Pascal

NGN NG LP TRNH
BI

GII THIU CHNG TRNH PASCAL
1
http://www.ebook.edu.vn

KIN THC YU CU
O Hiu c cc khi nim c bn v ngn ng Pascal.
O Bit cch ci t Pascal t a CD.
O Bit cch s dng Pascal 7.0.
O Bit to, lu v m tp tin chng trnh.
O Bit bin dch v thc thi chng trnh.

I/ Khi nim

O Ngn ng lp trnh (programming language): L mt h thng cc k
hiu tun theo cc quy c v ng php v ng ngha, dng xy dng
cc chng trnh cho my tnh.
Ng php (syntax): Quy c v quan h gia cc k hiu. V d trong
ngn ng Pascal: cc k hiu Begin, end phI i thnh tng cp, sau if
s l mt biu thc iu kin, sau l k hiu then.
Ng ngha (sematics): Quy c v ngha ca k hiu. V d trong ngn
ng Pascal: du + biu th cho php cng, du - biu th cho du tr
Pht biu if then c ngha l nu th lm .
O Chng trnh (program): L mt tp hp cc m t, cc pht biu, nm
trong mt h thng quy c v ngha v th t thc hin, nhm iu
khin my tnh lm vic.
O Lp trnh (to program): Lm ra chng trnh, vit ra chng trnh, cn gI
l tho chng.

II/ Ci t chng trnh
1/ Ci t chng trnh t a CD cha chng trnh Turbo Pascal
Cho a CD c cha Turbo Pascal 7.0 (TP7.0) vo a CD.
Vo ca s My Computer hay Explore.
Nhp phI chut trn hnh a CD, chn Open trong menu hin ra.
Nhp phI chut trn th mc TP7.0, chn Open trong menu hin ra,
hoc nhp p nt tri chut vo th mc TP7.0. Chng ta s thy hnh
nh sau:

Hnh H1 Ca s cha cc th mc v cc tp tin trong th mc TP7.0

Nhp p vo mc INSTALL, bn thy hp thoI hin ra nh hnh H2.

Hnh H2

Nhp nt Run Program. Bn s thy hp thoI thng bo, trong hp
thoI ny, bn nhn phm Enter tip tc ci t, nu khng thch, bn
nhn phm ESC thot.

Hnh H3 Ca s thng bo ci t Turbo Pascal
Nhn phm Enter tip tc ci t, s c hp thoI hin ra vI tn a
mc nhin l tn a CD ca my ang cha a ci t, bn gi tn
a mc nhin ny, my ca bn c th l tn khc, chng ta s c hnh
nh sau:


Hnh H4 nhp vo tn a cha Turbo Pascal

Nhn phm Enter, cc em s thy hp thoI hin ra nh hnh H5.

Hnh H5 Nhp vo ng dn cha cc tp tin ca Turbo Pascal 7.0

Bn gi nguyn ng dn mc nhin ny, my bn c th khc, tu
theo ng dn ca a CD cha chng trnh.
Nhn phm Enter, bn s thy hp thoI hin ra nh hnh H6


Hnh H6 Chn Install ln a cng hay a mm

Bn chn a cng (hard drive).
Nhn phm Enter, bn s c

Hnh H7 Hnh cho chn lI th mc hoc bt u Install

Nu thch thay I th mc cha tt c cc tp tin h thng ca Turbo
Pascal, bn nhn phm Enter, nu khng mun, nhn phm F9 bt
u Install.
y chng ti nhn phm Enter, trong hp thoI hin ra, chng ti xo
ng dn c sn v nhp vo C:\CAIDAT (nh to th mc CAIDAT trc).


Hnh H8 sa lI C:\CAIDAT

Nhn phm Enter, bn s thy thng tin a v ng dn I lI nh
sau:

Hnh H9

Nhn phm F9 bt u Install. Sau mt vi thao tc, bn hon
thnh vic ci t Turbo Pascal 7.0 vo a cng ca mnh.
2/ S dng chng trnh Pascal trn a cng
a/ S dng a cng:
= Nhp phI chut tI menu Start, chn Explore.
= Trong a C: nhp chn tI tn CAIDAT.
= Nhp p chut tI th mc BIN.
= Nhp p chut tI Turbo (hnh ca s, y l Turbo.exe)


Hnh H10
b/ S dng a mm:
= VI a mm, cc bn phI c tI thiu hai tp tin TURBO.EXE v
TURBO.TPL, y cc bn c th chp 5 tp tin c tn TUBBO nh
hnh H10. Khi chy chng trnh, bn ch cn nhp p tI Turbo
(hnh ca s) trong th mc gc ca a a:\.
c/ S dng MS-DOS PROMPT trong Win9x:
= Vo ca s MS-DOS PROMPT, bng cch nhp phI nt chut trn
biu tng, chn Open trong menu hin ra, hoc vo menu Start,
chn Progams, chn MS-DOS PROMPT. Bn s thy hnh nh sau:

