Fourrier Theory

Chng 8
Chui Fourier v
tch phn Fourier

8.1. Chui Fourier .................................................................................................................275
8.1.1. Phng php trung bnh cng trong chui Fourier ....................................................... 276
8.1.2. Tnh y ca cc h a thc..................................................................................... 279
8.1.3. Tnh cht ca cc h s Fourier..................................................................................... 282
8.1.4. o hm, tch phn v tnh hi t ca chui Fourier .................................................... 284
8.1.5. Dng phc ca chui Fourier ........................................................................................ 288
8.1.6. Th d ............................................................................................................................ 289
8.2. Tch phn Fourier ......................................................................................................... 290
8.2.1. Biu din hm s bng tch phn Fourier...................................................................... 290
8.2.2. Dng khc ca cng thc Fourier ................................................................................. 293
8.3. Bin i Fourier ............................................................................................................ 295
8.3.1. nh ngha..................................................................................................................... 295
8.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ................................................................................ 296
8.3.3. Bin i Fourier ca o hm v o hm ca bin i Fourier................................... 297
8.3.4. Tch chp v bin i Fourier ....................................................................................... 299
8.4. Mt s v d v ng dng........................................................................................ 301
8.4.1. B lc in .................................................................................................................... 301
8.4.2. S truyn nhit trong thanh kim loi............................................................................. 302

8.1. Chui Fourier

Trong gio trnh gii tch cc hm s mt bin, chng ta c lm quen vi
khi nim chui Fourier ca hm kh tch v xem xt s b tnh hi t ca n. y
l mt lnh vc quan trng ca ton hc v c nhiu ng dng thit thc trong: Vt
l, C hc, K thut, Cng ngh,... cho nn c quan tm nghin cu rt
nhiu. Cc kt qu v lnh vc ny v cng phong ph, a dng, v nhng g chng
ta bit trong gio trnh gii tch ni trn mi ch l nhng kin thc ban u.
276 Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Ton b chng ny chng ta dnh tip tc cng vic tm hiu lnh vc th v
.
8.1.1. Phng php trung bnh cng trong chui Fourier
Trc ht ta nhc li rng chui Fourier ca mt hm f kh tch tun hon
trn on [ , ] l chui lng gic

0
1
[ cos sin ]
2
n n
n
a
a nx b nx
=
+ +
,
trong cc h s c tnh bi cc cng thc sau y
1
( ) cos , 0,1, 2,3,...
n
a f x nxdx n
= =

1
( )sin , 1, 2, 3,...
n
b f x nxdx n
= =
.
Tng ring ca chui ny l
0
1
( ) [ cos sin ]
2
n
n k k
k
a
S x a kx b kx
=
= + + =

1
1
[1 2 (cos cos sin .sin )] ( )
2
n
k
kt kx kt kx f t dt
= + +
=
1
1
[1 2 cos ( )] ( )
2
n
k
k t x f t dt
= +
.
rng
1
sin[(2 1) / 2]
1 2 cos
sin( / 2)
n
k
n u
ku
u
=
+
+ =
khi 2 u m , m ] , ta suy ra
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n
S x D t x f t dt
,
trong
( )
( )
2 1
sin
2
( )
sin
2
n
n
u
D u
u
+
= , c tn gi l nhn Dirichlet, cn tch phn v
phi ca biu thc trn c tn gi l tch phn Dirichlet. D thy rng nhn
Dirichlet l mt hm chn, lin tc, tun hon vi chu k 2 v
0
1
( ) 1
n
D u du
.
Thit lp cc trung bnh cng ca cc tng ring v ca cc nhn Dirichlet
Chng 8. Chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier 277

0 1
( ) ( ) ... ( )
1
n
n
S x S x S x
n
+ + +
=
+
,
0 1
( ) ( ) ... ( )
( )
1
n
n
D x D x D x
x
n
+ + +
=
+
,
v gi ( )
n
x l nhn Fejer, cn ( )
n
x l tng Fejer, v t cc cng thc tch
phn Dirichlet ta c
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
n n
x u f x u du
= +
.
B . Nhn Fejer ( )
n
x c nhng tnh cht sau y:
(i) Nhn Fejer ( )
n
x l chn, lin tc, tun hon vi chu k 2 ;
(ii) ( ) 0 ,
n
x x ;
(iii)
1
( ) 1
2
n
x dx
;
(iv) Vi mi (0, ) ta c
| |
lim max ( ) 0
n
n x
x

= .
Chng minh. T nh ngha ta c
0 0
1
( 1) ( ) ( ) sin[(2 1) / 2]
sin( / 2)
n n
n k
k k
n x D x k x
x
= =
+ = = + =

2 2
0 0
1 1
2sin[(2 1) / 2]sin( / 2) [cos cos( 1) ]
2sin ( / 2) 2sin ( / 2)
n n
k k
k x x kx k x
x x
= =
= + = +

2
2 2
1 cos( 1) 2.sin [( 1) / 2]
2sin ( / 2) 2sin ( / 2)
n x n x
x x
+ +
= = .
T y suy ra
2
2
sin [( 1) / 2]
( )
( 1)sin ( / 2)
n
n x
x
n x
+
=
+
.
ng thc trn ng vi mi x khc 0. Nhng do v phi l hm lin tc v v tri
c gii hn l n+1 khi x tin ti 0, cho nn ta suy ra (0) 1
n
n = + . T cng thc
trn ta suy ra cc tnh cht (i)-(ii). Tnh cht (iii) c ngay t cng thc tch phn
nhn Dirichlet (bng 1 vi mi n) v tnh chn ca nhn Fejer. Tnh cht (iv) suy ra
t nhn xt sau y:

2
2 2
| | | |
sin [( 1) / 2]
1 1
max ( ) max
1
sin ( / 2) ( 1)sin ( / 2)
n
x x
n x
x
n
x n

+
=
+
+
.
B c chng minh xong.
nh l. (Fejer) Nu hm s f l lin tc trn on [ , ] v ( ) ( ) f f =
th tng Fejer ( )
n
x hi t u ti hm f trn on khi n .
Chng minh. Do cc iu kin ca nh l, ta c th thc trin hm f thnh mt
hm lin tc, tun hon trn ton b trc s (vi chu k 2). T b trn ta suy ra
1 1
| ( ) ( ) | ( ). ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
n n n
f x x f x u du u f x u du

= + =

1 1
( )[ ( ) ( )] ( ) | ( ) ( ) |
2 2
n n
u f x f x u du u f x f x u du

= + +

.
Do hm f l lin tc v tun hon cho nn n lin tc u trn ton trc s. Suy ra,
vi mi s 0 > cho trc, tn ti s 0 > sao cho
| |
( ; ) : max | ( ) ( ) | / 3

=
x y
f f x f y
.
T cng thc trn, bng cch tch tch phn v phi thnh 3 tch phn trn 3 on,
ta c
1 1 1
| ( ) ( ) |
2 2 2
n
f x x

