H THNG QUN L 6 SIGMA

6Sigmalg?
SixSigmalmthphngphpcitinquy
trnhdatrnthngknhmgimthiutl
saisthaykhuytttnmc3,4litrnmi
triukhnnggylibngcchxcnhv
loitrccnguntonndaong(btn)
trongccquytrnhkinhdoanh.Trongvicnh
nghakhuyttt,SixSigmatptrungvovic Sigmalg?
thitlpsthnghiutngtnccyucu

cakhchhngvvthctnhnhhngkhchhngrtcao.
1.nhngha
HphngphpSixSigmadatrntintrnhmangtnDMAIC:Define(Xc
nh),Measure(oLng),Analyze(PhnTch),Improve(CiTin)vControl
(KimSot).tmhiuthmvtintrnhny,vuilngthamkhomcs3ca
tiliunyvDMAIC.
SixSigmakhngphilmththngqunlchtlng,nhISO9001,hayl
mththngchngnhnchtlng.Thayvo,ylmthphngphp
gipgimthiukhuytttdatrnviccitinquytrnh.iviasccdoanh
nghipVitNam,iunycnghalthayvtptrungvoccxngcht
lngvnutinvovickimtralitrnsnphm,hngtptrungc
chuynsangcithinquytrnhsnxutcckhuytttkhngxyra.
2.CcchchnhcaSixSigma
MtschchnhcaSixSigmactmlcnhsau:
Tptrunglintcvonhngyucucakhchhng;
Sdngccphngphpolngvthngkxcnhvnhgimc
daongtrongquytrnhsnxutvccquitrnhqunlkhc;
Xcnhcnnguyncaccvn;

Nhnmnhviccitinquytrnhloitrdaongtrongquytrnhsnxut
hayccquitrnhqunlkhcgipgimthiulivtngshilngcakhch
hng;
Qunlchngytrchnhimtrongvictptrungngnngasaist,ci
tinlintcvkhngngngvntishonho;
Phihplinchcnngtrongcngtchc;v
Thitlpnhngmctiurtcao.
3.CccptrongSixSigma:
"Sigma"cnghallchchun(standarddeviation)trongthngk,nnSix
Sigmangnghavisunvlchchun.

MctiucaSixSigmalchc3,4li(haysaist)trnmimttriukhnng
gyli.Nicchkhc,lshonhonmc99,99966%.

Ghclmtheongkchckhchhngyucu(1khnng)
Vtliuglmghngcha?(1khnng)
mcagnmtrongphmvitiuchunchophp(1khnng)
Ghkhngbhhng(1khnng)
Ghcsnngmusc(1khnng)
Ghcnggingquicch(1khnng)
TrongkhiphnlnccdoanhnghipsnxuttnhnVitNamhinang
mckhongBaSigmahocthmchthphnthtrongmtvitrnghp,mt
dncitinquytrnhpdngccnguyntcSixSigmacthtrctinnhm
nmcBnhayNmSigmavncngmangliktqugimthiukhuyttt
rrt.
CngcnlmrrngSixSigmaolngcckhnnggylichkhngphi
ccsnphmli.Mtsnphmcngphctpscnhiukhnngblihn.V
d,cnglnvsnphmnhngkhnnggylitrongmtchittnhiu
hnsovimtchickpgiy.
Diylmtvdchocchtnhskhnnggylitrongquitrnhsnxut
snphmghg:CngtyAphisnxut5nhngchokhchhng,min
hngcmtmthnglghg(5chic).Skhnnggylichomtmthng
ghgcxcnhnhsau:
Tngskhnnggyli=slngghXskhnng=5X6=30khnng
4.Tptrungvoccngungydaong:
DicchnhncaSixSigma,mtquytrnhkinhdoanhthngctrnhby
didnghmsthugnY=f(X),trongktquura(Y)cchiphibi
mtsbinhaytcnhnuvo(X).Nuchngtaginhrngcmilinh
giaktqu(Y)vicctcnhntimnng(X),chngtacnthuthpvphn
tchsliudatrncccngckimtravkthutthngktrongSixSigma
chngminhgithuytny.Numunthayiktquura,chngtacntp
trungvovicxcnhvkimsotcctcnhnhnlkimtrasnglcu
ra.MtkhichiubitvcbinphpkimsotttcctcnhnX,chng

tacthdonmtcchchnhxcktquY.Nukhngtheocchtrn,chng
tachtptrungnlcvocchotngdtha(NonValueAdded)nhkimtra,
trcnghimvsalisnphm.
5.Citinquitrnh:
McchcaSixSigmalcithinccquitrnhsaochoccvnkhuyttt
vlikhngxyrathaybngvicchtmraccgiiphptmthingnhncho
ccvn.Chkhinguynnhngysailch,nhcpphntrc,
cxcnhthquitrnhmicthccithindosailchkhnglpli
trongtnglai.
Vd,numtnhsnxutgVitNamanggpphitnhtrngchmtin
khukimtrachtlngcacngonlprphonthinsbbivh
thngxuynnhncccchititsaihngtccbphnchnhmvphiti
chchng:
Giiphpinhnh:Cnilichuynbngvicchothmcngnhnvokim
travtich.
GiiphpSixSigma:iutravkimsotcctcnhnchnhngnngali
xyratcngonutin.Ncthbaogmccthtccnchnhmymc
khngrrng,cchngdncngvicchnhmkhngrrng,ccttrng
khngcyknnggimstcngvichiuqu,thiuquitrnhkimtracht
lnggtiphnxngraphig,vv..
Trongmtvdkhc,mtcngtychuynsnxutsnphmnhathngxuyn
gpphitnhtrngsnxutsaimuscsnphmsoviyucucakhch
hng:
Giiphpinhnh:iuchnhcngthcphitrnmuangcsdng
bngnlcthsai.
GiiphpSixSigma:Xcnhcctcnhnuvochnhcaquitrnhphi
mudnnviclmsaimusccasnphmsaukimsotcctcnhn
ny.Cctcnhnnycthbaogmnhcungngvtt,srrngcacc
hngdncngthcphitrn,hthngthuthpvkimtracccngthcphi
trn,cnchnhthitbphitrn,khnngthchincacngnhntheohng
dncngvic.vv..