Hnh H11 ca s MS-DOS Prompt

= Thng thng s th mc C:\WINDOWS> nh hnh trn.
C:\Windows>CD\ g Enter. (chuyn v th mc gc).
C:\CD CAIDAT g Enter. (Chuyn n th mc CAIDAT)
C:\CAIDAT\CD BIN g Enter (chuyn n th mc BIN)
C:\CAIDAT\BIN>Turbo g Enter. Ca s Pascal s hin ra.
Ghi ch: V tp tin Turbo.exe nm tI C:\CAIDAT\BIN\Turbo.exe
= Hoc t th mc C:\WINDOWS> nh hnh trn.
C:\Windows>CD\ g Enter. (chuyn v th mc gc).
C:\NC g Enter hoc C:\NC\NC g Enter. Tu theo my ca bn v
cch khai bo ng dn trong tp tin Autoexec.bat.
= Vo th mc cha tp tin Turbo.exe, a vt sng n tn tp tin
ny, g phm Enter.
V d:Theo hng dn trn, cc bn thy tp tin Turbo.exe nm trong
C:\CAIDAT\BIN. Vy bn vo th mc CAIDAT, sau vo th mc
BIN (thc hin trong NC). Bn s thy nh hnh sau:


Hnh H12 vo tp tin Turbo.exe

= G phm Enter, ca s PASCAL hin ra cho bn lp trnh.

Hnh H13 ca s Pascal

III/ Cch s dng Turbo Pascal
1/ To - lu - m tp tin chng trnh
a/ To tp tin
= Bn vo ca s Pascal. gi s nhp on chng trnh sau:
Program Hienthi;
Begin
Write (chung toi se giai thich chuong trinh nay trong cac bai sau);
Readln;
End.


Hnh H14 Ca s khi vit chng trnh xong

b/ Lu tp tin chng trnh trn
= Nhn phm F2 hoc vo menu File, chn Save.
= Chn ng dn v tn tp tin cn lu. Thng Pascal s ly ng
dn cha tp tin Turbo.exe, vy trong bi ny s l C:\CAIDAT\BIN.
Bn nhp tn Bai1. Pascal s t ng gn phn m rng l .PAS.
Nu mun lu ni khc, bn nhp ng dn v tn tp tin. Nu sau
ny mun lu vI mt tn khc, tp tin c vn cn, bn vo menu
File, chn Save as.
V d: E:\Bai1, D:\Luu\Bai1
c/ M tp tin chng trnh
= Vo ca s Pascal.
= Vo menu File, chn Open hoc nhn phm F3, trong hp thoI hin
ra, chn Bai1, nhp nt Open. Bn s thy chng trnh lc ny hin
ra nh hnh H14 trn.

Hnh H15 Ca s m chng trnh

2/ S dng cc phm trong son tho Program
a/ Dch chuyn con tr
= Cc phm hng q, +, , + trn bn phm dch chuyn du nhy
ln dng trn, xung dng dI, qua phI 1 k t, qua tri 1 k t.
= Ctrl + v Ctrl + +: s dch chuyn du nhy theo tng t.
= Home: a du nhy v u dng.
= End: a du nhy v cuI dng.
= Page Up hoc Page Down: Dch du nhy ln hoc xung theo tng
trang mn hnh.
= Ctrl + Page Up hoc Ctrl + Page Down: a du nhy v u tp
tin hay cuI tp tin.
b/ Sa cha vn bn
= Phm Del xo mt k t tI v tr hin thI ca du nhy.
= Phm Backspace xo k t nm bn tri du nhy.
= Ctrl + Y xo c dng ang cha du nhy.
= Insert chn ch chn hoc .
c/ Cc phm chc nng
Nhn vo ca s son tho chng trnh ca Pascal, bn thy cc phm
chc nng s c tc dng nh sau:
= F1 Help: Nhn phm F1 s hin thng tin ch dn.
= F2 Save: Nhn phm F2 s lu chng trnh.
= F3 Open: Nhn phm F3 s m chng trnh.
= Alt+F9 Compile: Nhn gi phm Alt, nhn thm phm F9 s Compile
chng trnh.
= F9 Make: Compile chng trnh.
= Alt+F10 Local menu: Hin ra menu.
= Alt+K t c mu ng trc cc mc menu: Xut hin menu
= ESC: Nhn phm ESC s lm bin mt cc hp thoI, menu ang
hin trn mn hnh son tho.
3/ Bin dch (Compile) chng trnh
Khi vit xong mt chng trnh, bin dch, bn c th thc hin mt
trong cc cch sau:
= Nhn Alt+F9
= Nhn Alt+C, dng phm +, q di chuyn vt sng n ch Compile
trong menu, nhn phm Enter. Hoc nhp chut tI menu Compile,
nhp chn mc Compile trong menu bung xung, hoc nhn phm
F10, dng phm hng di chuyn vt sng n mc Compile trn
menu, chn Compile trong menu bung xung.
O ch mc nhin, Pascal s chn Destination l Memory. Trong
trng hp ny, khi bn nhn Alt+F9 hoc vo menu chn Compile th s
bin dch chng trnh, bo kt qu ng sai. Khng to tp tin g c.

