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Hm Bin Phc
Phng Trnh Vt L - Ton
i hc nng 2004
Li ni u
Gio trnh ny c bin son nhm trang b cc tri thc ton hc ct yu lm cng
c hc tp v nghin cu cc mn hc chuyn ngnh cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut
thuc i hc nng. Ni dung gio trnh gm c 8 chng vi thi lng 60 tit (4
n v hc trnh) c chia lm hai chuyn nh.
Chuyn Hm bin phc gm 5 chng
Chng 1 Cc khi nim c bn v s phc, dy tr phc, hm tr phc v cc tp
con ca tp s phc.
Chng 2 Cc khi nim c bn v hm tr phc, o hm phc, cc hm gii tch
s cp v php bin hnh bo gic.
Chng 3 Cc khi nim c bn v tch phn phc, nh l tch phn Cauchy v
cc h qu ca n.
Chng 4 Cc khi nim c bn v chui hm phc, khai trin Taylor, khai trin
Laurent, l thuyt thng d v cc ng dng ca n.
Chng 5 Cc khi nim c bn, cc tnh cht, cc phng php tm nh - gc v
cc ng dng ca bin i Fourier v bin i Laplace.
Chuyn Phng trnh vt l Ton gm c 3 chng
Chng 6 Cc khi nim c bn v l thuyt trng : Trng v hng, trng
vect, thng lng, hon lu v ton t vi phn cp 1.
Chng 7 Cc bi ton c bn ca phng trnh vt l - ton, bi ton Cauchy v
bi ton hn hp ca phng trnh truyn sng.
Chng 8 Bi ton Cauchy v bi ton hn hp ca phng trnh truyn nhit, bi
ton Dirichlet v bi ton Neumann ca phng trnh Laplace.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip GVC. Nguyn Trinh, GVC. L Ph
Ngha v GVC. TS. L Hong Tr dnh thi gian c bn tho v cho cc kin ng
gp hon thin gio trnh.
Gio trnh c bin son ln u chc cn c nhiu thiu st. Rt mong nhn c
kin ng gp ca bn c gn xa.
nng 2004
Tc gi
Chng 1
S phc
1. Trng s phc
K hiu = 3 3 = { (x, y) : x, y 3 }. Trn tp nh ngha php ton cng v php
ton nhn nh sau
(x, y), (x, y)
(x, y) + (x, y) = (x + x, y + y)
(1.1.1)
(x, y) (x, y) = (xx - yy, xy + xy)
V d (2, 1) + (-1, 1) = (1, 2) v (2, 1) (-1, 1) = (-3, 1)
nh l (, +, ) l mt trng s.
Chng minh
Kim tra trc tip cc cng thc (1.1.1)
Php ton cng c tnh giao hon, tnh kt hp, c phn t khng l (0, 0)
(x, y) , (x, y) + (0, 0) = (x, y)
Mi phn t c phn t i l -(x, y) = (-x, -y)
(x, y) , (x, y) + (-x, -y) = (0, 0)
Php ton nhn c tnh giao hon, tnh kt hp, c phn t n v l (1, 0)
(x, y) , (x, y) (1, 0) = (x, y)
y
Mi phn t khc khng c phn t nghch o l (x, y)-1 = ( 2 x 2 , 2
)
x + y x + y2
(x, y) - {(0, 0)}, (x, y) (
y
x
, 2
) = (1, 0)
2
x + y x + y2
2
Trang 5
Chng 1. S Phc
x (x, 0), 1 (1, 0) v 0 (0, 0)
tp s thc tr thnh tp con ca tp s phc. Php cng v php nhn cc s phc hn
ch ln tp s thc tr thnh php cng v php nhn cc s thc quen thuc.
x + x (x, 0) + (x, 0) = (x + x, 0) x + x, ...
Ngoi ra trong tp s phc cn c cc s khng phi l s thc. K hiu i = (0, 1) gi l
n v o. Ta c
i2 = (0, 1) (0, 1) = (-1, 0) -1
Suy ra phng trnh x2 + 1 = 0 c nghim phc l x = 1 3.
Nh vy trng s thc (3, +, ) l mt trng con thc s ca trng s phc (, +, ).
2. Dng i s ca s phc
Vi mi s phc z = (x, y) phn tch
(x, y) = (x, 0) + (0, y) = x(1, 0) + y(0, 1)
ng nht n v thc (1, 0) 1 v n v o (0, 1) i, ta c
z = x + iy
(1.2.1)
Dng vit (1.2.1) gi l dng i s ca s phc. S thc x = Rez gi l phn thc, s
thc y = Imz gi l phn o v s phc z = x - iy gi l lin hp phc ca s phc z.
Kt hp cc cng thc (1.1.1) - (1.2.1) suy ra dng i s ca cc php ton s phc.
(x + iy) + (x + iy) = (x + x) + i(y + y)
(x + iy) (x + iy) = (xx - yy) + i(xy + xy)
x + iy
xx + yy
x y xy
= 2
+i 2
, ...
2
x + iy
x + y
x + y 2
(1.2.2)
V d Cho z = 1 + 2i v z = 2 - i
z
1 + 2i
=
=i
z'
2i
z2 = (1 + 2i) (1 + 2i) = -3 + 5i, z3 = z2 z = (-3 + 5i) (1 + 2i) = -13 - i
z z = (2 + 2) + i(-1 + 4) = 4 + 3i,
T nh ngha suy ra
z =z z3
z = - z z i3
z=z
z + z = 2Rez
z - z = 2iImz
z z = Re2z + Im2z
Ngoi ra lin hp phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.
nh l (n, z, z)
Trang 6
(1.2.3)
Chng 1. S Phc
1.
z + z' = z + z '
2.
zz' = z z'
z n = (z ) n
3.
z 1 = ( z ) 1
z
z
=
z z
Chng minh
1. Suy ra t nh ngha
2. Ta c
zz 1 = z z 1 = 1 z 1 = ( z )-1
Suy ra
z / z = z( z ) 1 = z z 1
x 2 + y 2 gi l module ca s phc z.
nh l (n, z, z)
1.
2.
|z|0
| z z | = | z || z |
3.
| z-1 | = | z |-1
4.
| z + z | | z | + | z |
|z|=0z=0
| zn | = | z |n
|z|
z
=
z
| z |
|| z | - | z|| | z - z |
Chng minh
1. Suy ra t nh ngha
2. Ta c
| zz |2 = zz zz' = (z z )(z z ) = (| z || z| )2
Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
3. Ta c
| z z-1 | = | z || z-1| = 1 | z-1 | = 1 / | z |
Suy ra
| z / z | = | z (z)-1 | = | z | | (z)-1 |
4. Ta c
z z + z z = 2Re(z z ) | z z = | z || z|
Suy ra
Trang 7
Chng 1. S Phc
x
y
v sin =
(1.3.1)
|z|
|z|
Tp s thc Argz = + k2, k 9 gi l argument, s thc argz = gi l argument
chnh ca s phc z. Chng ta qui c Arg(0) = 0.
K hiu r = | z | t cng thc (1.3.1) suy ra
x = rcos v y = rsin
Thay vo cng thc (1.2.1) nhn c
z = r(cos + isin)
(1.3.2)
Dng vit (1.3.2) gi l dng lng gic ca s phc.
cos =
T nh ngha suy ra
argz = arg(-z) = - , arg z = - v arg(- z ) = -
x > 0, argx = 0
x < 0, argx =
y > 0, arg(iy) = /2
y < 0, arg(iy) = -/2 ...
Ngoi ra argument ca s phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.
(1.3.3)
nh l (n, z, z)
1.
2.
Chng minh
1. Gi s z = r(cos + isin) v z = r(cos + isin)
Suy ra
zz = rr[(coscos - sinsin) + i(sincos + cossin)]
= rr[cos( + ) + isin( + )]
Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
2. Ta c
arg(zz-1) = arg(z) + arg(z-1) = 0 [2] arg(z-1) = - arg(z) [2]
Suy ra
arg(z / z) = arg(zz-1) = argz + arg(z-1)
V d Cho z = 1 + i v z = 1 +
Ta c
Trang 8
3i
Chng 1. S Phc
Vi mi s thc 3, k hiu
ei = cos + i sin
Theo cc kt qu trn chng ta c nh l sau y.
(1.3.4)
nh l (n, , ) 3 3
1.
2.
ei 0
ei(+) = eiei
ei = 1 = k2
(ei)-1 = e-i
e i = e-i
(ei)n = ein
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (1.3.4) v cc kt qu trn
H qu (n, ) 3
(cos + isin)n = cosn + isinn
(1.3.5)
1
1
2.
cos = (ei + e-i)
sin = (ei - e-i)
(1.3.6)
2
2i
Cng thc (1.3.5) gi l cng thc Moivre, cng thc (1.3.6) gi l cng thc Euler.
1.
V d Tnh tng C =
cos k v S =
k =0
n
Ta c
C + iS =
e
k =0
Suy ra
C=
ik
sin k
k =0
i ( n +1)
1
e 1
i
Hay
= n r v =
+ m 2 vi m 9
n
n
Phn tch m = nq + k vi 0 k < n v q 9. Ta c
+ m 2
+ k 2 [2]
n
n
n
n
T suy ra nh l sau y.
r [cos (
+ k 2 ) + isin( + k 2 )] vi k = 0 ... (n - 1)
n
n
n
n
(1.3.7)
Trang 9
Chng 1. S Phc
V d
1. S phc z = 1 + i =
H qu K hiu k = e
1.
ik
2
n
1 i 3
2
, k = 0...(n - 1) l cc cn bc n ca n v.
k = n-k
2.
k = (1)k
n 1
3.
k =0
V d Vi n = 3, k hiu j = e
2
3
=0
= 1 . Suy ra 2 = j2 = j v 1 + j + j2 = 0
(1.4.1)
(1.4.2)
| OM | = | z |
Trang 10
(i, OM ) = arg(z)
Chng 1. S Phc
Chng minh
Suy ra t cc cng thc (1.4.1) v (1.4.2)
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l
1
1
1
V d Cho z - {-1, 0, 1} v A(1), B(-1), M(z), N( ) v P( (z + )). Chng minh
z
2
z
rng ng thng (MN) l phn gic ca gc ( PA , PB ).
1
1
(z 1) 2
Ta c (i, AP ) = arg( (z + ) - 1) = arg
2
z
2z
1
1
(z + 1) 2
(i, BP ) = arg( (z + ) + 1) = arg
2
z
2z
Suy ra
(i, AP ) + (i, BP ) = arg
M
P
B
A
N
(z 1) 2 (z + 1) 2
1
= 2arg(z - ) = 2(i, MN )
2z
2z
z
H qu 2 Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1. Hai ng thng (AB) // (CD)
2. Hai ng thng (AB) (CD)
3. Ba im A, B, C thng hng
dc
dc
= 0 []
3
ba
ba
dc
dc
arg
=
[]
i3
ba
2
ba
ca
ca
arg
= 0 []
3
ba
ba
arg
Chng minh
Suy ra t cc h thc h qu 1
V d Trong mt phng tm im A(z) sao cho ba im A(z), B(iz) v C(i) thng hng
K hiu z = x + iy, ta c
iz i
A, B, C thng hng
= k 3 -y + i(x - 1) = (kx) + ik(y - 1)
zi
1 k
k ( k 1)
y = kx
x= 2
,y= 2
vi k 3
x
1
=
k
(
y
1
)
k +1
k +1
Trang 11
Chng 1. S Phc
nh x : P P, M N gi l mt php bin hnh
Php bin hnh M N = M + v gi l php tnh tin theo vect v
Php bin hnh M N = A + k AM (k > 0) gi l php vi t tm A, h s k
Php bin hnh M N sao cho ( AM , AN ) = gi l php quay tm A, gc
Tch ca php tnh tin, php vi t v php quay gi l php ng dng.
z = z + b vi b
z = a + k(z - a) vi k 3+, a
z = a + ei(z - a) vi 3, a
z = az + b vi a, b
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha cc php bin hnh v to vi phc.
A
+ 3
5. Dy tr phc
nh x
: , n zn = xn + iyn
(1.5.1)
Trang 12
Chng 1. S Phc
M > 0, N : n > N | zn | > M
Dy c gii hn module hu hn gi l dy hi t. Dy khng hi t gi l dy phn k.
n +
n +
(1.5.2)
n +
Chng minh
Gi s
lim zn = a > 0, N : n > N | zn - a | <
n +
Suy ra
n +
n +
Ngc li
lim xn = v lim yn =
n +
n +
Suy ra
n +
H qu
lim zn = a lim z n = a lim | zn | = | a |
1.
n +
n +
n +
2.
n +
n +
n +
lim (zn zn) = lim zn lim zn v lim (zn / zn) = lim zn / lim zn
n +
n +
n +
n +
n +
n +
z
n =0
= z0 + z1 + .... + zn + ...
(1.5.3)
gi l chui s phc.
+
Chui s thc
n =0
dng
| z
n =0
z
n =0
y
n =0
K hiu Sn =
z
k =0
z
n =0
Trang 13
Chng 1. S Phc
+
V d Xt chui s phc
n =0
Sn = 1 + z + ... + zn =
Ta c
z n +1 1
1
+
z 1
1 z
Vy chui cho hi t.
T nh ngha chui s phc v cc tnh cht ca dy s phc, ca chui s thc suy ra
cc kt qu sau y.
(z
n =0
z
n =0
=S
x
n =0
= x n + iy n ) v S = + i
= v
y
n =0
(1.5.4)
Chng minh
Suy ra t cc nh ngha v cng thc (1.5.2)
H qu
+
1.
| zn | = | S |
n =0
zn = S
n =0
z
n =0
= S
| z
n =0
| hi t. R rng
6. Hm tr phc
Cho khong I 3, nh x
(1.6.1)
gi l hm tr phc.
Hm u(t) = Ref(t) gi l phn thc, hm v(t) = Imf(t) l phn o, hm | f(t) | l module,
hm f ( t ) l lin hp phc ca hm tr phc.
Trn tp f(I, ) cc hm tr phc xc nh trn khong I, chng ta nh ngha cc php
Trang 14
Chng 1. S Phc
ton i s tng t nh trn tp f(I, 3) cc hm tr thc xc nh trn khongI.
Hm tr phc f(t) gi l b chn nu hm module | f(t) | b chn.
Cho hm f : I v I . Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi t dn n v k
hiu l lim f(t) = l nu
t
(1.6.2)
Chng minh
Lp lun tng t nh chng minh cng thc (1.5.2)
H qu
1.
2.
lim [f(t)g(t)] = lim f(t) lim g(t), lim [f(t) / g(t)] = lim f(t) / lim g(t)
t
I
(k)
+ i v (t )dt
I
(k)
(1.6.3)
Trang 15
Chng 1. S Phc
/2
/2
/2
=1+i
nh x
: [, ] , t (t)
(1.6.4)
(1.6.5)
Trang 16
Chng 1. S Phc
s() =
x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t )dt
(1.6.6)
7. Tp con ca tp s phc
Cho a v > 0. Hnh trn B(a, ) = {z : | z - a | < } gi
l - ln cn ca im a. Cho tp D , im a gi l im trong
ca tp D nu > 0 sao cho B(a, ) D. im b gi l im bin
ca tp D nu > 0, B(b, ) D v B(b, ) ( - D) .
K hiu D0 l tp hp cc im trong, D l tp hp cc im bin
b
D
v D = D D l bao ng ca tp D. R rng ta c
D0 D D
(1.7.1)
Tp D gi l tp m nu D = D0, tp D gi l tp ng nu D = D . Tp A D gi l m
(ng) trong tp D nu tp A D l tp m (ng).
V d Hnh trn m B(a, ) = { z : | z - a | < } l tp m.
Hnh trn ng B (a, ) = { z : | z - a | } l tp ng
Tp D = { z = x + iy : x > 0, y 0 } l tp khng ng v cng khng m.
Chng minh
1. - 3. Suy ra t nh ngha tp m
4. Theo nh ngha im bin
D = ( - D)
Theo nh ngha tp m, tp ng
tp D m D D D - D tp - D ng
5. Gi s tp D l tp ng v dy s phc zn hi t trong D n im a. Khi
> 0, zn B(a, ) B(a, ) D a D = D
Ngc li, vi mi a D theo nh ngha im bin
= 1/n, zn B(a, ) D zn a
Theo gi thit a D suy ra D D.
Trang 17
Chng 1. S Phc
Tp D gi l gii ni nu R > 0 sao cho D B(O, R). Tp ng v gii ni gi l tp
compact. Cho cc tp D, E , k hiu
d(D, E) = Inf{ | a - b | : (a, b) D E }
(1.7.2)
gi l khong cch gia hai tp D v E.
nh l Cho cc tp D, E
1. Tp D l tp compact khi v ch khi (zn)n D, dy con z(n) a D
2. Nu tp D l tp compact v tp E D l ng trong D th tp E l tp compact
3. Nu cc tp D, E l tp compact v D E = th d(D, E) > 0
4. Nu tp D l tp compact v n , Dn D ng, Dn+1 Dn th
Dn = a D
n =0
Chng minh
1. Gi s tp D l tp compact. Do tp D b chn nn dy (zn)n l dy c module b
chn. Suy ra dy s thc (xn)n v (yn)n l dy b chn. Theo tnh cht ca dy s thc
x(n) v y(n) suy ra z(n) a = + i. Do tp D l tp ng nn a D.
Ngc li, do mi dy zn a D nn tp D l tp ng. Nu D khng b chn th c
dy zn khng c dy con hi t. V vy tp D l tp ng v b chn.
2. - 4. Bn c t chng minh
Cho a, b , tp [a, b] = {(1 - t)a + tb : t [0, 1]} l on thng ni hai im a v b.
Hp ca cc on thng [a0, a1], [a1, a2], ..., [an-1, an] gi l ng gp khc qua n +1 nh
v k hiu l < a0, a1, ..., an >.
Tp D gi l tp li nu (a, b) D2, [a, b] D. Tp D gi l tp lin thng ng nu
(a, b) D2, c ng cong ni im a vi im b v nm gn trong tp D. Tt nhin
tp li l tp lin thng ng nhng ngc li khng ng.
Tp D gi l tp lin thng nu phn tch D = A B vi A B = v cc tp A, B va
m v va ng trong D th hoc A = D hoc B = D. Tp D m (hoc ng) v lin
thng gi l mt min.
Chng minh
1. 2. a D, t A = {z D : ng gp khc <a, ..., z > D}. Tp A va l tp
m va l tp ng trong tp D v A nn A = D
2. 3. Theo nh ngha lin thng ng
3. 1. Gi s ngc li tp D khng lin thng. Khi D = A B vi A B = v
cc tp A, B va m va ng trong D. Chn (a, b) A B, theo gi thit c ng
Trang 18
Chng 1. S Phc
cong (a, b) nm gn trong D.