6.Cchthngolngvthngk:
Xydngcchthngolng(metrics)mivtnhngcuhimilmt
phnthuctnhquantrngcahphngphpSixSigma.cithinktqu,
mtcngtycnxcnhnhngcchthcolngccbinngtrongcc
quytrnhkinhdoanh,thitlpccchsthngkdatrncchthngolng
vsausdngccchsnyaranhngcuhivcnnguynca
nhngvnchtlnglinquannccsnphm,dchvvquytrnh.
7.SixSigmakhngchdnhchosnxut:
McdSixSigmathngcpdngchyugimthiukhuyttttrong
quytrnhsnxut,phngphptngtcngcsdngcitinccquy
trnhkinhdoanhkhc.Cthnh:
Tmrabinphpgiatngcngsutcathitb;
Cithintlgiaohngnghn;
Gimthigianquytrnhtuyndngvhunluynnhnvinmi;
Cithinkhnngdbobnhng;
Gimthiusaistvchtlngvgiaonhnviccnhcungcp;
Cithincngtchucnvlpkhoch;
Cithinchtlngdchvchokhchhng.v.v
8.VicngdngSixSigmatrnThgii:
SixSigmachnhthnhtponMotorolavonm1986vsauc
phbinrngribithnhcngcatponGeneralElectric(GE)vothpnin
90.CctchcnhHoneywell,Citigroup,Motorola,StarwoodHotels,DuPont,
DowChemical,AmericanStandard,Kodak,Sony,IBM,Fordtrinkhaicc
chngtrnhSixSigmaxuynsutcchotngkinhdoanhadngtsnxut

cngnghcaochondchvvcchotngtichnh.Tuychacph
binrngVitNamnhngmtvicngtycvnutncngoinh
AmericanStandard,Ford,LGvSamsungachngtrnhSixSigmavo
trinkhaipdng.
TrongmtkhostgnydocngtyDynCorpthchinchothy:Khong
22%trongtngscccngtyckhosttiMangpdngSixSigma;
38,2%trongscccngtyangpdngSixSigmanylcccngtychuyn
vccngnhdchv,49.3%lcccngtychuynvsnxutv12.5%lcc
cngtythuccclnhvckhc;
Sosnhtrnphngdinhiuqu,SixSigmacnhgilcaohnngk
sovicchthngquntrchtlngvcngccitinquitrnhkhc(tuy
nhin,SixSigmaycnbaogmnhiucngcchaclitktrongkho
stny).
Hthngquntrchtlng,cngccitinquitrnhnochocchiuquto
lnnht?
SixSigma:53.6%
Squitrnh(processmapping):35.3%
Phntchnguynnhngc(Rootcauseanalysis):33.5%
Phntchnguynnhnvktqu(Causeandeffectanalysis):31.3%
Tduy/SnxuttheoLean(Leanthinking/manufacturing):26.3%
Sosnhlychun(Benchmarking):25.0%
Giiquytvn(Problemsolving):23.2%
ISO9001:21.0%
Nnglcquitrnh(Processcapability):20.1%
Kimsotquitrnhbngthngk(Statisticalprocesscontrol):20.1%
Ccchsnhgihiuqu(Performancemetrics):19.2%
Biukimsot(Controlcharts):19.2%
Qunlquitrnh(Processmanagement):18.8%
Qunldn(Projectmanagement):17.9%
Ccquitrnhnhhngkhchhng(Customerdrivenprocesses):17.9%
Thitkthnghim(Designofexperiments):17.4%
Phntchsaistvtcng(Failuremodeandeffectsanalysis):17.4%

Ngnngasaist(Mistakeproofing/Pokayoke):16.5%
Tithitquitrnh(Processreengineering):16.1%
Qunlsthayi(Changemanagement):14.7%
Qunlchtlngtondin(TotalQualityManagement(TQM)):10.3%
olngsdaong(Variationmeasurement):10.3%
CctiuchnhgicachngtrnhMalcolmBaldridge(MalcolmBaldridge
criteria):9.8%
Phntchlucngvic(Workflowanalysis):9.8%
Quytrnhraquytnh(Decisionmaking):8.9%
Phntchxuhng(Trendanalysis):8.0%
Qunldatrndkin(Managementbyfact):6.7%
Gimthigianchunbchoquytrnh(Setupreduction):6.7%
Qunltrithc(Knowledgemanagement):5.8%
Ccuphnchiacngvic(Workbreakdownstructure):3.1%

Nhnglichtchngtrnh6Sigma
ThchinSixSigmaemlinhnglichbaogm:chiphsnxutgim,
chiphqunlgim,shilngcakhchhnggiatngthigianchu
trnhgim,giaohngnghn,ddnghnchovicmrngsnxut,k
vngcaohn,vnhngthayitchcctrongVnhocaTchc.
1.Chiphsnxutgim:
Vitlkhuytttgimngk,cngtycthloibnhnglngphvnguyn
vtliuvvicsdngnhncngkmhiuqulinquannkhuyttt.iu
nysgimbtchiphhngbntrntngnvsnphmvvthgiatng
ngklinhun(gp)cacngtyhocchophpcngtybnsnphmvigi
thphnvmanglidoanhthucaohnnhbncnhiuhn.
Vd,numtcngtyctlhngkhuytttkhngthtichl6%,chiph
nguynvtliul60%,chiphnhncngl10%cadoanhthu,ligpl20%,
mtphntchngincthchothyhiuqutvicgimkhuytttctc
ngcithinngkchochsligpnhsau:

2.Chiphqunlgim:
Vitlkhuytttgimngk,vvicthchincccitinquitrnhtheo
cckhuyttttngtkhngtidin,cngtycthgimbtlngthigianm
banqunltrungvcaocpdnhgiiquytccvnphtsinhdotl
khuytttcao.iunycnggipcpqunlcnhiuthigianchocchot
ngmangligitrcaohn.
3.Shilngcakhchhnggiatng:
NhiudoanhnghiptnhnVitNamgpphinhngvntidinlinquan
nvicsnphmkhngpngcccyucuvquycchkthuttpha
khchhngkhinkhchhngkhnghilngmikhihybnthng.
Bngcchlmgimngktlli,cngtyscthluncungcpsnphm
ntaykhchhngpnghontonccthngskthutcyucuvv
thlmtngshilngcakhchhng.
Shilngcakhchhnggiatnggipgimthiurirobchmdtnt
hngtphakhchhngngthigiatngkhnnglkhchhngstnhng
nhnglnhn.iunyngnghavivicmanglidoanhthucaohnng
kchocngty.
Hnna,chiphchovictmckhchhngmikhcaonncccngtyct
lthtthotkhchhngthpsgimbtchiphbnhngvtipthvnlmt
phncatngdoanhthubnhng.
4.Thigianchutrnhgim:
Cngmtnhiuthigianxlnguynvtliuvthnhphmtrongquytrnh
snxutthchiphsnxutcngcao,mtkhihngtnchmbncncdi

di,lugi,m,tmlivchunhiurirohnvhhnghaykhngcnp
ngcccthngsyucu.Tuynhin,viSixSigma,ctvnnysinh
hntrongqutrnhsnxut,cnghalquytrnhcthlunchontt
nhanhhnvvvychiphsnxut,cbitlchiphnhncngtrntngn
vsnphmlmra,sthphn.Bncnhvicgimchiphsnxut,thigian
lunchuyntrongquytrnhnhanhhnlmtuthbnhngivinhng
khchhngmongmunsnphmcphnphimtcchnhanhchng.
5.Giaohngnghn:
MtvnthnggpivinhiudoanhnghipsnxuttnhnVitNam
lctlgiaohngtrrtcao.Nhngdaongcthcloitrtrongmtd
nSixSigmacthbaogmccdaongtrongthigiangiaohng.Vvy,Six
Sigmacthcvndnggipmbovicgiaohngnghnmtcch
un.
2Vicgimtlkhuhaotrnphntrmdoanhthulktqucavictngsn
lngtnhxngvthitbhintidogimkhuytttvtich,cngnh
gimthigianngngmy.
6.Ddnghnchovicmrngsnxut:
Mtcngtyvisquantmcaovcitinquytrnhvloitrccngungy
khuytttsccshiubitsuschnvnhngtcnhntimtngcho
ccvntrongccdnmrngquymsnxutcngnhnhnghthng
thchhpchovicolngvxcnhngungccanhngvnny.Vvy
ccvntckhnngxyrakhicngtymrngsnxut,vnucxyra
thcngsnhanhchngcgiiquyt.
7.Kvngcaohn:
Vicnhmntl3,4liphntriukhnngchophpcngtythitlpnhng
kvngcaohn.Tthitlpnhngkvngcaohncthhngcngtyn
nhngthnhtchcaohnnhgipgimbtstmn.Hnna,ccchngtrnh
SixSigmagiithiurtnhiuhthngolngmigipcngtyphthinv
kimsotnhngvntidinvvvytorathccpbchtrongvicgii
quytccvnny.