Khi nhp chut tI menu Compile.
Bn thy Destination l memory.

Hnh H16

O Nu mun chn ch Disk, bn ch cn nhp chut tI dng
Destination Memory hoc nhn phm D trn bn phm, menu bin mt.
Thc hin chn lI menu Compile, bn s thy nh hnh sau:

Khi nhp chut tI menu Compile.
Bn thy Destination l Disk.

Hnh H17

Bn lu , nu Compile chng trnh khi Destination l Disk th s to
tp tin vI tn hin tI c phn m rng l .EXE trn a, bn c th chy
chng trnh ny bng cch g ng dn v tn chng trnh ngay du
nhc ca h thng, c th chy bng cch chn tn chng trnh trong
Norton Commander, c th chy trong menu Start/Run ca Windows.
Nu khng c ch sai, bn s thy hp thng bo nh sau

Hnh H18 Compile khi chn Destination l Memory

Hnh H19 Compile khi chn Destination l Disk

Nu sai, bn s thy mt dng ch mu bo pha nh trn mn
hnh.
4/ Thot khI Pascal
= Vo menu File, chn Exit hoc
= Nhn Alt+X

Ghi ch:
Chy th chng trnh, cc bn s bit bi sau


W TM TT

ci t Turbo Pascal 7.0, bn phI c a CD hoc b a mm cha
Turbo 7.0. Bit thc hin cc thao tc tm n tp tin c tn
Install.exe, thc hin cc tc ng trn hp thoI hin ra.
thc hin chng trnh Pascal trn a cng, bn ch cn tm n th
mc c cha tp tin Turbo.exe, thng thng l th mc BIN. Nhn p
vo tn tp tin ny hoc nhp phI chut tI tn tp tin ny, chn Open
trong menu hin ra. thc hin trn a mm cng tng t nh vy,
nu dng a mm, ta ch cn chp 5 tp tin c tn TURBO. thc hin
trn MS-DOS PROMPT, bn vo MS-DOS PROMPT, trn mn hnh
DOS, vo Norton Commander, chn th mc c cha tp tin Turbo.exe,
di chuyn vt sng n tp tin ny v nhn phm Enter.
to mt chng trnh, bn g thng tin vo ca s son tho.
lu chng trnh, bn nhn phm F2 hoc vo menu File, chn Save
. Sau ny mun lu thm mt tp tin na c tn khc, bn vo menu
File, chn Save as.
m mt chng trnh, bn nhn phm F3 hoc vo menu File, chn
Open, trong hp thoI hin ra, chn tn tp tin mun m, nhp nt Open
trn hp thoi.
Cn thao tc cc phm chc nng nh hng dn bi hc thc
hin cho cng vic son tho chng trnh.
Bit cc cch bin dch chng trnh.