+ +

.
i vi tch phn gia ta c nh gi
1 1
( ) | ( ) ( ) | ( ; ) ( )
2 2
n n
u f x f x u du f u du

+

1
( ; ) ( ) .
2 3
n
f u du
<

D thy rng hm f b chn bi mt s M no cho nn, t tnh cht (iv) trong
b trn, ta suy ra tn ti s t nhin n
ln sao cho vi n n
th 2 tch phn
cn li u nh hn / 3 , v tng hp li ta c
| ( ) ( ) | ,
n
f x x n n
.
nh l c chng minh xong.
Nhn xt. Ta bit rng chui Fourier ca mt hm lin tc khng nht thit hi
t ti mi im, v do kh nng thit lp li hm s t chui Fourier ca n l
rt mng manh. Tuy nhin, nh l trn y a ra mt phng php mi, thit

lp li hm s khng phi trc tip t tng ring ca chui Fourier, m t cc trung
bnh cng ca chng (tc l cc tng Fejer). Phng php ny u vit ch n
khng ch em li tnh hi t, m cn hi t u, ti chnh hm f. Nh vy, vic
nghin cu cc chui phn k cng c lc em li hiu qu bt ng.
Phng php nghin cu cc chui bt k (khng nht thit l chui lng
gic) bng cch thit lp cc trung bnh cng ca cc tng ring v kho st tnh
hi t ca chng c gi l phng php ly trung bnh cng.
8.1.2. Tnh y ca cc h a thc
Ta bit th no l a thc i s bc n. By gi ta c thm khi nim a
thc lng gic bc n, l cc hm c dng
2 2
0
1
cos sin , 0
n
k k n n
k
A A kx B kx A B
=
+ + +
.
nh l. (Weierstrass I) Nu hm f lin tc trn on [ , ] v ( ) ( ) f f =
th, vi mi 0 > , tn ti a thc lng gic ( ) T x sao cho
| ( ) ( ) | , [ , ] f x T x x < .
Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l trn, v mi tng Fejer cng l mt a thc lng
gic.
nh l. (Weierstrass II) Nu hm f lin tc trn on [a,b] th, vi mi 0 > ,
tn ti a thc i s ( ) P x sao cho
| ( ) ( ) | , [ , ] f x P x x a b < .
Chng minh. Dng php i bin
b a
x a t
= + vi [0, ] t , ta c hm s
( )
*( )
b a
f t f a t
= + xc nh trn on [0,]. Thc trin hm ny v pha tri

trc s theo cng thc *( ) ( ) f t f t = ta c mt hm lin tc xc nh trn on
[ , ] v tha mn *( ) *( ) f f = . T nh l trn, vi mi s 0 > , ta tm
c a thc lng gic ( ) T x tha mn iu kin
| *( ) ( ) | / 2 , [ , ] f t T t t < .
V a thc lng gic l hm gii tch, khai trin c di dng chui ly tha
(hi t u trn ton trc s), cho nn tn ti s t nhin n
sao cho vi mi
n n
a thc Taylor bc n ca ( ) T x , k hiu l ( )

n
P t , tha mn iu kin
| ( ) ( ) | / 2 , [ , ] <
n
T t P t t .
Ly a thc ( ) ( )
n
P t P t
= ta c

| *( ) ( ) | | *( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) |
2 2
f t P t f t T t T t P t

+ < + = .
Quay tr v vi bin x , tc l ly
x a
t
b a
, ta c
( )
( ) , [ , ]
x a
f x P x a b
b a

<
,
trong
( )
x a
P
b a
r rng l mt a thc. nh l c chng minh.

Nhn xt. nh l trn cho thy rng, vi mi hm f lin tc trn on [a,b], ta
lun tm c dy a thc ( )
n
P x hi t u trn on ny ti hm f. V t y suy
ra rng mi hm lin tc trn on lun c th biu din di dng chui hi t
u ca cc a thc (trn on ).
iu ny, theo mt ngha no , cho thy rng cc hm lin tc (vn c
a ra mt cch tru tng v tng qut) cng khng qu khc bit vi cc a
thc, vn rt quen thuc vi chng ta. V ngoi ra, n cng lm tha mn nhng
ngi hay hnh dung mt hm lin tc nh mt biu thc no .
nh ngha. Mt h cc hm s
1 2
, ,..., ,...
n
xc nh trn on [a,b] c
gi l y i vi h hm s theo ngha xp x u nu nh mi hm trong
h ny c th xp x c bi cc t hp tuyn tnh hu hn ca cc hm trong h
ni trn vi chnh xc tu .
Ngha l, vi mi 0 > , tn ti hu hn cc hm
i
v cc s ( 1, 2,..., )
i
i k =
sao cho
1 1
| ( ) [ ( ) ... ] | , [ , ]
k k
f x x x a b + + < .
T cc nh l trn ta c cc mnh sau.
Mnh . H cc hm lng gic 1, cos , sin , cos 2 , sin 2 ,..., cos , sin ,... x x x x nx nx
l y theo ngha xp x u i vi tp cc hm lin tc trn on [ , ] v
nhn gi tr nh nhau 2 u mt ca on ny.
Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l Weierstrass I.
Mnh . H cc hm ly tha
2
1, , , ... , , ...
n
x x x l y i vi tp cc hm
lin tc trn on bt k (theo ngha xp x u).
Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l Weierstrass II.
Ch . H cc hm lng gic khng th l y theo ngha xp x u i vi
h cc hm lin tc trn on [ , ] (bi v nu khng th t tnh cht
( ) ( ) T T = ca cc a thc lng gic s ko theo ( ) ( ) f f = vi mi hm
lin tc f ).

Ngi ta coi lch ton phng trung bnh gia 2 hm f v g xc nh trn
on [a,b] l i lng
2
[ ( ) ( )]
b
a
f x g x dx
.
i lng ny cn c tn gi l lch ton phng trung bnh ca f so vi g
(hay l ca g so vi f ).
nh ngha. Mt h cc hm s
1 2
, ,..., ,...
n
xc nh trn on [a,b] c
gi l y i vi h cc hm s theo ngha xp x ton phng trung bnh
nu nh, vi mi hm f v vi mi s 0 > , tn ti mt t hp tuyn tnh
hu hn ca cc hm trong h ni trn c lch ton phng trung bnh so vi
hm f nh hn .
Mnh . H cc hm lng gic 1, cos , sin , cos 2 , sin 2 ,..., cos ,sin ,... x x x x nx nx
l y theo ngha xp x ton phng trung bnh i vi tp cc hm lin tc
trn on [ , ] v nhn gi tr nh nhau 2 u mt ca on ny.
Chng minh. T tnh y ca h cc hm lng gic theo ngha xp x u ta
suy ra, vi mi s 0 > , tn ti a thc lng gic ( ) T x sao cho
| ( ) ( ) | / 2 , [ , ] f x T x x < .
T y ta suy ra
2
[ ( ) ( )]
2
f x T x dx dx

