trng vi nhnh tng. ng cong quan h gia B v H trong c chu k gi
l ng khp kn t tr.
Trong vic tnh ton mch t th dng ng cong trung bnh B = f(H). Ph
thuc vo loi thp s c cc ng cong t ha khc nhau.
B
H
Hnh 2-5 : ng khp kn t tr ca st.
2.4. nh lut cm ng in t.
2.4.1. Sc in ng cm ng khi t thng xuyn qua vng dy bin
thin.
Hin tng cm ng in t do Faraday pht hin nm 1831 sau nm 1893
Lentz pht hin ra quy tc v chiu. Ni dung nh lut nh sau:
Khi t thng xuyn qua vng dy bin thin, trong dy s cm ng ra sc
in ng, sc in ng y c chiu sao cho dng in n sinh ra c xu hng
chng li s bin thin ca t thng.
Nu chn chiu dng ca sc in ng cm ng ph hp vi chiu ca t
thng theo quy tc vn nt chai (Hnh 2 - 6). Sc in ng cm ng trong mi
vng dy c vit theo cng thc Macxoen nh sau:
e = (2.9)
Nu cun dy c W vng dy,
sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy s l:
e = = (2.10)
Trong = W gi l t thng mc vng ca cun dy.
Trong cc cng thc trn t thng o bng Vbe (Wb), sc in ng o bng
Vn (V).
2.4.2. Sc in ng cm ng trong thanh dn chuyn ng trong t
trng.
Khi mt thanh dn chuyn ng ct ng sc ca t trng, trong thanh dn
s cm ng mt sc in ng e c tr s l:
e = Blvsin. (2.11)
Trong :
B l t cm o bng T.
l l chiu di hiu dng ca thanh dn (phn thanh dn nm trong t
trng) o bng mt.
v vn tc ca thanh dn o bng m/s.
l gc hp bi chiu vn tc v chiu t trng.
Khi chuyn ng vung gc vi chiu t trng (thng gp trong my in,
= 90
0
) th sc in ng cm ng l:
e = Blv. (2.12)
Chiu ca sc in ng cm ng c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi v
c pht biu nh sau:
Cho ng sc t trng i vo lng bn tay phi, chiu chuyn ng ca
thanh dn theo chiu ngn tay ci xe ra, th chiu 4 ngn tay cn li l chiu
ca sc in ng cm ng. (Hnh 2-7)
Khi thanh dn chuyn ng song song vi t trng, trong thanh dn s
khng c sc in ng cm ng.
e
Hnh 2-6
2.5. nh lut in t:
Khi thanh dn mang dng in nm trong t trng, thanh dn chu lc in
t tc ng c tr s l:
sin . . . l I B F
t

Trong :
B - Cng t cm o bng T.
I - Dng in o bng A.
l - Chiu di hiu dng thanh dn o bng m.
- Gc gia chiu dng in v chiu t trng.
F
t
- Lc in t o bng N.
Khi thanh dn t vung gc vi t trng, lc in t l:
F
t
= B.I.l
Chiu lc in t c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri "Cho chiu ng
sc t trng xuyn vo lng bn tay tri, chiu dng in trng vi chiu bn
ngn tay, th chiu ngn tay ci xe ra l chiu lc in t".
CU HI N TP CHNG 2
1. Nu quy tc xc nh chiu ng sc t trng ca dy dn in
thng.
2. Nu quy tc xc nh chiu ng sc t trng ca cun dy.
3. S c mt ca t trng trong khng gian c trng bng cc biu hin sau:
4. Cm ng in t l g? Lc t ca nam chm tng tc t.
5. Pht biu nh lut cm ng in t.
N
S
B
v
e
Hnh 2-7
6. Cng t cm B di mt cc ca nam chm c tr s no 8.10
-3
T.
Din tch mt cc S = 10dm
2
. Tnh t thng ca mi cc t.
CHNG 3
DNG IN XOAY CHIU HNH SIN
3.1. Cch to ra sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin.
to ra dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, ngi ta tc ng lc c hc vo
khung dy, lm cho khung dy quay ct ng sc t trng ca nam chm.
Khung dy s cm ng mt sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Dng in cung
cp cho ti thng qua vng trt v chi than. Khi cng sut in ln, cch ly
in nh vy gp nhiu kh khn ch tip xc gia vng trt v chi than.
Hnh 3-1 Nguyn l to ra dng in xoay chiu
Trong cng nghip, my pht in xoay chiu c ch to nh sau: dy qun
ng yn trong cc rnh ca li thp l phn tnh, cn nam chm l phn quay. Khi
tc dng lc c hc vo lm nam chm quay, trong dy dn phn tnh s cm
ng ra sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin. Dy qun ng yn nn vic cung cp
cho ti rt an ton v thun li.
Hnh 3-2. My pht in trong cng nghip.
Cu to ca my pht in s c trnh by k hc phn my in.
3.2. Cc nh ngha v dng in hnh sin.
Dng in xoay chiu hnh sin l dng in bin i mt cch chu k theo
quy lut hnh sin vi thi gian.
( )
( )
u
i
t U u
t I i

+
+
sin
sin
max
max
(3.1)
Trong :
i, u : tr s tc thi ca dng in, in p.
I
max
, U
max
: tr s cc i (bin ) ca dng in, in p.
i
,
u
: pha ban u ca dng in, in p.
Hnh 3 3: Dng in xoay chiu.
3.2.1. Chu k, tn s, tn s gc :
Chu k T l khong thi gian ngn nht dng in lp li tr s v
chiu bin thin.
Tn s f l chu k ca dng in trong thi gian 1s.
f = (3.2)
n v tn s l hc k hiu l Hz.
Tn s gc l tc bin thin ca dng in hnh sin, n v l rad/s.
= 2f = (3.3)
3.2.2 Tr s tc thi ca dng in, in p:
Tr s tc thi l tr s ng vi mi thi im t.
Trong biu thc (3.1) tr s tc thi ph thuc vo bin I
max
(hoc U
max
) v
gc pha (t +
i
) hoc (t +
u
).
Bin I
max
, U
max
l tr s cc i, ni ln dng in (hay in p) ln hay
nh.