W BI TP THC HNH

O To mt th mc c tn PASCAL trong th mc gc ca a C:\. Ci
t Turbo Pascal 7.0 vo trong th mc ny.
O Xc nh tp tin Turbo.exe nm u khi ci t nh trn.
A/ Nm trong C:\
B/ Nm trong C:\PASCAL
C/ Nm trong C:\PASCAL\BIN
D/ C 3 cu trn u sai.
O Sau khi ci t xong, chp 5 tp tin c tn TURBO trong th mc BIN
vo th mc gc ca a mm A:\
O Thc tp vo PASCAL vI 3 cch:
A/ Thc hin trn a cng.
B/ Thc hin trn a mm.
C/ Thc hin bng cch s dng MS-DOS PROMPT.
Hy trnh by ra giy cc bc thc hin c theo 3 cch trn. Theo
bn cch no l tin lI v nhanh nht.
O To mt chng trnh nh sau:
Program Thuchanh;
Begin
Write(Ban co thich hoc PASCAL khng?);
Readln;
End.
A/ Th bin dch chng trnh bng cc cch nu trong bi hc.
B/ Xo du chm phy (;) pha sau ch Thuchanh. Bin dch chng trnh
xem kt qu. Hy th b du chm sau End xem thng bo khi
bin dch, th b du nhy n bao chuI Ban co thich hoc PASCAL
khong. Th b Begin v End. Sau khi th xong, sa lI cho ng.
C/ Hy lu chng trnh ny trong th mc BTPASCAL ca a C:
D/ Thot khI PASCAL.
O Tp m chng trnh ny bng cc cch hc v lu vI mt tn
khc, cng chn a ch lu l C:\BTPASCAL.
Khi lu tp tin vI tn khc nh trn, chng ta s thy:
A/ Tp tin c s c thay I thnh tn mi.
B/ Pascal s bo sai.
C/ Tp tin c vn cn, c thm tp tin mI vI tn va lu.
D/ C 3 cu trn u sai.
O To mt chng trnh nh bi 5, Bin dch vI Destination l Disk. Sau
khi c tn chng trnh vI phn m rng l .EXE (s nm trong
C:\CAIDAT\BIN). Chy th chng trnh trn bng 3 cch: Chy bng cch g
ng dn v tn chng trnh tI du nhc ca h iu hnh. Vo NC
thc hin. Thc hin tI menu Start/Run ca Windows.
BI
2

CU TRC CHNG TRNH PASCAL

KIN THC YU CU
O Bit c cc k t s dng trong Pascal.
O Bit cu trc ca mt chng trnh Pascal.
O Bit phn tch mt vn , chn giI thut giI quyt vn .
O Bit cch dch chng trnh sang m my.
O Bit chy th chng trnh v kim tra kt qu.

I/ Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca lp trnh Pascal
1/ Cc k hiu s dng trong Pascal
Bt c mt ngn ng lp trnh no cng c xy dng t mt s hu
hn cc k hiu. Trong ngn ng Pascal c xy dng t cc k hiu:
Begin, end, var, while, do, {, }, ;,
V cc k t a, b, c, d, , A, B, C, D, , 1, 2, 3, 4,
Ngn ng Pascal khng dng cc k hiu ca b ch hy lp.
xy dng thnh chng trnh, cc k hiu phI tun theo nhng quy
c v ng php v ng ngha quy nh ca Pascal.
a/ Danh hiu (identifiler)
Trong Pascal, t tn cho cc bin, hng, kiu, chng trnh con
Ta dng danh hiu (indentifiler). Danh hiu trong Pascal quy nh bt u
phI l mt ch ci, sau c th l ch ci, ch s hau l du gch dI _.
V d:
Tam
X
PT_bac_1
Delta
Z200
V d: cc bin sau khng phI l danh hiu
2bien
n!
Bien x
Trong Pascal danh hiu khng phn bit ch thng v ch hoa.
Vd: y vI Y l mt. Thanh_Da v THANH_dA l mt.
Ch : Chng ta khng nn t danh hiu trng vI danh hiu ca ngn ng v
nn dng danh hiu c tnh gI nh d vit v kim tra chng trnh, ngI
c cng cm thy d hiu.
V d: Write, Writeln, read, readln, sqrt, integer, real
b/ T kho (key word)
Trong ngn ng c nhng t c dnh ring nh l nhng phn t to
nn ngn ng. Do chng ta khng c t nhng danh hiu trng vI
nhng t dnh ring ny. ngI ta thng gI nhng t ny l t kho (key
word).
V d: Program, begin, end, while, do, procedure, function, type, var
T dnh ring ny cng khng phn bit ch thng v ch hoa.

Mt s t dnh ring trong Pascal

And Array Begin Case Const Div Do Downto
Else End File For Forward Function Goto If
In Label Mod Nil Not Of Or Procedure
Program Record Repeat Set Shl Shr String Then
To Type Until Var While With Xor

c/ Khong trng, du chm phy, du mc, du nhy n, ton t, ton
hng.
= Khong trng : Dng cch bit 2 t trong chui.
= Du chm phy ;: Dng sau tn chng trnh, sau cc cu lnh. (tr
cu lnh trc Else, chng ti s cp sau)
= Du mc { }: Trong Pascal nhng g t trong hai du mc s l
phn ghi ch.
= Du nhy n : Dng bao mt chui.
= Ton t: t gia hai ton hng. V d: x+2, y=8, 7>3, x<7, z>=y
vy +, =, >, <, <= l cc ton t, cn hai bn s l cc ton hng.
2/ Cu trc mt chng trnh Pascal
Mt chng trnh trong Pascal gm cc phn khai bo v sau l thn
ca chng trnh.
= Khai bo Program
= Khai bo Uses
= Khai bo Label
= Khai bo Const
= Khai bo Type
= Khai bo Var
= Khai bo cc chng trnh con (th tc hay hm)
= Thn chng trnh
Thn ca chng trnh c bt u bng t kho Begin v kt thc
bng t kho End v du chm .. Gia Begin v End. l cc pht biu.
V d:
Program Chuongtrinhmau;
Uses