Chia i ng cong (a, b) bng im c. Nu c A xt ng cong (a1 = c, b1 = b), cn
nu c B xt ng cong (a1 = a, b1 = c). Tip tc chia i ng cong chng ta nhn
c dy tht li an , bn c A B. Tri vi gi thit A B = .
Cho tp D bt k. Hai im a, b D gi l lin thng, k hiu l a ~ b nu c
ng cong ni a vi b v nm gn trong D. C th chng minh rng quan h lin thng
l mt quan h tng ng theo ngha tng qut. Do n chia tp D thnh hp cc
lp tng ng khng rng v ri nhau. Mi lp tng ng
[a] = { b D : b ~ a }
(1.7.3)
gi l mt thnh phn lin thng cha im a. Tp D l tp lin thng khi v ch khi n
c ng mt thnh phn lin thng.
Min D gi l n lin nu bin D gm mt thnh phn lin thng, trng hp tri li
gi l min a lin.
Bin D gi l nh hng dng nu khi i theo hng th
min D nm pha bn tri. Sau nay chng ta ch xt min n
hoc a lin c bin gm hu hn ng cong n, trn tng
khc v nh hng dng. Nh vy nu min D l min n
D
+
lin th hoc l D = hoc l D l ng cong kn nh
hng ngc chiu kim ng h.
Trong gio trnh ny chng ta thng xt mt s min n lin v a lin c bin nh
hng dng nh sau.
|z|<R
Im z > 0
Re z > 0
a < Re z < b
a < Im z < b
r<|z|<R
- [-1, 1]
Trang 19
Chng 1. S Phc
Bi tp chng 1
1. Vit dng i s ca cc s phc
2
a. (2 - i)(1 + 2i)
b.
4 3i
c.
4 + 5i
3 4i
d. (1 + 2i)3
a. -1 + i 3
c.
e.
g.
d.
1+ i
b.
d.
f.
|z|=
h.
z+i
z +i z +i
+1=0
+
+
zi
zi zi
(z + i)n = (z - i)n
1
=|1-z|
z
b.
C=
cos(a + kb) v S =
k =0
6. K hiu = e
2
n
sin(a + kb)
k =0
l cn bc n th k ca n v
n 1
n 1
(k + 1) k
a. Tnh cc tng
k =0
z ,
n 1
(z
k =0
n 1
) =
k =1
z
l =0
Trang 20
k
n
k
n 1
Suy ra
sin
k =1
n
k
= n 1
n
2
Chng 1. S Phc
a. Cc im c to v l z, z2 v z3 lp nn tam gic c trc tm l gc O
b. Cc im c to v z, z2 v z3 thng hng
c. Cc im c to v z, z2 v z3 lp thnh tam gic vung
8. Kho st s hi t ca dy s phc
u0 , n , un+1 =
1 + un
1 un
| z
n 0
| hi t
f (t )
dt ( 1)
x t
a. lim x 1
x +0
b. lim
x +
f (t / x )
1+ t
dt
c. arg(z - i) =
d. - < argz <
v | z | > 2
4
3
4
e. 0 < Imz < 1 v | z | < 2
f. | z - 1 | + | z + 1 | > 3
g. | z | < 2 v Rez > -1
h. | z - i | > 1 v | z | < 2
Trang 21
Chng 2
Hm bin phc
1. Hm bin phc
Cho min D . nh x f : D , z w = f(z) gi l hm bin phc xc nh trn
min D v k hiu l w = f(z) vi z D.
Thay z = x + iy vo biu thc f(z) v thc hin cc php ton
f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) vi (x, y) D 32
(2.1.1)
u 2 + v 2 gi l
z0
z(t)
(z)
w0
w(t)
(w)
Qua nh x f
im
z0 = x0 + iy0
bin thnh im
w0 = u0 + iv0
ng cong
z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) bin thnh ng cong w(t) = u(t) + iv(t)
Min
D
bin thnh min
G
Chnh v vy mi hm phc xem nh l mt php bin hnh t mt phng (Oxy) vo mt
phng (Ouv). Nu nh x f l n nh th hm w = f(z) gi l n dip, tri li gi l a
dip. Hm a dip bin mt mt phng (z) thnh nhiu mt phng (w) trng ln nhau.
Nu nh x f l n tr th hm w = f(z) gi l hm n tr, tri li gi l a tr. Hm a
Trang 22
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
tr bin mt mt phng (z) thnh nhiu tp con ri nhau ca mt phng (w). Trong gio
trnh ny chng ta ch xt cc hm phc n tr xc nh trn min n dip ca n.
Trn tp F(D, ) cc hm phc xc nh trn min D, nh ngha cc php ton i s
tng t nh trn tp F(I, ) cc hm tr phc xc nh trn khong I.
Cho cc hm f : D , z = f(z) v g : G , w = g() sao cho f(D) G.
Hm
h : D , z w = g[f(z)]
(2.1.3)
gi l hm hp ca hm f v hm g, k hiu l h = gof.
Cho hm f : D , z w = f(z) v G = f(D).
Hm
g : G , w z = g(w) sao cho f(z) = w
(2.1.4)
w l hm a tr.
2. Gii hn v lin tc
Cho hm f : D , a D v L . Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi z dn n a
v k hiu l lim f(z) = L nu
z a
( x , y ) ( , )
( x , y ) ( , )
(2.2.1)
Chng minh
Gi s
lim f(z) = L > 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <
z a
Trang 23
lim
Suy ra
( x , y ) ( , )
Ngc li
lim
( x , y ) ( , )
u(x, y) = l v
lim
( x , y ) ( , )
v(x, y) = k
H qu
1.
2.
z a
z a
za
z a
z a
z a
lim [f(z)g(z)] = lim f(z) lim g(z), lim [f(z)/ g(z)] = lim f(z)/ lim g(z)
z a
z a
z a
z a
z a
z a
D nu n lin tc ti mi im z D.
Hm f gi l lin tc u trn min D nu
> 0, > 0 : z, z D, | z - z | < | f(z) - f(z)| <
R rng hm f lin tc u trn min D th n lin tc trn min D. Tuy nhin iu
ngc li ni chung l khng ng.
Chng minh
1. Do hm tr thc | f(z) | =
Trang 24
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
Xt cp hai im w1 = f(z1), w2 = f(z2) f(D) tu . Do tp D lin thng nn c tham s
cung (t) ni z1 vi z2 v nm gn trong D. Khi tham s cung fo(t) ni w1 vi w2 v
nm gn trong f(D). Suy ra tp f(D) l tp lin thng ng.
3. Gi s ngc li, hm f khng lin tc u trn tp D. Khi
> 0, = 1/ n, zn , zn D : | zn - zn | < 1/ n v | f(zn) - f(zn) |
Do min D compact nn c cc dy con z(n)
a v z(n)
b.
+
+
Theo gi thit trn
N1 > 0 : n > N1, | a - b | < | a - z(n) | + | z(n) - z(n) | + | z(n) - b | < 1/ n
Suy ra a = b. Do hm f lin tc nn
N2 : n > N2, | f(z(n)) - f(z(n)) | <
Tri vi gi thit phn chng.
3. o hm phc
Cho hm f : D , z f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Hm f gi l R - kh vi nu phn
thc u = Ref v phn o v = Imf l cc hm kh vi. Khi i lng
df = du + idv
gi l vi phn ca hm phc f.
K hiu dz = dx + idy v d z = dx - idy. Bin i
u
v
u
v
f
f
df = (
+i
)dx + (
+ i )dy =
dx + i dy
x
x
x
y
y
y
=
1 f
f
1 f
f
f
f
(
- i )dz + (
+ i )d z =
dz +
dz
2 x
2 x
z
z
y
y
(2.3.1)
(2.3.2)
Trang 25
u
v
u
u
v
u
v
v
+i
=
-i
=
-i
=
+i
x
x
x
x
y
y
y
y
(2.3.5)
Chng minh
Gi s hm f l C - kh vi. Chuyn qua gii hn cng thc (2.3.4)
f
f(z) =
z
Kt hp vi cng thc (2.3.2) v iu kin (C - R) nhn c cng thc trn.
Nhn xt
1. Nu cc hm u v v thuc lp C1 th hm f l R - kh vi v nu cc o hm ring tho
mn thm iu kin Cauchy - Riemann th n l C - kh vi. Tuy nhin iu ngc li ni
chung l khng ng.
2. T cng thc (2.3.5) suy ra cc qui tc tnh o hm phc tng t nh cc qui tc
tnh o hm thc.
V d Cho w = z2 = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy)
Ta c u = x2 - y2 v v = 2xy l cc hm kh vi v tho mn iu kin (C - R)
u x = 2x = v y v u y = - 2y = - v x
Suy ra hm w l C - kh vi v theo cng thc (2.3.5)
w = u x + i v x = 2x + i2y = 2z
Trang 26
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
4. Hm gii tch
Cho hm f : D v a D0. Hm f gi l gii tch (chnh hnh) ti im a nu c s
dng R sao cho hm f c o hm trong hnh trn B(a, R). Hm f gi l gii tch trong
min m D nu n gii tch ti mi im trong min D. Trng hp D khng phi min
m, hm f gi l gii tch trong min D nu n gii tch trong min m G v D G. K
hiu H(D, ) l tp cc hm gii tch trn min D.
f (z)g(z) f (z)g (z )
f (z )
(2.4.1)
g( z ) =
g 2 (z)
Chng minh
1. - 2. Lp lun tng t nh chng minh tnh cht ca o hm thc
3. Gi s f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
T gi thit suy ra cc hm u, v l kh vi v tho mn iu kin (C - R). Kt hp vi
cng thc (2.3.5) ta c
u x u y
J(x, y) =
= (ux )2 + (vx )2 = | f(z) |2 0
v x v y
Suy ra nh x f : (x, y) (u, v) l mt vi phi (song nh v kh vi a phng). Do
n c nh x ngc g : (u, v) (x, y) cng l mt vi phi. T suy ra
g
f
w = f 0 z = g 0 v lim
= lim ( )-1 = (f(z))-1
w 0 w
z 0 z
Gi s hm w = f(z) gii tch ti im a v c o hm f(a) 0.
Gi L : z = z(t) l ng cong trn i qua im a v : w = f[z(t)] = w(t) l nh ca n
qua nh x f. Khi dz(t) l vi phn cung trn ng cong L v dw(t) l vi phn cung
trn ng cong . Theo cng thc o hm hm hp trong ln cn im a, ta c
dw = f(a)z(t)dt = f(a)dz
Suy ra
| dw | = | f(a) || dz | v arg(dw) = arg(dz) + argf(a) [2]
(2.4.4)
Trang 27
w(t)
dz
dw
argdz
(z)
(w)
argdw
a
b
Php bin hnh bo ton gc gia hai ng cong gi l php bin hnh bo gic. Theo
kt qu trn th hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng l mt php bin hnh bo gic.
Ngc li gi s nh x f l R - kh vi v bo gic ti im a. Qua nh x f c s chnh
f f
tc ( ,
) bin thnh cp vect tip xc ( ,
).
x y
x y
Do tnh bo gic
f f
( ,
) = ( ,
)=
x y
x y
2
Suy ra
i
f
f
u
v
u
v
f
=
+i
=e2
= i(
+i
)
=0
x
x
x
z
y
y
y
5. Hm lu tha
Hm lu tha phc
Hm lu tha phc
w = zn , z
l hm gii tch trn ton tp s phc, c o hm
w(z) = nzn-1
v c cc tnh cht tng t hm lu tha thc.
(2.5.1)
(2.5.2)
Trang 28
(2.5.3)
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
K hiu z = rei suy ra w = rnein.
argz= 2n
argw=2
argz=0
argz=0
Qua nh x lu tha phc
Tia
argz =
0 < argz < 2
n
Mt mt phng (z)
Gc
argw = n
bin thnh gc
bin thnh
n - mt phng (w)
Hm cn phc
Hm cn phc
(2.5.4)
w = n z z = wn
l hm ngc ca hm lu tha phc. Do hm lu tha phc l n - dip nn hm cn
phc l hm n - tr. K hiu z = rei v w = ei , ta c
= n r , = + k 2 vi k = 0...(n-1)
(2.5.5)
n
n
1
w1
z0
w0
L
w2
Khi z chy trn ng cong L kn, khng bao gc to th w chy ng thi trn cc
ng cong k kn, khng bao gc to . Khi z chy trn ng cong L kn, bao gc
to th w chy ng thi trn cc cung wkwk+1 t im wk n im wk+1. Khi z chy
ht mt vng bao gc to th w nhy t nhnh n tr ny sang nhnh khc. Do vy
im gc gi l im r nhnh ca hm cn phc v tch cc nhnh n tr ngi ta
thng ct mt phng phc bng mt tia t 0 ra .
Min n tr ca hm cn phc l D = - (-, 0]. Vi k = 0, hm
i
w = n re n
l hm n dip, gii tch trn min D, c o hm
1
1
w(z) = 1 z n
n
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm cn thc.
(2.5.6)
(2.5.7)
Trang 29
6. Hm m
Hm m phc
Hm m phc
w = ez = ex(cosy + isiny), z
(2.6.1)
x
x
c phn thc u = e cosy v phn o v = e siny tho iu kin (C - R) nn gii tch trn
ton tp s phc, c o hm
w(z) = ez
(2.6.2)
Hm m phc tun hon chu k T = 2i
ez+i2 = ez
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t nh hm m thc.
Hm m phc l hm a dip
e z = e z1 Rez = Rez1 v Imz = Imz1 [2]
Suy ra min n dip l bng ng < Imz < + 2.
K hiu z = x + iy suy ra | w | = ex v Argw = y + k2.
(2.6.3)
Imz=2
argw=0
argw=2
Imz=0
Qua nh x m phc
ng thng
y=
Bng ngang
0 < Imz < 2
Mt mt phng (z)
argw =
0 < argw < 2
- mt phng (w)
Hm logarit phc
Hm logarit phc
w = Ln z z = ew
(2.6.4)
l hm ngc ca hm m phc. Do hm m phc l hm a dip nn hm logarit phc
l hm a tr.
Gi s w = u + iv, ta c
eu = | z | v v = argz + k2 vi k 9
Suy ra
w = ln| z | + i(argz + k2) vi k 9
(2.6.5)
Lp lun tng t nh hm cn phc, im gc l im r nhnh ca hm logarit v
tch nhnh n tr cn phi ct mt phng phc bng mt tia t 0 ra .
Min n tr ca hm logarit phc l D = - (-, 0]. Vi k = 0, hm
Trang 30
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
w = ln| z | + iargz
l hm n tr, gii tch trn min D, c o hm
w(z) = 1
z
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm logarit thc.
1
ii = ei
ln i
(2.6.6)
(2.6.7)
= e2
7. Hm lng gic
Hm lng gic phc
K hiu
cosz = 1 (e iz + e iz )
sinz = 1 (e iz e iz ) tgz = sin z
(2.7.1)
2
2i
cos z
Cc hm bin phc w = cosz, w = sinz v w = tgz gi l cc hm lng gic phc.
Hm lng gic phc n tr, tun hon, gii tch, c o hm
(cosz) = - sinz
(sinz) = cosz, ...
(2.7.2)
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm lng gic thc.
Ch Vi z = x 3, cosz =
1 ix
1
(e + e-ix) cosx. Tuy nhin cos(i) = (e-1 + e) > 1
2
2
Hm hyperbole phc
K hiu
chz = 1 (e z + e z )
shz = 1 (e z e z )
thz = shz
(2.7.3)
2
2
chz
Cc hm bin phc w = chz, w = shz v w = thz gi l cc hm hyperbole phc.
Hm hyperbole phc n tr, tun hon, gii tch, c o hm
(chz) = shz
(shz) = chz, ...
(2.7.4)
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm hyperbole thc.
Ngoi ra, ta c cc lin h gia hm lng gic v hm hyperbole
chiz = cosz
cosiz = chz
shiz = isinz
siniz = ishz
(2.7.5)
Trang 31
u = sinxchy v v = cosxshy
/2
/2
-1
Qua nh x w = sin z
ng thng
ng thng
Min
x=
2
x=
u = chy, v = 0
u = sinchy, v = cosshy
a
b
Theo cc kt qu trn hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng ti im a l mt song
nh, R - kh vi v bo gic trong ln cn im a, gi l mt vi phi bo gic. Ngc li
mt vi phi bo gic ti im a l hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng ti im a.
Bi ton Tm php bin hnh bo gic f bin min n lin D thnh min n lin G.
gii bi ton trn ngi ta thng s dng cc kt qu di y, gi l cc nguyn
l bin hnh bo gic. Vic chng minh cc nguyn l bin hnh bo gic l rt phc tp
v phi s dng nhiu kt qu khc. y chng ta ch trnh by s lc cc tng
ca cc php chng minh. Bn c quan tm n cc php chng minh chi tit c th
tm xem phn ti liu tham kho.
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D thnh min G. Php bin hnh c xc
nh duy nht nu c thm mt trong hai iu kin sau y.
1. Cho bit w0 = f(z0) v w1 = f(z1) vi z0 D0 v z1 D
2. Cho bit w0 = f(z0) v arg f(z0) = vi z0 D0
Chng minh
K hiu
U = { z : | z | < 1}, S = { g H(D, ) : z D, | g(z) | < 1} v a D
Ta cng nhn
fa S sao cho | fa(a) | = Max | g(a) |
gS
Khi hm gii tch fa l php bin hnh bo gic bin min D thnh min U.
C th tm c v s hm gii tch f : D U nh vy. Tuy nhin ta c lin h
za
f = fa o h vi h : U U, h(z) = ei
, h(a) = 0
1 az
T suy ra nu c thm cc iu kin b sung th c th xc nh duy nht hm f.
Gi s f : D U v g : G U l cc php bin hnh bo gic. Khi g-1of : D G l
php bin hnh bo gic bin min D thnh min G.
Nguyn l bo ton min Cho D l min n lin gii ni, hm f : D lin tc trn
D , gii tch trong D v khng phi l hm hng. Khi G = f(D) cng l min n lin.
Chng minh
Do hm f lin tc nn bo ton ng cong suy ra bo ton tnh lin thng
Vi mi b = f(a) G, do min D m v f const nn c hnh trn B(a, R) D sao cho
vi mi z B(a, R), f(z) b.
K hiu
= Min | f(z) - b | vi = B
z
Chng minh
Vi mi b G, k hiu [f(z) - b] l s gia argument ca hm f(z) - b khi z chy trn
Trang 33
Chng minh
Xt trng hp L v l cc on thng nm trn trc thc. Khi hm
f2 : D2 , z f2(z) = f1 ( z ) v f2(z) = f1(z), z L
l hm gii tch bin hnh bo gic min D2 thnh min G2. Hm f xc nh nh sau
f : D1 D2 , f(z) = f1(z), z D1 L v f(z) = f2(z), z D2
l hm gii tch bin hnh bo gic min D1 D2 thnh min G1 G2.