8.NhngthayitchcctrongVnhocaTchc:
SixSigmacngvttrivyutconngikhngkmuthcanvk
thut.Nhnvinthngthibngcchnohcthgiiquytmtvnkh,
nhngkhihctrangbnhngcngcaranhngcuhing,o
lngngitng,linktmtvnvimtgiiphpvlnkhochthc
hin,thhcthtmranhnggiiphpchovnmtcchddnghn.V
vy,viSixSigma,vnhotchccacngtychuynsanghnhthctipcn
chthngtrongvicgiiquytvnvmtthichngvithctrch
nhimgiaccnhnvin.CcchngtrnhSixSigmathnhcngcnggpphn
lmtnglngthochungcanhnvintrongcngty.
SixSigmachuynbincchnghvlmcamtcngtyivinhngvn
trngtmtrongkinhdoanh:
Thitkquytrnh:Thitkccquytrnhsnxutccnhngktqun
nhvttnhtngaytu.
Khostbins:Tinhnhnghincuxcnhnhngbinshaytcnhn
gynndaongvcchthcccbintngtclnnhau.
Phntchvllun:Sdngccdkinvsliutmracnnguynca
daongthayvdavonhngvonhaytrcgic.
Tptrungvocitinquytrnh:Tptrungvocitinquytrnhcxemlnh
hngthenchttcsvttritrongchtlng.
Tinhthntinphong:Khuynkhchnhnvintrnnchngvytrch
nhimtrongvicngnnganhngvntimtngthayvchiiphvi
ccvnxyra.
Thamgiasurngtrongvicgiiquytvn:Thuhtnhiungihntham
giavovictmracctcnhnvgiiphpchoccvn.
Chiaxkinthc:Hchivchiaxkinthcdihnhthcnhngngdng
ttnht(bestpractice)ckimchnggiatngtccitintondin.
Thitlpmctiu:Nhmnnhngmctiuvtbc,chkhngphinhng
chtiuvakhnng,vthcngtykhngngngnlccitin.
Ccnhcungcp:Gickhngltiuchduynhtnhgivchnla
nhcungcpmnnglctngicahtrongviccungcpmtcchnnh
nguynvtliucchtlngtrongthigianngnnhtcngcxemxt.

Raquytnhdatrndliu:ccquytnhcaradatrnphntchk
lngccsliuvthct.Tuynhin,iunykhngcnghalntcng
tiucctikhnngraccquytnhnhanhcacngty.Ngcli,bngvicp
dngthunthcccnguyntccaquitrnhDMAIC,nhngngiraquytnh
cthddngcsliumnhcnhnaraccquytnhchnhxc.

TintrnhDMAIC
TintrnhDMAICltrngtmcaccdncitinquytrnhSixSigma.
Ccbcsauygiithiuquytrnhgiiquytvnmtrongcc
cngcchuynbitcvndngchuynmtvnthctsang
dngthcthngk,xydngmtgiiphptrnmhnhthngkrisau
chuyninsanggiiphpthct.
1.XcnhDefine(D)
MctiucabcXcnhllmrvncngiiquyt,ccyucuvmc
tiucadn.Ccmctiucamtdnnntptrungvonhngvnthen
chtlinktvichinlckinhdoanhcacngtyvccyucucakhch
hng.BcXcnhbaogm:
xcnhccyucucakhchhngclinquanndncitin.Ccyu
cuclmrtphakhchhngcgilccctnhChtLngThit
Yu(CriticaltoQuality);
xydngccnhnghavkhuytttcngchnhxccngtt;
tinhnhnghincumcsosnh(thngsolngchungvmcthc
hintrckhidncitinbtu);
tchcnhmdncngvingiu(Champion);
ctnhnhhngvmttichnhcavn;v
chpthuncalnhocpcaochotinhnhdn.
Cccuhicnphigiip:
iuglquantrngivikhchhng?
Chngtaangnlclmgimloili/khuytttg?
Mcgimbaonhiu?

Khinohonttviccitin?
Chphdoli,khuytttgyrahintilbaonhiu?
Nhngaisthamgiavodn?
Aisu,htrchngtathchindnny?
Cccngccpdngphbinnhttrongbcnybaogm:
BngTmLcDn(ProjectCharter)Ltiliumtrrngccvn,
nhnghakhuyttt,ccthngtinvthnhvincanhmdn,mctiuca
dnsthchinvghinhnscamkthtrthchincanhngngilin
quan.
BiuXuHng(TrendChart)Biuthtrcquanxuhngccli,khuyttt
xuthinsaumtthigian.
BiuPareto(80/20)Biuthtrcquanmctcngtchccvtiucc
giatcnhnuvotiktquurahocmckhuyttt.
LuQuyTrnh(ProcessFlowChart)Chobitcchthchotngvtrnht
ccbcthchincaquitrnhhinti.
2.olngMeasure(M)
MctiucabcoLngnhmgiphiutngtnmcthchintrong
hintibngcchxcnhcchthcttnhtnhgikhnnghinthiv
btutinhnhvicolng.Cchthngolngnnhudng,clin
quannvicxcnhvolngnguntoradaong.Bcnygm:
xcnhccyucuthchincthclinquannccctnhChtLng
ThitYu(CTQ);
lpccsquytrnh(processmap)linquanviccyutuvo(Input/X)
vura(Output/Y)cxcnhmtrong,mibccaquytrnh,cnth
hinmilinktcacctcnhnuvocthtcngnyutura;
lpdanhschcacchthngolngtimnng;
phntchkhnnghthngolngvthitlpmcsosnhvnnglcca
quytrnh;
xcnhkhuvcmnhngsaisttronghthngolngcthxyra;
tinhnholngvthuthpdliucctcnhnuvo,ccquytrnhv
ura;