< =

.
Mnh c chng minh xong.
Nhn xt. Trong chng minh trn, v s dng c tnh y ca h cc hm
lng gic theo ngha xp x u m ta phi gi thit cc hm lin tc nhn gi tr
nh nhau ti 2 u mt ca on. Sau ny ta s thy rng, theo ngha xp x ton
phng trung bnh, h cc hm lng gic khng nhng l y trong lp hm
lin tc ni chung (nhn cc gi tr bt k ti 2 u mt cui ca on), m cn l
y trong lp hm rng hn hn: lp cc hm vi bnh phng kh tch. V
trong lp hm ny, vi cch xp x theo ngha ton phng trung bnh, cc tng
ring Fourier s th hin c y cc u th ca mnh, ch khng b yu th
(so vi tng ring Fejer) trong php xp x u nh thy trc y. Lp ca
nhng hm ny thng c k hiu l
2
[ , ] L .
Mnh . H cc hm ly tha
2
1, , , ... , , ...
n
x x x l y i vi tp cc hm
lin tc trn on bt k theo ngha xp x ton phng trung bnh.
Chng minh. Tng t nh mnh trn.

8.1.3. Tnh cht ca cc h s Fourier
Trong phn ny, ta lun hiu tch phn theo ngha tch phn suy rng. Khi y
tnh kh tch ca mt hm s khng ko theo tnh kh tch ca bnh phng ca n
(v ngc li). Th d, hm ( ) 1/ | | f x x = l kh tch trn on [ 1, 1] , cn bnh
phng ca n th khng. Tuy nhin, nu hm f ch c mt s hu hn cc im
c bit (im khng xc nh) v l kh tch Riemann trn mi on bt k khng
cha cc im ny th t tnh kh tch ca
2
f suy ra tnh kh tch ca f , v ta lun
c
2
| | (1 ) / 2 f f + .
i tng chnh m chng ta nghin cu trong phn ny s l nhng hm kh
tch cng vi bnh phng ca n trn on [ , ] , v ta gi chng mt cch
ngn gn l hm vi bnh phng kh tch.
Kt qu sau y cho chng ta thy rng tng Fourier bc n l xp x ton
phng trung bnh tt nht trong s cc xp x bi a thc lng gic bc n ca
hm bnh phng kh tch.
nh l. Cho f l hm s vi bnh phng kh tch trn on [ , ] . Nu
( )
n
S x l tng Fourier bc n ca f th
2 2
( )
[ ( ) ( )] min [ ( ) ( )]
n
n n
T x
f x S x dx f x T x dx

=

,
trong minimum v phi ly theo mi a thc lng gic ( )
n
T x c bc khng
qu n.
Nu
0 1 1
, , , ... , , , ....
n n
a a b a b l cc h s Fourier ca f th ta c bt ng thc
Bessel sau y:
2
2 2 2 0
1
1
( ) ( )
2
n n
n
a
a b f x dx
=

+ +

.
Chng minh. Vi
0
1
( ) cos( ) sin( )
2
n
n k k
k
A
T x A kx B kx
=
= + +
, s dng tnh vung

gc ca h cc hm lng gic, ta c
2
2 2 2 0
1
[ ( )]
2
n
n k k
k
A
T x dx A B
1

= + +

( )

cho nn
2
[ ( ) ( )]
n
f x T x dx
2
2 2 2 0
1
( )
2
n
k k
k
A
f x dx A B
1

+ + +

( )


0
1
2 ( ) ( ) cos( ) ( )sin( )
2
n
k k
k
A
f x dx A f x kx dx B f x kx dx

=

l
l
+ + =
l
l
l

=
2
2 2 2 0
1
( )
2
n
k k
k
A
f x dx A B
1

+ + +

( )

0 0
1
2
2
n
k k k k
k
a A
a A b B
=
l
l
+ + =
l
l
l

( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
2 2
n n
k k k k k k
k k
A a a
f x dx A a B b a b

= =
l l
l l
= + + + + +
l l
l l
l l

T y suy ra
2
[ ( ) ( )]
n
f x T x dx
t gi tr cc tiu khi a thc ( )

n
T x trng vi
tng ring Fourier ( )
n
S x (bc n) ca f , tc l phn th nht ca nh l c
chng minh.
Phn th 2 l hin nhin, v rng t cng thc trn ta suy ra
2
2 2 2 2 0
1
1 1
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] 0
2
n
n n n
n
a
f x dx a b f x S x dx

=

+ + =

,
v cho n tin ra v cng ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
Nhn xt. Bt ng thc Bessel cho thy rng i vi hm c bnh phng kh
tch th chui
2
2 2 0
1
( )
2
n n
n
a
a b
=
+ +

l hi t.
nh l. Nu f l hm lin tc trn on [ , ] v nhn cng mt gi tr 2
u mt ca on th cc h s Fourier
0 1 1
, , , ... , , , ....
n n
a a b a b ca f tha mn
ng thc Parseval sau y:
2
2 2 2 0
1
1
( ) ( )
2
k k
k
a
f x dx a b
= + +
.
Chng minh. Ta bit rng h cc hm lng gic l y theo ngha xp x ton
phng trung bnh i vi tp cc hm lin tc trn on [ , ] c gi tr ti 2
u mt bng nhau, cho nn, vi mi 0 > , tn ti a thc lng gic ( ) T x tha
mn
2 1
[ ( ) ( )] f x T x dx
<
.

Theo nh l trn ta c
2 2 1 1
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
n

<

, v
p dng ng thc (*) i vi
n
S suy ra
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
n
k k k k
k k
a a
f x dx a b f x dx a b

= =

l l
l l
+ + + + =
l l
l l
l l

2 2 1 1
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
n

= <

.
Do l s dng nh bao nhiu tu m v tri lun lun khng m (theo bt
ng thc Bessel), nn n phi bng 0 . nh l c chng minh.
H qu. Vi cc gi thit ca nh l, chng ta c
2
lim [ ( ) ( )] 0
n
n
f x S x dx
.
Chng minh. Suy ra t chng minh ca nh l trn.
8.1.4. o hm, tch phn v tnh hi t ca chui Fourier
Lu rng khng phi khi no chui Fourier ca mt hm cng hi t n
chnh hm , cho nn ta s dng biu thc
0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
+ +

biu th rng hm f c khai trin Fourier l chui v phi.
Mnh . Cho hm f lin tc trn on [ , ] vi ( ) ( ) f f = v c khai
trin Fourier l
0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
+ +
.
Nu hm f l kh vi tng khc trn on [ , ] th chui Fourier ca ' f bng
chui ca o hm cc s hng trong chui Fourier hm f , ngha l
1
'( ) ( sin cos )
n n
n
f x na nx nb nx
=
+
.
Chng minh. Gi s hm ' f c chui Fourier l
0
1
'( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
f x nx nx
=
+ +


trong , theo nh ngha, ta c
0
1 1
'( ) [ ( ) ( )] 0 f t dt f f
= = =
;
1
'( ).cos( ) ( ) cos( ) ( )sin( ) 0 . .
n n n
n
f t nt dt f t nt f t nt dt n b n b