Trng hp tng qut, chng ta dng hm gii tch bin cc cung L v thnh cc
on thng nm trn trc thc.
Trang 34
(2.9.1)
(2.9.2)
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
1. Php quay tm O gc
z = eiz
2. Php vi t tm O h s
w=+b
Hm nghch o
Hm nghch o
w = 1 , z *
z
l hm gii tch, c o hm
1
w(z) = 2 0 vi z 0
z
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {0} ln mt phng (w).
(2.9.3)
K hiu z = rei , ta c
1
1
=
v argw = - argz = -
(2.9.4)
|w|=
r
|z|
Suy ra php bin hnh nghch o l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.
w=
Vy php nghch o bo ton tnh i xng qua ng trn n v v qua trc honh.
Phng trnh ng trn suy rng trong mt phng (z) c dng
A(x2 + y2) + Bx + Cy + D = 0
(2.9.5)
K hiu z = x + iy v w = u + iv. Suy ra
x + iy = 1
x = 2 u 2 v y = 2 v 2
u + iv
u +v
u +v
Thay vo phng trnh ng trn (2.9.5) nhn c
D(u2 + v2) + Bu - Cv + A = 0
Qua php bin hnh nghch o
1. ng thng
i qua gc
A=D=0
bin thnh ng thng qua gc
khng qua gc A = 0 v D 0 bin thnh ng trn qua gc
2. ng trn
i qua gc
A 0 v D = 0 bin thnh ng thng khng qua gc
khng qua gc A 0 v D 0 bin thnh ng trn khng qua gc
Vy php bin hnh nghch o bin ng trn suy rng thnh ng trn suy rng.
Trang 35
(2.10.1)
z = cz + d
2. Php nghch o
= 1
w = a1 + b1 vi a1 = bc ad v b1 = a
c
c
Vy php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh bo ton ng trn suy rng v tnh i xng qua
ng trn suy rng.
Bin i
a z + b1
a
b
d
vi a1 = , b1 =
w= 1
v d1 =
z + d1
c
c
c
3. Php ng dng
(2.10.3)
Hm Jucop
Hm Jucop
1
w = 1 (z + ), z *
z
2
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = 1 (1 - 12 ) 0 vi z 0, 1
2
Trang 36
(2.10.4)
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {0, 1} ln mt phng (w).
Hm Jucop l hm a dip
1
(z + 1 ) = 1 (z 1 + 1 ) (z - z1)(1 - zz1) = 0
2
z
2
z1
(2.10.5)
-1
(z)
-1
(2.10.6)
(w)
a
a
Trang 37
(2.11.1)
V d 2 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { | z | < 1 } thnh min
G = { | w | < 1 } sao cho f(a) = 0.
1/ a
a
0
(2.11.2)
V d 3 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { 0 < argz < } thnh
3
i
Trang 38
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
i
6
i
0
0
= z3
w= k
i 6
(0) = 0, ( e ) = i
i
, w(0) = - k = i
+i
3
Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = i z 3 i
z +i
V d 4 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { | z | < 1 v Imz > 0 }
thnh min G = { Imw > 0 }.
Trc ht bin na hnh trn thnh gc vung bng cch bin im -1 thnh v
im 1 thnh im 0 bng php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh. Sau quay v bin gc
vung thnh na mt phng trn.
i
-1
= z 1
z +1
(0) = -1, (i) = i
-1
= -i
(-1) = i, (i) = 1
-i
= 1 , (i) =
zi
(0) = i, (-i) = i/2
i
i/2
-1
3
i) = 4 - 3i
4
(i) = i, (i/2) = -i
= 4( -
Trang 39
1/3
1
1
(z + )
2
z
(1) = 1, (1/3) = 5/3
=
-1
1
-1
5/3
= 1 (w + 1 )
2
w
(-1) = -1, (5/3) = 1
= 3 ( 1 )
4
3
Bi tp chng 2
1. Xc nh phn thc, phn o, module v argument ca cc hm sau y.
z+i
1
b. w = 3 z
c. w =
d. w = z a. w = z3
z 1
z
2. Biu din qua z v z cc hm sau y.
a. w = x2 - 1
b. w = x2 + y2 + iy
c. w =
2xy
x + y2
2
Trang 40
8. w = x3 + iy3
d. w =
z
|z|
Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
4. Kho st iu kin (C - R) v tnh gii tch ca cc hm sau y.
1
a. w = z3
b. w = zRez
c. w = 2
z +1
d. w = z z
c. Cho f(z) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ) vi z = rei. Vit dng lng gic ca iu kin (C - R)
w
v
u
th
=
d. Cho w = u(x, y) + i v(x, y). Chng minh rng nu lim Re
z 0
x
z
x
6. Tm gc quay v h s co ca php bin hnh w = f(z) ti im z D.
1
a. w = z2 vi z = 1 + i , z = -3 + 4i
b. w = 2
vi z = 1 - i, z = 1 + i
z +1
7. Vit dng i s ca cc s phc sau y.
a. e1 + i
b. Ln(1 + i)
e. tg(2 - i)
f. i
1
i
c. cos(2 + i)
d. sin(2i)
g. (1 - i)3 - 3i
h. (1)
b. sin2z = 2sinzcosz
d. ch(2z) = ch2z - sh2z
b. x = 1
c. y = x
Trang 41
Trang 42
Chng 3
(3.1.1)
1 : [1, 1] D, s 1(s)
f [(t )] (t )dt =
f[
(s)] 1 (s)ds
Suy ra tch phn ca hm phc khng ph thuc vo lp cc tham s cung cng hng.
K hiu = ([, ]) l ng cong nh hng. Tch phn
f (z)dz = f (z)dz
(3.1.2)
Trang 43
(3.1.3)
V d
1. Tnh tch phn I = z Re zdz vi l on thng [1, 2i]
2i
-3+ i
3
1 n
e
0
i (1 n ) t
dt = 2 i
0
ab
n =1
n 1
Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra hm [fo(t) + go(t)](t) kh tch trn [, ]
Trang 44
(3.2.1)
= fo(t ) (t )dt +
f (z)dz
f (z)dz
=-
ba
(3.2.2)
ab
Chng minh
Tham s ho
+ = -([, ]) vi - : [, ] D, -(t) = (-t + + )
T gi thit suy ra hm fo-(t)-(t) kh tch trn [, ].
cb
(3.2.3)
ab
Chng minh
Gi s c = () vi [, ]. Tham s ho
1 = 1([, ]) vi 1 : [, ] D, 1(t) = (t)
2 = 2([, ]) vi 2 : [, ] D, 2(t) = (t)
T gi thit suy ra hm fo1(t)1(t) kh tch trn [, ] v fo1(t)1(t) kh tch trn [, ].
fo 1 (t) 1 (t)dt +
fo 2 (t ) 2 (t )dt =
fo(t) (t )dt
f (z)dz
(3.2.4)
Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra hm fo(t)(t) kh tch trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc (3.1.3) vi
cng thc tch phn ng loi 1 suy ra
f (z)dz =
fo(t ) (t )dt
fo(t) (t ) dt = f (z) ds
Trang 45
(3.2.5)
Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra cc hm u(t) v v(t) kh tch trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc (3.1.3) vi
cng thc tch phn ng loi 2 suy ra cng thc (3.2.5)
f (z)dz
= F(b) - F(a)
(3.2.6)
ab
Chng minh
T gi thit suy ra hm Fo(t) l nguyn hm ca fo(t) trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc
(3.1.1) v cng thc Newton - Leibniz ca tch phn xc nh.
Ta c = (ab) vi a = Re , b = Rei2
Vi n 1 hm f(z) = 1n c nguyn hm F(z) = 1 z 1 n suy ra I = F(b) - F(a) = 0
1 n
z
Vi n = 1 hm f(z) = 1 c nguyn hm F(z) = Lnz. Tuy nhin hm logarit ch xc nh
z
n tr trn - (-, 0]. V vy I = Ln1(ei2) - Ln0(ei0) = 2i
i0
3. nh l Cauchy
nh l Cho hm f gii tch trn min D n lin v ng cong n, kn, trn tng
khc, nh hng dng v nm gn trong min D. Khi ta c
f (z)dz = 0
Trang 46
(3.3.1)
( x y )dxdy + i ( x y )dxdy = 0
f (z)dz = 0
(3.3.2)
Chng minh
Theo nh ngha tch phn, ta c th xem tch phn trn D nh l gii hn ca tch phn
trn ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng, nm gn trong min D
v dn n D.
f (z)dz
(3.3.3)
Chng minh
Gi s min D a lin v chng ta ct min D bng
cc cung (ab) v (cd) nhn c min n lin D1 nh
c
hnh bn. Ta c
D1 = D + (ab) + (ba) + (cd) + (dc)
Kt hp h qu 2 v tnh nh hng, tnh cng tnh
ca tch phn
0=
D 1
ab
ba
cd
dc
f (z)dz =
L0
f (z)dz
(3.3.4)
k =1 L k
Trang 47
f ()d
vi a, z D
(3.3.5)
az
Chng minh
Gi s (amb) v (anb) l hai ng cong n, trn tng
khc, ni a vi z v nm gn trong D. Khi (amzna) l
ng cong n, trn tng khc, kn v nm gn trong D.
T cng thc (3.3.1) v tnh cng tnh
0=
f ()d = f ()d
amzna
amz
n
a
f ()d
zna
f ()d
amz
f ()d
anz
F(z) = f ( )d vi z D
(3.3.6)
Chng minh
Theo cng thc (3.3.5) hm F xc nh n tr trn min D v F(a) = 0.
Ngoi ra vi mi (z, h) D sao cho [z, z + h] D
1
F (z + h ) F ( z )
f (z) =
h
h
z+h
(f () f (z))d
0
h 0
Suy ra hm F gii tch trong D v F(z) = f(z).
Trang 48
1
dz
1
=
0
2i z a
aD
aD
(3.4.1)
Chng minh
1
lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D. Theo cng thc (3.3.2)
za
tch phn ca hm f trn ng cong kn bng khng.
S
Vi a D, k hiu B = B(a, ) D, S = B+ l ng trn tm a,
a
bn knh , nh hng dng v D1 = D - B. Hm f(z) lin tc
D
trong 1.
dz
z a =
dz
z a
= 2i
nh l Cho hm f gii tch trong min D v ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc,
nh hng dng sao cho D D. Khi ta c
1
f (z)
a D - , Ind(a)f(a) =
dz
2i z a
(3.4.2)
Chng minh
f (z) f (a )
T gi thit suy ra hm g(z) = z a
f (a )
za
z a
Kt hp vi cng thc (3.4.1) suy ra cng thc (3.4.2)
2i D z
(3.4.3)
Chng minh
Nu D l min n lin th bin D l ng cong nh hng dng, n, kn v trn
tng khc. Lp lun tng t nh trong chng minh nh l v s dng cng thc (3.3.2)
thay cho cng thc (3.3.1)
Nu D l min a lin bin i min D thnh min D1 n lin nh trong h qu 2, 3.
Sau s dng kt qu bit cho min n lin, tnh cng tnh v tnh nh hng ca
tch phn.
Nhn xt Theo cc kt qu trn th gi tr ca hm gii tch trong min D c xc nh
Trang 49
a D,
f (z)
z a dz
= 2if(a)
(3.4.4)
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.4.3)
V d Tnh tch phn I =
hng dng | z | = 3.
Theo cng thc (3.3.4)
1
I = z 1 dz +
z +1
z +1 =1
dz
vi l ng trn nh
1
1
z + 1 dz = I + I
1
2
z 1
z 1 =1
-1
1
tho mn cng thc (3.4.4) trong ng trn | z + 1 | = 1 suy ra
z 1
I1 = 2if(-1) = -i
1
tho mn cng thc (3.4.4) trong ng trn | z - 1 | = 1 suy ra
Hm g(z) =
z +1
I2 = 2ig(1) = i
Vy I = -i + i = 0
Hm f(z) =
2 i z
gi l tch phn Cauchy dc theo ng cong .
n!
f ( )
d
2 i ( z) n +1
Chng minh
Trang 50
(3.5.2)
d
d
z a
za
2 i ( a )( z )
2i ( a ) 2
Suy ra hm F c o hm cp mt trong min D tnh theo cng thc (3.5.2) v do gii
tch trong min D.
Gi s hm F c o hm n cp n - 1 trong min D
Vi mi a D tu
n =1
( n 1)
(z) F
za
( n 1)
(a )
( a )
( z) n 1 k
(n 1)!
f ( ) k = 0
2 i
( a ) n ( z ) n
z a
n!
f ( )
d
2i ( a ) n +1
2i D ( z ) n +1
Chng minh
Nu D l min n lin th bin D l ng cong nh hng dng, n, kn v trn
tng khc. Theo cng thc (3.4.3) ta c
1
f ( )
z D, f(z) =
d F(z)
2i D z
Kt hp vi cng thc (3.5.2) suy ra cng thc (3.5.3)
Nu D l min a lin bin i min D thnh min D1 n lin nh trong h qu 2, 3.
Sau s dng kt qu bit cho min n lin, tnh cng tnh v tnh nh hng ca
tch phn.
f (z)
(z a )
( n +1)
dz =
2i (n)
f (a)
n!
(3.5.4)
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.5.3)
Trang 51
e z dz
(z + 1) 3 vi l ng trn | z | = 2 nh hng dng
Hm f(z) = ez lin tc trn hnh trn | z | 2, gii tch trong hnh trn | z | < 2. Tho mn
cng thc (3.5.4) suy ra
2i
I=
f(-1) = ie-1
2!
f (z)dz = 0
(3.5.5)
Chng minh
Vi a D tu , k hiu B = B(a, ) D. V hm f lin tc trn
B nn kh tch trn mi on thng [a, z] vi z B.
Do hm
z
F(z) =
f ()d
z+h
B
vi z B
z+h
(f () f (z))d
0
h
6. nh l tr trung bnh
nh l (V tr trung bnh) Cho hm f gii tch trn min D. Khi ta c
n , R > 0 : B(a, R) D, f(n)(a) =
n!
2R n
Chng minh
Tham s ho ng trn S = B+(a, R)
(t) = a + Reit, dz = iReitdt vi t [0, 2]
Ap dng cng thc (3.5.4)
Trang 52
f (a + Re
0
it
)e int dt
(3.6.1)
n +1
2 i S (z a )
2R
(n)
f (a + Re
it
)e int dt
n! M
vi M = supB| f(z) |
Rn
(3.6.2)
Chng minh
Suy ra t c lng tch phn (3.6.1)
| f(n)(a) |
n!
2
f (a + Re
it
n! M
Rn
)e int dt
Chng minh
Gi s
Ta c
a
a
a
a
| Pn(z) | = | z |n 1 + n 1 + ... + 0n | z |n 1 n 1 + ... + 0n
z
z
z
z
Suy ra
z : | z | r = Max (n + 1)a k
k = 0.. n 1
K hiu
1
k
rn
| Pn(z) |
n +1
n
mr = min{| Pn(z) | : | z | r}, m = min{mr , r } v g(z) = 1 , z
n +1
Pn (z)
Khi
z , | Pn(z) | m hay | g(z) | =
1
1
| Pn ( z ) |
m
Trang 53
Chng minh
Gi s hm f(z) khng phi l hm hng. Do hm | f(z) | lin tc trn min D ng v
gii ni nn t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn min D . Chng ta xt trng hp hm t tr
ln nht. Tc l
a D sao cho | f(a) | = MaxD | f(z) |
Nu a D0 th a l im cc i a phng v khi B(a, R) D sao cho
t [0, 2], | f(a) | > | f(a + Reit) |
c lng cng thc (3.6.1) vi n = 0
| f(a) |
1
2
f (a + Re
it
) dt < | f(a) |
iu ny l mu thun. Vy a D.
Lp lun tng t cho trng hp hm t tr b nht.
7. Hm iu ho
Hm thc u(x, y) lin tc trn D , thuc lp C2 trong D gi l hm iu ho trong nu
n tho mn phng trnh Laplace. Tc l
2
2
(x, y) D, u = u2 + u2 = 0
x
y
(3.7.1)
Trang 54
Chng minh
Do hm u iu ho trong min D n lin nn dng vi phn
= u y dx + u x dy
l dng vi phn ng. Suy ra tch phn ca n khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn.
C nh a D vi mi z D, hm
z
v(x, y) = u y dx + u x dy
(3.7.2)
Chng minh
Theo cc nh l trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. Khi o hm cc cp ca hm f
cng l hm gii tch v c phn thc, phn o l cc o hm ring ca hm u.
1
u(a + Re it )dt
2 0
(3.7.3)
Chng minh
Trang 55
u(a) = Ref(a) =
1
Re f (a + Re it )dt
2 0
Cng thc Schwartz Cho f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) gii tch trn min D v B(0, R) D.
i.t
1
+a
i.t Re
a B(0, R), f(a) =
u(Re
)
dt + iv(0)
i.t
2 0
Re a
2
(3.7.4)
Chng minh
Vi mi a B(0, R)
2
f(a) =
2
1
f(z)
1
Re i.t
i.t
dz
=
f(Re
)
dt v f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t )dt
2 0
2 i B z - a
2 0
Re i.t a
Do a B(0, R) nn a1 =
0=
R2
B(0, R) suy ra
a
2
1
f(z)
1
ae i.t
i.t
dz
=
f(Re
)
dt
2 i B z - a 1
2 0
ae i.t R
Bin i
2
1
ae i.t
i.t
f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t )dt f(Re
)
dt = 1 f(Re i.t ) i.t- R dt
i.t
2 0
2 0
2 0
ae R
ae R
2
i.t
1 2
-R
1
+R
i.t a e
0=
f(Re ) i.t
dt +
f(Re i.t ) i.t
dt
2 0
2 0
ae R
ae R
Suy ra
2
-i.t
i.t
f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t ) Re -i.t + a dt v f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t ) Re i.t + a dt
2 0
2 0
Re a
Re a
2
i.t
f(a) - iv(0) = f (a ) 1 [f (0) f (0)] = 1 u(Re i.t ) Re i.t + a dt
2
2 0
Re a
Hm
Trang 56
S(a, t) =
R 2 | a |2
2 R Im(ae it )
+
i
| Re it + a | 2
| Re it a | 2
Hm
2
2
P(a, t) = ReS(a, t) = R it | a | 2
| Re + a |
gi l nhn Poisson. T cng thc (3.7.4) suy ra
2
2
2
u(a) = Ref(a) = 1 u(Re it ) R it | a | 2 dt
2 0
| Re + a |
(3.7.5)
gi l cng thc Poisson. Sau ny chng ta c th dng cng thc (3.7.5) tm nghim
ca bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn.
Bi tp chng 3
Tham s ho ng cong tnh cc tch phn sau y.
1.
e dz
z
2.
3.
z Im zdz vi l ng gp khc ni cc im 1, i, -1 v -i
4.