Gc pha (t +
i
) hoc (t +
u
) ni ln trng thi ca dng in hay in p
thi im t. thi im t = 0 gc pha ca dng in (in p) l
i
(
u
).
i
(
u
)
c gi l gc pha ban u (hoc gi ngn gn l pha u) ca dng in (in
p).
Gc pha u ph thuc vo thi im chn lm gc thi gian (thi im t =
0). Gc pha u l on ON trong N l im dng in i qua tr s 0 t m n
i
O O
O
i
t
i
i
i
> 0
i
= 0
i
> 0
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3 - 4
dng, gn im O nht. Trn hnh 3 4 ch ra gc pha u
i
khi chn gc to
khc nhau.
3.2.3. Gc lch pha gia cc i lng (gia in p v dng in).
L hiu s pha u ca chng. Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in thng
k hiu l :
=
u
-
i
(3.4)
> 0 in p vt trc dng in (hoc dng in chm sau in p)
< 0 in p chm pha so vi dng in (hoc dng in vt trc in p)
= 0 in p trng pha vi dng in.
3.3. Tr hiu dng ca dng in hnh sin.
Ta bit rng tc dng nhit v lc in t t l vi bnh phng dng in.
i vi dng in bin thin c chu k T th tc dng ny t l vi tr s trung bnh
bnh phng ca dng in trong mt chu k T.
Tr s trung bnh bnh phng trong mt chu k T c gi l tr s hiu dng
I. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in c tnh l :
T
dt i
T
I
0
2
1
Thay th i = I
max
sint vo biu thc trn.

T T
tdt
T
I tdt I
T
I
0
2 2
max
0
2 2
max
sin
1
sin
1

V
2
2 cos
2
1
sin
2
t
t

cho nn

T T T
tdt dt dt
0 0 0
2
cos
2
1
2
1
sin
Trong :

T
T
dt
0
2 2
1

T
tdt
0
0 2 cos
2
1
Cho nn
2
sin
0
2
T
dt
T

Do
2 2
.
1
max
max
I T
T
I I
Vy tr hiu dng ca hnh sin l:
max
max
707 , 0
2
I
I
I
(3.5)
Tng t, ta c tr s hiu dng ca in p v sc in ng xoay chiu hnh
sin l :
max
max
707 , 0
2
U
U
U
(3.6)
max
max
707 , 0
2
E
E
E
(3.7)
Tr hiu dng l i lng quan trng ca mch in xoay chiu. Ta ni dng
in xoay chiu bng bao nhiu Ampe hoc in p xoay chiu bng bao nhiu
Vn l n tr hiu dng ca chng.
Trong thc t, gi tr c trn cc c cu o dng in I, o in p U, o
cng sut P ca dng in hnh sin l tr s hiu dng ca chng.
Cc gi tr U, I, P ghi nhn mc ca dng c v thit b in l tr s hiu
dng.
3.4. Biu din dng in hnh sin bng vect.
Xt mt dng in hnh sin c biu thc ca tr s tc thi l :
( ) ( ) + + t I t I i
m
sin 2 sin
Trong : I
m
l bin , I l tr hiu dng, l tn s gc v l gc pha u.
Ta hy ly mt h trc to c cc c trc Ox nm ngang (hnh 3-5a). Ta
v mt vc t
OM
vi di
OM OM
biu din cho tr s hiu dng I ca
dng in theo mt t l t l xch mI cho sao cho di
OM
c tr s thch
hp.
V d: Vi I = 10A, nu ta chn t l xch l
cm
A
m
I
2
th :
cm
cm
A
A
m
I
OM
I
5
2
10

Ta t vc t
OM
v tr sao cho gc hp bi
OM
v trc Ox tnh theo
chiu t trc Ox n
OM
bng gc pha u , tc l
) , ( OM Ox
.
Theo quy c, ngi ta chn chiu dng ca gc l chiu ngc vi chiu quay
ca kim ng h.
Vc t
OM
xc nh nh trn gi l vc t dng in hiu dng
I
, hoc
mt cch vn tt hn, l vc t dng in I.
V d hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s gc nhng c cc tr s hiu
dng v gc pha u khc nhau.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )A t t I t i
A t t I t i
0
2 2 2
0
1 1 1
45 sin 2 20 sin 2 ) (
30 sin 2 10 sin 2 ) (
+ +
+ +

s tng ng c biu din bng hai vc t dng in hiu dng
1
I
v
2 I
nh hnh 3-5b.
Tnh tng hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s bng phng php th vc
t:
Gi s ta cn tm tng ca hai dng in hnh sin ni trn :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 3
sin 2 sin 2 + + + + t I t I t i t i t i
Ta t
( ) ( )
3 3 3
sin 2 + t I t i
tm tr hiu dng I
3
v gc
3
ta ch cn thc hin php cng vc t i vi
cc dng in (hiu dng)
2 1 3
I I I +
Hay
2 1 3
OM OM OM +
bng phng php hnh hc nh
hnh v hnh 3-6.
bit ln ca I3 ta ly di
3
OM
nhn vi t l xch mI:
3 3
.OM m I
I
xc nh s ca
3
ta ch cn o gc
3
trn hnh v.
Cn ch rng, vic cng vc t cc dng in nh trn ch p dng cho cc
dng in hnh sin c cng mt tn s gc (hoc cng tn s f).
T th vc t hnh 3-6 ta thy r rng ni chung I
3
I
1
+ I
2
v I
3
= I
1
+I
2
ch khi
1
=
2
.
x
M
O
a)
I
1
I
2
O
30
0
45
0
x
y
b)
Hnh 3 - 5
Hnh 3-6 c gi l th vc t cho cc dng in.
3.5. Biu din dng in hnh sin bng s phc.
Phng php biu din cc dng in hnh sin bng vc t ni trn c u im
l n cho ta mt hnh nh r rng v ln (tng i) gia cc tr s hiu dng
khc nhau ca cc dng in v nh hng quan trng ca s khc nhau v pha
ca cc dng in hnh sin c cng tn s. Nhng phng php ny c nhc im
l vic o v v km chnh xc v khng tin dng cho trng hp cn tnh vi
nhiu dng in hnh sin (tnh tng ca 10 dng in hnh sin c cng tn s)
nhng c cc gi tr hiu dng v cc pha u rt khc nhau.
trnh nhc im ny ngi ta cn dng cch biu din dng in hnh sin
bng s phc.
By gi ta hy biu din vc t I bng s phc :
j
e I I .
(3.8)
l s phc c m un l .
Trong (3.8) e l c s lgarit t nhin (e = 2,71828)
Ngi ta cng thng dng cch vit tt :
I e I I
j
.
(3.9)
(c l I gc ).
Ch rng, theo cng thc Enler :