Label

Const
...
Type

Var
.. (Khai bo tn v kiu ca cc bin)
Function
End;
Procedure
End;
Begin

End.
Thng thng trong mt chng trnh Pascal, cc khai bo Uses, Label,
const, type, Function, Procedure c th c hoc khng tu theo bi, nu khng
dng bin th cng khng cn khai bo Var (nh v d bi 1), tuy nhin hu
ht cc chng trnh u dng khai bo Program, var cc bin v thn chng
trnh.
II/ cc bc c bn vit mt chng trnh my tnh
1/ Phn tch cng vic v chn cch giI, gI l giI thut (algorithm)
lp trnh giI quyt mt vn , iu trc tin cn c l giI thut.
GiI thut l kin thc v lnh vc ca vn ang giI quyt. GiI thut c
ngha quyt nh n thnh cng ca chng trnh, c giI thut tt, mI c
chng trnh tt. C nhng giI thut tng qut nh t chc cu trc d liu,
thut ton sp xp, thut ton tm kim, thut ton phn phI b nh nhng
thut ton thuc lnh vc chuyn mn nh nhng giI thut ca ton, ca c
s d liu, ca tr tu nhn to, ca ho Tuy nhin trong lnh vc cp 2,
cc bn ch cn bit qua cc thut ton n gin.
V d: giI phng trnh bc 2, ta phI xt du delta vI (delta=b
2
-4*a*c)
2/ Vit chng trnh bng ngn ng Pascal
= Quan trng nht l phn ct li ca thn chng trnh giI quyt
thnh cng yu cu ra.
= Sau l phn nhp d liu u chng trnh v xut kt qu
cuI chng trnh.
= CuI cng l thm phn khai bo, cn dng nhng bin no khai bo
trong phn Var, t tn chng trnh trong phn khai bo program.
V d: giI phng trnh bc nht l pht biu If vI iu kin l cc trng
hp a bng hay khc 0, b bng hay khc 0. Trong phn li thng khng c
nhp xut.
Tm lI: Khi vit mt chng trnh, u tin ng ngh tn chng trnh l g,
dng cc bin no, khoan ngh n phI nhp xut d liu nh th no cho
p mt, m phI tp trung trc tin vo vic vit phn li ca chng trnh
sao cho th hin chnh xc qua giI thut.
3/ Dch chng trnh sang m my
Bin dch chng trnh xem c ch no vit sai v c php hay mt vn
no iu chnh li.
4/ Chy th v kim tra kt qu
Khi bin dch khng bo lI, cha chc chng trnh ca bn cho kt qu
ng, nhiu khi giI thut sai, s cho kt qu sai. Do bn chy th chng
trnh, kim tra kt qu xem c chnh xc hay khng.
V d: ch thay v du cng bn lI cho du tr, ch l bin a, bn lI
l bin b. C php ng, bin dch ng nhng kt qu sai.
= chy chng trnh, bn thc hin mt trong nhng cch sau:
Nhn Ctrl+F9 hoc
Nhn Alt+R (hoc nhp chut tri tI tn menu, hoc nhn phm F10,
di chuyn vt sng n mc Run), a vt sng n Run, nhn phm
Enter.

W TM TT

Cn nm vng nhng nguyn tc c bn ca lp trnh Pascal, bit cc
k hiu dng c, khng dng dc, khng nn dng. Bit mt s cc
t kho khng dng tn danh hiu ging nh vy.
Cn bit cc k t thng dng nh du chm phy, du nhy n, du
mc, v chng thng dng u.
Cn bit cc ton t trong Pascal.
Bit cu trc ca mt chng trnh Pascal, v tr ca chng, phn no c
th b c, phn no khng th thiu.
Trc khi khai bo cc bin, phI c t kho Var.
Bit bc u tin khi vit mt chng trnh, trong chng trnh, bit
phn no l ct li tp trung thc hin trc.
Bit bin dch v sa lI chng trnh.
Qua kt qu, kim tra lI giI thut, s dng bin ng hay khng...

