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    Golberg - Chen 1994

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    Fabricio Bueno

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Boundary Elements Communications § (1994) 57-61 w THE THEORY OF RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS APPLIED TO THE BEM FOR INHOMOGENEOUS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS M.A. Golberg 2025 University Cirele, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA & CS. Chen Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA 1 Introduction In the past decade there has been considerable research into the problem of computing andor eliminating the domain integrals which becurin the numerical solution of partial differential equations by {integral equation methods." The domain integral typically rise in tio ways: (1) when the differential equation is Tinear, but inhomogeneous! or (2) a nonlinear or time-dependent equation is solvedby a perturbation appreach with the nonlinearities and/ortime- dependence viewed as an inhomogeneous perturtation of linear and fpr time-independent problem.°** In both cases, numerical approximations usually need to be used to evaluate the domain iitegrals that occur in an integral equation reformulation ofthe piven ‘boundary value problem. Even though the domain integrals usually do rotinirodoceany new arknownsinanumericaimplementatonof the {integral formulation, te accurate evaluation ofthese integralsmay be the dominant computational task in terms of arithmetic operations. "* “The current approaches to this problem seer to fall nto three categories: (1)direct numerical approximationofthe domainintegrals, Usually by quadrature formilas that require domain discretization of the type used in the finite element method. (An exception to thisisan approach due to Atkinsoa! and expanded upon by Goldberg & Chen jn Ret 6. We will discuss this method in grater dealin Secon 2). {Q) methods such as the dual end multiple reciprocity methods which sek: toreduce the domain ntgralstolineintegralsin two-dimensional problems and surface integrals in three TLis the purpose ofthis note to show how the theory of RBF can provide a mothematial foundation forthe DRM, the elated method of particular solutions and a numerical integration method introduced Boundary Elements Communications 0957-290294/808.00 © 1994 Computational Mechanics Publications. recently by the authors ‘Since this note is primarily expository, we will restrict our ‘observations essentially to Poisson's equation in two dimensions. Further theoretical and numerical results willbe the subject of future work. Te puper is divided into four soctions. In Section 2 we review several existing techniques for simplifjing and/or eliminating the domain integrals which occur when solving Poisson's equation intwo dimensions. We thenintroduce the notion of RBF approximations. In particular, we show how a recent theorem of Brown'' can be used 10 Eupport the eanvergence ofthese techniques ~ particularly the DRM. In Section 3 we sate several further properties of RBFs which indicate that they are a natural multidimensional generalization of cubic splines, Hence they form a natura, rather than an ad-hoc choice for approximation, as has been suggested previously "In particular we suggest that thin plate splines may be a better choice for two- dimensional approximation than the ‘distance’ functions that currently seem to be prefered.**# ‘In Section 4 we discuss a number of generalizations and propose some directions for future research. 2 Domain integrals for Poisson's equation Let be abounded set in RY, d=2,3, with boundary S. We consider solving the boundary value problem ou OY Fe wo Auaf, ¥ la: where S,US,=5,5,08,=G andf,g, andg, are given functions. As js well now: equ (1) can be reformlated as the integral equation o(P)u(P) = if [uaa - ewe] ax + feeasanva) where P € DUS and o(P)isa function depending on P and G(P,Q) Js the fundamental solution ofthe Laplacian. That is BE Communications, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1994 87 The cory of radial basis fetion appli to the BEN or inhogeneous partial dire equations G(P.Q)= Log P-Ql, Pew, QeR @) md 1 ar] P-OT" G(P,Q) PER, QeR (a) ‘where | P-Q is the Buclidesn distance between P and Q. Letting P ~>S and disretizing the resulting integral equation inthe usual way, allows one to obtain approximations fo w.*In order to cary out this procedure itis necessary to compute the domain integrals in eqn (2) Ifa collocation method is used to solve eqa (2), then one will ave to evaluate N integrals ofthe form [omAHARVO), be LB, — 6 where P, € 5 are the collocation points, I a mumerical integration ‘methodusing M points in D US isused to approximate eqn (5), then fc@masqavie) =LuA.