sin cos j e
j
+
.
vi
1 j
l n v o, nn :
y x
j
jI I jI I j Ie I + + +
sin cos ) sin (cos

(3.10)
nn s phc I cn c biu din bng hai thnh phn trong h trc to ch
nht Oxy l
I
x
= I cos
I
y
= I sin
Nh hnh 3-7.
I
1
I
2
O
1
x
y
Hnh 3 - 6
M
2
I
3
M
3
M
1
2
Ngi ta gi trc Ox l trc cc s thc hay trc 0 +1 v trc Oy l trc cc s
o hay trc o 0 +j hay 0j.
Ngi ta gi Ix l phn thc ca s phc I :
'

I I I
x
Re cos
(3.11)
vi Re l k hiu c ngha l phn thc.
Ngi ta gi Iy l phn o ca s phc I:
'

I I I
y
Im sin
(3.12)
Im c ngha l phn o.
Ni chung mt s phc c dng a +jb c gi l s phc dng to ch
nht hay dng i s, mt s phc dng
r re
j
c gi l s phc
dng to c cc, cn mt s phc dng re
j
c gi l s phc dng hm
m.
Ta c quan h sau y gia ba dng ca cng mt s phc (Hnh 3-8):
jb a rj r
j r re
j
+ +
+

sin cos
) sin (cos
vi
cos r a
sin r b
v
2 2
b a r +
a
b
tg
hay
,
_
,
_

a
b
a
b
arctg
1
tan
ta c th b qua bc trung gian l vc t I v coi rng dng in hnh sin c biu
thc l :
( ) + t I t i
m
sin ) (
c biu din bng mt nh ca n l mt s phc
I
, gi l dng in hiu
dng phc hay mt cch vn tt hn l dng in phc;
y x
j
jI I I e I I +

V d: cc dng in hnh sin:

( ) A t t i
0
1
30 sin 2 10 ) ( +
v
( )A t t i
0
2
45 sin 2 20 ) ( +
c biu din bng dng in (hiu dng) phc:
O
I
y
I
x
y
x
I
Hnh 3- 7
+j
+1
r
jb
a
r
Hnh 3-8
A e e I I
j j 0 30
1
30 10 10
0
1

( )

,
_
+ +
2
1
2
3
10 30 sin 30 cos 10
0 0
j j
= (8,66025+j5,00000)A
v dng in (hiu dng) phc:
A e e I I
j j 0 45
2
45 20 20
0
2

( )