kimchngshinhucavndatrncchthngolng;
lmrvnhaymctiucadn.
Cccuhicnphigiip:
Quitrnhhinticachngtalg?Mchiuqunhthno?
Ktquuranonhhngtictnhchtlngthityunhiunht
(CTQ)?
Yutuvononhhngtiktquura(cnhhngtiCTQ)nhiu
nht?
Khnngolng/phthindaongcahthngphhpcha?
Nnglccaquitrnhhintirasao?
Quitrnhhintihotngrasao?Quitrnh(hinti)cthttnmcno
numithuhotngnhpnhng?
Quitrnhhinticthhonhotimcnotheonhthitk?
Cccngccthngdngphhpnhttrongbcnybaogm:
Sxngcthhinccmilinhgiaccyutuvovcckt
quura.
Luquitrnhhiurccquitrnhhintivtoiukinchonhmd
ncthxcnhccclngphtimn.
Matrnnhnqunhlngmctcngcamiyutuvodn
nsbinthincaccktquura.
PhnTchTrngThiSaiStvTcng(FMEA)skhisdngcngc
nytrongbcolngsgipchngtaxcnhvthchinccbinphp
khcphctmthigimthiukhuytttvtitkimchiphcngsmcng
tt.
nhGiTinCyCaHThngoLng(GR&R)csdngphn
tchsbinthincaccthnhphncahthngolngtheoslmgim
thiusthiutincycacchthngolng.
3.PhntchAnalyze(A)
TrongbcPhnTch,ccthngsthuthpctrongbcoLngc
phntchccgithuytvcnnguyncadaongtrongccthngsc

tolpvtinhnhkimchngsau.Chnhbcny,ccvnkinhdoanh
thctcchuynsangccvntrnthngk,gmc:
lpgithuytvcnnguyntimngynndaongvccyutuvo
thityu(X);
xcnhmtvitcnhnvyutuvochnhctcngrrtnht;v
kimchngnhnggithuytnybngphntchaBin(Multivariate).
Cccuhicncgiip:
Yutuvonocnhhnglnnhtticcctnhchtlngcbn
caura(CTQ)(datrnccsliuthct)?
Mcnhhngbaonhiu?
Skthpcaccbinscnhhngticcktquurakhng?
Numtyutuvothayi,ktquuracthayitngngnh
mongikhng?
Cnbaonhiulnquanstcktlun?
Mctincycaktlunlbaonhiu?
Bcphntchchophpchngtasdngccphngphpvcngcthngk
cthtchbitccnhntchnhctnhthityuhiurhnvcc
nguynnhndnnkhuyttt:
5Tisao(FiveWhys)sdngcngcnyhiucccnguynnhnsu
xacakhuyttttrongmtquitrnhhaysnphm,vcthphvccmc
nhsailmtrcyvccnguynnhn.
nhgiccctnhphnb(DescriptiveStatistics,Histograms)cngcny
dungxcminhctnhcaccdliuthuthpclbnhthnghay
btbnhthngnhmgiptachncccngcphntchthngkthchhpv
sau.
Phntchtngquan/Hiqui(Correlation/RegressionAnalysis)Nhmxcnh
miquanhgiaccyutuvocaquitrnhvccktquurahocmi
tngquangiahainhmdliubinthin.
thtcnhnchnh(MainEffectPlot)Hinthcctcnhnchnhtrongscc
tcnhncnghincu.
Phntchphngsai(ANOVA)ylcngcthngksuyluncthitk
kimtraskhcbitngkgiagitrtrungbnhcng(mean)giahaihoc

nhiutphpmu.
HonthnhbngFMEA(FailureModeandEffectAnalysis)pdngcngc
nytrnquitrnhhintigiptaxcnhcchnhngcithinphhp
ngnngakhuyttttidin.
Ccphngphpkimchnggithuyt(Hypothesistestingmethods)yl
tphpccphpkimtranhmmcchxcnhngungccasdaong
bngcchsdngccsliutrongqukhhochinticungcpcccu
trlikhchquanchocccuhimtrcythngctrlimtcchch
quan.
4.CitinImprove(I)
BcCiTintptrungphttrinccgiiphpnhmloitrcnnguyncadao
ng,kimchngvchunhoccgiiphp.Bcnybaogm:
xcnhcchthcnhmloibcnnguyngydaong;
kimchngcctcnhnuvochnh;
khmphmiquanhgiaccbins;
thitlpdungsaichoquytrnh,cngilgiihntrnvdicaccthngs
kthuthayyucucakhchhngivimtquytrnhnhmnhgimc
pngcamtctnhcth,vnuquytrnhvnhnhnnhbntrongcc
giihnnysgiptorasnphmhaydchvtchtlngmongmun;
tiucctcnhnuvochnhhoctilpccthngscaquytrnhlin
quan.
Cccuhicncgiiptrongbcny:
Khichngtabitryutuvonocnhhnglnnhtncckt
quura,chngtaphilmthnokimsotchng?
Chngtacnphithbaonhiulntmravxcnhchhotng/quy
trnhchuntiuchonhngyutuvochyuny?
Quitrnhccnccithinchnovquitrnhmisrasao?
gimcbaonhiuKhuytTtTrnMtTriuKhNng(DPMO)?
Cccngcthngcpdngbaogm:

Squitrnh(ProcessMapping)Cngcnygiptatihinliquitrnhmi
saukhithchinviccitin.
Phntchnnglcquitrnh(CPK)nhmkimtrannglccaquitrnhsaukhi
thchincchnhngcitinbomrngchngtatcccci
thinthtstrongvicngnngakhuyttt
Thitkthnghim(DOE)yltphpccthnghimclpk
hochxcnhccch/thngshotngtiunhmtccckt
quuranhmongmunvxcnhncccitin.
5.KimsotControl(C)
MctiucabcKimSotlthitlpccthngsolngchunduytr
ktquvkhcphcccvnkhicn,baogmcccvncahthngo
lng.Bcnybaogm:
honthinhthngolng;
kimchngnnglcdihncaquytrnh;
trinkhaivickimsotquytrnhbngkhochkimsotnhmmbocc
vnkhngcntidinbngcchlintcgimstnhngquytrnhclin
quan.
Cccuhicnphigiiptrongbcny:
Khicckhuytttcgimthiu,lmthnochngtacthbomcc
cithincduytrludi?
Nhnghthngnocncpdngkimtravicthchinccthtc
cithin?
Chngtacnthitlpnhngbinphpgduytrccktquthmchkhic
nhiuththayi?
Ccbihcvcithincthcchiaxchomingitrongcngtybng
cchno?
Cccngccthchhpnhttrongbcnybaogm:
Khochkimsot(ControlPlans)ylmthoctphpcctiliughir
cchnhng,baogmclchthchinvtrchnhimcnthitkimsot
cctcnhnbinthinuvochnhyuviccchhotngtiu.

LuquitrnhviccmckimsotBaogmmtsnlhoctphp
ccsbiuthtrcquanccquitrnhmi.
Ccbiukimsotquitrnhbngthngk(SPC)Tphpccbiugip
theodiccquitrnhbngcchhinthccdliutheothigiangiagiihn
tiuchuncntrn(USL)vgiihntiuchuncndi(LSL)cngvimt
ngtrungtm(CL)
Ccphiukimtra(CheckSheets)cngcnychophpchngtalugiv
thuthpmtcchchthngccdliutccnguntrongqukh,hocqua
skinphtsinh.Theo,ccmuthclplivccxuhngcthc
nhndngvtrnhbymtcchrrng.