= = + = + =

;
1
'( ).sin( ) ( )sin( ) ( ) cos( ) 0 . . .
n n n
n
f t nt dt f t nt f t nt dt n a n a

= = = =

Mnh c chng minh.
B . Cho hm f l kh vi lin tc n cp ( 1) k v kh vi tng khc cp k
( 1) k , ngoi ra
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
i i
f f = , vi 1,..., 1 i k = . Khi cc h s Fourier
ca f tha mn
| | , | | , 1, 2, ...
n n
n n
k k
a b n
n n

= ,
vi cc 0
n
> sao cho
2
1
n
n

=
<
.
Chng minh. S dng mnh trn k ln lin tip ta thu c
( )
1
( ) ( cos sin )
k
n n
n
f x nx nx
=
+
,
trong , ph thuc vo k chn hay l, ta c hoc l ,
k k
n n n n
n a n b = = ,
hoc l ,
k k
n n n n
n b n a = = . t
2 2
n n n
= + v p dng bt ng thc
Bessel cho hm
( )
( )
k
f x ta suy ra chui
2
1
n
n

l hi t. Ngoi ra

2 2
| | | | / / /
k k k
n n n n n
a n n n = + =
v tng t nh vy i vi
n
b . B c chng minh.
nh l. Cho hm f l kh vi lin tc n cp ( 1) k v kh vi tng khc cp
k ( 1) k , ngoi ra
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
i i
f f = , vi 1,..., 1 i k = . Khi chui Fourier
ca f hi t u n hm f trn on [ , ] , v ngoi ra
1/ 2
| ( ) ( ; ) |
n
n
k
f x S x f
n
,

trong
n
l dy s hi t n 0 v ( ; )
n
S x f l tng ring Fourier bc n ca
hm f.
Chng minh. Gi s
0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
m m
m
a
f x a mx b mx
=
+ +
,
0
1
( ; ) ( cos sin )
2
n
n m m
m
a
S x f a mx b mx
=
= + +
.
Theo b ta c | | , | | , 1, 2, ...
m m
m m
k k
a b m
m m

= , v chui
2
1
m
m

l hi
t. Ta nh gi phn d ca chui so vi tng Fourier nh sau
1 1 1
| ( ) | ( cos sin ) (| | | |) 2
m
n m m m m n
k
m n m n m n
r x a mx b mx a b A
m

= + = + = +
= + + =

.
T bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunyakovski ta d dng suy ra
2
2
1 1 1
1 1
2 . 2
n m m
k k
m n m n m n
A
m m

= + = + = +
=

.
rng
2
1
n m
m n

= +
=

tin ti 0 khi n tin ra v cng, v
2 2 2 2 1
1 1
1
1 1
(2 1).
m
k k k k
k n m n
m n
dx dx
m x x k n
= + = +

=

,
cho nn vi
2
2 1
n n
k
=
ta c lim 0
n
n

= v
1/ 2 1/ 2
1
| ( ) | , 1, 2, ...
n
n
k k
r x n
n n

1

= =

( )
.
Vi cc iu kin ca nh l, chui Fourier hi t (im) n hm f , cho nn
( )
n
r x cng chnh l lch ca hm f so vi tng ring Fourier ( ; )
n
S x f . Cc nh
gi trn cho thy tnh hi t u v mi khng nh ca nh l c chng
minh.
Nhn xt. nh l trn cho thy rng hm cng trn (c o hm bc cng cao) th
chui Fourier ca n hi t (n hm ) cng nhanh, v do vic xp x n bi
a thc Fourier cng t ra chnh xc. Trong trng hp ring, khi hm lin tc tun
hon vi chu k 2 l trn tng khc th chui Fourier ca n hi t u n
chnh n.
nh l. Nu f l hm lin tc trn on [ , ] c khai trin Fourier l

0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
=
+ +

th, vi mi [ , ] t , ta c
0
1
0 0 0
( ) ( cos sin )
2
t t t
n n
n
a dx
f x dx a nx b nx dx
=
= + + =

=
0
1
sin (1 cos )
2
n n
n
a t a b
nt nt
n n
=
l
l + +
l
l

v chui v phi l hi t u.
Chng minh. Xt hm s
0
0
( ) ( )
2
t
a
F t f x dx
l
l =
l
l
.
Ta nhn thy rng n l hm kh vi lin tc trn on [ , ] v tha mn iu
kin ( ) ( ) F F = , cho nn theo nhn xt t nh l trn ta suy ra chui Fourier
ca F hi t u ti F, ngha l
0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
A
F t A nt B nt
=
= + +
,
trong , vi 1, 2,..., n = ta c
sin( )
1 1 1
( ).cos( ) ( ) '( )sin( )
n
nt
A F t nt dt F t F t nt dt
n n

= = =

0 1
0 ( ) sin( )
2
n
a b
f t nt dt
n n
l
l = =
l
l
,
v tng t
n
n
a
B
n
= .
Ring
0
A c tnh nh cng thc khai trin vi nhn xt rng (0) 0 F = , v do
0
1 1
n
n
n n
b
A A
n

= =
= =

.
Nh vy
1 1 1
( ) sin cos sin (1 cos )
n n n n n
n n n
b a b a b
F t nt nt nt nt
n n n n n

= = =
l l
l l = + = +
l l
l l

,
v t y ta d dng suy ra iu cn chng minh.

Nhn xt. Vic xt chui Fourier ca hm tun hon vi chu k 2l (tu ) c
quy v vic xt chui Fourier ca hm tun hon vi chu k 2 nh php i bin
/ t x l = , chuyn on [ , ] l l thnh on[ , ] .
8.1.5. Dng phc ca chui Fourier
S dng cng thc biu din hm lng gic thng qua s phc
( )
1
cos
2
nxi nxi
nx e e
= + v
( )
sin
2
nxi nxi i
nx e e
=
ta c th vit li khai trin Fourier di dng
0
1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
nxi nxi
n n n n
n
a
f x a b i e a b i e
=
l
+ + +
l
l
.
t
0
0
1 1
, ( ) , ( )
2 2 2
n n n n n n n
a
c c a b i c c a b i
= = = = + ta c
( )
inx
n
n
f x c e

.
Lu rng cos sin
i
i e

= , ta c
1 1 1
( ) ( )(cos sin ) ( )
2 2 2
inx
n n n
c a b t f x nx i nx dx f x e dx

= = =

;
1 1 1
( ) ( )(cos sin ) ( )
2 2 2
inx
n n n
c a b t f x nx i nx dx f x e dx

= + = + =

.
Do vy, cng thc trn c th vit li thnh
1
( ) ( )
2
inx ins
n
f x e f s e ds

.
Cng thc ny c gi l dng phc ca chui Fourier.
Lu . Trong cng thc trn, cng nh cc cng thc sau ny, ta hiu tch phn ca
mt hm nhn gi tr phc ( ) ( ) ( ) w x u x iv x = + , vi u, v l cc hm s thc, c
nh ngha mt cch t nhin l ( ) ( ) ( ) w x dx u x dx i v x dx

= +

. Nu u,v l
nhng hm kh tch tuyt i (c ngha | |, | | u v l kh tch) th ta ni w l kh tch
tuyt i. Tch phn suy rng (ca hm phc vi bin s thc) c nh ngha
hon ton tng t.