(z
5.
z 1 dz vi l ng ellipse
x2 + 4y2 = 4
6.
7.
8.
dz
z 1 vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im -1 v 1 + i
Trang 57
10.
11.
dz
vi l ng cong kn khng i qua im i
+1
S dng cng thc tch phn Cauchy tnh cc tch phn sau y.
12.
z 2 dz
z 2i vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1 v | z | = 3
13.
14.
15.
dz
vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1, | z - 2i | = 1 v | z + 2i | = 1
+4
dz
vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1, | z - 2 | = 1 v | z | = 3
+ 2z
zshzdz
vi l ng cong kn khng i qua im i
2
+1
17.
sin zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 3
2
2z
18.
ze z dz
(z + i) 3 vi l ng trn | z + i | = 1
19.
(z 1)
shzdz
vi l ng trn | z - 1 | = 1
2
(z + 3)
20.
21.
ln( z + 3 ) dz
( z 2 1) 3
vi l ng trn | z | = 2
z sin z
dz vi l ng ellipse 4x2 + y2 - 2y = 0
2
3
+ 1)
(z
22.
u(x, y) = x3 - 3xy2
24.
u(x, y) = arctg
26.
v(x, y) = 2xy + 3
Trang 58
x
y
23.
u(x, y) = x2 - y2 + 5x + y -
25.
u(x, y) =
27.
x
- 2y
x + y2
2
y
x + y2
2
29.
v(x, y) = 3 + x2 - y -
y
x(x + y 2 )
Trang 59
Chng 4
1. Chui hm phc
Cho dy hm (un : D )n. Tng v hn
+
u
n =0
(4.1.1)
u
n =0
(a ) hi t.
n =0
k =0
u
n =0
(z) = S (z) nu
a
n =0
hi t sao cho
(n, z) D, | un(z) | an
(4.1.2)
th chui hm phc hi t u trn min D.
Sau ny chng ta xem cc chui hi t u cng tho mn tiu chun Weierstrass.
Chui hm phc hi t u c cc tnh cht sau y.
u
n =0
Chng minh
Vi mi a D v > 0 b tu
Do tnh hi t u
N > 0 : n > N , z D | S(z) - Sn(z) | < / 3 v | S(a) - Sn(a) | < / 3
Do tnh lin tc
> 0 : n N , z D, | z - a | | un(z) - un(a) | < / 3N
Trang 60
| u
k =0
2. Tch phn tng t Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn ng cong trn tng khc, nm
+
gn trong min D v
u
n =0
u
(
z
)
dz
=
u
(
z
)
dz
n
n
n=0
n =0
(4.1.3)
Chng minh
Theo tnh cht 1. hm S(z) lin tc v trn tng khc nn kh tch trn .
b
S(z)dz u n (z)dz
k =0
S(z ) S
(z ) dz <
u
n =0
(z) = S (z) th
u
n =0
(k)
n
(z ) = S ( k ) ( z )
(4.1.4)
Chng minh
Vi mi z D, B(z, R) D. K hiu = B+ v G = D - B(z, R/2) khi
+
u ( )
u ( ) G S ( )
n , n
gii tch trong G v n
=
z
z
n =0 z
S dng cng thc (3.4.3) v cng thc (4.1.3)
+
1 + u n ( )
1 S ( )
S(z) = u n (z ) =
d =
d
2 i n = 0 z
2i z
n =0
Theo nh l v tch phn Cauchy hm S(z) gii tch trong min D v do c o hm
mi cp trn min D. Kt hp cng thc (3.5.3) v cng thc (4.1.3)
+
+
u n ( )
k!
S ( )
k!
k , S(k)(z) =
d
=
d
=
u (nk ) (z )
k +1
2
i
2i ( z ) k +1
(
z
)
n =0
n =0
Trang 61
u
n =0
(z ) = S(z) th
u
n =0
(z ) = S (z) .
Chng minh
Theo nguyn l cc i
z D, a D : | S(z) -
u
k =0
(z) | | S(a) -
k =0
(a ) | <
c
n =0
(4.2.1)
gi l chui lu tha tm ti im a.
Chng minh
+
n =0
za
n , z B(a, ), | cn(z - a) | = | cn(z0 - a) |
z0 a
n
Do chui s dng
Mqn
n =0
tuyt i v u.
Trang 62
B(a, R) D B (a, R)
n +
cn
= lim
n +
c n +1
1
n
(4.2.2)
| cn |
Chng minh
Lp lun tng t chui lu tha thc.
K hiu
+
S(z) =
c
n =0
(z a ) n vi z B(a, R)
(4.2.3)
S(z)dz =
c (z a)
n =0
dz
(4.2.4)
Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh kh tch ca hm lu tha v cng thc tch phn tng t.
(z a ) n k
(4.2.5)
Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh gii tch ca hm lu tha v cng thc o hm tng t.
Trang 63
1 (k)
S (a)
k!
(4.2.6)
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (4.2.5) vi z = a.
+
V d Chui lu tha
n =0
1
.
1 z
Suy ra
+ z
n d =
z B(0, 1),
n =0 0
k ,
1 n +1
=
z
n =0 n + 1
nk
n =k
1 = - ln(1 - z)
0
1
=
1 z
(k)
k!
, ...
(1 z ) k +1
3. Chui Taylor
nh l Cho D = B(a, R), = D+ v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
z D, f(z) =
c
n =0
(z a ) n vi cn =
1
f ( )
d , n
2i ( a ) n +1
(4.3.1)
Chng minh
Vi mi z D c nh. Theo cng thc tch phn Cauchy
1
f ( )
f(z) =
d
2i z
(1)
1
1
=
z
a
1
=
za
1
a
1 z a
f ( )
v
=
z
n =0 a a
+
f ( ) z a
(2)
n =0 a a
+
f ( ) z a
M > 0 : ,
a a
M n
q
R
Theo tiu chun Weierstrass chui (2) hi t u trn , do c th tch phn tng t
dc theo ng cong . Tch phn tng t cng thc (1) suy ra cng thc (4.3.1)
Trang 64
1 (k)
f (a)
k!
(4.3.2)
zn
n!
1. ez = 1 +
1
zn
z++
+ =
1!
n!
2. cos z =
1
i
(i)
1 iz
1
1
(e + e-iz) = ( +
)z n = 1 - z2 + z4 + ... =
2
2
n!
n!
2!
4!
zn
v e-z =
n
!
n =0
(1)
n =0
(1) n
(2n)! z
2n
n =0
=
( 1) n z 2 n
1 + z2
n =0
Suy ra
d
0 1 + =
z
ln(1 + z) =
n =0
d =
(1) n
n + 1z
n +1
n =0
d
(1) n 2 n d =
0 1 + 2 =
n =0
0
z
arctanz =
(1)
(1) n 2 n +1
z
n =0 2n + 1
+
Trang 65
c
n =0
K hiu
m(a) = min{n : cn 0} 0
Nu m(a) = m th
f(z) =
n=m
k =0
(4.4.1)
c n (z a ) n = (z - a)m c m + k (z a ) k = (z - a)mg(z)
Chng minh
K hiu A l cc im t ca tp Z(f) ta c
A Z(f) D v tp A l tp ng
Theo nh ngha
Z( f )
a A, dy zn
a v f(zn) = 0
Theo nh l trn
> 0 : z B(a, ), f(z) = 0 B(a, ) A tp A l tp m.
Do tp D lin thng v tp A D va ng v va m nn
Hoc A = suy ra Z(f) c khng qu m c phn t
Hoc A = D suy ra Z(f) = D
Chng minh
t h(z) = f(z) - g(z), theo gi thit Z(h) c m c phn t, suy ra Z(h) = D
Tc l
z D, h(z) = f(z) - g(z) = 0
Trang 66
Chng minh
Khai trin Taylor hm f trong ln cn im a
+
f(z) =
c
n =0
(z a ) n vi c0 = f(a) = 0
n=m
k =0
c n (z a ) n = (z - a)m c m + k (z a) k = (z - a)mg(z)
5. Chui Laurent
nh l Cho min D = { r < | z - a | < R} v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
Vi mi (r, R) k hiu B = B(a, ) D v = B+(a, ).
z B, f(z) =
f ( )
d , n 9 (4.5.1)
( z a ) n vi cn = 1
2 i ( a ) n +1
Chng minh
Vi mi z B c nh. Theo cng thc tch phn Cauchy
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
f(z) =
d =
d +
d
2i D z
2i 1 z
2i 2 z
(1)
Vi mi 1 : | - a | = r, ta c q = | - a | / | z - a | < 1
suy ra khai trin
1
1
=
z
za
f ( )
=
v
z
1
=
a
1
za
1 a
n =0 z a z a
+
f ( ) a
n =0 z a z a
+
z
2
(2)
Trang 67
1
=
za
1
a
1 za
f ( )
v
=
z
n =0 a a
+
f ( ) z a
n =0 a a
+
(3)
n
n =1 ( z a )
n =0
(4.5.2)
1
trn min D ={ 1 < | z | < 2}
(z 1)(z 2)
1
1
1
1
= - (1 + ... + n zn + ...) - (1 + ... + n + ...)
1
2
z
z
2
1
z
2. Khai trin hm f(z) = sin z thnh chui tm ti a = 1
z 1
f(z) = sin1cos 1 + cos1sin 1
z 1
z 1
1 + ... v
1 + ...
sin 1 = 1 1
cos 1 = 1 1
3
z 1 z 1 3! ( z 1)
z 1
2! ( z 1) 2
f(z) = -
1
2
z
1
2
1
z
Trang 68
za
im a gi l bt thng ct yu.
Gi s trong ln cn im a bt thng c lp, hm f c khai trin Laurent
+
+
c -n
f(z) =
+
c n (z a ) n
n
n =1 ( z a )
n =0
(4.6.1)
Chng minh
1. m(a) = m 0 f(z) =
c
n =0
c0 = L
( z a ) n
z a
Ngc li, hm g(z) = f ( z) z 0 gii tch trong B(a, ). Khai trin Taylor ti im a
z =0
L
+
g(z) =
c
n =0
( z a ) n vi c0 = L m(a) 0
c -n
(z a )
n =1
c
n =1
(z a ) n
z a
za
Ngc li, hm g(z) = f ( z)
gii tch trong B(a, ) v g(a) = 0.
0
z=a
Theo h qu 3, 4
g(z) = (z - a)mh(z) vi m * v h l hm gii tch trong B(a, ), h(a) 0
Suy ra
+
1
1
1
f(z) =
=
b n (z a ) n vi c-m = b0 0 m(a) = -m
m
m
( z a ) h( z )
(z a ) n =0
3. m(a) = - f(z) =
n =1
c n
(z a )
c
n =0
Trang 69
f(z)
f(a) nn n 1, cn = 0
0
T suy ra kt qu sau y.
7. Thng d
Cho hm f gii tch trong B(a, R) - {a}, lin tc trn = B(a, R). Tch phn
Resf(a) = 1 f (z )dz
(4.7.1)
2i
gi l thng d ca hm f ti im a.
Theo nh l Cauchy, nu a l im thng ca hm f th Resf(a) = 0. Nu a l im bt
thng c lp th Resf(a) khng ph thuc vo ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc,
bao im a, nh hng dng v nm gn trong hnh trn B(a, R).
Cho hm f gii tch trong min R < | z | < , lin tc trn = B(0, R). Tch phn
1
Resf() =
f (z )dz
(4.7.2)
2 i
gi l thng d ca hm f ti im .
Trang 70
(4.7.3)
Chng minh
Khai trin Laurent hm f ti im a
+
+
c n
1
f ( )
f(z) =
+
c n (z a ) n vi cn =
d , n 9
n
2i ( a ) n +1
n =1 ( z a )
n =0
So snh vi cng thc (4.7.1) suy ra cng thc (4.7.3)
H qu Cho im a l cc im cp m ca hm f
Resf(a) =
(4.7.4)
Chng minh
Khai trin Laurent ti cc im a cp m
+
c m
c 1
f(z) =
+
...
+
+
c n (z a ) n
m
za
(z a)
n =0
Suy ra
(z - a)mf(z) = c-m + ... + c-1(z - a)m-1 + c0(z - a)m + ....
[(z - a)mf(z)](m-1) = (m - 1)!c-1 + m(m-1)..2c0(z - a) + ...
Chuyn qua gii hn hai v
lim [(z - a)mf(z)](m-1) = (m - 1)!c-1
z a
V d Hm f(z) =
ez
c hai cc im cp 3 l i
( z 2 + 1) 3
e2
1
Resf(i) = lim
2! z i (z + i ) 3
1 ez
6e z
12e z
=
+
2 (z + i ) 3 (z + i ) 4 (z + i ) 5
1 i
=
e (3 - 2i)
z = i 16
nh l Cho hm f c cc cc im hu hn l ak vi k = 1...n
n
Re sf (a
k =1
) + Resf() = 0
(4.7.5)
Chng minh
Gi k vi k = 1...n l cc ng trn | z - ak | = Rk b ch bao ring tng im ak
v l ng trn | z | = R ln bao ht tt c cc ng trn k. Theo cng thc
tch phn Cauchy
f (z)dz =
f (z)dz
k =1 k
=-
f (z)dz
Trang 71
f (z)dz = 2i Re sf (a k )
V d Tnh I =
(4.7.6)
k =1
(z
sin zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 2 nh hng dng
+ 1)(z + 3)
( z + i )(z 3)
I = 2i[Resf(-i) + Resf(i)] = -
sin(i )
2 6i
-3
-i
3
sin(i)
5
8. Thng d Loga
Cho hm f gii tch v khc khng trong B(a, R) - {a}, lin tc trn = B(a, R).
Tch phn
1 f (z )
(4.8.1)
ResLnf(a) =
dz
2i f ( z )
gi l thng d loga ca hm f ti im a. Theo nh ngha trn
f ( z )
ResLnf(a) = Resg(a) trong g(z) = [Ln f(z)] =
vi z B(a, R) - {a}
f (z)
nh l Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1. Nu a l khng im cp n ca hm th ResLnf(a) = n
2. Nu b l cc im cp m ca hm f th ResLnf(b) = -m
Chng minh
1. Theo h qu 3, 4
z B(a, R), f(z) = (z - a)nh(z) vi h(z) l hm gii tch trong B(a, R) v h(a) 0
o hm hm f suy ra
f(z) = n(z - a)n-1h(z) + (z - a)nh(z)
n
h (z )
h (z )
g(z) =
+
vi
l hm gii tch trong B(a, R)
za
h( z )
h( z )
Trang 72
h(z )
vi h(z) l hm gii tch trong B(a, R) v h(a) 0
(z a ) m
o hm hm f suy ra
m
1
h(z) +
h(z)
f(z) =
m +1
(z a)
(z a ) m
g(z) =
m
h (z )
h (z )
+
vi
l hm gii tch trong B(a, R)
za
h( z )
h( z )
Suy ra
ResLnf(a) = c-1(g) = -m
k =1
j =1
nk mj = N - M
(4.8.2)
Chng minh
Kt hp nh l trn, cng thc tch phn Cauchy v lp lun tng t h qu 1, 7
Ta xem mt khng im cp n l n khng im n trng nhau v mt cc im cp m
l m cc im n trng nhau. Theo cng thc Newtown - Leibniz v nh ngha hm
logarit phc
f (z)
f (z) dz = d[ln f (z)] = Lnf(z) = ln| f(z) | + iArgf(z) = iArgf(z)
Kt hp vi cng thc (4.8.2) suy ra h qu sau y.
Chng minh
Trang 73
z ,
g( z )
g( z )
< 1 Arg(1 +
)=0
f (z)
f (z)
Suy ra
N(f + g)
1+
1
=
Arg[f(z) + g(z)]
2
g( z)
1
=
Arg[f(z)(1 +
)]
2
f (z )
=
f (z)
g( z)
g( z)
1
1
Argf(z) +
Arg(1 +
) = N(f)
2
2
f (z )
Chng minh
Gi s
P(z) = a0 + a1z + ... + zn vi ak
K hiu
f(z) = zn, g(z) = a0 + ... + an-1zn-1, M = Max{| ak | , k = 0...(n-1)} v R = nM + 1
Trn ng trn : | z | = R
| g(z) | M(1 + ... + Rn-1) nMRn-1 < Rn = | f(z) |
Theo h qu 3
N(P) = N(f + g) = N(f) = n
9. Cc ng dng thng d
nh l (B Jordan) Cho ng cong R = {| z | = R, Imz } v hm f gii tch
trong na mt phng D = {Imz > } ngoi tr hu hn im bt thng. Khi ta c
1. Nu lim zf(z) = 0 th lim
z
R +
f (z)dz
=0
(4.9.1)
R +
f (z)e
iz
dz = 0
(4.9.2)
Chng minh
1. T gi thit suy ra
z R, | zf(z) | M R
0 | f(z) |
+
Suy ra
M
R
Trang 74
f (z)dz
f (z) ds =
M
R( + 2) R
0
+
R
2. T gi thit suy ra
z R, | f(z) | M R
0
+
Suy ra
iz
f ( z )dz
iz
f (z ) ds +
iz
f (z ) ds +
iz
f (z ) ds
iz
f (z ) ds +
iz
0
f (z ) ds 2Me-yR 2Me-||
R +
0 vi (0, )
e iz f (z) ds = MR e R sin t dt = MRe-Rsin
R +
k =1
j=1
f (x)dx = 2i Re sf (a k ) + i Re sf (b j )
(4.9.3)
Chng minh
n gin, xt trng hp hm f c mt cc im a
thuc na mt phng trn v mt cc im n b thuc
trc thc. Trng hp tng qut chng minh tng t.
K hiu
R : | z | = R, Imz > 0, : | z | = , Imz > 0
= R [-R, b - ] [b + , R]
Theo cng thc (4.7.6)
f (z)dz
[ R ,b ]
R
a
-R
f (z)dz = 2iResf(a)
[ b + , R ]
f (x)dx =
lim
R + , 0
f (z)dz +
[ R ,b ]
= 2iResf(a) - lim
0
Do b l cc im n nn f(z) =
lim
R + , 0
f (z)dz
[ b + , R ]
f (z)dz
(1)
c 1
+ g(z) vi g(z) gii tch trong ln cn im b
zb
Trang 75
g(z)dz
M
0
0
(3)
(x
(2)
x 1
dx
2
+ 1) 2
z 1
c cc im kp a = i thuc na mt phng trn
(z + 1) 2
z 1 1
1
2(z 1)
=
= i
Resf(i) = lim
2
3
z i ( z + i ) 2
(z + i) z =i 4
(z + i)
I = 2iResf(i) = 2
Suy ra
k =1
j=1
ix
f (x)e dx = 2i Re sg(a k ) + i Re sg(b j )
(4.9.4)
Chng minh
Lp lun tng t nh chng minh h qu 1.