6Sigmavicchthngchtlngkhc
SixSigmacxydngtrnnhngyutthnhcngcaccchinlc
citinchtlngtrcyvhpthnhnhngphngphpco
caringn.Sovicchthngqunlvcitinchtlngkhc,Six
Sigmanibtvihphngphpgipxcnhcnnguyncaccvn
chtlngcthvgiiquytccvnny.SixSigmacththng
csdnghtr,bsungcchthngqunlvcitincht
lngkhc.
1.ISO9001:
1.1MctiucaISO9001:
ISO9001lmtHThngQunLChtLngbaogmcctiuchunqunl
chtlngchuynbitchoccngnhcth.MtHThngQunLChtLng
lmththngccutrctchc,quytrnh,trchnhimvngunlccxc
nhrrngvdngnhginhngnlcqunlchtlngchung.Chng
chISO9001mbochokhchhngcacngtyrngnhnghthngvth
tcchpnhncmctithiucpdngtrongcngtymborng
nhngtiuchunchtlngtithiucpng.
1.2SosnhviSixSigma:

ISO9001vSixSigmapnghaimctiukhcnhau.ISO9001lmth
thngqunlchtlngtrongkhiSixSigmalmtchinlcvhphngphp
dnhchoviccitinhiuqukinhdoanh.
ISO9001,vinhnghngdngiiquytvnvraquytnh,ihicmt
quytrnhcitinlintcnhngkhngchraquytrnhnhthnotrongkhiSix
Sigmacthcungcpquytrnhcitincnthit.TrongkhiSixSigmakhng
cungcpmtkhunmunhginhngnlcqunlchtlngchungca
tchcthISO9001licciuny.
1.3KthpSixSigmaviISO:
SixSigmacungcpmthphngphppngnhngmctiucthmISO
ranh:
ngnngakhuytttttccccngontthitkndchv;
cckthutthngkcnthitthitlp,kimsot,kimchngnnglcca
quytrnhvctnhcasnphm;
khostnguynnhngylichosnphm,quytrnhvhthngchtlng;
citinlinlcchtlngsnphmvdchv.
SixSigmahtrISOvgiptchcpngcccyucucaISO.Hn
na,ISOlmtphngtintuytvigipcungcptliuvduytrhthng
qunlquytrnhtrongcSixSigma.Bncnh,vicotobibnlcn
thitivichaihthngnhmmbochovictrinkhaithnhcng.
2.Quntrchtlngtondin(TQM):
2.1MctiucaTQM:
QunTrChtLngTonDin(TQM)lmththngccutrcgipthomn
cckhchhngbnngoilnbntrongvnhcungcpbngcchhpnhtmi
trngkinhdoanh,viccitinlintcvnhngtphtrongvicphttrin,ci
tinvduytrccchutrnhtrongkhithayivnhocatchc.TQMnhm
nnhngnguyntcchtlngcpdngrngrivxuynsutmtt
chchaymtnhmccquytrnhkinhdoanh.

2.2SosnhviSixSigma:
TQMvSixSigmacmtsimchungnhsau:
Mtnhhngvtptrungvokhchhng
Mtcchnhnvcngvictheotchcquytrnh
Mttinhthncitinlintc
Mtmctiucitinmimtvmichcnngcatchc
Raquytnhdatrndliu
Lichmanglitythucvotnhhiuqucacngtctrinkhai.
SkhcbitchnhgiaTQMvSixSigmalSixSigmatptrungvovicu
tingiiquytnhngvncthcchnlatheomcutinctnh
chinlccacngtyvnhngvnanggynnnhngkhuytttnitri,
trongkhiTQMpdngmththngchtlngbaoquthnchottcccquy
trnhkinhdoanhcacngty.
MtkhcbitktiplTQMnhhngpdngccxngchtlngtrong
phmviphngbantrongkhiSixSigmamangtnhlinphngbancnghaln
tptrungvomiphngbanclinquannmtquytrnhkinhdoanhcthvn
anglticamtdnSixSigma.
MtkhcbitnalTQMcungcptphngphphntrongqutrnhtrinkhai
trongkhimhnhDMAICcaSixSigmacungcpmtcutrcvngchchn
chovictrinkhaivthchin.Vd,SixSigmacstptrungmnhmhn
vovicolngvthngkgipcngtyxcnhvtcnhngmctiu
cth.
2.3KthpTQMviSixSigma:
SixSigmalhthnghtrchoTQMvngiputinhoccvntrongmt
chngtrnhTQMbaoqut,vcungcpmhnhDMAICvncthcs
dngpngccmctiucaTQM.
3.SixSigmavLeanManufacturing(HThngSnXutTitKim):

3.1MctiucaLean:
HthngLeannhmnmctiugimthigiantlccnthngchon
qutrnhsnxutvphnphisnphmbngcchloibcchotngkhng
mangligitr(nonvalueadded)vnhnglngphtrongqutrnhsnxut.M
hnhltngmhthngLeannhmnllungmtsmphm(onepiece
flow)vncchiphibinhucukhchhngvmtnhsnxutpdng
Leanthlintccitintheohngmhnhltng.
3.2SosnhviSixSigma:
CSixSigmavLeancnhngthmnhringvchngphihphtngnhau
bivchngutptrungvoviccithinktquthngquacitinccquy
trnh.
imtptrungchnhcaLeanlloiblngphdinhiuhnhthc:tnng
qumccnthitmtbngsnxut,tnkho,nguynvtliu,hnghc,hng
sali,thigianchutrnh,lngphvn,lngphnhncngvthigiancngl
ticaccdnSixSigma.Ngoira,mtscngccaLeancngcs
dngtrongccdnSixSigmakhicn.
CccngccaLeanthcchtkhngmnhvthngkvvyskhnghiu
qutrongvicnghincudaong,mdaonglihinhutrongmiquytrnh
vcncxcnhcitinquytrnh.Thhai,phngphpLeanchhu
dngnhttrongmitrngsnxuttrongkhiSixSigmahiuquhnnhiutrong
victorangnngvhphngphpchunghudngchotontchc.
3.3KthpLeanviSixSigma:
RtphbinhinnaykhicccngtykthpLeanviSixSigmatheocchthc
hayphngphpctngilLeanSixSigma.
SixSigmacungcpmtcutrcvbcngcphongphhngiiquytvn
,cbitvinhngvnmgiiphpchacbitn.Khimctiul
thitkquytrnh,tchcmtbngxng,gimlngphngthicchthct
cmctiucbittrc,cccngcvphngphpcaLeansc

ngh.Trili,cithinnhngvnvnchacgiiphpthSixSigma
nncvndng.Vhthngcitintondinbaogmcnhngdnvi
giiphpbittrchocchabit,cSixSigmavLeansucchng
tronghthng.