8.1.6. Th d
Trong phn ny ta ch nghin cu mt v d n gin nm vng thm v l
thuyt chui Fourier. Phn thc hnh tnh ton trn my s cho php chng ta
cp n nhng hm phc tp v a dng hn v chng loi.
Tm chui Fourier ca hm ( ) f x x = trn khong (,). Sau khi cho hm s
nhn gi tr 0 ti 2 u
mt ca khong, ta
thc trin n mt cch
tun hon v thu c
hm xc nh trn
ton trc s, c th
nh sau:
V ( ) f x x = l hm l
nn khng cn tnh ta cng c th khng nh c rng
0
1
( ) a f x dx
= 0 ,
1
( ) cos
n
a f x nxdx
= 0.
Tm
n
b theo cng thc
1
( )sin
n
b f x nxdx
=
1
( 1)
2
n
n
+
. Nh vy chui
Fourier ca ( ) f x x = trn khong (,) l nh sau
1
( 1)
2 sin
n
n
x nx
n
.
thy c kh nng xp x ca cc tng ring ca chui Fourier i vi hm s
( ) f x x = trn khong bng chu k, ta quan st th hm s cng vi cc tng
ring ny (cc th c v bng my, nh trnh by trong cc chng trc,
v s c cp li trong phn tnh ton thc hnh ca chng ny).
th hm ( ) f x x = v tng ring
4
4
1
( 1)
2 sin
n
n
S nx
n
=
l nh sau:

0
x
Hnh 8.1

Hnh 8.2
th hm ( ) f x x = v tng ring th 12,
12
12
1
( 1)
2 sin
n
n
S nx
n
=
, c m t
trong hnh v sau

Hnh 8.3.
Mt iu d nhn thy rng cc tng ring ca chui Fourier ch xp x tt trn
khong h (v ti cc im u mt hm s f l gin on).
8.2. Tch phn Fourier

8.2.1. Biu din hm s bng tch phn Fourier
Cho hm s f kh tch tuyt i trn trc s thc. Nu, mt cch hnh thc, ta
thay vic tnh tng cc s hng theo ch s n bng vic ly tch phn theo mt tham
s y, th chui Fourier s c thay bng tch phn sau y (gi l tch phn
Fourier ca hm f )
[ ]
0
( ) cos( ) ( )sin( ) a y yx b y yx dy
,
trong
1
( ) ( ) cos( ) a y f t yt dt
,
1
( ) ( )sin( ) b y f t yt dt
.
D dng thy rng
[ ]
0
( ) cos( ) ( )sin( ) a y yx b y yx dy
+ =

0 0
1 1
( )[cos( ) cos( ) sin( )sin( )] ( ) cos[ ( )] . dy f t ty xy ty xy dt dy f t y x t dt

= =


Tng t nh thy rng tng chui Fourier ca mt hm s cho gi tr ca chnh
hm s (trong mt s iu kin nht nh), chng ta s chng minh rng tch phn
Fourier ca mt hm s cng cho mt biu din ca chnh hm s . Trc ht ta
cn kt qu b tr sau
B . Nu hm f l kh tch tuyt i trn khong (a,b), hu hn hoc v hn,
th
lim ( ) cos( ) lim ( )sin( ) 0
b b
a a
f x x dx f x x dx

= =

.
Chng minh. Tng t nh chng minh h s Fourier ca mt hm kh tch th
tin n 0 khi n tin ra v cng (xem gio trnh Gii tch mt bin).
nh l. Cho hm s f lin tc tng khc trn mi on hu hn v kh tch
tuyt i trn ton trc s. Nu ti im x hm s c o hm phi ' ( ) f x
+
v o
hm tri ' ( ) f x
th ta c
0
( 0) ( 0)
1
( ) cos[ ( )]
2
f x f x
dy f t y x t dt
+ +
=

,
trong ( 0) f x + , ( 0) f x , theo th t, l cc gii hn phi, gii hn tri ca f
ti x.
Chng minh. Vi s 0 > , ta xt tch phn
0
1
( ) ( ) cos[ ( )] S dy f t y x t dt
=

.
R rng tch phn Fourier ca hm f ng bng lim ( ) S
. Vi mi s 0 > ,
theo nh l v tch phn ca tch phn ph thuc tham s, ta c
0 0
sin[ ( )]
( ) cos[ ( )] ( ) cos[ ( )] ( ) .
x t
dy f t y x t dt f t dt y x t dy f t dt
x t

= =

(*)
(Bi v, do tnh lin tc tng khc ca f , ta c th phn chia hnh hp t ,
0 y thnh mt s hu hn cc hp nh (bi cc ng song song vi trc
Oy) sao cho trn mi hp con hm l lin tc theo c 2 bin n tn bin, nu ti
bin ta ly cc gi tr gii hn phi hoc gii hn tri ca hm).
Lu rng | ( ) cos[ ( )] | | ( ) | f t y x t f t , cho nn do tnh kh tch tuyt i ca
hm f ta suy ra tnh hi t u theo tham s y trn on [0, ] ca tch phn sau

( ) ( ) cos[ ( )] F y f t y x t dt
.
Nh vy, hm s
( , ) ( ) cos[ ( )] F y f t y x t dt

hi t u (trn on[0, ] ) n hm ( ) F y khi . D dng chng minh rng
hm ( , ) F y l lin tc theo y cho nn t cng thc (*), bng cch cho qua gii
hn di du tch phn v tri, ta thu c
sin[ ( )]
1
( ) ( )
x t
S f t dt
x t
.
t u t x = , ta c
sin( )
1
( ) ( )
u
S f u x du
u
= +
.
Bng cch tch tch phn thnh 2 khc
0
0

= +

v trong khc thc nht
ta lm php i bin u t = th ta s thu c
0
sin( )
1
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
t
S f x t f x t dt
t

= + +
.
Trong mc ni v tch phn Dirichlet (Chng 5) ta bit rng
0
sin( )
2
t
dt
t
,
vi mi 0 > , cho nn
( 0) ( 0)
( )
2
f x f x
S
+ +
=
0 0
sin( ) ( 0) ( 0) sin
1
[ ( ) ( )]
t f x f x t
f x t f x t dt dt
t t

+ +
= + +

0 0
( ) ( 0) ( ) ( 0)
1 1
sin( ) sin( )
f x t f x f x t f x
t dt t dt
t t

+ +
= +

.
R rng nh l s c chng minh nu ta ch ra rng c 2 tch phn v phi u
tin ti 0 khi . iu ny c suy ra t cc nhn xt sau y (chng minh
chi tit xin dnh cho ngi c).