+
sin x
1
e ix
dx
=
Im
0 x
x dx
2
1
c cc im n b = 0 thuc trc thc v Resg(0) = lim eiz = 1
z 0
z
1
I = Im(i) =
2
2
> 0, lim
R +
Trang 76
f (z)e
dz = 0
(4.9.5)
+ i
1
e z f (z)dz =
2i i
Re sg(a
(4.9.6)
Re a k <
Chng minh
K hiu
= R [ - i, + i] vi R ln bao ht cc cc im ca hm f(z)
Theo cng thc (4.7.6)
1
2i
z
e f (z)dz =
1
2i
1
2i
z
f (z)e dz +
+ i
f (z)dz =
Re sg(a
Re a k <
Suy ra
+ i
1
e z f (z )dz =
2i i
Re sg(a
)-
Re a k <
f (z)e
iz
dz
Bi tp chng 4
1. Tm min hi t v tng ca cc chui sau y.
a.
n
n =0 (z 2)
b.
ni n 2 n
n +1
n =1 ( z + i )
c.
(n + 1)i
n+2
(z i) n
n =
a.
3z + 1
( z 2) 3
f. ln(1 + z2)
z
4 + z2
e. sin3z
b.
c.
Trang 77
b. (1 - ez)(z2 - 4)3
c.
sin 3 z
z
1
1
)=
, n *
n
3n + 1
b. f(
n2 + 1
1
1
n
)=
, n * c. f( ) = sin , n *
4
n
n
2
n
c. z2 e z , a = 0 v a =
d. cos
z 2 4z
,a=2
( z 2) 2
z 2 2z + 5
, 1<|z|<2
( z 2)(z 2 + 1)
b.
1+ z
, 1<|z|<2
( z 1)(z 2)
d.
z
,1<|z|<3
( z + 1)(z 3)
d.
sin z
, | z | < 1 v | z | > 1
1 z
e.
z +1
, | z | < 1, 1 < | z | < 2 v | z | > 2
z +z2
8. Xc nh cp ca im bt thng (k c ) ca cc hm sau y.
z+2
z(z + 1)(z 1) 3
a.
z5
(1 z) 2
b.
e.
1
sin z
f. e-zcos
1
z
c. sinz +
1
z2
d. cos
1
z+i
g.
1 cos z
z2
h.
sin z
z4
z2 + 1
z2
b.
z2
(z 2 + 1) 2
c.
z4
(z + 1) 3
d.
z 2n
(z 1) n
e.
1
z(1 e 2 z )
f.
ez
z 2 ( z 2 + 4)
g.
cos z
z3
h.
1
sin z 12
i.
cos z
1 z2
j. sin
k.
shz
(z 1) 2 (z 2 + 1)
l.
ez
z 2 ( z 4 + 4)
1
z
zdz
(z 1)(z 2) , : | z - 2 | = 2
Trang 78
b.
e z dz
z 2 + 4 , : | z | = 3
e.
dz
, : x2 + y2 = 2x + 2y - 1
+1
dz
(z 3)(z
g.
d.
sin z
+ 1)
(z 1)
,:|z|=2
f.
dz
, : |z|=2
+1
10
dz , : | z | = 1
h.
dz
, : x2 + y2 = 2x
2
( z 2 + 1)
dz
, : 4x2 + 2y2 = 3
+1
a.
d
0 1 + cos
b.
d
0 (1 + cos ) 2
c.
13 + 12 sin
a.
dx
(x 2 + 9) 2
b.
d.
g.
j.
e.
h.
(1 x)(1 + x)
k.
(x
0
f.
dx
+ 1)(x 2 + 4)
x sin x
dx
2x + 10
ln x
0 1 + x 2 dx
dx
3
x cos dx
0 (x 2 + 4) 2
sin x
x dx
1
c.
dx
(x 2 + 1) n
+
x2 + 1
4 dx
x + 1
i.
x 2 ln x
0 (1 + x 2 ) 2 dx
x(1 x)
dx
x +1
Trang 79
Chng 5
f(f) =
F(x, t )dt
vi x I
(5.1.1)
F
lin tc trn min I 3 v tch phn
x
x (x, t )dt
cng b
x I,
d
F(x, t )dt =
dx
x (x, t )dt
[a, b] I,
f (x)dx
a
F(x, t )dx dt
Trang 80
(t) = 1
0
(t, h) =
1
h
0
1
[(t) - (t - h)] =
h
0<t h
t 0, t > h
gi l hm xung
(5.1.2)
1.
(t)dt
=1
f (t )(t )dt
2. Vi mi hm f lin tc ti 0
= f(0)
3. t 3, (t) =
()d =
(t )d v (t) = (t)
Chng minh
1.
2.
(t)dt =
f (t )(t )dt =
h 0
h 0
0
t
(t, h) = (, h )d =
1h
3. Xt tch phn
Chuyn qua gii hn
1
f (t )dt = f(0)
h 0
t0
0<t<h
th
f ()g(t )d
(5.1.3)
gi l tch chp ca hm f v hm g.
f, g L1
f, g L1
f L1 C(3, )
f, g, h L1,
Trang 81
|| f g ||1 =
+ +
f ()g(t )d dt
2.
3.
t 3, (fg)(t) =
t 3, (f)(t) =
| g( t ) | dt d = || f ||1 || g ||1
|
f
(
)
|
f ()g(t )d =
f (t )g()d = (gf)(t)
h 0
h 0
1
f (t )d = f(t)
h 0
2. Cc b Fourier
B 1 Cho hm f L1. Vi mi f 3 c nh k hiu fx(t) = f(t - x) vi mi t 3
Khi nh x : 3 L1, f fx l lin tc theo chun.
Chng minh
Ta chng minh rng
> 0, > 0 : x, y 3, | x - y | < || (x) - (y) ||1 <
Tht vy
Do hm f kh tch tuyt i nn
1
> 0, N > 0 : | f (t ) | dt <
4
| t | N
Trong khong [-N, N] hm f c hu hn im gin on loi mt
a1 = - N < a2 < ... < am = N vi = Max{| ak - ak-1 | : k = 1...m}
v trn mi khong con [ak-1, ak] hm c th thc trin thnh hm lin tc u
f (t x) f (t y) dt
f (t x) f (t y) dt + f (t x) f (t y) dt
| t | N
Trang 82
ak
k =1 a k 1
<
H(t) = e
-|t|
1
v h(x) =
H(t )e ixt dt
(5.2.1)
t 3,
0 < H(t) 1
2.
(, x) 3 *+ 3
lim H(t) = 1
lim H(t) = 0
h(x) =
1
2 + x 2
(x)dx = 1
+ +
1
f (s)e ist ds H(t )e ixt dt
3.
f L1
(f h)(x) =
4.
g L lin tc ti x 3
5.
fL
lim || f h - f ||1 = 0
Chng minh
1. Suy ra t nh ngha hm H(t)
2. Tnh trc tip tch phn (5.2.1)
h(x) =
0
+
1 1
1 1
1 ( + ix ) t
( + ix ) t
e
=
dt
+
e
dt
=
2
2
2
2
+
ix
+
ix
+x
0
1
i (x y ) t
H(t )e ixt dt
(f h)(x) = f (x y)h ( y)dy =
f
(
x
y
)
e
dy
g( x ) h
(s)ds = g(x)
5. K hiu
y 3, g(y) = || fy - f ||1 =
| f (x y) f (x) | dx 2|| f ||
Trang 83
+ +
| (f h )(x) f (x) | dx =
+ +
(f (x y) f (x))h
| f (x y) f (x) | dx h
(y)dy dx
g(0) = 0
( y)dy = (gh)(0)
0
3. Bin i Fourier
Cho cc hm f, F L1 k hiu
3, f () =
f (t )e
it
dt
(5.3.1)
1
t 3, F (t) =
F()e it d
2
(5.3.2)
| f (x) g(x) | dx = 0
R
nh l Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1.
2.
3.
f C0 L1 v || f || || f ||1
F L1 F C0 L1 v || F || || f ||1
h. k .n
Nu f = F th F = f
f L1
Chng minh
1. Theo gi thit hm f kh tch tuyt i v ta c
(, t) 32, | f(t)e-it | = | f(t) |
+
+
i ( t + )
f () = f ( t )e
dt = - f ( t )e it dt
0
2| f () | | f (t ) f (t ) || e it | dt = || f - f ||1
+
Trang 84
1
1
F(-)e it d =
F- (t ) vi = -
F (t ) =
2
2
1
1
it
it
(f h)(t) =
f
(
)
H
(
)
e
d
=
F
(
)
H
(
)
e
d
F
(t )
2
2
Mt khc theo tnh cht 5. ca theo b 2
|| fh - f ||1
0
0
Do tnh cht ca s hi t theo chun
h. k.n
f(t)
t 3, (fh)(t)
0
Do tnh duy nht ca gii hn suy ra
h. k . n
F = f
Cp nh x
F : L1 C0 , f f v F-1 : L1 C0 , F F
(5.3.3)
1. f(t) = e-at(t) f () = (t )e ( a + i) t dt =
1
vi Re a > 0
a + i
0
+
2. (t) u() =
it
(t )e dt = 1 v u(t) =
1 | t | T
3. f(t) =
f () =
0 | t | > T
F() = 2
i t
dt = 2
()e
it
1
1
2
+
= 2
i + i + 2
d = 1 F() = 2()
sin T
sin T
1
sin T it
F (t) =
2
e d f(t) ngoi tr cc im t = T
Trang 85
1
1
sin Tt
1 | | T
it
F() =
F (t) =
e
d
f (t)
2 T
t
2
0 | | > T
(5.4.1)
Chng minh
+
it
(f (t ) + g(t ))e dt
= f (t )e it dt +
g(t )e
it
dt
(5.4.2)
Chng minh
+
it
i ( t )
-i
d( t )
f (t )e dt = e f (t )e
i bin = t -
3*, f(t)
(5.4.3)
F( ) v f(-t) F(-)
||
Chng minh
+
f (t )e
it
i ( t )
sgn() +
dt =
f
(
t
)
e
d( t )
i bin = t
sin
V d Cho f(t) = 1 | t | 1 F() = 2
0 | t | > 1
Ta c g(t) = f(3t + 3) -
1
sin( / 3)
sin
f(t + 3) G() = 2ei3
- e3
2
4. o hm gc Gi s hm f v cc o hm ca n kh tch tuyt i.
f(t) iF() v n , f(n)(t) (i)nF()
Chng minh
Trang 86
(5.4.4)
f(t) f (t )e it dt = f (t )e it
+ (i) f (t )e
it
dt = (i) f (t )e it dt
f ()d
1 F() + F(0)()
i
(5.4.5)
Chng minh
t
K hiu
g(t) =
f ()d
3, (i)G() = F()
1
G() =
F() vi 0 v G(0) = F(0)()
i
(5.4.6)
Chng minh
+ +
(fg)(t) f (t )g()d e it dt =
+ +
i ( t )
g()e i d
f
(
t
)
e
dt
= F()G()
2
| f (t) | dt =
1
2
F()
(5.4.7)
Chng minh
+
2
| f (t) | dt =
*
f (t )f (t)dt =
1 + *
it
f
(
t
)
2 F ()e ddt
+ +
1
1
f (t )e it dt F * ()d =
2
2
F()
V d
t
d
1. (t) 1 (t) = ()d 1 + () v (t) =
i( 1 + ()) 1
dt
i
i
1
1
+ ()) =
F() + F(0)()
i
i
Trang 87
+ i + i
+ i + i
F (t) =
1
(e-t - e-t)(t) f(t)
1
f ()e i ( ) d = 2 F (-) 2f(-)
2
+
1
1
1
f ( ) e i ( t ) d =
f (-t)
f(-t)
2
2
2
(5.4.8)
eitf(t) F( - )
1
t
3*
f ( ) F()
||
- itf(t) F() v n , (-it)nf(t) F(n)()
3
- 1 f(t) + f(0)(t)
it
f(t)g(t)
(5.4.2)
(5.4.3)
(5.4.4)
F()d
(5.4.5)
1
1
(FG)()
F()G( )d =
2
2
(5.5.6)
V d
1.
2.
3.
2
2
g(t) = 2 2 G() = 2e-||
2
+t
+
1
1 1
(Rea > 0) f(t) = e-at(t) G() = e-a() g(t) =
F() =
a + i
2 a it
it
u(t) =1 2() 3, e 2( - )
1
1 -it
f(t) = sint = eit e F() = ( - ) - ( + )
2i
2i
i
i
1
G() = sin g(t) =
( (-t - ) + (-t + ))
2 i
i
f(t) = e-|t| ( > 0) F() =
Trang 88
nh ca hm tun hon
Do hm m g() = e-it tun hon vi chu k T = 2 nn hm nh F() lun l hm tun
hon vi chu k T = 2. Ngc li, ta c
3, F1() = 2( - ) f1(t) =
1
2
it
2( )e
dt = eit
f(t) =
a
-
1
vi ak = f (t )e ikt dt , k 9 v = 2
T
T0
ikt
a
-
2 ( k )
(5.5.1)
V d
+
1. Hm f(t) =
f(t) =
(t nT ) F() =
2. Ta c f(t) = cost =
f(t)g(t)
1
suy ra
T
2 +
2
( k )
T
T
1 -it 1 it
e + e F() = ( + ) + ( - ) suy ra
2
2
1
F()G( )d = 1 G( + ) + 1 G( - ) vi g(t) G()
2
2
2
nh ca hm tr thc
K hiu f*(t) l lin hp phc ca hm f(t). Khi nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th hm f*
cng kh tch tuyt i v ta c
*
i ( ) t
= F*(- )
=
f
(
t
)
e
dt
f
(
t
)
e
dt
it
(5.5.2)
Gi s
3, F() = R() + iI() = |F()| e()
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc
f*(t) = f(t) F*(-) = R(-) - iI(-) F() = R() + iI()
Trang 89
1
2
}= 2
+ i
+ 2
Gc ca hm hu t
Ta c
1
(Rea > 0) e-at(t)
a + i
S dng cng thc o hm nh v qui np suy ra
1
t n 1
(Rea > 0)
e-at(t)
n
( n 1)!
(a + i)
(5.5.5)
(5.5.6)
B
(i) 2 + 3i + 2
C
=A+
+
2
3 + i (3 + i) 2
(i) + 6i + 9
=12. F() =
=
1
2
+
f(t) = (t) - e-3t(t) + 2te-3t(t)
3 + i (3 + i) 2
2 1
2 1
A
B
=
=
+
2
4 + 5
(i) + 4i(i) + 5 1 + 2i i 1 2i + i
2
2+i
2+i
f(t) = (-2 + i)e-(1+2i)t(t) - (2 + i)e-(1-2i)t(t)
1 + 2i i 1 2i + i
Trang 90
k =0
j= 0
a k y ( k ) (t ) = b j x ( j) (t ) vi N M
(5.5.7)
Chuyn qua nh
N
a
k =0
Gii ra c
Y() =
b (i)
a (i)
(5.5.8)
h()d
1
1 + i
Bng gc nh Fourier
Tt
F()
f(t)
1 (t)
2 (t)
3 (t - )
4 1
1
+ ()
i
e
2()
e ikt , = 2
T
2 a k ( k)
(t kT )
2 +
( k)
T
cost
[( - ) + ( + )]
F()
f(t)
Tt
10 sint
-i[( - ) - ( + )]
Trang 91
1 | t | < T
0 | t | > T
sin Wt
t
sin T
11
t n 1 -at
e (t)
(n 1)!
1 | | < W 12 1 | t | < T1
0 | | > W
0 T < | t | T/2
1
f(t + T) = f(t)
1
, Rea > 0
(a + i) n
+
sin kT1
( k)
k
6. Bin i Laplace
Hm f F(3, ) gi l hm gc nu c cc tnh cht sau y
1.
f(t) lin tc tng khc trn 3
2.
t < 0, f(t) = 0
3.
M > 0, s > 0 sao cho t > 0, | f(t) | < Mest
S s0 b nht tho mn iu kin 3. gi l ch s tng ca hm gc. K hiu G l tp hp
cc hm gc v P+(s0) = { z : Rez > s0 } l na mt phng phi. Nu f(t) l hm gc
ch s tng s0 ta s vit f G(s0).
F(z) =
f (t)e
zt
dt vi z P+(s0)
(5.6.1)
0 u theo Argz.
+
Chng minh
Theo gi thit ta c c lng
0
= Rez > s0, t 3, | f(t)e-zt | M e ( s0 ) t
+
z P+(s0), F(z) = tf (t )e zt dt
nh x
(5.6.2)
1. (t) = +
0
t = 0 u(z) =
t0
Trang 92
(t )e
zt
dt 1
t < 0 F(z) =
t0
(t )e
zt
dt =
1
vi Rez > 0
z
1
vi Rez > Rea
za
Ch
1. Bin i Laplace khng phi l song nh v na mt phng P+(s0) thay i theo tng
+
0 u theo Argz
+
3.
+ i
F(z)dz hi t tuyt i
1
2i
+ i
F(z)e
zt
dz
(5.7.1)
l hm gc ch s s0 v f(t) F(z).
Chng minh
Theo gi thit 3. vi mi > s0 c nh hm F( + i) kh tch tuyt i. K hiu
+
1
t 3, g(t) =
F( + i)e it d
Trang 93
+ i
1
1
> s0, f(t) = g(t)e =
F ( + i)e + it d =
F(z)e zt dz
2
2 i i
t
+ i
1
F(-z )e z dz =
2i i
Re s[F(-z)e
Re a k > s 0
,ak ] = 0
it
g (t)e dt =
( + i ) t
dt = f (t )e zt dt
f (t )e
Re s[ f (z)e
k =1
zt
(5.7.2)
,a k ]
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (5.7.1) v cng thc tnh tch phn suy rng (4.9.6)
H qu 2 Cho hm F(z) =
A( z )
l phn thc hu t thc s, c cc cc im n thc
B( z )
k =1 B (a k )
j =1
trong Mj = Re
(5.7.3)
A (b j )
A (b j )
v Nj = Im
vi j = 1..m
B (b j )
B (b j )
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (5.7.2) v cng thc tnh thng d ti cc im n.
V du Hm F(z) =
3z 2 + 3z + 2
c cc cc im n a = 2 v b = -2 2i
(z 2)(z 2 + 4 z + 8)
Ta c
A (2 )
A(2 + 2i )
= 1,
= 1 + 1 i M = 1, N = 1
B( 2 )
B (2 + 2i )
4
4
Suy ra
H qu 3 Cho F(z) A(s0) v c khai trin Laurent trn min | z | > R. Khi
+
F(z) =
n =1
Trang 94
an
f(t) =
an
(n 1)! t
n 1
n =1
(5.7.4)
f(t) =
+ i
1 +
e zt
1
e zt
e zt
t n 1
dz
vi
dz
=
Re
z
[
,
0
]
=
2 i n =1 i z n
2 i i z n
(n 1)!
zn
1. Tuyn tnh
tnh Nu hm f v hm g l cc hm gc th vi mi s phc hm f + g
cng l hm gc.