@e) © here (»(F,0)} are the weights which define the integration rule ‘Thisrequites NV multiplication IEM=N7, then evaluating the domain integrals requires (M) multiplications, This arithmetic may excoed the=V3 operations needed to solve the algebraic equations to approximate w. Moreover, the pre-processing time required to set up anintegration gridmay dominate both factors. Inaddition, the scltion ‘is required at O(N") points, then this requires O(N") multiplications, ‘Because ofthis increased computational load, much effort has bern ‘expended in the past decade to simplifying the computation of the domain integrals. The dominant approaches have boen the dul and ‘multiple reciprocity methods'* which replace the domain integrals ‘itha series of boundary integral, themethodofparticula solutions, {hichindirectyreplacesthe domainintegrals with boundaryineprlg (aad is equivalent to the dual reciprocity method under eetais conditions), and diect numerical integration. Although this ltiee ‘method is often downplayed, there is an interesting approach de to Atkinson! which enables one to compute domain integrals wihost explicit diseretization ofthe domain. As shown bythe authors in eet be further simplified by the use of REF ‘approximations which havebeenusedin the other wotechniques We {ullexpand on this idea below. Fr this we assume that d=? in oye o whereiStisfes heintomogencous equation aims ® but docs not necessarily sly the boundary conditions. Is a Polynomial ora finite trigonometric sum, then # may be obtained ‘analytically by the method of undetermined coefficients and thee satisfies" Since f= 0 in eqn (9), there is no domain integral in eqn (2), but the line integrals have new terms I From this point of view, the method of particular solutions indirectly replaces the domain integral in eqn (2) by line or surface integrals, Inthis form ofthe method of particular solutions wis datermined snaltcally, sits imporanto determine which Scan be integrated ‘analytically In this regard Partridge eta, introduced fs ofthe form? H(Q)G(P,Q)ds and [ Beacons 10) a S(P)= Yan | P— Qe Il ay hich sa linear combination ofthe distance functions {P-, ). Since P - Q, is radially symmetric about Q,, particular solutions, which are also radially symmetric, can be found by integrating Poisson's equation in polar co-ordinates (r= I t]) (12) Straightforward integration gives ui(P) = °/9 and for eqn (8) =o Pa r 3) 12)= Son 1 Pat) an is alowed ivng HP) = Yau (FP Oe +E Poe 8) IEPs not exactly of the form in eqn (14), then Partridge et al® ‘SURkESt approximating by functions of the form in eqn (14). The ‘pproximating functions for? We begin with a definition. ane v Definition 1 YiLQO) bea continuous function on R* = {420} such that g(0)2 0. Wem peaea on R" = {x20} such that 9(0): = GP - Os) where 9 a rat basis function iitis of the form/tP) Obviocth nee Oye ously, 1 the definition vate al 8 #radial basis func satisfies th te) 1+ This sggets nealing et (14) oking fr aproxmations fat ne ag ET Suc(P) =LawllP-aip, geepus 6) —— 58 BE Communications, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1994 MA, Golberg & CS. Chen ‘This brings wp a number of questions: 1 What functions are appropiate in ean (16)? 2. Given, can one determine analytically? 3. How should (a) be determined? 4, Dothe approximations f converge o fin some sense and for finite Af, what isthe enror? ‘At present, eqns (1) (4) have at Las partial answers" For row we assume that fhas been approximated by in eqn (16) and txplrs some ofthe consequences Dy direct integration ofthe diferent equation 1.8 (10% fa (Ge) 720) a and using litte algebra one finds particular solution to Ay the form, in(P)= Soon Pe [ stogse(shP— Oe IDs (18) ‘Ifthe intepral in eqn (18) can be evaluated explicitly, then itgives an analytic expression fort, Itean be easly verified that if(o(r)= 1 +7, then eqn (18) becomes egn (15). More generally, if fr) = 2.90”, then eqn (18) can be explicitly integrated, “The question of convergence is partly answered by the following theorem, 2 proof of which may be found in Powell’s paper.” Theorem 1 Brown") Let D be a compact subset of that contains a Least 680 pointsand let, notidenticallyzero, be such that (0)=0. ThenC(D), the set of continuous functions on D, isthe closed linear span ofthe fanctions {(l|--Q|: Q ¢ D)} if @ is ofthe form © wer @® «m= ii) G(0)= o(6") is ilfeentabte on Rand the derivative of @ is stclly completely monotone. Practically, if ¢ satisfies the conditions of Theorem 1, then given > O there exists Q, € D, k= 12youbd and (a), such that x FEd\s(P)- Doane P= AD]

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