Do s tn ti ca cc o hm phi ca hm f ti im x m hm
( ) ( 0) f x t f x
t
+ +
lin tc tng khc (theo bin t) ti im 0 v do n l kh
tch (tuyt i) trn on[0,1] . Do b ta c
1
0
( ) ( 0)
lim sin( ) 0
f x t f x
t dt
t

+ +
=
.
Trn min 1 t hm s ( ) / f x t t + b chn bi hm kh tch | ( ) | f x t + cho nn
n cng kh tch, v do cng theo b ta c
1
( )
lim sin( ) 0
f x t
t dt
t

+
=
.
V
0
sin x
dx
x
hi t nn
1
( 0)
sin
lim sin( ) ( 0) lim 0
f x
u
t dt f x du
t u

+
= + =

.
Kt hp li ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Nhn xt. Vi cc iu kin ca nh l, nu hm s f l lin tc ti x th tch
phn Fourier ti im x cho gi tr ca chnh hm f.
8.2.2. Dng khc ca cng thc Fourier
vic trnh by c n gin hn, trong phn cn li ta lun gi thit rng
f l hm lin tc v tha mn cc iu kin ca nh l trn. Khi y, theo nhn xt
nu, ta c cng thc Fourier sau y:

0
1
( ) ( ) cos[ ( )] f x dy f t y x t dt
=

(*)
v do biu thc di du tch phn theo dy l hm chn theo y nn

1
( ) ( ) cos[ ( )]
2
f x dy f t y x t dt

=

.
Lu rng | ( )sin[ ( )] | | ( ) | f t y x t f t cho nn, theo du hiu Weierstrass, tch
phn
( )sin[ ( )] f t y x t dt

l hi t u (theo y trn ton trc s) v l hm lin tc theo bin y. V vy,
vi 0 > , tch phn

( )sin[ ( )] dy f t y x t dt

tn ti v, do hm di du tch phn l l theo y, tch phn ny bng 0. Tuy nhin,
iu ny khng m bo cho s tn ti ca tch phn suy rng
( )sin[ ( )] dy f t y x t dt

,
(v n khng nh ngha nh gii hn ca tch phn vi cc cn i xng qua gc,
m l vi cc cn tu ).
Chnh v l ny, ngi ta a ra khi nim gi tr chnh ca tch phn
( ) x dx
(vi l hm kh tch trn cc on hu hn bt k) nh ngha nh

sau
. . ( ) : . . ( ) : lim ( ) v p x dx v p x dx x dx
= =

( )

.
Mt cch tng t, ngi ta nh ngha c gi tr chnh ca tch phn suy rng
ti mt im no (ch khng nht thit ti nh trn).
R rng, nu tch phn hi t th gi tr chnh ca tch phn v bn thn tch
phn l bng nhau.
Th d. Cc tch phn suy rng xdx
v
1
1
dx
x
l khng hi t, nhng gi tr
chnh ca chng vn tn ti v bng 0.
Tr li vi tch phn Fourier ta c
. . ( )sin[ ( )] 0 v p dy f t y x t dt

=

.
Nhn tch phn ny vi
2
i
v cng vi (*) ta suy ra

( ) 1
( ) . . ( )
2
iy x t
f x v p dy f t e dt

=

.
y chnh l mt dng khc ca cng thc tch phn Fourier.

8.3. Bin i Fourier

8.3.1. nh ngha
Nu ta t
1
( ) ( )
2
iyt
y f t e dt
,
th dng ni trn ca cng thc tch phn Fourier tr thnh
1
( ) . . ( )
2
ixy
f x v p y e dy
.
Ngi ta gi php ng mi hm f vi hm s
1
( ) : ( ) . . ( )
2
iyt
f y y v p f t e dt
= =

l php bin i Fourier v thng c k hiu l F. Ngha l
[ ] f F f = = .
Nh vy, php bin i Fourier c xc nh vi mi hm kh tch tuyt i.
Trong nh ngha ny, f c th l mt hm (vi bin s thc) nhn gi tr phc, v
nh ca n [ ] F f ni chung l hm nhn gi tr phc ngay c khi f l hm nhn
gi tr thc.
Tng t nh trn ngi ta nh ngha php bin i Fourier ngc l php
ng mi hm f vi hm s
1
( ) . . ( )
2
iyt
y v p f t e dt
,
v thng k hiu n l
1
F
. Nh vy
1
[ ] F f
= .
Tn gi nh trn c bt ngun t mnh sau.
Mnh . Nu hm f l lin tc, kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s, v c o
hm tng pha ti mi im, th
[ ]
1 1
[ ] [ ] F F f F F f f

l
= =
l
l
.
Chng minh. Cng thc [ ]
1
[ ] F F f f
= cng chnh l cng thc tch phn

Fourier di dng khc. Ta ch cn phi chng minh rng
1
[ ] F F f f
l
=
l
l
. V hm
cosin l chn cho nn trong cng thc tch phn Fourier (dng thng thng) c th
i v tr gia t v x , ngha l
1
( ) ( ) cos[ ( )]
2
f x dy f t y t x dt

=

.

Mt khc, do tnh l ca hm sin ,
. . ( )sin[ ( )] 0 v p dy f t y t x dt

=

.
Cho nn, tch phn Fourier c thm mt dng na
( ) 1
( ) . . ( )
2
iy t x
f x v p dy f t e dt

=

,
hay l
1 1
( ) . . ( )
2 2
iyt ixy
f x v p f t e dt e dy

l
l
=
l
l
l

,
y chnh l cng thc cn chng minh.
8.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier
Mnh . Php bin i Fourier (v ngc ca n) l tuyn tnh, ngha l,
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] F f f F f F f + = +
v
1 1 1
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] F f f F f F f

+ = + ;
(cc cng thc trn c hiu theo ngha: nu v phi tn ti th v tri tn ti v
c ng thc xy ra).
Chng minh. Suy ngay t nh ngha.
Mnh . Php bin i Fourier (cng nh ngc ca n) l php ng 1-1.
Chng minh. Tht vy,
[ ] [ ]
1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] F f F f F F f F F f f f

= = =
(theo mnh trong phn trn).
Mnh . Bin i Fourier ca mt hm kh tch tuyt i (trn ton trc s) l
mt hm b chn (trn ton trc s), v ngoi ra
1
| ( ) | | ( ) |
2
f y f x dx
.
Chng minh. Suy ngay t nh ngha vi lu rng | | 1
ixy
e
= .
H qu. Nu hm kh tch tuyt i f v dy hm kh tch tuyt i { }
n
f tha
mn iu kin

lim | ( ) ( ) | 0
n
n
f x f x dx
,
th dy hm
{ }
( )
n
f y hi t u n hm
( ) f y trn ton trc s thc.