, f(t) + g(t) F(z) + G(z)
(5.8.1)
Chng minh
f(t) + g(t)
(5.8.2)
Chng minh
+
1 z
F
(5.8.3)
Chng minh
f(t)
f (t )e
z
t
d( t )
i bin = t
4. Hm tun hon Nu hm f l T - tun hon sao cho t [0, T], f(t) = g(t) vi g l
hm gc th hm f cng l hm gc.
G( z)
f(t) F(z) =
vi g(t) G(z)
1 e Tz
(5.8.4)
Chng minh
Trang 95
nT
1 1
1
vi Rez > 0
V d Ta c sint = 1 (eit - e-it)
= 2
2i
2i z i z + i
z + 2
Tng t tm nh ca cost, sht, cos2t, ...
5. o hm gc Gi s hm f v cc o hm ca n l cc hm gc.
f(t) zF(z) - f(0) v n , f(n)(t) zn F(z) - zn-1f(0) - ... - f(n-1)(0) (5.8.5)
Chng minh
+
f ()d
0
1
F(z)
z
(5.8.6)
Chng minh
t
Hm g(t) =
(5.8.7)
Chng minh
(fg)(t)
+ +
zt
+ z
+ z ( t )
=
f
(
)
g
(
t
)
d
e
dt
e
x
(
)
d
y
(
t
)
d
0 0
0
0
(5.8.8)
Chng minh
zF(z)G(z) = f(0)G(z) + (zF(z) - f(0))G(z) f(0)g(t) + (fg)(t)
V du
t
1. Ta c
Trang 96
1
v (t) = (t) 1
z
2. Ta c
t = ()d
0
1
n!
qui np suy ra tn n +1 vi Rez > 0
2
z
z
a , eatf(t) F(z - a)
tf(t) - F(z) v n , tnf(t) (-1)nF(n)(z)
6. Tch phn nh
1
f(t) F( )d
t
z
7. Anh ca tch
f(t)g(t) 1
2i
(5.8.2)
(5.8.5)
(5.8.6)
+ i
F()G(z )d
= 1 (FG)(z)
2i
(5.8.7)
V d
n!
tn
2. Ta c
2 z
sint 2
suy ra tsint - 2
= 2
2
2
2 2
z +
z + (z + )
3. Ta c
sin t
t
suy ra e-at tn
n!
vi Rez > - Rea
(z + a ) n +1
1. Ta c
n +1
sin
d 1 ( - arctgz)
z 2
0
t
1 eat
z a
1
t n 1
at
e
(n 1)!
(z a) n
(5.9.1)
z
cost
z + 2
sint
z + 2
(5.9.2)
Trang 97
1
1
z
1
2
=
tf(t) = (t)
2
2 n
2 n 1
2
(
n
1)
2(n 1) (z + )
(z + )
2
1
1
2n 3
1
=
+
2
2 n
2
2
2 n 1
(z + )
2(n 1) (z + )
2(n 1) 2
z
2
2 n 1
(z + )
2n 3
1
f(t) tg(t) = (t)
2
2(n 1)
2(n 1) 2
(5.9.3)
(5.9.4)
Bin i
M( z + p )
N Mp
Mz + N
=
+
vi 2 = q - p2 > 0
n
2
2 n
2
2 n
(z + 2 pz + q )
((z + p) + )
((z + p) + )
2
Me-pt(t) + (N - Mp)e-pt(t)
(5.9.5)
Trng hp F(z) l phn thc bt k, ta phn tch F(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin
dng (5.9.1) - (5.9.5) Sau dng cc tnh cht tuyn tnh tm hm gc f(t).
V d Tm gc ca phn thc
1. F(z) =
3z 2 + 2 z + 2
z+2
1
1
=
+2
2
2
z2
(z 2)(z + 4 z + 8)
( z + 2 ) + 4 ( z + 2) 2 + 4
e2t + 2e-2tcos2t -
2. F(z) =
1 -2t
e sin2t = f(t)
2
3z 4
3(z 1) 1
=
f(t) = et g(t)
2
2
2
( z 2 z + 2)
((z 1) + 1)
G(z) = 3
z
1
2 1 1 z 1 1
=
3 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1
(z 2 + 1) 2 (z 2 + 1) 2
1
3 tsin t + tcost - 1 sin t = g(t)
2
2
2
Trang 98
(5.9.6)
x(n)(t)
f(t)
(5.9.6)
Gii ra c
X(z) =
F ( z ) + B( z )
A( z )
x(t)
(5.9.7)
Gi s x(t) v cc o hm ca n u l hm gc.
6
( z + 2) 4
Chuyn qua nh
(z2 + 4z + 4)X(z) =
6
+ (z + 6)
( z + 2) 4
Gii ra c
X(z) =
6
4
x(t) = e 2 t (1 + 4 t + 1 t 5 )
+
+ 1
4
2
z+2
20
( z + 2)
( z + 2)
Phng php trn c th s dng gii mt s phng trnh vi phn h s bin thin,
h phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh o hm ring hoc phng trnh tch phn.
x + x y = e t
t
V d Gii h phng trinhg vi phn
y + 3x 2 y = 2e
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 1
Gi s x(t) v y(t) l cc hm gc, chuyn qua nh h phng trnh
(z + 1)X Y = 1 + 1
z 1
2 +1
3X + (z 2)Y =
z 1
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh suy ra
X(z) = 1 = Y(z) x(t) = et = y(t)
z 1
Bng gc nh Laplace
Tt
f(t)
1 (t)
F(z)
1
Tt
5
f(t)
t n 1 -t
e
(n 1)!
F(z)
1
, Rez > -
( z + ) n
Trang 99
(t)
1
, Rez > 0
z
e-tcost
z+
, Rez > 0
(z + ) 2 + 2
(t - )
e-z, z
e-tsint
, Rez > 0
(z + ) 2 + 2
n(t) = (n)(t)
zn, z
n(t) = (t)...(t)
1
, Rez > 0
zn
Bi tp chng 5
1. Tm nh Fourier ca cc hm gc sau y.
a. e-2(t-1)(t)
b. e-2|t-1|
c. (t +1) + (t -1)
-t
2
i. 1 + cos t | t | 1 j. 1 t
| t |>1
0
0
sin t
m. t
n.
-2t
0 < t <1
t (0, 1)
4t
(1 + t 2 ) 2
d. sin(2t +
g. te sin4t(t)
h. sintsin2t
t | t | 1
k. 1 1 < | t | 2
0 | t | > 2
l.
o.
|t 2 n |
| F() |
d = 2
1
q. Bit f(t) 3, t 0, f(t) = 0 v
2
Re F()e
it
d = | t | e-|t|
2. Tm gc Fourier ca cc hm nh sau y.
2 sin 3( 2 )
a. e(-) - 2e-t() b.
c. () - ( - 2)
d. e2icos
2
-
e. e cos(4 + /3)
f. cos2sin(/2)
g. 2() + ( - 4) + ( + 4)
h. 2( - ) + 2( + ) + 3( - 2) + 3( + 2)
i. | F | = 2[( + 3) - ( - 3)], = - 23 +
3. Cho f F vi f(t) c th nh hnh bn.
a. Tm ()
2
1
b. Tm F(0)
c. Tnh
F()d
-1 0 1 2 3
d. Tnh F()
2 sin i 2
e d
e. Tnh
| F() |
f. Tm gc ca ReF()
Trang 100
sin t
t
1 cos t
te t
q.
sh
d
j. e-tsin2tcos4t
k.
sin 2t cos 3t
t
o.
n.
r.
cos(t )e
sin 4t
t
l.
sin 2 t
t
p.
1 e
0 d
( + 1) cos d
0
s.
(t )
cos 2d
t. | sint |, | cost |
7. Tm gc Laplace ca cc hm nh sau y.
a.
e 2 z
z2 9
b.
z +1
z + 2z
c.
1
z 4z + 8
d.
z +8
z + 4z + 5
e.
z2
(z 1) 3
f.
z3
( z 2 + 4) 2
g.
3z
(z 1)(z 3) 2
h.
z
z 5z 2 + 4
i.
1
2
z (z 1)
j.
z2
(z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 9)
k.
3z 2 1
(z 2 + 1) 3
l. sin
1
1
n. cos
z
z
1 2
o. e z
z
1
z
1 z 1
p.
e
z 1
Trang 101
a. 2x + y 3y = 3e 2 t
x(0) = 2, y(0) = 0
x 2x 4 y = cos t
c. x + y + 2 y = sin t
x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0
2x + x y = 3 sin t
b. x + y = sin t
x(0) = 0, x (0) = 1, y(0) = 0
x y = 0
d. x y = 2 sin t
x(0) = 1, x (0) = y(0) = y (0) = 1
Trang 102
Chng 6
L thuyt trng
1. Trng v hng
Min D 33 cng vi nh x
u : D 3, (x, y, z) u(x, y, z)
(6.1.1)
(6.1.2)
(6.1.3)
Chng minh
Theo gi thit hm u c o hm ring lin tc
u
u
u
u(A + te) - u(A) =
tcos +
tcos +
tcos+ o(te)
x
z
y
Chia hai v cho t v chuyn qua gii hn nhn c cng thc trn.
Trang 103
u
u
=
i
x
u
u
=
j
y
u
u
=
k
z
u
1
1
1
(A) = 2
+2
+2
=2 3
e
3
3
3
2. Gradient
Cho trng v hng (D, u). Vect
u
u
u
grad u =
i+
j+
k
x
y
z
(6.2.1)
u
= <grad u, e>
e
u
Max| | = || grad u || t c khi v ch khi e // grad u
e
Trang 104
Min|
u
| = 0 t c khi v ch khi e grad u
e
(6.2.3)
Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (6.1.2) v tnh cht ca tch v hng.
Lin h vi mt mc
7. Gradient ca trng v hng u ti im A l php vect ca mt mc i qua im A
ti chnh im .
Chng minh
grad u
Cho S : u(x, y, z) = l mt mc i qua im A
v : x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t) l ng cong
A
trn tu i qua im A v nm gn trn mt
S
cong S. Khi vect T = {x(t), y(t), z(t)}
l vect tip xc ca ng cong ti im A.
Do S nn u[x(t), y(t), z(t)] = . o hm hai v theo t
u x x(t) + u y y(t) + u z z(t) = 0
Suy ra
grad u T
3. Trng vect
Min D 33 cng vi nh x
Trang 105
2 cost, y =
2 sint, z = - t + /4
4. Thng lng
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v mt cong S trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D, nh
hng theo php vect l n. Tch phn mt loi hai
=
(6.4.1)
Trang 106
(6.4.2)
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (6.4.2) v cc tnh cht ca o hm ring.
(6.4.3)
5. Hon lu
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v ng cong kn, trn tng khc, nm gn trong min D,
Trang 107
(3.5.1)
Z Y
X Z
i +
j +
z x
y z
gi l rotation (xoy) ca trng vect F.
rot F =
Y X
x y
(6.5.2)
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (6.5.2) v cc tnh cht ca o hm ring.
(6.5.3)
Theo cng thc trn, cng ca trng vect rot F theo hng php vect n ti im
A l cng t quay ca im A theo hng trc quay n.
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v im A D. Nu < rot F, n >(A) > 0 th im A gi l
im xoy thun. Nu < rot F, n >(A) < 0 th im A gi l im xoy nghch.
V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v n = {x, y, z}
Trang 108
6. Ton t Hamilton
Vect tng trng
=
i+
j+
k
x
y
z
(6.6.1)
,
v
tng ng l php ly o hm ring theo cc bin x, y, v z gi l
x y
z
ton t Hamilton.
vi
u
u
u
u = (
i+
j+
k)u =
i+
j+
k
(6.6.2)
x
z
x
z
y
y
2. Tch v hng ca vect vi trng vect F l trng v hng div F
X
Y Z
F = (
i+
j+
k)(Xi + Yj + Zk) =
+
+
x
y
z
x
y z
(6.6.3)
F = (
i+
j+
k) (Xi + Yj + Zk)
x
y
z
Z Y
X Z
i +
=
j +
z x
y z
Y X
x y
(6.6.4)
Trang 109
u
u
u
2u
2u
2u
i+
j+
k) = 2 + 2 + 2 = u
x
y
z
x
y
z
(6.6.5)
Ton t
=
2
x 2
i+
2
y 2
j+
2
z 2
gi l ton t Laplace.
Tc l
u = div (grad u) = (u) = 2u
5. Vi mi trng v hng (D, u) thuc lp C2
u
u
u
rot (grad u) = rot ( i +
j+
k) = 0
x
z
y
(6.6.6)
Tc l
rot (grad u) = u = 0
6. Vi mi trng vect (D, F ) thuc lp C2
Z Y
X Z
i +
div (rot F) = div
j +
z x
y z
Y X
k = 0 (6.6.7)
x y
Tc l
div (rot F) = ( F) = 0
7. Vi mi trng vect (D, F ) thuc lp C2
Z Y
X Z
i +
j +
z x
y z
Y X
x y
= grad (div F) - F
(6.6.8)
7. Trng th
Trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z} gi l trng th nu c trng v hng
(D, u) sao cho F = grad u. Tc l
u
u
u
X=
Y=
Z=
(6.7.1)
x
z
y
Hm u gi l hm th v ca trng vect F.
T nh ngha suy ra nu trng vect F l trng th th
rot F = rot (grad u) = 0
(6.7.2)
Chng ta s chng minh rng iu ngc li cng ng.
(6.7.3)
MN
= u(N) - u(M)
(6.7.4)
MN
u(M)
u(N)
8. Trng ng
Trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z} gi l trng ng nu c trng vect (D, G )
vi G = {X1, Y1, Z1} sao cho F = rot G. Tc l
Z 1 Y1
X 1 Z1
Y1 X 1
X=
Y=
Z=
(6.8.1)
y
z
z
x
x
y
Trang 111
(6.8.3)
n1
S1
S0
S1
S2
T suy ra
< F , n 1 > dS
S1
= - < F , n 0 > dS =
S0
< F , n 1 > dS
S0
Trang 112
< F , T > ds =
< F , n > dS
S
Bi tp chng 6
1. Tm o hm ti im A theo hng vect e ca trng v hng u = xy - z2
a. A(1, 2, 3) v e{1, 1, 1}
b. A(1, 1, 0) v e{0, 1, 1}
c. A(1, 0, 1) v e l hng phn gic trong ca gc Oxy
2. Cho trng v hng u = x2 + y2 - z2
a. Tm ln v hng ca vect grad u ti im A(1, - 2, 1)
b. Tm gc gia grad u(1, 1, 1) v grad u(1, -1, 0)
c. Tm im M sao cho grad u(M) ng phng vi trc Oy
3. Cho trng bn knh r =
x2 + y2 + z2
r
1
vi e{-1, 0, 1}
b. Tm grad v grad r2
e
r
c. Tm grad f(r) vi hm f l hm c o hm lin tc.
a. Tm
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 l trng bn knh,
c. rot (grad rf(r))
Trang 113
Trang 114
Chng 7
2u
2u
2u
u u
+
2b(x,
y)
+
c(x,
y)
= F(x, y, u,
,
)
2
2
xy
x y
x
y
(7.1.1)
K hiu
(x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) vi (x, y) D
1. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) > 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng hyperbole
2. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) = 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng parabole
3. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) < 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng ellipse
Gi s nh x
: D , (x, y) (, ) vi J(x, y) =
0
x y y x
(7.1.2)
2u
2 u
2 u 2 u
u 2 u 2
=
+
2
+
+
+
x x 2 x
x 2 x 2
x 2
2 x
2 u 2 u 2 u u 2 u 2
2u
+
= 2
+
+
+
+
xy
x y x y y x 2 x y xy xy
2
2u
2 u
2 u 2 u u 2 u 2
+
=
+
2
+
+
2 y
y y 2 y y 2 y 2
y 2
Thay vo phng trnh (7.1.1) nhn c
a1(, )
2u
2u
2u
u u
+
2b
(,
)
+
c
(,
)
= F1(, , u,
,
)
1
1
2
2
Trong
2
a1(, ) = a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
+ c(x, y)
x y
x
y
Trang 115
+ c(x, y)
+ b(x, y)
+
x y
x y
x y y x
2
+ c(x, y)
c1(, ) = a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
x y
x
y
Suy ra
1(, ) = b12 - a1c1 = (x, y)J2(x, y)
Tc l chng ta c nh l sau y.
nh l Php i bin khng suy bin khng lm thay i dng ca phng trnh o
hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2.