W BI TP THC HNH

O Xc nh cc khai bo bin nh sau l ng hay sai.
A/ Thanhtien
B/ 1_Luong
C/ Dem so
D/ !Giaithua
E/ $USD
F/ Ket Qua
G/ Ket_qua
H/ BaSo555
I/ Nam 2003
O Danh hiu no sau y dng khng c
A/ begin
B/ Batdau
C/ Until
D/ DenKhi
O Trong Pascal, nu dng du nhy bao chuI cho cu sau th c ng
khng.
Toi rat thich hoc ngon ngu PASCAL
O Tm ch sai v thiu trong cc chng trnh sau:

Program Quangcao
Write(Chao mung SEA Games 22 tai Viet Nam).
Readln;
End

Program Vui:
X : integer; { Cho bit khai bo ng}
Y : Real; (Cho bit khai bo ng)
Begin
Write(Khai bao bien x co kieu nguyen, bien Y co kieu so thuc);
Readln.
End;

Program Nhanxet;
{Begin}
Write(Hoc Pascal kho qua!);
Readln;
End.

O Tm giI thut tnh tng 10 s nguyn u tin.
O Tm giI thut tnh tng 5 s chn u tin.
O Tm giI thut tnh Max ca 2 s, max ca 3 s.
O Tm giI thut bit c s chung ln nht ca 2 s.
O Tm giI thut bit mt s c phI l s nguyn t hay khng.
G Tm giI thut giI phng trnh bc nht.


BI

KIU D LIU C S

KIN THC Y U CU
O Nhn bit mt s th hin ca mn hnh Windows.
O Bit cch s dng cc thnh phn ca mn hnh Windows.
O Luyn tp thao tc s dng chut.

I/ D liu kiu s
1/ Khi nim v d liu v kiu d liu
Trong Pascal mt d liu (data) bao gi cng thuc v mt kiu d liu
nht nh. Mt kiu d liu (data type) l mt s quy nh v hnh dng, cu
trc v gi tr ca d liu cng nh cch biu din v cch x l d liu. Ngn
ng lp trnh ch chp nhn x l nhng d liu tun theo s quy nh v kiu
ca ngn ng lp trnh .
2/ Cc kiu d liu trong Pascal
C th phn loI nh sau:
a/ Cc kiu n gin (simple type):
= Kiu real
= Cc kiu rI rc: integer, char, boolean, byte, word, lit k, min con.
b/ Cc kiu c cu trc:
= Array (dy)
= Record (mu tin)
= Set (tp hp)
= File (tp tin)
= String (chuI)
c/ Kiu con tr (pointer type)
3/ Tm hiu mt s kiu cn bn
a/ Kiu s nguyn (integer): L cc s nguyn, biu din dI dng s h
thp phn (c s 10 dng cc s t 0 n 9), n cng c th biu din dI
3
dng h thp lc phn hexidecimal (c s 16, dng cc s t 0 n 9, v A, B,
C, D, E, v F), dng du $ t trc s dng c s 16, nm trong khong t $0
n $FFFF. C 5 kiu s nguyn nh sau:
V d:
Hexidecimal Decimal
$FFFF 65535
$1A3E 6718
$321F 12831

Tn kiu Phm vi Kch thc
Shortint -128 n 127 1 byte
Integer -32768 n 32767 2 byte
Longint -2147483648 n 2147483647 4 byte
Byte 0 n 255 1 byte
Word 0 n 65535 2 byte

= Cch khai bo: Tn bin, du hai chm :, kiu, du chm phy ;
V d:
VAR
X : Byte;
So : Integer;
Ketqua : Integer;
Chng ta c th khai bo nhiu bin cng kiu cch nhau bng du
phy ,
V d:
VAR
So,Ketqua : Integer;
= Cc php ton c th thc hin trn kiu s nguyn: + (cng), - (tr),
* (nhn), DIV (php chia nguyn) v MOD (s d).
b/ Kiu s thc (real): L nhng d liu s thc, c vit dI dng mt
s thp phn, c th theo sau bng mt lu tha ca 10 (k hiu bng ch E)
V d:
-234.5678
-2.5E2 c ngha l -2.5 x 10
2

1.8E-10 c ngha l 1.8 x 10
-10

Tn kiu Phm vi Kch thc
Single 1.5E-45 n 3.4E+38 4 byte
Real 2.9 x 10
39
n 1.7 x 10
38
6 byte
Double 5.0E-324 n 1.7E+308 8 byte
Extended 3.4E-4932 n 1.1E+4932 10 byte
Comp -9.2E+18 n 9.2E+18 8 byte