Chng minh. Suy ngay t bt ng thc ca mnh trn.
Mnh . Bin i Fourier ca mt hm kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s
thc l mt hm lin tc v tin ti 0 khi bin s tin ra hoc +.
Chng minh. Ta bit rng vi mt hm kh tch tuyt i th tm c dy cc
hm bc thang
n
tha mn
lim | ( ) ( ) | 0
n
n
x x dx
,
cho nn t h qu trn ta thy ch cn chng minh mnh cho lp cc hm bc
thang. Mt khc, ta li bit rng mt hm bc thang bt k l t hp tuyn tnh
(hu hn) ca cc hm bc thang n (nhn gi tr 1 trn mt na khong [a,b) no
v bng 0 trn min cn li). T tnh tuyn tnh ca php bin i Fourier ta suy
ra ch cn chng minh mnh cho lp cc hm bc thang n.
Gi s l mt hm bc thang n, ngha l
1
( )
0
a x b
x
x a b x
khi
khi hay
' < 1
1
=
!
1
<
1+
.
Khi y ta c
1 1
( ) (cos sin )
2 2
b b
ixy
a a
y e dx xy i xy dx

= = =

[(sin sin ) (cos cos )]/( 2 ) 0
( ) / 2 0
by ay i by ay y y
b a y
khi
khi
'
1
+
11
=
!
1
=
1
1+
.
D dng kim tra rng y l hm lin tc v tin ti 0 khi y tin ra v cng (v c
hai pha). Mnh c chng minh xong.
8.3.3. Bin i Fourier ca o hm v o hm ca bin
i Fourier
Mnh . Nu hm kh tch tuyt i f c cc o hm n cp n l lin tc v
kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s th
( )
[ ] ( ) [ ] , 0, 1, ...,
k k
F f iy F f k n = = ,

v tn ti s 0 M > sao cho | [ ] |
| |
n
M
F f
y
.
Chng minh. Ta c
0
( ) (0) '( )
x
f x f f t dt = +
,
nn, do tnh kh tch ca ' f trn ton trc s, cc gii hn lim ( )
x
f x
tn ti v
bng 0 (do tnh kh tch ca bn thn hm f trn ton trc s). S dng cng thc
tch phn tng phn i vi tch phn Fourier ta suy ra
1 1
[ '] '( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 2
ixy ixy ixy
iy
F f f x e dx f x e f x e dx iyF f

+ +
+

= = + =

.
Nh vy mnh c chng minh vi k = 1. Trng hp tng qut c
chng minh d dng bng phng php quy np ton hc.
Lu rng hm
( )
[ ]
n
F f l b chn trn ton trc s (theo mnh phn
trn), cho nn tn ti s hu hn
( )
sup [ ]
n
y
M F f
< <
= , v vy cng thc th 2 ca
mnh c ngay t cng thc th nht vi k = n. Mnh c chng minh.
Nhn xt. Nh vy, hm cng trn th bin i Fourier ca n cng nhanh tin ti
0 khi bin s tin ra v cng. Mt iu d nhn thy rng mnh vn ng khi
hm f nhn gi tr phc. Vi mt chng minh phc tp hn mt cht, ta c th ch
ra rng mnh cn ng trong trng hp o hm bc n ca f c hu hn im
gin on loi 1.
Mnh . Nu hm ( ) f x l lin tc v cc hm ( ), ( ), ..., ( )
n
f x xf x x f x l kh
tch tuyt i trn ton trc s, th bin i Fourier ca f l kh vi n bc n v
( )
[ ] [ ] , 0, 1, ...,
k k k
i F f F x f k n = = .
Chng minh. Ly o hm theo tham s ca tch phn
1
[ ] ( )
2
ixy
F f f x e dx
,
vi lu rng | ( ) | | ( ) |
ixy
xf x e xf x
= , ta thu c tch phn hi t tuyt i v

u trn ton trc s v bng ( )
ixy
i xf x e dx
. Cho nn vic ly o hm di
du tch phn l hp l. T cng thc ly o hm ny ta suy ra '[ ] [ ] iF f F xf = ,
v mnh c chng minh cho trng hp k = 1. Trng hp tng qut c
chng minh d dng bng quy np.

Nhn xt. D dng suy ra rng mnh cn ng khi hm f nhn gi tr phc.
H qu. Trong gi thit ca mnh , cc o hm
( )
[ ] , 0, 1, ...,
k
F f k n = l
lin tc v tin ti 0 khi bin s tin ra v cng (v c hai pha).
Chng minh. Suy ra t mnh trn v mnh cui cng ca mc trn.
8.3.4. Tch chp v bin i Fourier
Ngi ta nh ngha tch chp ca 2 hm s , (xc nh trn ton trc s
thc) l mt hm s, k hiu l , xc nh nh sau
( )( ) ( ) ( ) x t x t dt
.
cho n gin, trong phn ny ta ch xt cc hm nhn gi tr thc. Tch phn
trn tn ti nu cc hm , l b chn v kh tch tuyt i. Khi y ta cng c
| ( ) ( ) | t x t dt

l tch phn hi t u trn ton trc s (theo du hiu Weierstrass v
| ( ) ( ) | | ( ) | t x t M t vi M l hng s chn hm trn ton trc s). R
rng tch chp cng l mt hm b chn, bi hng s
| ( )| M t dt
.
Nh vy, tch chp ca 2 hm lin tc, b chn v kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc
s s l mt hm lin tc v b chn (trn ton trc s). Hn th, n cng l mt
hm kh tch tuyt i trn ton trc s, bi v ta c (do tnh hi t u, php i
ch cc du tch phn trong cng thc sau y l hp l)
| ( * )( ) | | ( ) ( ) | x dx dx t x t dt

=

| ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | t dt x t dx t dt s ds

= =

.
Ngha l, php tch chp bin 2 hm trong lp cc hm lin tc, b chn v kh tch
tuyt i (trn ton trc s) thnh mt hm trong chnh lp ny, v v vy ta c th
p dng tch chp nhiu ln lin tip, v cng c th p dng bin i Fourier cho
tch chp ca 2 hm. Trong phn cn li ta lun hiu ngm l php tch chp xc
nh cho lp cc hm lin tc, b chn v kh tch tuyt i (trn ton trc s).
Mnh . Tch chp c tnh giao hon v kt hp.
Chng minh. Bng cch i bin x t s = , ta c

* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * t x t dt x s s ds

= = =

,
ngha l tch chp c tnh giao hon.
Bng cch i bin t y = , i th t ly tch phn (bn c t kim tra
tnh hp l ca php o th t ny), ri li lm php i bin x y + = , ta c
( * ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) y x dx t x t dt

= =

( ) ( ) ( ) y x dx y x y d

= + =

= ( ) ( ) ( ) y d x y y x dx

+

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) * y d d

= =

.
T tnh giao hon chng minh trn, ta suy ra tnh kt hp ca php ly tch
chp.
Mnh . Bin i Fourier ca tch chp 2 hm l tch ca cc bin i Fourier
ca chng. Ngha l [ * ] [ ]. [ ] F F F = .
Chng minh. Bng cch i th t ly tch phn, ta c
1 1
[ * ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2

= =

ixy ixy
F e dx t x t dt t dt x t e dx

.
Bng php i bin x t s = + ta thu c
1 1
[ * ] ( ) ( ) [ ]. [ ]
2 2

= =

ity isy
F t e dt s e ds F F

.
Mnh c chng minh.
Nhn xt. Tch phn Fourier, bin i Fourier, v tch chp l nhng tch phn suy
rng ph thuc tham s cho nn, cng nh cc hm Beta, hm Gamma,... chng
thng khng biu din c qua cc hm s quen bit, v v vy vic tnh ton
chng ch c th tin hnh vi s h tr ca my tnh. Phn thc hnh tnh ton
trn my cui chng s cho chng ta i su v lnh vc ny.

8.4. Mt s v d v ng dng
8.4.1. B lc in
Xt mng in RC nh trong hnh v, trong R
l in tr v C l in dung. Gi s
0
( ) v t l
in th cung cp, ( ) I t l dng in trong mng
v ( ) v t l in th cho ra ca b lc. Bi ton
t ra l hy tnh ( ) v t khi bit
0
( ) v t .
Cng thc lin h gia dng in ( ) I t v in
th cung cp
0
( ) v t l

0 0
0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
t
v t RI t I d Q
C

' '
1 1
1 1
1 1
= + +
! !
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
(1)
trong
0
Q l in tch ban u ca in dung C. Cng thc lin h gia dng
in ( ) I t v in th ( ) v t l

0
0
1
( ) ( )
t
v t I d Q
C

' '
1 1
1 1
1 1
= +
! !
1 1
1 1
1 1 + +
. (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c phng trnh tnh ( ) v t

0
RC v v v + = (3)
iu kin khi u ca in th ra l
0
(0) / v Q C = . Gi thit
0
( ) v t l mt dy in
xung tun hon vi chu k T nh hnh v. xc nh ( ) v t chng ta vit
0
( ) v t
di dng chui Fourier

0
( )
k
i t
k
k
v t C e

=
=

, trong 2 /
k
k T = , (4)
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (3) l tng
ca nghim phng trnh thun nht
0
RC v v v + = , tc l
/ t RC
e

vi l hng
s v nghim ring ca (3).
V
0
v tun hon, chng ta c th tm
nghim ring tun hon dng
*
k
i t
k
k
C e

.
Nh vy nghim ca (3) c dng
/ *
( )
k
i t t RC
k
k
v t e C e

=
= +

. T y v cng

) (t I ) (
0
t v ) (t v
+
R
C

Hnh 8.1
0
T
a

Hnh 8.2

thc (4) suy ra
*
1
k
k
k
C
C
i RC
=
+
, trong h s Fourier
k
C ca hm
0
( ) v t c
tnh theo cng thc
0 0
sin( / 2) sin( / 2)
2
( / 2)
k k
k
k k
v v
C
T T

= = .
Nghim phng trnh thun nht c gi l hiu ng tm thi v n tt dn
khi t . Nghim ring tun hon c gi l hiu ng thng xuyn. Nh vy
in th ra ca b lc hon ton c xc nh v c xp x bi hiu ng thng
xuyn khi t ln.
8.4.2. S truyn nhit trong thanh kim loi
Gi s trn trc ta Ox ta t mt thanh st, mt u ti gc O v u kia
rt xa (xem nh l ). Gi ( , ) u x t l nhit ca im 0 x trn thanh st ti thi
im 0 t . Gi thit rng nhit khi u ti mi im bit trc l
( , 0) ( ) u x f x = . Hy xc nh ( , ) u x t vi x v 0 t bt k, bit rng nhit c
truyn theo phng trnh

2
2
( , ) ( , ) u x t u x t
k
t
x

=

, (*)
trong k l h s truyn nhit. Phng trnh truyn nhit (*) biu din qua cc
o hm ring ca hm u nn cn gi l phng trnh o hm ring. Trong
chng sau chng ta s kho st nhng phng trnh nh th ny k hn, nhng
trong mc ny chng ta c mt cch gii n gin nh p dng bin i Fourier.
Dng cng thc tnh bin i Fourier cho ng thc (*) ta thu c
2
2
( , ) ( , )
i x i x u u
e x t dx k e x t dt
t
x

=

.
K hiu ( , ) U t l bin i Fourier ca ( , ) u x t ( y t l tham s). Khi y
2 2
( , )
( ) ( , ) ( , )
U t
i kU t kU t
t
= =
.
Ly tch phn hai v theo t ta thu c
2
( , ) ( )
kt
U t c e

= , trong ( ) c l hng
s ly tch phn. Hng s ny c xc nh nh iu kin khi u v cng thc
tnh U :
( , 0) ( ) ( , 0) ( )
i x i x
U c u x e dx f x e dx

= = =

.
Nghim ( , ) u x t s l bin i Fourier ngc ca ( , ) U t . Th d, nu f c cho
bi cng thc

0
1
( )
0 1
u x
f x
x
khi
khi
'
1
1
=
!
1 >
1+
,
th
1
0 0
1
sin
( ) 2
i x
c u e dx u

= =
,
2
0
sin
( , ) 2
kt
U t u e

= . Nghim ( , ) u x t
tnh theo cng thc
2
0 sin
( , )
kt i x
u
u x t e e dx

.
Trn y l nhng ng dng n gin (nhng khng tm thng cht no) ca
chui Fourier v tch phn Fourier trong vic gii quyt cc bi ton ny sinh trong
k thut. Nhng ng dng phc tp hn v su sc hn c th tm thy rt nhiu
trong cc ngnh x l tn hiu, iu khin t ng,...

Fourrier Theory

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Chng 8

= + xc nh trn on [0,]. Thc trin hm ny v pha tri

a thc Taylor bc n ca ( ) T x , k hiu l ( )

r rng l mt a thc. nh l c chng minh.

, s dng tnh vung

t gi tr cc tiu khi a thc ( )

(vi l hm kh tch trn cc on hu hn bt k) nh ngha nh

v cng vi (*) ta suy ra

= cng chnh l cng thc tch phn

( ) f y trn ton trc s thc.

= , ta thu c tch phn hi t tuyt i v

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