Nu v l cc nghim ring c lp ca phng trnh
2
a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
+ c(x, y) = 0
x y
x
y
(7.1.3)
2u
u u
= F1(, , u,
,
)
b(x, y) (x, y)
a(x, y)
dx + C
i bin
+=y-
b(x, y) (x, y)
dx v - = y a(x, y)
b(x, y) + (x, y)
a(x, y)
dx
(7.1.5)
Trang 116
b(x, y)
a(x, y) dx + C
i bin
=y-
b(x, y)
(7.1.6)
b(x, y) i (x, y)
a(x, y)
dx + C = (x, y) i(x, y) + C
i bin
=y-
b(x, y)
a(x, y) dx v =
(x, y)
dx
a(x, y)
(7.1.7)
2u
2u
2u
u
u
+
3
+
+3
-3
- 9u = 0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y
1
x +C
2
i bin
1
3
1
x, - = y - x Suy ra = y - x, = x
2
4
4
3
3 u 1 u u
1
u
u
= ,
= 1,
= ,
= 0,
=
+
,
=
x
4 y
x
4 y
x
4 4 x
+=y-
2u
9 2u 3 2u
1 2u 2 u
3 2u 1 2u 2 u
2u
=
,
=
,
=
+
16 2 8 16 2 xy
4 2 4 y 2
x 2
2
Dng chnh tc ca phng trnh l
2u 2u
u
u
+2
- 8u
2 = 2
2
Trang 117
2u
dx
x 2
T (x )
P1 =
x1
F(x, t )dx
P2 =
x1
P3 = - (x)
x1
2u
dx
t 2
2u
2u
dx = 0
T
(
x
)
+
F
(
x
,
t
)
(
x
)
x 2
t 2
x1
2u
2u
=
T(x)
+ F(x, t)
t 2
x 2
(7.2.1)
Trang 118
Q1 =
u
t dt S k(M) n dS =
1
S
F
n
M
D
t2
dt div (kgradu)dV
t1
Q2 =
dt F(M, t )dV
t1
c(M)(M)(u(M, t
) u(M, t 2 ))dV =
t2
dt c(M)(M) t dV
t1
t1
u
2u
2u
2u
= a2( 2 +
+
) + f(x, y, z, t)
t
z 2
x
y 2
(7.2.2)
Trang 119
(7.2.3)
3. Cc bi ton c bn
Bi ton tng qut
Cho cc min D 3n, H = D 3+ v cc hm u C2(H, 3), f C(H, 3). K hiu
u =
2u
2
i =1 x i
n
Trang 120
Bi ton hn hp (HH)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn sng
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t)
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
ut=0 = g(x),
t=0 = h(x)
t
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t)
t 2
x 2
v cc iu kin ph
u
ut=0 = g(x),
t=0 = h(x), uD = p(t)
t
Bi ton hn hp (HP)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn nhit
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t)
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t)
t
x
v cc iu kin ph
u
ut=0 = g(x), (
+ u)D = h(t)
n
ut=0 = g(x)
Trang 121
Bi ton Neumann
Neumann (NE)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn
phng trnh Laplace
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn
phng trnh Laplace
2u
2u
+
= f(x, y)
y 2
x 2
v iu kin bin
2u
2u
+
= f(x, y)
y 2
x 2
v cc iu kin bin
uD = g(x, y)
uD = g(x, y),
u
D = h(x, y)
n
i bin = x + at, = x - at
Tnh cc o hm ring bng cng thc o hm hm hp
u u
u u u u
,
=
+
= a
x t
2
2u 2u
2u 2u 2u
2u 2u
2 u
,
=
+
2
+
=
a
2
+
2
2
2 t 2
x 2 2
2u
=0
Trang 122
(7.4.1)
(7.4.2)
1
h()d
a 0
u(x, t) =
1
h()d
2a x at
(7.4.3)
Chng minh
Do hm h C1(D, 3) nn hm u C2(H, 3). Kim tra trc tip
1
u
(x, t) H,
= a[h(x + at) + h(x - at)]
t
2
2
2u
1
2 u
= a[h(x + at) + h(x - at)] = a
2
t 2
x 2
u
x D, u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
Nu ui l nghim ca bi ton
2
2u
u
2 u
=
a
, u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = hi
2
2
t
t
x
2
2u
u
2 u
=
a
, u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = h1 - h2 = h
2
2
t
t
x
Vi mi T > 0 c nh, k hiu B = [x - aT, x + aT] v HT = B [0, T]. T cng thc
(7.4.3) chng ta c c lng sau y
(x, t) HT , | u(x, t) | T supB | h() |
T suy ra
h = h1 - h2 = 0 u = u1 - u2 = 0.
|| h || = || h1 - h2 || < || u || = || u1 - u2 || < = T
Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn HT vi mi T c nh. Do tnh lin tc
ca nghim suy ra bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn H.
th u = u1 - u2 l nghim ca bi ton
Bi ton CH1b
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm g C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = 0
t
Trang 123
u(x, t) =
(7.4.4)
Chng minh
Do hm g C2(D, 3) nn hm v C3(H, 3) suy ra hm u C2(H, 3).
Kim tra trc tip
(x, t) H,
2
2
2u
2 v
v
2 v
2
=
=
a
=
a
2
2
2
2
t t
t x
t
x t
2
v
u
2 v
x D, u(x, 0) =
(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = a
(x, 0)
t
t
x 2
u(x, t) =
v(x, , t )d
0
Chng minh
Do hm f C(H, 3) nn hm v C1(H 3+, 3) suy ra hm u C2(H, 3)
Kim tra trc tip
Trang 124
(7.5.1)
v
2
v
0 t (x, , t )d =
t
(x, , t )d = a2
t (x, , t )d
0
v
(x, , t )d + f(x, t)
x 2
2
u
(x, 0) = 0
t
Tnh duy nht v n nh ca nghim suy ra t bi ton CH1a.
x D, u(x, 0) = 0,
Bi ton CH1
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+, cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
u(x, 0) = g(x),
t
2a t
x + at
x + at
x + a
x at
x at
x a
g()d +
h()d + d
f (, t )d
(7.5.2)
V d Gii bi ton
u(x, t) =
x + at
x + at
t x + a
cos
+
2
+
2e t dd
2a t x at
x at
0 x a
Trang 125
6. Bi ton gi Cauchy
Bi ton SH1a
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0
x + a
1
1
1
v(x, t) = [g1(x + at) + g1(x - at)] +
h 1 ()d +
d f1 (, t )d
2
2a x at
2a 0 x a
Th vo iu kin bin
at
v(0, t) =
1
1
1
h 1 ()d +
d f1 (, t )d = 0
[g1(at) + g1(-at)] +
2a 0 a
2
2a at
u(x, t) =
g
(
)
d
+
h
(
)
d
+
d
f
(
,
t
)
d
1
1
1
2a t x at
x at
0
x a
Trang 126
(7.6.1)
(7.6.2)
Bi ton SH1
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3), g, h C(D, 3), p C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
u(x, 0) = g(x),
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t)
u(x, t) =
g 1 ()d + h 1 ()d + d f 1(, t )d
2a t x at
x at
0
x a
+ (t -
x
x
)p(t - )
a
a
(7.6.3)
Trang 127
2u
2u
=
4
+ 2xt vi (x, t) 3+3+
t 2
x 2
u
u(x, 0) = sinx,
(x, 0) = 2x
t
u(0, t) = sint
Do cc hm f, g v h l hm l nn cc hm ko di l f1 = f, g1 = g v h1 = h. Thay vo
cng thc (7.6.3) chng ta c
V d Gii bi ton
u(x, t) =
x+2t
x+2 t
t
x+2
x
x
1
sin
+
2
+
d
2(t )d + (t - )sin(t - )
4 t x 2 t
2
2
x 2 t
0
x 2
= sinxcos2t + 2xt +
x
x
1 3
xt + (t - )sin(t - ) vi (x, t) 3+ 3+
6
2
2
(7.7.1)
(7.7.2)
(7.7.3)
Bi ton HH1a c gii bng phng php tch bin m ni dung ca n nh sau
Tm nghim ca bi ton HH1a dng tch bin
u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
o hm u(x, t) hai ln theo x, theo t sau th vo phng trnh (7.7.1)
X (x)
T (t )
X(x)T(t) = a2X(x)T(t) suy ra
= 2
3
X (x)
a T(t )
Th hm u(x, t) vo iu kin bin (7.7.3)
u(0, t) = X(0)T(t) = 0 v u(l, t) = X(l)T(t) = 0 vi T(t) 0
Trang 128
(7.7.4)
(7.7.5)
(7.7.6)
k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x vi Ak 3 v k = , k *
l
l
Th cc k vo phng trnh (7.7.5) gii ra c
ka
ka
Tk(t) = Bkcos
t + Cksin
t vi (Bk, Ck) 32, k *
l
l
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton HH1a
ka
ka
k
uk(x, t) = (akcos
t + bksin
t )sin x vi ak = AkBk , bk = AkCk , k *
l
l
l
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton HH1a dng chui hm
+
u(x, t) =
u k (x, t) =
k =1
a
k =1
cos
ka
ka
k
t + b k sin
t sin
x
l
l
l
(7.7.7)
2
k
2
k
g(x) sin
xdx v bk =
h(x) sin
xdx
ka 0
l
l 0
l
l
ak =
(7.7.8)
Trang 129
8l 2
xdx =
v bk = 0 vi k *
ak = x(l x) sin
k
=
2n
+
1
l
0
2 (2n + 1) 2
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton
8l 2
3
u(x, t) =
(2n + 1)
n =0
cos
(2 n + 1)a
(2 n + 1)
t sin
x
l
l
k
x
l
k =1
Khai trin Fourier hm f(x, t) trn on [0, l]
+
u(x, t) =
Trang 130
T (t) sin
k
(7.8.1)
k
ka
T
(
t
)
Tk (t ) sin
x =
+
l
l
k =1
f
k =1
(t ) sin
k
x
l
+
k
k
x = 0 v T k (0) sin
x =0
l
l
k =1
k =1
Chng ta nhn c h phng trnh vi phn h s hng
+
(0) sin
ka
Tk(t) +
Tk(t) = fk(t)
l
Tk(0) = 0, T k (0) = 0 vi k *
(7.8.2)
Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (7.8.2) tm cc hm Tk(t) sau
th vo cng thc (7.8.1) suy ra nghim ca bi ton HH1b. H phng trnh (7.8.2) c
th gii bng phng php ton t Laplace ni chng 5 hoc bng mt trong cc
phng php gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng bit no . Lp lun
tng t nh bi ton HH1a chng ta c kt qu sau y.
Bi ton HH1
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3), g, h C(D,3) v cc hm
p, q C([0, T], 3). Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t), u(l, t) = q(t)
x
(q(t) - p(t))
l
Trong hm v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HH1a
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + p(t) +
(7.8.3)
Trang 131
x
(q(0) - p(0)) = g1(x)
l
x
v
(x, 0) = h(x) - p(0) - (q(0) - p(0)) = h1(x)
t
l
v(0, t) = v(l, t) = 0
vi cc iu kin bin
g1(0) = g1(l) = 0 g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)
h1(0) = h1(l) = 0 h(0) = p(0), h(l) = q(0)
v(x, 0) = g(x) - p(0) -
(7.8.4)
(7.8.5)
2u
2u
=
4
+ xt
vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t 2
x 2
u
u(x, 0) = sinx,
(x, 0) = x v u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = t
t
Tm nghim ca bi ton di dng u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + xt trong hm v(x, t)
l nghim ca bi ton HH1a vi g1(x) = sinx v h1(x) = 0 cn hm w(x, t) l nghim
ca bi ton HH1b vi f1(x, t) = xt.
Gii bi ton HH1
V d Gii bi ton
Trang 132
2(-1) k +1
t vi k *
k
Tk (t ) + (2k)2Tk(t) =
2(-1) k +1
t , Tk(0) = 0, Tk (0) = 0
k
Tm c cc hm
(-1) k +1
1
sin 2 kt vi k *
t
3
2( k) 2 k
u(x, t) = xt + cos2tsinx +
1
2 3
k =1
(-1) k +1
k3
sin 2 kt sin kx
t
2 k
Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cc cng thc trn vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm g v h c o hm lin tc tng khc.
Bi tp chng 7
a v chnh tc cc phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 sau y.
1.
2u
2u
2u
+
2
+
5
- 16u = 0
xy
x 2
y 2
2.
2u
2u
u
u
2u
2
+
+ 9 - 9 + 9u = 0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y
3.
4.
2u
2u
2u
u
u
+
3
+
+7
-4
=0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y
2
2u
2u
u
2 u
2sinx
cos
x
+ sinx
=0
2
2
xy
y
x
y
Trang 133
2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = ex,
10.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ te-x
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = sinx,
u
t
11.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tsinx
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = cosx,
u
t=0 = x
t
12.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tcosx
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = sinx,
u
t
u
t=0 = x, u(0, t) = 0
t
u
-x
t=0 = e
t
t=0
t=0
= x + cosx
= 2x
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ te-x
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = sinx,
14.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tsinx
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = xcosx,
15.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ xsinx
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = cosx,
u
u
2
(0, t) = 0
t=0 = 3x ,
t
x
16.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ xcosx
t 2
x 2
ut=0 = sinx,
u
t
u
t
t=0
t=0
= cosx,
u
(0, t) = 0
x
2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2
18.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2
ut=0 = 0,
19.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2
ut=0 = xcosx,
20.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ bshx
t 2
x2
ut=0 = 0,
21.
2u
2u
= a2 2 + tcosx
2
t
x
ut=0 = sinx,
22.
2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2
ut=0 = 0,
23.
2
2u
u
2 u
+
2
=
a
t 2
t
x 2
ut=0 = g(x),
Trang 134
u
= 0 v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0
t t=0
u
= xsinx v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0
t t=0
u
= 0 v u(0, t) = t, u(l, t) = 0
t t=0
u
= 0 v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0
t t=0
u
= x v u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = t
t t=0
u
= 0 v u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = Asint
t t=0
u
t
t=0
Chng 8
u
2u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
(8.1.1)
(8.1.2)
u (x, t )d =
u(x, t) =
( a ) 2 t
(8.1.3)
u(x, 0) =
1
1
g() cos()d v B() = g() sin( )d
+ +
2
1
g() cos ( x)d e (a ) t d
i th t ly tch phn
Trang 135
+ +
1 ( a ) 2 t
e
cos ( x)d g()d
i bin = a t
(8.1.4)
d = a t d
x
= x + 2a t s, d = 2a t ds
2a t
Bin i tch phn bn trong ca tch phn (8.1.4)
s=
( a ) t
cos ( x)d =
e
cos 2sd =
I(s)
a t
a t 0
o hm I(s), sau tch phn tng phn, nhn c phng trnh vi phn
0
sin 2sde
I(s) =
s 2
I(s) =
e
2
2
= -2sI(s) v I(0) =
g( x + 2a
t s)e
s 2
ds =
g()e
2a t
( x )2
4a 2 t
(8.1.5)
Chng minh
Theo gi thit hm g lin tc v b chn
2
(x, t) H, s 3, g(x + 2a t s) e s M e s
Suy ra tch phn (8.1.5) b chn u. Do c th ly gii hn v o hm qua du tch
phn theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip hm u(x, t) l nghim ca phng
trnh (8.1.1) tho mn iu kin ban u (8.1.2)
u
=
x
g( ) 4a
2u
=
x 2
u
=
t
x
3
( x )2
4a 2t
1
( x ) 2
g
(
)
+
4a 3 t 3 / 2 8a 5 t 5 / 2
1
( x ) 2
g
(
)
+
4a t 3 / 2 8a 3 t 5 / 2
t 0 +
3/ 2
t 0 +
g( x + 2a
( x )2
4a2 t
( x )2
4a 2t
d = a 2
2u
x 2
t s)e s ds = g(x)
u
2u
= a2 2 , u(x, 0) = gi
t
x
th u = u1 - u2 l nghim ca bi ton
u
2u
= a2 2 , u(x, 0) = g1 - g2 = g
t
x
Trang 136
(x, t) H, | u(x, t) |
| g(x + 2as
t ) | e s ds supD g()
T suy ra
g = g1 - g2 = 0 u = u 1 - u2 = 0
|| g || = || g1 - g2 || < || u || = || u1 - u2 || <
Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn H.
u
2u
= 4 2 v u(x, 0) = xe-x
t
x
-x
Hm g(x) = xe tho mn iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.1.5)
V d Gii bi ton
u(x, t) =
t (s + 2 t )]e ( s+ 2
[(x 8t ) + 4
t )2
e 4 t x ds
+
+
2
2
e 4 t x (x 8t ) e d + 4 t e d vi = s + 2 t
4t-x
= (x - 8t)e
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = 0
u(x, t) = v(x, , t )d =
0
1
2a
f (, )
t
( x )2
4a 2 (t )
(8.2.1)
Chng minh
Do hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) nn hm v C2(H 3+, 3). Do c th o hm tch
phn (8.2.1) theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip
Trang 137
2
v
2 v
(
x
,
,
t
)
d
+
v(x,
t,
0)
=
a
0 t
0 x2 (x, , t )d + f(x, t)
t
2u
+ f(x, t) v u(x, 0) = 0
x 2
Tnh duy nht v n nh suy ra t bi ton CP1a.
= a2
Bi ton
ton CP1
Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3) v g C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
Tm nghim ca bi ton CP1 di dng
u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CP1
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.1.5) v (8.2.1) suy ra cng thc sau y.
u(x, t) =
+
t
+
2
2
1
g(x + 2a t s)e s ds + d f (x + 2a s, t )e s ds
( x )
t
+
+ g() ( x2 )
f (, t ) 4a 2
4a t
=
e
d
+
d
e
d
2a t
(8.2.2)
V d Gii bi ton
u(x, t) =
sin(x + 2a
t s)e
s2
ds +
2
3(t ) 2 e s ds d
K hiu
I(t) =
i ( x + 2 a ts )
e s ds
o hm I(t), bin i v sau tch phn tng phn
Trang 138
I(t) =
i ( x + 2 a ts )
d( e
s 2
2 t
= - a2 I(t) vi I(0) = eix
Gii phng trnh vi phn nhn c
2
) =
ia
2 t
i ( x + 2 a ts )
s2
a2
i ( x + 2 a ts )
e s ds
2
3(t ) 2 e s ds d = t3
3. Bi ton gi Cauchy
Bi ton SP1a
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(D, 3) v g C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = g(x), u(0, t) = 0
T tng chung gii bi ton SP l tm cch chuyn v bi ton CP tng ng.
Gi s f1 v g1 tng ng l ko di ca cc hm f v g ln ton 3, cn hm v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y.
v
2v
= a2 2 + f1(x, t) v u(x, 0) = g1(x) vi (x, t) 3 3+
t
x
Theo cng thc (8.2.2) , ta c
( x )
t
+
+ g () ( x2 )
f1 (, t ) 4a 2
1
4a t
v(x, t) =
e
d
+
d
e
d
2a t
Th vo iu kin bin
Trang 139
t
+
+ g () 2
f1 (, t ) 4a 2
1
4a t
v(0, t) =
e
d + d
e
d = 0
2a t
Suy ra cc hm f1 v g1 phi l cc hm l.
Tc l
g( x ) x 0
f(x, t) x 0
f1(x, t) =
v g1(x) =
- f(-x, t) x < 0
- g(-x) x < 0
4a2 t
u(x, t) =
e
e 4a t
2a 0 t
d +
( x )
(+x)
f (, t ) 4a 2
2
+ d
e
e 4a
0
0
t
(8.3.1)
u
2u
= a2 2 + 2xt vi (x, t) 3+3+
t
x
u(x, 0) = sinx v u(0, t) = 0
Do cc hm f v g l hm l nn cc hm ko di l f1 = f v g1 = g. Thay vo cng thc
(8.2.2) v s dng tch phn (8.2.3) , ta c
V d Gii bi ton
u(x, t) =
sin(x + 2a
t s)e
s 2
ds +
= ImI(t) +
t +
2(t )(x + 2a
s)e s dsd
2
s 2
2
(
t
)
d
x
e
ds
d(e s )
= e a t sinx + xt2
Bi ton SP1b
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ v hm h C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = 0, u(0, t) = h(t)
h(t ) 4 a 2
u(x, t) =
e
d
3/2
2a 0
t
(8.3.2)
Chng minh
Do hm h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3) nn tch phn (8.3.2) hi t u H. Do c th o
hm theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip
u
1
=
x
2a
x2
h(t ) 4 a 2
x2
e
d
0 3 / 2
4a 3
t
2u
x
=
2
x
4a 3
x2
h(t ) 4 a 2
x3
e
d
+
0 5 / 2
8a 5
t
x2
x h(0) 4 a 2 t
x
u
=
e
3/2
t
2a t
2a
1
3/2
s=
x
2a
, u(x, t) =
x2
h(t ) 4 a 2
0 7 / 2 e d
t
x2
4a 2
dh(t )
3
x2
=
h
(
t
)
+
2 5 / 2 4a 2 7 / 2
2a 0
x2
h ( t ) 4 a 2
0 5 / 2 e d
t
h( t
x2
4a 2
e
d = a2 uxx
2
x2
)e s ds
2 2
4a s
2a t
Bi ton SP1
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3), g C(D, 3) v h C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = g(x), u(0, t) = h(t)
Tm nghim ca bi ton SP1 di dng
u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton SP1
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.3.1) v (8.3.2), suy ra cng thc sau y.