= Cch khai bo: Tn bin, du hai chm :, kiu, du chm phy ;
V d:
VAR
X : Real;
Y : Single;
Z : Double;
Chng ta c th khai bo nhiu bin cng kiu cch nhau bng du
phy ,
V d:
VAR
So,Ketqua : Real;
= Cc php ton c th thc hin trn kiu s nguyn: + (cng), - (tr),
* (nhn), / (chia).
II/ D liu kiu Logic
1/ Kiu Logic (Boolean): Gm hai gi tr False (sai) v True (ng).
V d:
VAR
BienLogic : Boolean;
Khi khai bo xong ta c th gn cho BienLogic mt trong hai gi tr:
BienLogic := True; hay BienLogic := False;
2/ Biu thc Logic
V d: x > 5; (x < 4) And (y > 7)
x > 5 s ng (True) khi x c gi tr t 6 tr ln, v sai (False) khi x c gi
tr nh hn hoc bng 5.
(x < 4) And (y > 7) s ng khi khi x c gi tr nh hn 4 v gi tr ca y t
8 tr ln.
Kt qu ca biu thc trn s c gi tr l ng hoc sai. Cc biu thc ny
thng dng lm iu kin trong cc pht biu ca Pascal.
Bn thng dng 6 ton t so snh l: = , > , < , >= , <= , <>
V d:
If (x >10) Then
If (x > 2) And (y >2) Then
I vI kiu ny, cc bn cn bit cc ton t lun l NOT, AND, OR v
XOR.
A NOT A
True False
False True

A B A AND B
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

A B A OR B
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

A B A XOR B
True True False
True False True
False True True
False False False
III/ D liu kiu Char (k t)
1/ Kiu Char: L nhng d liu k t, mt k t c vit trong hai du nhy
( ).
V d: 3, M, N, a, b
VAR
Kytu : Char;
Kytu := A;
Mt k t c cha trong mt byte.
K t c biu din trong b nh bI gi tr ca n trong bng m ASCII.
V d: K t B c m ASCII l 66, s c biu din trong b nh bng 1 byte
c tr l 66.
Nh vy cc k t c biu din bng cc tr t 0 n 255.
2/ Ton t v cc hm th vin dng cho kiu Char
Cc k t c th so snh vI nhau da trn bng m ASCII. Vy c th
dng cc ton t so snh I vI kiu ny.
V d: A < B v trong bng m ASCII A=65 v B=66 v 65<66.
Hm CHR(n:Byte): Hm ny cho ta k t c m ASCII bng n.
V d: CHR(65) = A, CHR(97) = a, CHR(67) = C, CHR(98) = b
Hm ORD(c:Char): Hm ny cho ta m ASCII ca k t c.
V d: ORD(A) = 65, ORD(a) = 97
IV/ D liu kiu String (chuI)
1/ Kiu String: L mt chuI cc k t, chiu di tI a l 255.
V d:
VAR
Chuoi : String;
Chuoi := ***CHAO BAN ***;
Bn cng c th giI hn cho chuI.
V d:
VAR
Chuoingan : String[8];
Chuoingan := ThanhDa;
Nu khai bo bin nh trn, bn dng chuI c chiu di tI a l 8.
2/ Ton t nI chuI: Bn c th dng du cng + nI hai chuI vI nhau
V d:
VAR
Chuoi : String;
Chuoimot : String;
Chuoihai : String[6];
Bn c th thc hin nh sau:
Chuoimot := Truong DHBK;
Chuoihai := TP.HCM
Chuoi := Chuoimot + Chuoihai;
V/ Mt s hm v th tc th vin ca Pascal
1/ Hm
O Hm ABS(Num)
Num c kiu l Integer hoc Real.
Hm ny cho kt qu l tr tuyt I ca Num, kiu kt qu ging kiu I
s Num.
V d: ABS(-34)=34; ABS(-34.5) = 3.4500000000E+01
O Hm EXP(Num)
Kt qu l e m Num (e
Num
), kt qu s c kiu Real.
V d: EXP(2) = e
2