,
_
+ +
2
2
2
2
20 45 sin 45 cos 20
0 0
j j
= (14,14214 + j14,14214)A
3.6. Cng sut dng in hnh sin.
3.6.1. Cng sut tc dng P.
Cng sut tc dng P l cng sut in tr R tiu th, c trng cho qu trnh
bin i in nng sang dng nng lng khc nh nhit nng, quang nng,....
P = R.I
2
= U
R
.I = U.I.cos.
Cng sut tc dng l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k.
3.6.2. Cng sut phn khng Q.
c trng cho cng qu trnh trao i tch ly nng lng in t
trng, ngi ta a ra khi nim cng sut phn khng Q.
Q = X.I
2
= U
X
.I = U.I.sin.
Cng sut phn khng ca in cm Q
L
:
Q
L
= X
L
.I
2
.
Cng sut phn khng ca in dung Q
C
:
Q
C
= -X
C
.I
2
.
3.6.3. Cng sut biu kin S.
c trng cho kh nng ca thit b v ngun thc hin cc qu trnh nng
lng, ngi ta a ra khi nim cng sut biu kin S c nh ngha nh sau:
2 2
. Q P I U S +
Biu thc P, Q c th vit theo S nh sau:
P = U.I.cos = S.cos
Q = U.I.sin = S.sin
n v ca P: W, kW, MW.
n v ca Q: VAr, kVAr, MVAr.
n v ca S: VA, kVA, MVA.
CU HI N TP CHNG 3.
1. Dng in xoay chiu hnh sin l g? Biu thc tr s tc thi, tr s
hiu dng.
2. nh ngha gc pha ca dng in v in p, gc pha u.
3. Gc pha u gia in p v dng in. Chu k, tn s, tn s gc.
4. Tr hiu dng ca dng in, in p, sc in ng hnh sin. ngha
5. Cng sut tc dng, cng sut phn khng, cng sut biu kin.
6. Cho hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s gc nhng c cc tr s hiu
) 45 sin( 2 5 ) sin( 2 ) (
0
1 1 1
+ + t t I t i
) 60 sin( 2 15 ) sin( 2 ) (
0
2 2 2
+ + t t I t i
Hy biu din cc gi tr dng in trn bng vec t v tnh dng in tng.
7. Cho hai dng in hnh sin c cng tn s gc nhng c cc tr s hiu
) 60 sin( 2 25 ) sin( 2 ) (
0
1 1 1
+ + t t I t i
) 30 sin( 2 30 ) sin( 2 ) (
0
2 2 2
+ + t t I t i
Hy biu din cc gi tr dng in trn bng vec t v tnh dng in tng.
8. Cho cc dng in hnh sin:
) 45 sin( 2 30 ) (
0
1
+ t t i
) 60 sin( 2 15 ) (
0
2
+ t t i
Hy biu din cc gi tr dng in trn bng s phc v tnh dng in tng.
CHNG 4
MCH IN BA PHA
4.1. Khi nim chung.
Vic truyn ti in nng bng mch in ba pha tit kim c dy dn hn
vic truyn ti bng dng in mt pha, ng thi h thng in ba pha c cng
sut ln hn.
ng c in ba pha c cu to n gin v c tnh tt hn ng c mt pha.
4.1.1. Ngun in ba pha.
to ra ngun in ba pha ta dng my pht in ng b ba pha.
Ta xt cu to ca my pht in ng b ba pha n gin:
Phn tnh gm 6 rnh, trong cc rnh t ba dy qun AX, BY, CZ c cng s
vng dy v lch nhau mt gc 2/3 (120
0
) trong khng gian.
Dy qun AX gi l pha A, dy qun BY gi l pha B, dy qun CZ l pha C.
Phn quay l nam chm vnh cu c 2 cc N S.
Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b ba pha:
Khi quay rto quay ngc chiu kim ng h, t trng ln lt qut cc dy
qun stato v cm ng vo trong dy qun stato cc sc in ng hnh sin cng
bin , cng tn s v lch pha nhau mt gc 2/3.
Sc in ng pha A: e
A
= E
max
sint
Sc in ng pha B: e
B
= E
max
sin(t - 2/3)
Sc in ng pha C: e
C
= E
max
sin (t - 4/3)= E
max
sin (t + 2/3)
4.1.2. Cch ni mch in ba pha.
Nu mi pha ngun in ba pha ni ring l vi mi pha ca ti, th ta c h
thng ba pha khng lin h vi nhau. Mi mch in nh vy gi l mt pha ca
mch in ba pha.
Thng mch ba pha ca ngun in ni vi nhau, ba pha ca ti ni vi nhau
v c ng dy ba pha ngun vi ti, dn in nng ti ti.
Sc in ng, in p, dng in mi pha ca ngun (hoc ti) gi l sc
in ng pha k hiu l E
p
, in p pha k hiu U
p
, dng in pha k hiu I
p
.
Dng in chy trn dy t ngun ti ti gi l dng in dy k hiu I
d
, in
p gia cc dy gi l in p dy k hiu U
d
.
Quan h cc i lng ph thuc vo cch ni.
4.1.3. Mch in ba pha i xng.
Ngun in gm ba sc in ng hnh sin cng bin , cng tn s, lch
pha nhau 2/3 gi l ngun ba pha i xng.
Hnh 4 - 1: Ngun ba pha i xng
i vi ngun i xng ta c: e
A
+ e
B
+ e
C
= 0.
Nu tng tr phc ca cc pha ti bng nhau Z
A
= Z
B
= Z
C
th ta c ti i
xng.
Mch in ba pha gm ngun, ti v ng dy i xng gi l mch in ba
pha i xng.
Nu khng tho mn mt trong cc iu kin nu gi l mch ba pha khng
i xng.
4.2. Cch ni hnh sao (Y).
4.2.1. Cch ni.
Mi pha ca ngun hoc ti c u v cui. K hiu u pha l A, B, C cui
pha l X, Y, Z. Mun ni hnh sao ta ni ba im cui ca pha vi nhau to thnh
im trung tnh.
i vi ngun, ba im cui X, Y, Z ni vi nhau thnh im trung tnh O
ca ngun.
i vi ti, ba im cui X', Y', Z' ni vi nhau thnh im trung tnh O' ca
ti.
Cc dy ni ngun vi ti gi l dy pha.
Hnh 4-2: Cch ni hnh sao.
4.2.2. Cc quan h gia i lng dy v pha trong cch ni hnh sao i
xng.
4.2.2.1. Quan h gia dng in dy v pha.
I
d
= I
p
4.2.2.2. Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha.

B A A B
U U U
(4.1)

C B B C
U U U
(4.2)

C A AC
U U U
(4.3)
I
p
A
B
A
C C B
U
p
U
A
I
d
I
A
I
0
I
B
I
C
U
p
O O
V tr hiu dng:
U
AB
= U
BC
= U
CA
= U
d
= U
p
(4.4)
V pha, in p dy U
AB
, U
BC
, U
CA
lch pha nhau mt gc 120
0
. in p dy
vt trc in p pha tng ng mt gc 30
0
.
4.3. Cch ni hnh tam gic ().
4.3.1. Cch ni:
Mun ni hnh tam gic ta ly u pha ny ni vi cui pha kia.
A ni vi Z, B ni vi X, C ni vi Y.
Hnh 4-3: Cch ni ti hnh tam gic.
4.3.2. Cc quan h gia i lng dy v pha khi i xng.
4.3.2.1. Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha.
U
d
= U
p
(4.5)
4.3.2.1 Quan h gia dng in dy v dng in pha.
p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti cc nt

B A AB
I I I
(4.6)

C B BC
I I I
(4.7)