Trang 141
4a2 t
u(x, t) =
e
e 4a t
2a 0 t
x
t
d + x h(t ) e 4 a 2 d
0 3 / 2
( x )
(+x)
f (, t ) 4a 2
2
+ d
e
e 4a
0
0
t
(8.3.3)
nh l Cho f C(H, 3) B(D, 3), g C(D, 3) B(D, 3), h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3) tho
mn f(0, t) = 0 v g(0) = 0
Bi ton SP1 c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (8.3.3)
Nhn xt Phng php trn c th s dng gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy khc.
u
2u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0
(8.4.1)
(8.4.2)
(8.4.3)
k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x vi Ak 3 v k = , k *
l
l
Thay vo phng trnh (8.4.5) tm c h nghim ring c lp
Trang 142
ka
t
l
Tk(t) = Bk e
vi Bk 3, k *
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton HP1
2
uk(x, t) = Xk(x)Tk(t) = ak e
ka
t
l
sin
k
x vi ak = AkBk , k *
l
u(x, t) =
u
k =1
(x, t ) =
a
k =1
ka
t
l
sin
k
x
l
(8.4.7)
2
k
g(x) sin
xdx
l 0
l
l
ak =
(8.4.8)
Chng minh
Hm g theo gi thit tho mn iu kin Diriclet v do khai trin c thnh chui
Fourier hi t u trn on [0, l].
Do chui hm (8.4.7) vi cc h s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.4.8) l hi t u v c
th o hm tng t theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln trn min H. Kim tra trc tip thy
rng chui hm (8.4.7) v cc chui o hm ring ca n tho mn phng trnh (8.4.1)
v cc iu kin (8.4.2), (8.4.3)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CP1 suy ra tnh n nh v duy nht nghim.
u
2u
=
vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t
x 2
u(x, 0) = x(1 - x) v u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0
Theo cng thc (8.4.8) ta c
V d Gii bi ton
0
1 (-1) k
8
=
3 3
k
0
(2n + 1) 3 3
Th vo cng thc (8.4.7) suy ra nghim ca bi ton
2 2
8 +
1
u(x, t) = 3
e ( 2 n +1) t sin(2 n + 1)x
3
n = 0 (2n + 1)
l
k = 2n
k = 2n + 1
Trang 143
k
x
l
k =1
Khai trin Fourier hm f(x, t) on [0, l], th vo bi ton HP1b
+
u(x, t) =
T (t) sin
k
k
ka
T
(
t
)
+
x =
Tk (t ) sin
l
l
k =1
2
kx
f (x, t ) sin
dx v
l 0
l
l
vi fk(t) =
f
k =1
(t ) sin
T
k =1
(0) sin
(8.5.1)
k
x
l
k
x =0
l
ka
Tk (t) +
(8.5.2)
Tk(t) = fk(t), Tk(0) = 0
l
Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (8.5.2) tm cc hm Tk(t) th vo
cng thc (8.5.1) suy ra nghim ca bi ton.
Bi ton HP1
Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3), g C(D, 3) v cc hm
p, q C([0, T], 3). Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit
u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
v cc iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t), u(l, t) = q(t)
Trang 144
x
(q(t) - p(t))
l
Trong hm v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1a
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + p(t) +
(8.5.3)
v
2v
= a2 2
t
x
v(x, 0) = g(x) - p(0) -
x
(q(0) - p(0)) = g1(x)
l
v(0, t) = v(l, t) = 0
vi iu kin bin
g1(0) = g1(l) = 0 g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)
(8.5.4)
w
2w
x
2w
= a2 2 + f(x, t) - p(t) - (q(t) - p(t)) = a2 2 + f1(x, t)
t
l
x
x
w(x, 0) = 0
w(0, t) = w(l, t) = 0
(8.5.5)
V d Gii bi ton
2(-1) k +1 t
e vi k *
k
2(-1) k +1 t
e , Tk(0) = 0
k
Trang 145
2
2(-1) k
e ( 2 k ) t e t
2 2
k(4 k 1)
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton
Tk(t) =
u(x, t) = xe-t +
k =1
) vi k
2
2(-1) k
e ( 2 k ) t e t sin kx
2 2
k(4 k 1)
Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc, cc cng thc trn vn s dng c trong trng
hp cc hm f v g c o hm lin tc tng khc.
2 u 2u
+
x2 y2
r x x
u r u
u 1
u
u
=
= sin + cos
+
y
r y y
r r
2
2
2u 2
u 1 2 u 1
2u
2 u 2
2 u
=
cos
cos
sin
+
cos
sin
+
sin
+
sin
r r 2
r
r r 2
x2
r 2 r
2
2
2
2u 2
u 1
1
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
2
=
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
+
cos
+
cos
r r 2
r
r r 2
r 2 r
2
y2
2 u 1 u 1 2 u
1 u 1 2 u
+
+
=
r +
r 2 r r r 2 2
r r r r 2 2
Bi ton DE1a
Cho min D = [0, R] [0, 2] v hm g C([0, 2], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u(r, ) = 0 vi (r, ) D0
v iu kin bin
u(R, ) = g()
Trang 146
(8.6.1)
(8.6.2)
(8.6.5)
k =1
a0 =
1
1
g()d , ak =
2 0
R k
g() cos kd , bk =
0
1
R k
g() sin kd
(8.6.6)
Chng minh
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CP1
1
R k
sin sin kd = 0
0
k = 1 vi k *
k 1
2 i | |= R z
2i | |= R
Trang 147
Re sF(a
k =1
(8.6.8)
u = 0 vi u(R, ) = 2Rsin
1 i -i
1 2 R2
1 + z 2 R2
(e - e ) =
v
F(
)
=
2i
i 2
i z 2
Ta c
I(z) = Res[f, z] + Res[f, 0] =
2(z 2 R 2 ) 2R 2
+
= -2iz
iz
iz
Bi ton DE1b
Cho min D = [, R] [0, 2] v cc hm g, h C([0, 2], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u(r, ) = 0 vi (r, ) D0
v iu kin bin
u(, ) = g(), u(R, ) = h()
(8.6.9)
(8.6.10)
Lp lun tng t bi ton DE1a, tm nghim ca bi ton DE1b dng tch bin
u(r, ) = V(r) ()
Thay vo phng trnh (8.6.9) nhn c h nghim ring c lp
u0 = a0 + b0lnr
uk(r, ) = (akrk + bkr-k)cosk + (ckrk + dkr-k)sink vi ak , bk , ck , dk 3, k *
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE1b dng chui hm
u(r, ) = a0 + b0lnr
+
[(a
k =1
r k + b k r k ) cos k + (c k r k + d k r k ) sin k]
(8.6.11)
Trang 148
1
a0 + b0ln =
g()d
2 0
1
a0 + b0lnR =
h()d
2 0
akk + bk-k =
1
g() cos kd
0
ckk + dk-k =
1
g() sin kd
0
akRk + bkR-k =
1
h() cos kd
0
ckRk + dkR-k =
1
h() sin kd
0
(8.6.12)
2 u 2u
= 0 vi (x, y) D0
+
x2 y2
(8.7.1)
v iu kin bin
u(x, 0) = ga(x), u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(l, y) = 0
(8.7.2)
(8.7.3)
2
k
k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x , Yk(y) = Bksh
(d y) , k = vi k *
l
l
l
Suy ra c h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton DE2a
k
k
uk(x, y) = ak sh
(d y) sin
x vi ak = AkBk 3, k *
l
l
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE2a dng chui hm
Trang 149
u(x, y) =
u k (x, y) =
k =1
a
k =1
sh
k
k
(d y) sin
x
l
l
(8.7.4)
2
k
g (x) sin
xdx
ak =
kd 0 a
l
lsh
l
l
(8.7.5)
Bi ton DE2b
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gb C([0, d], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(l, y) = gb(y), u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(x, 0) = 0
2
k
g b (y) sin
ydy
kl 0
d
dsh
d
d
(8.7.6)
Bi ton DE2c
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gc C([0, l], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(x, d) = gc(x), u(0, x) = u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = 0
u(x, y) =
c k sh
k =1
Trang 150
2
k
k
k
g c (x) sin
xdx
y sin
x vi ck =
kd 0
l
l
l
lsh
l
(8.7.7)
kl 0
d
dsh
d
d
vi dk =
(8.7.8)
Bi ton DE2
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d], cc hm g1 , g3 C([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C([0, d], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(x, 0) = g1(x), u(l, y) = g2(y), u(x, d) = g3(x), u(0, y) = g4(y)
Tm nghim ca bi ton DE2 di dng
u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + u(x, y) + ub(x, y) + uc(x, y) + ud(x, y)
Trong u(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton DE2.
Hm
u0(x, y) = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
(8.7.9)
l nghim ca bi ton DE sao cho u(x, y) trit tiu ti cc nh ca hnh ch nht.
Do tnh lin tc ca hm u(x, y) trn bin D
u(0, 0) = g4(0) = g1(0) = A
u(l, 0) = g1(l) = g2(0) = A + Bl
u(l, d) = g2(d) = g3(l) = A + Bl + Cd + Dld
u(0, d) = g3(0) = g4(d) = A + Cd
Gii h phng trnh trn suy ra
g (d ) g 4 (0)
g (l) g1 (0)
A = g4(0) = g1(0), B = 1
,C= 4
l
d
g (l) g3 (0) g1 (l) + g1 (0)
g (d ) g 2 (0) g 4 (d ) + g 4 (0)
D= 3
= 2
(8.7.10)
ld
ld
Trang 151
x
(g1(l) - g1(0))
l
x
gc(x) = uc(x, d) = g3(x) - g3(0) - (g3(l) - g3(0))
l
y
gb(y) = ub(l, y) = g2(y) - g2(0) - (g2(d) - g2(0))
d
y
gd(y) = ud(0, y) = g4(y) - g4(0) - (g4(d) - g4(0))
d
ga(x) = ua(x, 0) = g1(x) - g1(0) -
(8.7.11)
u(x, y) = u0(x, y) +
a
k =1
sh
k
k
k
(d y) + c k sh
y sin
x
l
l
l
b
k =1
sh
k
k
k
x + d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
d
(8.7.12)
8. Bi ton Neumann
Bi ton NE1
Cho min D = [0, R] [0, 2] v hm h C([0, 2], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u =
1 u 1 2 u
= 0 vi (r, ) D0
r +
r r r r 2 2
v iu kin bin
u
(R, ) = h()
r
Tm nghim ca bi ton NE1 dng tch bin
u(r, ) = V(r) ()
Trang 152
(8.8.1)
(8.8.2)
(8.8.3)
(8.8.4)
k =1
1
kR k 1
h() cos kd , bk =
0
1
kR k 1
h() sin kd
(8.8.5)
Bi ton NE2b
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm hb C([0, d], 3).
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u =
2 u 2u
= 0 vi (x, y) D0
+
x2 y2
v cc iu kin bin
u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(x, 0) = 0,
u
(l, y) = hb(y)
x
u(x, y) =
b k sh
k =1
k
k
x sin
y vi bk =
d
d
2
kch
h
kl
0
(y) sin
k
ydy (8.8.6)
d
Trang 153
u(x, y) =
d
k =1
sh
k
k
(l x) sin
y
d
d
2
k
h d (y) sin
ydy
kl 0
d
kch
d
d
vi dk =
(8.8.7)
Bi ton NE2
Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v cc hm g1 , g3 C([0, l], 3) v h2 , h4 C([0, d], 3)
Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v cc iu kin bin
u
u
u(x, 0) = g1(x), u(x, d) = g3(x) v
(l, y) = h2(y),
(0, y) = h4(y)
x
x
Tm nghim ca bi ton NE2 di dng
u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + ua(x, y) + ub(x, y) + uc(x, y) + ud(x, y)
(8.8.8)
Trong cc hm ua(x, y) v uc(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton DE2a v DE2c, cc hm
ub(x, y) v ud(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton NE2b v NE2d, cn hm
u0(x, y) = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
(8.8.9)
l nghim ca bi ton DE sao cho u(x, y) trit tiu ti cc nh ca hnh ch nht
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton DE2 suy ra
A = g1(0)
g3 (0) g1 (0)
d
Th vo iu kin bin suy ra
C=
Trang 154
g1 (l) g1 (0)
l
g (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
D= 3
ld
B=
(8.8.10)
(8.8.11)
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.7.4), (8.7.6), (8.8.6), (8.8.7) v (8.8.8) suy ra cng thc
+
u(x, y) = u0(x, y) +
k
k
k
(d y) + c k sh
y sin
x
l
l
l
+
k
k
k
+ b k sh
x + d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
d
k =1
a
k =1
sh
(8.8.12)
Bi tp chng 8
Gii cc bi ton Cauchy
1.
u
2u
= a2 2
t
x
ut=0 = xex
2.
u
2u
= a2 2 + 3xt2
t
x
ut=0 = sinx
3.
u
2u
= a2 2 + xe-t
t
x
ut=0 = cosx
4.
u
2u
= a2 2 + te-x
t
x
ut=0 = sinx
Trang 155
5.
u
2u
= a2 2 + xsint
t
x
6.
u
2u
= a2 2 + tsinx
t
x
7.
u
2u
= a2 2 + te-x
t
x
ut=0 = cosx ,
u
(0, t) = sint
x
8.
u
2u
= a2 2 + xe-t
t
x
ut=0 = sinx ,
u
(0, t) = cost
x
9.
u
2u
= a2 2
t
x
10.
u
2u
= a2 2 + tsinx
t
x
11.
2u
u
= a2 2 + tcosx
t
x
12.
u
2u
= a2 2 + 3xt2
t
x
13.
u
2u
= a2 2 + (1 - x)et
t
x
14.
u
2u
= a2 2 + xet
t
x
v
v
v
v
v
ur=2 = x2 - xy + 2
u(2, ) = A + Bsin
u(1, ) = sin3
u(1, ) = cos4
u(R, ) = 0
Trang 156
x
, u(x, b) = 0
a
26.
27.
29.
u
(2, ) = A
r
u
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2] v
(1, ) = 2cos
r
u
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2] v
(1, ) = - sin
r
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2] v
30.
31.
32.
Trang 157
Trang 158
Mc lc
Li ni u ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chng 1. S phc........................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Trng s phc ................................................................................................................................. 5
2. Dng i s ca s phc ................................................................................................................... 6
3. Dng lng gic ca s phc ............................................................................................................ 8
4. Cc ng dng hnh hc phng......................................................................................................... 10
5. Dy tr phc .................................................................................................................................... 12
6. Hm tr phc ................................................................................................................................... 14
7. Tp con ca tp s phc.................................................................................................................. 17
Bi tp chng 1 .................................................................................................................................... 20
Chng 2. Hm bin phc .......................................................................................................................... 22
1. Hm bin phc................................................................................................................................ 22
2. Gii hn v lin tc......................................................................................................................... 23
3. o hm phc ................................................................................................................................. 25
4. Hm gii tch .................................................................................................................................. 27
5. Hm lu tha .................................................................................................................................. 28
6. Hm m .......................................................................................................................................... 30
7. Hm lng gic............................................................................................................................... 31
8. Bin hnh bo gic ......................................................................................................................... 32
9. Hm tuyn tnh v hm nghch o ................................................................................................ 34
10. Hm phn tuyn tnh v hm Jucop .............................................................................................. 36
11. Cc v d bin hnh bo gic......................................................................................................... 37
Bi tp chng 2 .................................................................................................................................... 40
Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc ......................................................................................................................... 43
1. Tch phn phc................................................................................................................................ 43
2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn phc .................................................................................................... 44
3. nh l Cauchy ............................................................................................................................... 46
4. Cng thc tch phn Cauchy ........................................................................................................... 48
5. Tch phn Cauchy ........................................................................................................................... 50
6. nh l tr trung bnh ...................................................................................................................... 52
7. Hm iu ho.................................................................................................................................. 54
Bi tp chng 3 .................................................................................................................................... 57
Chng 4. CHUI hm PHC v Thng d................................................................................................ 60
1. Chui hm phc .............................................................................................................................. 60
2. Chui lu tha phc........................................................................................................................ 62
3. Chui Taylor ................................................................................................................................... 64
4. Khng im ca hm gii tch ........................................................................................................ 65
5. Chui Laurent ................................................................................................................................. 67
6. Phn loi im bt thng .............................................................................................................. 68
7. Thng d ......................................................................................................................................... 70
8. Thng d Loga ............................................................................................................................... 72
9. Cc ng dng thng d ................................................................................................................... 74
Bi tp chng 4 .................................................................................................................................... 77
Chng 5. Bin i fourier v Bin i laplace .......................................................................................... 80
1. Tch phn suy rng ......................................................................................................................... 80
2. Cc b Fourier............................................................................................................................ 82
Trang 159
3. Bin i Fourier...............................................................................................................................84
4. Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ........................................................................................................86
5. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Fourier ..................................................................................................89
6. Bin i Laplace..............................................................................................................................92
7. Bin i Laplace ngc ...................................................................................................................93
8. Tnh cht ca Bin i Laplace .......................................................................................................95
9. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Laplace..................................................................................................97
Bi tp chng 5...................................................................................................................................100
Chng 6. L thuyt trng ......................................................................................................................103
1. Trng v hng ...........................................................................................................................103
2. Gradient.........................................................................................................................................104
3. Trng vect .................................................................................................................................105
4. Thng lng ..................................................................................................................................106
5. Hon lu........................................................................................................................................107
6. Ton t Hamilton ..........................................................................................................................109
7. Trng th .....................................................................................................................................110
8. Trng ng ....................................................................................................................................111
Bi tp chng 6...................................................................................................................................113
Chng 7. Phng trnh truyn sng.........................................................................................................115
1. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 ................................................................................115
2. Phng trnh vt l - ton ..............................................................................................................118
3. Cc bi ton c bn .......................................................................................................................120
4. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht...........................................................................................................122
5. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht ................................................................................................124
6. Bi ton gi Cauchy.......................................................................................................................126
7. Bi ton hn hp thun nht ..........................................................................................................128
8. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht ...............................................................................................130
Bi tp chng 7...................................................................................................................................133
Chng 8. Phng trnh truyn nhit ........................................................................................................135
1. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht...........................................................................................................135
2. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht ................................................................................................137
3. Bi ton gi Cauchy.......................................................................................................................139
4. Bi ton hn hp thun nht ..........................................................................................................142
5. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht ...............................................................................................144
6. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn..................................................................................................146
7. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht ..........................................................................................149
8. Bi ton Neumann .........................................................................................................................152
Bi tp chng 8...................................................................................................................................155
Ti Liu Tham Kho .................................................................................................................................158
Mc lc .....................................................................................................................................................159
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