Trinkhai6Sigma
McduktqucaccdnSixSigmalmctiueouicahuht
cccngty,tuynhincccngtycnquantmmtcchklngtiqui
trnhtrinkhai,bivSixSigmaihimtscamktrtcaocaban
lnhocngnhccnhnvinngvaitrquantrngtrongtchc.
1.CcbcthitlpnnglcSixSigmatrongtchc:
Nhnnh:nhnbitnhucungdngchngtrnhSixSigmavtmhiutc
ngtimnngcanivicngty.
Quytnh:banlnhocpcaochpthunxngSixSigmavxcnh
mctiu,phmvitrinkhaiSixSigma.
Tchc:thitlpmctiutichnh,lchtrnh,otochonhmiuhnhcp
caovcvnchuyntrchtrinkhai(DeploymentChampions),lngichu
trchnhimxydngkhochvccutchchtr.
Khixng:xydngnhngkhochtrinkhaichititbaogmslngchuyn
vinSixSigmaBlackBeltvngunnhnlccnthitkhcchominvkinh
doanh,ccyucuhunluyn,ccxutkhnngchoccdnSixSigma
cngvictnhgitrtitkimvchiph,hnhthcvlchtrnhnhgicp
nhttinccdn,nhnghngdnvhthngtheodihiuquchotng
dn,nhhngtichnhmongitchngtrnhSixSigmatrongtngthik
vsosnhvithct.
Trinkhai:hunluynchoccChampionvBlackBeltcchn.ngthi
cngchnvthchinccdncitin.

Duytr:hunluynccchuynvinSixSigmaGreenBeltvTrngnhmCi
TinQuyTrnhnhmtngtcnhngnlccitincngnhduytrnhngthnh
qutc.
2.Yuttinquyttrinkhaithnhcng:
5.2.1CamktcaLnhocpcao:
VictrinkhaiSixSigmathhinmtcamktdihnvsthnhcngcacc
dnSixSigmatythuccbnvomccamktbibanqunlcpcao.
SthnhcngcaGeneralElectriciviSixSigmaphnlndovaitrnggp
cangJackWelch(cuChTchTpon)trongvickhngngngnghSix
Sigmavkthpchngtrnhnyvotrngtmchinlccacngty.
5.2.2NhngcuhiutintrckhiquytnheouiSixSigma:
CplnhocacngtyhiuvhontonnghvictrinkhaiSixSigma?
Cngtyccimvsnsngthayi?
Cngtyckhaokhthchi?
Cngtycsnsngcamktngunlc,gmconngivtinbc,trinkhai
chngtrnhSixSigma?
5.2.3Chnlavotongngi:
iucnthitlthuhtcnhngngigiinhtthamgiavoxngSix
Sigmacacngtyvkhuynkhchhbngthlao,phnthng,scngnhn
vthngtingnlinviktquthchin.
Ccchngtrnhotonntptrungvoccknngthngk,phntch,gii
quytvnvlnhogipgbnhngrocnvtoranhngxunglng
tchccbanu.
Hnna,vickhinchonhnvinhngkhivphnkhchvSixSigmann
cthchinquahunluynvtruyntthngtin.Mingitrongcngty
nnhiuSixSigmasmanglilichchohvcngtynhthno.

5.2.4ChnlcccdnSixSigma:
Trctin,ccdnSixSigmatptrungvonhngvnthenchtmangtnh
linktchinlc;cnhhngrrtnmchilngcakhchhng;v
thityuiviktqukinhdoanhdihnhthcmanglihiuqutichnh
nhanhchngvtoln(thunhpcao,chiphthphn,v.v).
VicchnlaccdnSixSigmagiaionulrtquantrngvdon
ngmtvaitrthenchtchosthnhcngcaccdnSixSigma.Tchc
cnxemxtmtcchklngcctcngcthnhhngnsthnhcng
cadncngnhvicxemxtcckhnngcthgiiquytcvnm
khngcntivicthchindnSixSigma.
5.2.5QunlccdnSixSigma:
Trongsutqutrnhthchindn,iuquantrngl:
dndtnlctptrungtrongngiuchodn(Champion)chutrch
nhimtinhnhnhginhktindn,sdngquynhncamnh
giiquytcckhcmclinchcnngcngnhphnbngunlcchonhng
nicnthit;
kimtranhhngtichnhthtstdn(vuilngthamkhomc5.2.6);
lintcthngtintintrnhcadnncplnhoiuhnhvnhngthnh
vinclinquanndn;
trinkhaicckhochkimsothiuquikmvicctiliulinquannh
SQuyTrnh(ProcessMaps),MaTrnNhnQu(C&EMatrix),PhnTch
TrngThiSaiStvTcng(FMEA),TmLcKHochKimSot(Control
PlanSummary)vccthayithtccduytmborngccci
tincduytr;
nhktixemxthiuqucadnsaukhihontt;
vaitr,trchnhimcaccphngbanvcnhnlinquanndnnnc
xcnhrrng;
tinhnhhunluynSixSigmathngxuynthcychngtrnhxuyn
suttrongcngty.
5.2.6SthamgiacabphnTiChnh:

Bphntichnhcnthamgiangaytlcbtumidnmborng
nhngtitkimvchiphcghinhnyivitngdnSixSigmav
thtsthhintrongktqubocotichnhcacngty.Mcsosnhcad
n(baseline)vnhngcitinccngbphiccnthnkimchngbi
bphntichnh.Cccitinscchuynthnhgitrtitkimbngtinkhi
cothvbkhutrnuphtsinhchiphtdn.
3.ChiphchoccdnSixSigma:
McdccdnSixSigmacthmanglinhiulichvgipcngtytitkim
tinbcvludi,cmtschiphbanuclinquannccdnSix
Sigmacncquantm.inhnhbaogmcckhonsauy:
LngtrctipTinlngchoccnhnvinlmvictonthigiantrongd
nSixSigma.
LnggintipChiphthigiantnhngvinchciuhnhcpcao,cc
thnhvincanhmdn,nhngngiqunlccquytrnhvnhngngilin
quantrongvictrinkhaiccdnSixSigma.
otovtvnChiphhunluynccngvinvccknngSixSigma.
ChiphthchincitinChiphcitinccquytrnhsnxutloitrcc
ngungydaongcxcnhbiccdnSixSigma.Khonnycth
baogmnhngthitb,phnmmmi,chiphnhnschonhngvtrmihnh
thnh.v.v
Phnmm(Software)MtschngtrnhphnmmvitnhnhMinitabInc.s
(phnmmMinitabthngk)hayMicrosoftsVisio,dngxydngccluquy
trnh,cngcthccnn.ikhimtscngcphnmmtintinhn
baogmPopkinsSystemArchitect,ProformasProvisionhayCorelsiGrafx
Process2003forSixSigma.