C A AC
I I I
(4.8)
V tr s dng in dy ta c : I
d
= I
p
V pha, dng in dy chm sau dng in pha tng ng mt gc 30
0
.
4.4. Cng sut ca mch in ba pha.
4.4.1. Cng sut tc dng.
Cng sut tc dng P ca mch ba pha bng tng cng sut tc dng ca cc
pha cng li. Gi P
A
, P
B
, P
C
tng ng l cng sut tc dng ca cc pha A, B, C ta
c:
P= P
A
+ P
B
+ P
C
= U
A
I
A
cos
A
+ U
B
I
B
cos
B
+ U
C
I
C
cos
C
Khi mch ba pha i xng: U
A
= U
B
= U
C
= U
P
; I
A
= I
B
= I
C
= I
P

v cos
A
= cos
B
= cos
B
= cos
Ta c: P = 3U
p
I
p
cos = 3 R
p
I
2
p
; trong R
p
l in tr pha.
i vi ni sao i xng: I
p
= I
d
; U
p
=
i vi ni tam gic i xng: U
p
= U
d
; Ip =
E
C
E
A
E
B
U
d
U
p
I
AB
I
CA
I
BC
I
p
I
p
I
d
I
A
I
B
I
C
A
C
B
A
C
B
Cng sut tc dng ba pha vit theo i lng dy, p dng cho c trng hp
ni sao v ni tam gic i xng: P = U
d
.I
d
.cos
4.4.2. Cng sut phn khng Q:
Q = Q
A
+ Q
B
+Q
C
= U
A
I
A
sin
A
+ U
B
I
B
sin
B
+ U
C
I
C
sin
C
Khi mch ba pha i xng : Q= 3U
p
I
p
sin = 3X
p
I
2
p
; trong X
p
l in
khng pha
Hoc vit theo i lng dy: Q = U
d
.I
d
.sin
4.4.3. Cng sut biu kin:
Khi mch ba pha i xng, cng sut biu kin ba pha:
p p
I U S . 3
d d
I U S . 3
2
. 3
p p
I Z S
4.5. Cch gii mch in ba pha i xng:
i vi mch ba pha i xng bao gm ngun i xng, ti v cc dy pha
i xng. Khi gii mch ba pha i xng ta ch cn tnh ton trn mt pha ri suy
ra cc pha cn li.
4.5.1. Gii mch in ba pha ti ni hnh sao i xng:
4.5.1.1. Khi khng xt tng tr ng dy pha:
in p trn mi pha ti:
U
p
=
Tng tr pha ti:
2 2
p p p
X R Z +
Trong R
p
, X
p
l in tr v in khng mi pha ti. U
d
l in p dy
Dng in pha ca ti:
2 2
3
p p
d
p
p
p
X R
U
Z
U
I
+

Ti ni hnh sao: I
d
= I
p
.
4.5.1.2. Khi c xt tng tr ca ng dy pha:
Cch tnh ton cng tng t:
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( 3 ) ( ) (
d p p d
d
d p d p
p
d p
X X R R
U
X X R R
U
I I
+ + +
+ + +

Trong R
d
, X
d
l in tr v in khng ng dy.
4.5.2. Gii mch in ba pha ti ni tam gic i xng:
4.5.2.1. Khi khng xt tng tr ng dy:
Ta c: U
d
= U
p
.
Dng in pha ti I
p
:
2 2
p p
d
p
p
p
X R
U
Z
U
I
+

Dng in dy:
2 2
3 3
p p
d
p d
X R
U
I I
+

4.5.2.2. Khi c xt tng tr ng dy:
Dng in dy I
d
:
2 2
)
3
( )
3
( 3
p
d
p
d
d
d
X
X
R
R
U
I
+ + +
Dng in pha ca ti :
3
d
p
I
I
4.6. Cch ni ngun v ti trong mch ba pha.
Ngun in v ti ba pha u c th ni hnh sao hoc hnh tam gic, ty theo
iu kin c th nh in p quy nh ca thit b, in p ca mng in v mt
s yu cu k thut khc.
4.6.1. Cch ni ngun in.
Cc ngun in dng trong sinh hot thng ni thnh hnh sao c dy trung
tnh. Cch ni ny c u im l cung cp hai in p khc nhau: in p pha v
in p dy.
4.6.2. Cch ni ng c in ba pha.
Khi thit k ngi ta quy nh in p cho mi dy qun. V d ng c ba
pha c in p nh mc cho mi dy qun pha l 220V (U
p
= 220V), do trn
nhn hiu ca ng c ghi l /Y ~ 220/380 V . Nu ta ni ng c vo lm vic
mng in c in p dy l 380 V th ng c phi ni hnh sao.
Nu ng c y lm vic mng in 220/127V c in p dy l 220 V th
ng c phi c ni hnh tam gic.
4.6.3. Cch ni cc ti ca mt pha.
in p lm vic ca ti phi bng ng in p nh mc ghi trn nhn
V d bng n 220V lc lm vic mng in 380/220V th phi ni gia
dy pha v dy trung tnh. Cng bng n y nu lm vic mng 220/127V th
phi ni hai dy pha mng in p t vo thit b ng bng nh mc.
Tuy nhin lc chn thit b trong sinh hot, ta cn chn in p thit b bng
in p pha.
CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. Nu nhng u im ca mch in ba pha.
2. nh ngha in p pha, in p dy, dng in pha dng in dy v quan
h gia chng khi ni sao v tam gic.
3. Nu cc biu thc tnh cng sut trong mch ba pha i xng.
4. Mt ti ba pha c in tr pha R
p
= 20, in khng pha X
p
= 15, ni
hnh tam gic, u vo mch in c in p U
d
= 220V. Tnh dng in pha
I
p
, dng in dy I
d
, cng sut tiu th v v th vec t in p dy v dng
in pha.
5. Mt ti ba pha gm ba cun dy u vo mng in ba pha c in p dy
l U
d
= 380V. Cun dy c thit k lm vic vi in p nh mc 220V,
cun dy c c in tr R = 2, in khng X = 8.
a) Xc nh cch ni cc cun dy thnh ti ba pha.
b) Tnh cng sut P,Q, cos ca ti.
CHNG 5
TNH TON MNG IN
5.1. Khi nim chung v mng in.
5.1.1. Chc nng ca mng in.
in nng sn xut ra cc nh my c cp in p t 6kV n 22kV. T cc
nh my ta c cc trm bin p, nng in p ln cao truyn ti in nng v
n ni tiu th ta phi gim in p xung s dng. Nh vy s hnh thnh
mng in vi nhiu cp in p khc nhau truyn ti v phn phi in nng t
ngun n tn ni tiu th. Theo cp in p ngi ta phn bit:
Mng in thp p (h p): U 1kV.
Mng in trung p: 1kV < U 66 kV.
Mng in cao p: 66 < U 220kV.
Mng in siu cao p: 330kV < U 750kV.
Mng in cc cao p: U 800 kV.
Mng in c chc nng truyn ti v phn phi in nng.
Mng in c cp in p t 110kV tr ln thng gi l mng truyn ti,
mng t 66kV tr xung gi l mng phn phi.
5.1.2. Ti ca mng in.
Ti ca mng in bao gm tt c cc phn t tiu th in nng trong cc
ngnh sn xut v i sng: cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vn ti, sinh
hot, thng mi v dch v,...
Ty theo tnh cht quan trng v yu cu lin tc cung cp in cho ti, cc h
tiu th in c phn lm ba loi:
H loi 1 l nhng h tiu th in quan trong nht, nu ngng cung cp in
s gy ra nguy him i vi tnh mng con ngi, nh hng ln n chnh tr, gy
thit hi nhiu v kinh t (h hng thit b, hng hng lot sn phm, ri lon qu
trnh cng ngh phc tp...). V d cc bnh vin ln, i pht thanh truyn hnh,
cc l luyn kim, hm m, ...
H loi 2 l nhng h tiu th in t quan trng hn, nu ngng cung cp
in s gy thit hi v kinh t do qu trnh sn xut b gin on. V d cc nh
my sn xut, trng hc,...
H loi 3 l tt c nhng h tiu th khng thuc hai loi trn. V d in sinh
hot dn dng, cc phn xng sn xut khng theo dy chuyn...
Vic xc nh loi h dng in rt quan trng quyt nh phng n cung
cp in.
5.1.3. Cc yu cu i vi mng in.
Khi thit k cung cp in phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y:
5.3.1.1. tin cy cp in.
Mc m bo lin tc cp in ty thuc tnh cht v yu cu ca ti, ngha
l ph thuc vo loi h dng in. i vi h loi 1 phi m bo cung cp in
mc cao nht, ngha l vi bt k tnh hung no cng khng mt in. Mun
vy h loi 1 phi c cung cp in t hai pha n bng hai ngun khc nhau,
mt ngun t li in quc gia, mt ngun t my pht in d phng, khi mt
in li s dng my pht cung cp in cho nhng ti quan trng.
5.1.3.2. Cht lng in nng.
Cht lng in c nh gi bng hai ch tiu tn s v in p. Ch tiu tn
s do c quan iu khin h thng in quc gia iu chnh, ngi thit k cp
in phi m bo in p cho khch hng. Ni chung in p li trung p v
h p ch cho php dao ng quanh gi tr nh mc 5%.
5.1.3.3. Kinh t.
Khi thit k phi so snh nhiu phng n, mi phng n c u nhc im
ring, thng c mu thun gia mt kinh t v k thut.
Mt phng n c tin cy v cht lng in nng cao thng t tin
khng kinh t.
Hai i lng quan trng nh gi kinh t ca mt phng n l vn u t
v ph tn vn hnh. Phng n kinh t khng phi ch xt vn u t t nht, m
phi xt ng thi c hai i lng trn, thi hn thu hi vn u t l sm
nht.
5.1.3.4. An ton.
Cng trnh cp in phi m bo vn hnh thun tin, hp l, an ton cho
ngi vn hnh v ngi s dng, an ton cho cc thit b v ton b cng trnh.
Ngoi vic tnh ton chnh xc, chn ng cc thit b v kh c in, phi nm
vng nhng quy nh an ton.
Ngoi bn yu cu c bn nu trn, cn cn ch mng in tht n gin, d
thi cng, d vn hnh v pht trin sau ny.
5.2. S mng cp in cho x nghip v c quan.
Ty theo quy m h tiu th ta chn s mng cp in cho ph hp.
5.2.1. K hiu cc phn t trn s .
Th t Tn phn t K hiu
1 H thng in (H)
2 My pht in (F)
3 Trm bin p (TBA)
4
Trm phn phi, trm ct
(TPP)
5 My bin p (BA)
6 T phn phi (TPP)
7 T ng lc (TL)
8 T chiu sng (TCS)
9 Dao cch ly, cu dao
H H
~
F
(DCL,CD)
10 Cu ch (CC)
11 p t mt (Ap)
12 Cng tc (n, kp)
13 Bng in
14 v phch cm
15 ng c in ()
16
Thanh gp (thanh ci)
(TG)
17 Dy trung tnh
18 Dy dn
19 Dy dn c ghi r s dy
20 n si t
5.2.2. Mt s s mng in.
5.2.2.1. Mt t sn xut, xng sn xut nh (tiu th cng sut vi chc
kiloat)
Ly bng ng dy thp p t trm bin p gn nht m khng cn phi t
mt trm bin p ring.(Hnh 5- 1)
5.2.2.2. Mt x nghip quy m nh (cng sut tiu th khong vi trm
kilooat)
Trng hp ny phi xy mt trm bin p ring.
S cp in gm mt ng dy trung p nhn in t h thng (trm bin
p trung gian, hoc ng dy trung p gn nht), mt trm bin p, mt mng
li in thp p cp in cho ti.
i vi x nghip quy m va ta c th xy dng 2 hoc ba trm bin p, a
trc tip ng dy trung p n cc trm.(hnh 5-2)
~
~
Hnh 5- 1: S cp in cho xng sn xut.
1. T phn phi; 2. T ng lc; 3. T chiu sang; 4. ng c in; 5. n
Hnh 5 -2: S cp in c trm bin p ring.
1. TBA; 2. T phn phi; 3. T ng lc; 4. T chiu sng
5.2.2.3. i vi cc cng ty ln (cng sut tiu th khong hng vn
kilooat)
Mt nh my gm nhiu phn xng th mng in s ln v phc tp. Ngi
ta xy dng mt trm phn phi trung tm ti nh my, trm phn phi trung tm
nhn in t h thng bng ng dy trung p a in p n trm bin p cc
phn xng. Phn xng ln c th t ring mt trm bin p vi ba phn xng
nh c th dng chung mt trm bin p. S lng trm bin p ty thuc vo
cng sut v v tr gia chng.
H