Tinthutng6Sigma
Giithiuvgiithchmtsthutngchuynngnhcsdngtrong
hphngphp6Sigma.CcthutngtingAnhcspxptheoth

tbngchciAZ,cthutngbngtingVittngngcngvi
phnchgiichitit.Miccbncngbsungchotinthutngny.
AnalysisofVariances(ANOVA)PhntchPhngsai:Mtcngcthngk
chophpcnglcsosnhnhiungundaong,haytcng,xcnhxem
cbtkngundaongnonhhngngknsthayicaktqu
angcnghincu.
BlackBelt(BB):chuynvintrongvicdndtthchinccdnvikinh
nghimthchhptrongmtslnhvccth;chunluynchuynsuvc
kinthcttvphntch,thngk.MtBBscchngnhnsaukhipng
cnhngphmchtvnnglcquynhrbicngtydihnhthcmangli
titkimchiphngk;pdnghiuqucngcvphngphp,ccknng
phntch,qunldnvxydngnhm.BBcngchutrchnhimhunluyn
vdndtccGreenBelt.
Cause&EffectMatrixMaTrnNhnqu:Mtmatrnhaysutinho
chophpchnlaccbinuvocaquytrnh(X)nocnhhnglnnht
nccbinura(Y).Cngcnycngcsdngtmhiuvchra
nhngyucuquantrngcakhchhng.
Champion:Nhngqunliuhnhcpcaocchnra,chiubitvcc
cngcthngkcbnvnngcao;ngiphnbngunlcvdpbnhng
rocniviccdnSixSigma;toravincnhchoSixSigmacngty;
xydngkhochhunluyn;chnlcccdnchiuqucao;tmchnng
vintimnng;xydngvcitinccutchcthchin;gimstvicnh
gicpnhttincadn;nhnbitnggpvnlccanhnvin.
CheckSheetBiumuKimtra:Ccbnghaymubiuhtrvicthuthp
vtnghpsliu.Ccbngnythngcsdngmccloilikhc
nhau.
ControlPlanSummaryBngTmLcKHochKimSot:Mttiliu
kimsotquytrnhvismthplhthngkimsotvduytrnhngci
tinnhmgipcngtyvnhnhccquytrnhmtcchnnhsaochoccsn
phmlunpngcnhucucakhchhng.

CorrelationAnalysisPhnTchTngQuan:Mtphngphpthngk
gipxcnhliucmiquanhgiahaibngcchvracccpgitr.nh
lngmiquanh,mtnghiqui,cctnhcxcnhbidcv
gcct,cthcvtccimphntncanhngdliucp.Khiccim
dliucpnycngquitgnnghiquicnghalmiquanhcngmnh.

CriticaltoQuality(CTQ)cTnhChtLngThitYu:Ccyucu(quy
cch)cnurbikhchhng,nukhngpngcthgilkhuyttt.
CriticalInputsTcNhnuVoChnhYu:Mtvitcnhnchchtc
chngminhlchutrchnhimtrctinchoktquuracxcnh(Y).
DefectKhuytTt/Li:Btksaistcasnphmhaydchvtrongvic
pngmttrongsnhngtiuchunchophpcakhchhngcngty(bn
tronghaybnngoi).Mtsnphmlicthbmthaynhiuliitheo.Cc
khuyttt/linnluncxemlkhngtnupdngthcobiuth
t/Khngt.
DefectOpportunityKhNngGyLi:Btktnhhungtrongmtquytrnh
idinchomtkhnngtonnkhuyttttrnmtnvxutlngvnh
trngivikhchhng.Mtsnphmphctpnhmtchicxehisc
nhiukhnnggylihnmtsnphmnginnhlmtchickpgiy.
DesignforSixSigma(DFSS)ThitKchoSixSigma:Mtngdngcacc
cngcSixSigmadnhchonhngnlcThitKQuyTrnhvphttrinsn
phmvimctiu"tolp"nnglcthchinSixSigma.ngdngnycng
cpdngchovictithitktquytrnhtrongbcCiTincadnSix
Sigma.
DesignofExperiment(DOE)ThitKThNghim:Mtphngphpth
nghimhiuqugipxcnh,vistrcnghimtithiu,nhngtcnhnv
iukintiucachngcnhhngngitrtrungbnhvdaongca
ura.

DMAIC:CcktucamtHThngQunL/CiTinQuyTrnhidin
choDefine(Xcnh),Measure(oLng),Analyze(PhnTch),Improve(Ci
Tin)vControl(KimSot).
FailureMode&EffectAnalysis(FMEA)PhnTchTrngThiSaiStv
Tcng:Mtphngphpchthngnhmngnngakhuytttbngcch
ghinhnccscsaist,cchthcmmtquytrnhbsai,ctnhrirolin
quannccnguynnhncth,spxpmcnghimtrngcaccvn
timtngvcchgiiquytchng.
FishboneDiagram(cause&effectdiagram)BiuXngC:Cnc
bitnvitngi"Fishbone"hay"BiuIshikawa",mtcngctduynh
hngcsdngxcnhcnnguyn(phnxngcaconc)ivimt
nhhnghayvncth.
FiveWhys5TiSao:Mtphngphpdngixuynquanhngduhiu
bnivnhnbitccnnguynthtscamtvn.Phngphpny
chorngbngcchlintchiTiSao?5lnbncthtinsuhiu
ccnnguynctlicavn.
GaugeRepeatability&Reproducibility(GR&R)nhGiTinCyca
HThngoLng:Mtcngcthngkolngmcdaonghaysaist
tronghthngolnggyrabithitbolnghayngithchincngtc
olng.
GreenBelt(GB):Ngiphtrchcngvichinticlinquannvncn
cgiiquyttrongdnSixSigma,ngthivnphtrchcccngvic
thngnhtcamnh;khquenthucvicccngcthngkcnbnvnhn
cshunluyntchuynsuhnsoviBB.
Hypothesistesting(Ttest,Ftest)KimChngGiThuyt:Tintrnhs
dngcccngcthngkkhcnhauphntchdliuvsaucngchpnhn
haytbgithuytbanu(nullhypothesis).Tcchnhnthct,tmrabng
chngtrnthngkchothygithuytbanusaichophpbnloibgi
thuytbanuvchpnhngithuytthayth(alternatehypothesis).Githuyt
banu(H0)lmtginhchorngkhngcskhcbittrongccthams

(trungbnh,phngsai,liphntriukhnng)giahaihaynhiutphpd
liu.Githuytthayth(Ha)lmtphtbiuchorngskhcbithaymiquan
hthycgiahaitphpdliulcthtchkhngphidongunhinhay
saisttrongmunghincu.
ISO9000:Tiuchunvhngdndngchngnhncctchcxemnh
honttvicnhnghavtunthiviccquytrnhcthhintheonh
tiliu.Hthngnyhunhlinquanncchthngqunlchtlnghn
lnhngnlccitinchtlng.
LeanManufacturingHThngSnXutTitKim:Mththngcccng
cgipgimthiuthigiantlcnhnnhngnqutrnhsnxutvphn
phisnphmbngcchloitrcchotngdtha(nonvalueadded)v
lngphtronglungsnxut.
LeanSixSigma:MtchngtrnhkthpgiaLeanviSixSigma.
MainEffectPlotThTcNhnChnh:Mtnghincuthngkghinhn
litrngthihotngcaquytrnhsau,quaphntchthngkvth,xc
nhccbinquantrng.
MeanSTrungBnh:Gitrtrungbnhcngtrongmttphps.tnh
trungbnhcng,tacngttcccgitrssauchichotngshng.
NonValueAddedActivitiesCcHotngDTha:Ccbchaythaotc
trongmtquytrnhkhnglmtngthmgitrchokhchhngbnngoinhsa
li,khunvc,didi,kimtra/kimsot,chi/trhon.v.v
NonValueAddedWasteLngPhKhngLmTngGiTr:Snphmph
caquytrnhkhngmangligitr.
OperatingFlowChartwithControlPointsLuQuyTrnhviccMc
KimSot:Tngtluquytrnhnhngclmnibtnhngkhutrng
yunimccbinphpkimsotcpdng.ylmttiliuthng
xuynccpnhtvrtcchchovichngdnkimsotquytrnh.

ParetoChartBiuPareto:Mtcngcthitlpmcutindatrn
nguynlPareto,haycncbitnvitnginhlut80/20,giithchrng
20%cctcnhntora80%nhhng.Vd,20%tcnhncakhnnggy
lickhuynhhngtoran80%khnnggyli.BiuParetosdngs
liuthuctnh(khnglintc)spthnhnhngcttheolnggimdn,vict
ctnxutcao(ctcaonht)ngtrc.Biusdngmtnglytch
(cngdn)ghinhntlphntrmchomiloi/ctgipphnbit20phn
trmccyutgynn80phntrmvn.Mctiucacngcnylutin
hoccvncncgiiquyt.
ProcessQuyTrnh:Mtchuicchotnghayccbctoramtsn
phmhaydchv.
ProcesscapabilityNngLcQuyTrnh:Khnngcamtquytrnhto
ramtsnphmhaydchvhonhotrongtrngthihotngckimsot
casnxuthayhotngdchv.
ProcessCapabilityAnalysisPhnTchNngLcQuyTrnh:Phntchmc
mmtquytrnhcthhaykhngthpngccyucucakhchhng.
ProcessFlowChartLuQuyTrnh:Mhnhminhholungquytrnhcho
thyttchotng,imquytnh,vnglpsalivlungdichuyn.Cng
cnykhcviSQuyTrnh(ProcessMapping).
ProcessimprovementCiTinQuyTrnh:Phngthccitintptrungvo
ccgiiphphaythayiclinhmloibhocgimthiukhuyttt,chiph
haythigianchutrnh.Phngphpnykhnglmthayithitkvnhng
ctnhcbncamtquytrnhnguynthy.
ProcessMappingSQuyTrnh:Mtchuimhnhtheotrnhtcamt
quytrnhchothyccyutuvo,ccyuturavccbccaquytrnh
cxemlbcutintmhiutcngcaccyutuvonyn
yuturanhthno.CngcnykhcviLuQuyTrnh(ProcessFlow
Chart).
ProjectDescriptionMTDn:Mtphtbiukhiqutnhnghalnhvc

haychicquantmbaogmtcng/lichcaviccitintimnng,
hayrironukhngtinhnhcitin.Phnnybaogmchracclinktvi
chinlckinhdoanh,vikhchhng,v/hocccgitrcacngty.Phnny
dobanqunlcpcaotruyntchonhmcitin,csdngthitlp
phnmtvnvBngTmLcDn(ProjectCharter).
ProjectCharterBngTmLcDn:Tiliughirphmvicamtdn
SixSigma,mctiu,ctnhtitkimtichnh,ngiudn(Champion),
nhmthamgiavthigiantinhnhdn.v.v
ProcessredesignTiThitKQuyTrnh:phngphptitoccyutca
lungquytrnhbngcchloibccdichuyndtha,vnglpsachali,
cckhukimphmvcchotngkhnglmtnggitrkhc.
Qualitymanagementsystem(QMS)HThngQunLChtLng:Mt
hthngnhngharcccutrctchc,ccquytrnh,trchnhimvngun
lccnthitdngmbocctiuchunchtlngtithiu.ISO9000l
mththngqunlchtlng.
RegressionAnalysisPhnTchHiQui:Kthutthngkctnhmtm
hnhchomiquanhgiaccbin.Phngphpnycungcpmthmsdng
mthaynhiubinsgiithchdaongcamtbinkhc.
RegressionPlotThHiQui:thminhhodngnhgimiquan
hgiahaihaynhiubinbngcchxcnhmthmsctnhktquc
quantmtnhnghiubitvccbinuvo.
Sigma():KtHyLpdngbiudincholchchuntrongthngk.
SixSigmaLevelCpSixSigma:Mcthchinvichc3,4litrn
mitriukhnnggyli.
SixSigma:Mthphngphpcitinquytrnhdatrnthngknhmn
vicgimthiukhuytttnmc3,4litrnmitriukhnnggylibng
cchxcnhvloitrcctcnhngydaongtrongccquytrnhkinh
doanh.

StatisticalProcessControl(SPC)KimSotQuyTrnhbngThngK:S
dngvicthuthpdliuvphntchthngkgimstquytrnh,xcnh
victhchin,olngdaongvnnglc,vphnbitgiatcnhncbit
vitcnhnthngthng.Cngcnyphcvnhlcschochovicra
quytnhdatrndliu,chovicduytrvcitinchtlngsnphmhay
dchv.
StatisticalQualityControl(SQC)KimSotChtLngbngThngK:
XemgiithchtrongphnKimSotQuyTrnhBngThngK(SPC).
SPCchartsBiuSPC:CcbiutheodidliuKimSotQuyTrnh
BngThngK.
Testsfornormality(DescriptiveStatistics,Histograms)nhGicTnh
PhnB:Mtquytrnhthngkdngxcnhliumtmuhaymtnhmd
liubtktngthchvimtphnbchunbnhthng.Cccngcthngk
mt(DescriptiveStatistics)vBiuPhnB(Histogram)chothyhnhdng
phnbcamttphpsvivtrcanhtrngtmvrngdntriv
haipha.
TimeSeriesPlotsThBinngtheoThiGian:ththngdng
trongvicnghincudaongquytrnhtrongccquanst(dliu)cv
rachothyxuhngtheothigian.Ccgiihnkimsottrnvdicngc
thckmtheogipnhgitnhnnhcaquytrnh.
TotalQualityManagement(TQM)QunTrChtLngTonPhn:Mth
thngccutrcnhmthomncckhchhngbnngoi,bntrongvcc
nhcungcpbngcchhpnhtmitrngkinhdoanh,viccitinlintcv
nhngtphtrongvicphttrin,citinvduytrccchutrnhtrongkhithay
ivnhocatchc.
TrendChartBiuXuHng:Biudngthhinxuhngcadliu
theothigian.Ttcccquytrnhudaong,nnvicnhginhngim
dliunlcthtorasailchtrongnhnnh.Victrnhbydliutheo
thigianlmtngshiubitvmcthchinthtscamtquytrnh,c

bitkhicsosnhvimtchtiu.
VariablesBins:Dngnincctcnhnuvo(X)vngynncc
binngchouracaquytrnh.
VariationDaonghayBinThin:Sthayihaybinngcamtc
tnhcth,gipxcnhmcnnhhaykhnngcbittrccaquy
trnh;ccdaongthngchunhhngbimitrng,conngi,my
mc/thitb,phngphp/thtc,hthngolngvnguynvtliu.Vicci
tinquytrnhnhmgimhocloibdaong.