1
2 3
2
4
5 6
H
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
Hnh 5-3: S cp in cho x nghip c quy m va.
1. Trm BA; 2. T phn phi; 3. T ng lc; 4. T chiu sng.
Hnh 5-4: S cp in cho h c cng sut ln.
1. Trm phn phi trung tm; 2. TBA phn xng; 3. T PP phn xng
4. T ng lc; 5. T chiu sng.
5.3. S mng in h p.
5.3.1. Mng in sn sut.
H
2
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
H
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
Hnh 5-5: S cp in cho ng c trong mt phn xng.
1. TPP; 2, 5. T ng lc; 3. Ti t chiu sng; 4. Ti ng c.
Ta xt mng in cung cp cho cc ng c trong mt phn xng. Ngi ta
t mt t phn phi nhn in t th cp my bin p. T t phn phi cung cp
in cho 5 t ng lc v mt t chiu sng.
Mi t ng lc cp in cho 6 ng c.
T phn phi c 1 p t mt tng, thanh gp v 6 p t mt cho 6 nhnh ti 5
t ng lc v mt t chiu sng.
T ng lc c cu dao, cu ch tng u vo v 6 cu ch nhnh u ra.
T chiu sng gm p t mt tng u vo v cc p t mt u ra n cc
cm n.
5.3.2. Mng in sinh hot khu vc th.
Mng in sinh hot th thng cp in t trm bin p c mt my bin
p, ng dy cao h p nn i cp v khng qu di, dng trm cng sut nh,
a in n gn ti hn l dng trm cng sut ln cho mt khu vc rng.
5.3.2.1. Cung cp in cho mt nh tp th.
Ta xt mng cp in cho mt nh 4 tng, mi tng c 9 cn h.
ng dy in h p t my bin p n nh tp th. Ti nh tp th c mt
t in. T in gm 1 p t mt tng u vo v 4 p t mt u ra n cc t
cng t cho cc tng. Ti cc tng s c mt t cng t. T cng t tng c mt
cu dao u vo, 9 cu dao, 9 cng t, 9 cu ch u ra n 9 cn h (hnh 5-6)
5.3.2.2. Cung cp in cho mt khch sn.
Khch sn c mt trm bin p ring, ty theo s tng v cng sut tiu th
chn phng n cc t in, t phn phi.
Nu s tng t khng cn t t phn phi m ch t t in ring cho mi
tng.
T in tng gm c mt p t mt tng u vo, cc p t mt u ra n cc
phn khu (hnh 5-7) bng cc ng trc. T cc ng trc, dng cc hp ni a
in n cc phng. Trong mi phng thng dng mt bng in, 3 p t mt
dng ring cho iu ha khng kh, bnh nc nng v mt cho cc ti cn li.
Bng in v dy cp t chm trong tng.
2
2 3 2 2
4
Hnh 5-6: Mng in nh 4 tng.
Hnh 5-7: T in mi tng khch sn.
5.4. Xc nh cng sut tnh ton.
5.4.1. Xc nh cng sut tnh ton cho cc x nghip.
5.4.1.1. Ti ng lc.
Cng sut tnh ton ng lc c tnh theo cng sut t P
ca phn xng
(tng cng sut nh mc ca cc thit b).
Cng sut tnh ton cho cc ti ng lc l:
nc l
P k P .
tg P Q
l l
.
Trong :
k
nc
l h s nhu cu, tra s tay k thut. k
nc
<1.
P
cng sut t ca phn xng.

Cos l h s cng sut tnh ton, tra s tay k thut, suy ra tg.
5.4.1.2. Ti chiu sng.
n cn h
T in nh
n t cng
t tng 1
n t cng
t tng 3
n t cng
t tng 4
T cng t
tng 2
CD
Ti chiu sng thng c tnh ton theo cng sut chiu sng trn mt n
v din tch p
0
.
S p P
cs
.
0
Trong :
S l din tch gian nh, phn xng (m
2
)
p
0
cng sut chiu sng trn mt mt vung, W/m
2
tg P Q
cs cs
.
5.4.2. Xc nh cng sut tnh ton cho ti sinh hot.
Ta c th thc hin theo hai cch di dy:
5.4.2.1. Cng sut tnh ton tnh theo tng cng sut nh mc ca cc
thit b dng in:
n
mi t tt
P k P
1
Trong :
n
mi
P
1
l tng cng sut nh mc ca cc thit b.
k
t
l h s ng thi.
5.4.2.2. Cng sut tnh ton theo cng sut n v p (sut ti tnh ton):
Sut ti tnh ton l kt qu thng k, khi thit k trc tip tra bng:
Sut ti tnh ton sinh hot cho mt h
Mc sng khu
dn c
Cng sut t mt h
(kW)
p
0ho
(kW/h)
Thp
Trung bnh
Kh gi
2 - 3
4 - 5
6 - 8
1 - 1,5
2 - 2,5
3 - 4
Sut ti sinh hot cho mt phng khch sn
Loi khch sn Cng sut t phng (kW) p
0
(kW/phng)
Nh ngh
KS trung bnh.
KS sang trng
2 - 3
5 - 7
8 - 10
1 - 1,5
2 - 3
4 - 5
Sut ti cho khu vc vn phng
Mc trang b in cho vn phng p
0ho
(kW/m
2
)
Khng c iu ha khng kh.
C iu ha khng kh
20 - 25
120 - 150
Sut ti cho khu vc thng mi
Loi nh hng p
0ho
(kW/m
2
)
1. Nh hng bch ha
Ch chiu sng
Chiu sng v qut
2. Siu th
10
15 - 20
100 - 150
5.5. Xc nh dng in tnh ton.
Sau khi tnh c cng sut tnh ton, h s cng sut tnh ton, ta tnh dng
in tnh ton nh sau:
Khi cung cp in mt pha (gia dy pha v dy trung tnh)
tt pdm
tt
tt
U
P
I
cos
Khi cung cp in ba pha i xng:

tt ddm
tt
tt
U
P
I
cos 3
5.6. Tn thp in p trn ng dy.

Tn thp in p trn ng dy l hiu s gia tr s hiu dng in p u
ng dy v in p cui ng dy:
2 1
U U U
5.6.1. Cung cp in mt pha:
Lc ny dng in trong dy trung tnh bng dng in trong dy pha, c tn
thp in p trn dy trung tnh, do
sin . . cos . . ( 2 I X I R U +
i vi ti sinh hot cos cao c th tnh gn ng: I R U . . 2
5.6.2. Cung cp in ba pha.
Khi ti ba pha i xng, dng in chy trong dy trung tnh bng khng, do
tn thp in p pha l
sin . . cos . I X s I R U
p
+
Gn ng, khi cos:
I R U
p
.
Tn thp in p dy:
) sin . . cos . ( 3 3 I X s I R U U
p d
+
Khi cos cao:
I R U
d
.
5.7. La chn cc thit b ng ct v bo v mng in p thp.
5.7.1. Chn cu dao.
Chn cu dao phi m bo iu kin:
U
mcd
U
mmd
.
I
mcd
I
tt
.
Trong :
U
mcd
l in p nh mc cu dao.
U
mmd
l in p nh mc mng in.
I
tt
l dng in tnh ton (dng in lm vic lu di qua cu dao).
I
mcd
l dng in nh mc cu dao.
5.7.2. Chn cu ch.
5.7.2.1. Chn cu ch cho mng in chiu sng, sinh hot.
I
dc
I
tt
.
Trong I
dc
dng in nh mc ca dy chy cu ch (dng in ln nht m
dy chy cu ch chu c lu di m khng b t).
5.7.2.2. Chn cu ch cp in cho mt ng c.
Phi tha mn iu kin:
I
dc
I
mDC
.
5 , 2
mmDC
dm
I
I
Trong :
I
mDC
dng in nh mc ng c.
I
mmDC
dng in m my ca ng c.
Vi ng c khng ng b ro to lng sc I
mm
=(5 - 7)I
m
.
Ta chn dy chy cu ch theo tr s ln nht trong hai tr s trn.
5.7.2.3. Chn cu ch ng dy chnh cp in cho mt nhm ng c.
Theo iu kin sau:
I
dc
I
ttnhm
.
5 , 2
mmd
dm
I
I
Trong :
I
ttnhom
dng in tnh ton ca ng dy chnh khi xt n h s
ng thi, h s s dng.
I
mmd
l dng in m my trn dy chnh khi ng c th k m my
(cc ng c v ti khc lm vic bnh thng). ng c th k c
(I
mmk
- I
lvk
) ln nht trong tt c cc ng c.
) (
hom lvk ttn mmk mmd
I I I I +
5.7.3. Chn p t mt.
Chn theo iu kin lm vic lu di:
I
mA
I
tt
.
U
mA
U
mmd
.
Trong :
I
tt
l dng in tnh ton (lm vic lu di).
I
mA
l dng in nh mc ca p t mt.
U
mA
l in p nh mc ca p t mt.
U
mmd
l in p nh mc ca mng in.
5.8. La chn tit din dy dn v dy cp h p.
5.8.1. Cc iu kin chn tit din dy dn v dy cp h p.
La chn tit din dy dn phi tha mn 3 iu kin sau:
- m bo iu kin pht nhit cho php, ngha l tit din dy dn phi
ln dng in lm vic lu di i qua khng lm cho dy dn pht nng qu
nhit cho php.
Tit din S (mm
2
) (2xS)
Dng in cho php I
cp
(A)
Trong nh Ngoi tri
2 x 1,5 37 26
2 x 2,5 48 36
2 x 4 63 49
2 x 6 80 63
2 x 10 104 86
- m bo iu kin tn thp in p, ngha l tit din dy phi ln tn
thp in p t u ng dy n cui ng dy nh hn tn thp cho php.
- m bo sc bn c hc.
5.8.2. Chn tit din dy theo iu kin pht nng.
Trn c s dng in tnh ton I
tt
chy trn ng dy, ta chn dy c dng
in cho php I
cp
nh sau:
tt cp
I I k k . .
2 1
Trong :
k
1
l h s hiu chnh v nhit mi trng xung quanh.
k
2
l h s hiu chnh v s dy cp t trong mt hm hoc rnh
di t.
CU HI N TP CHNG 5
1. Cc yu cu i vi mng in p thp.
2. Hy nu cc phng n s cp in ca mng h p.
3. Cch xc nh cng sut tnh ton P
tt
cho phn xng, cho x nghip v
cho nh tp th.
4. Phng n chn cu dao, cu ch, p t mt.

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cng bi ging hc phn in k thut

1.6. Cc phng php gii mch in phc tp.

sin cos ) sin (cos

V d: cc dng in hnh sin:

cng sut t ca phn xng.

Khi cung cp in ba pha i xng:

5.6. Tn thp in p trn ng dy.

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