O Hm Ln(Num)
Kt qu l Logarit t nhin ca Num. Kiu kt qu l Real.
V d: Ln(10) = 2.3025850930E+00
O Hm SQR(Num)
Kt qu l bnh phng ca Num. Kiu kt qu l kiu ca I s.
V d: SQR(3) = 9, SQR(1.2) = 1.4400000000E+00
O Hm SQRT(Num)
Kt qu l cn bc hai ca Num (Num phI ln hn 0), kt qu c kiu l
Real.
V d: SQRT(4) = 2.0000000000E+00
O Hm INT(Num)
Kt qu cho ta phn nguyn ca Num. Kiu kt qu l Real.
V d: INT(4.6) = 4.0000000000E+00
O Hm FRAC(Num)
Cho ta phn l ca I s. Kiu kt qu l Real.
V d: FRAC(4.3) = 0.3, FRAC(-2.5) = -0.5
O Hm ROUND(Num)
Num c kiu l Real.
Kt qu lm trn s theo nguyn tc thng thng, kiu kt qu l Integer.
V d: ROUND(3.6) = 4, ROUND(3.2) = 3
O Hm TRUNC(Num)
Num c kiu Real.
ngha ging nh hm INT. Khi cn kiu tr v l Integer, bn phI dng
hm TRUNC(Num).
V d: TRUNC(4.6) = 4
O Hm ODD(Num)
Num c kiu l Integer.
Hm ny c kt qu l True nu Num l s nguyn l, tri lI s cho kt
qu l False. Vy kiu kt qu l Boolean.
V d: ODD(4) = FALSE
O Hm RANDOM
Kiu kt qu l Real.
Kt qu l s nguyn ngu nhin 0<= n<= Num
O Hm UPCASE(Ch)
Ch c kiu Char.
Kt qu l k t hoa tng ng vI Ch, kiu kt qu l Char.
V d: UPCASE(h) = H
O Hm COPY(Ch, Vitri, So)
Ch l biu thc kiu String.
Vitri v So l biu thc kiu Integer.
Hm ny tr v mt chuI gm c So k t, bt u t Vitri trong chuI Ch.
V d: Nu chuI Ch =PASCAL, COPY(Ch, 4, 3) s l CAL
O Hm LENGTH(Ch)
Ch l mt chuI
Cho bit chiu di ca chuI Ch, kiu kt qu l Integer.
V d: LENGTH(PASCAL) = 6
O Hm POS(SubCh, Ch)
SubCh, ch l chui
Hm ny cho ta bit v tr xut hin u tin ca SubCh trong biu thc
Ch, nu SubCh khng nm trong Ch th n s cho tr 0.
V d: nu Ch = PASCAL, th POS( AS, Ch) = 2, POS( L, Ch)= 6
POS( T, Ch) = 0
2/ Th tc
O CLRSCR: Xo mn hnh v a du nhy v dng 1 v ct 1 ca mn
hnh.
O GOTOXY(X, Y): em du nhy v dng Y ct X
O EXIT: Nu Exit thuc chng trnh con th chm dt chng trnh con v
tr v ch gI n. Nu thuc chng trnh chnh th s chm dt chng trnh.
O HALT: Chm dt thc hin chng trnh.
O DELAY(time)
Time c kiu Integer, tnh theo 1/1000 giy.
Th tc DELAY(time) dng mt thI gian l time.
O DELETE(Ch, Vitri, So)
Ch c kiu chuI
Vitri, So kiu Integer
Th tc ny s xo trong biu thc Ch mt s k t l So, bt u t v tr.
V d: Nu Ch = PASCALVISUALBASIC
th DELETE(Ch, 7, 11) s c PASCAL
O INSERT(Ch1, Ch2, Vitri)
Ch1, Ch2 l biu thc kiu chui.
Vitri l biu thc kiu Integer.
Th tc ny s thm Ch1 vo trong chuI Ch2 trc v tr Vitri
V d: nu Ch2=ASCAL th Insert(P, Ch2, 1) ta s c PASCAL.
Nu Vitri vt qu chiu di ca chuI Ch2 th Ch1 s c nI vo sau
chuI Ch2. V d: Insert(BASIC, Ch2, 8) s c ASCALBASIC
O STR(Giatri, Ch)
Giatri l mt biu thc Integer hoc Real c ghi dng in ra
Ch l bin kiu chui.
Th tc ny cho chng ta Ch l dng chuI biu din cho Giatri.
V d: j := 12345; Th STR(j:6, Ch) cho ta Ch= 12345 (c 1 khong trng
trc). Nu dng STR(j, Ch) th ta c 12345.
O VAL(Ch, Bien, Loi)
Ch l biu thc kiu chui.
Bien l bin c kiu l Integer hoc Real.
Loi l bin c kiu l Integer.
Th tc ny s bin chuI Ch thnh s v gn vo Bien (Ch phI l l mt
chuI biu din s nguyn hoc s thc).
V d: Ch =2004 th VAL(Ch, x, e) s cho x=2004, e=0.
Nu Ch=2004A th VAL(Ch, x, e) s cho x khng xc nh, e=5 (k t
th 5 trong chuI Ch b lI).
Nu khng c lI, e=0, nu c lI, e s bng v tr u tin gy ra li.
Trong chuI Ch khng c c du trng i trc hoc sau s.

W TM TT

Cn nm vng cc d liu kiu s, kiu Logic, kiu Char, kiu String,
cch khai bo cc kiu, bit gi tr giI hn ca tng loI kiu, khi khai
bo nn chn kiu g cho ph hp, trnh tn nhiu b nh, bit cch khai
bo cc bin, cc ton t s dng trong mI kiu.
Cn bit thm cc hm v th tc dng trong cc kiu v cch dng hm
v th tc trong chng trnh thc hin nhng yu cu ca u bi
mt cch nhanh chng.

W BI TP THC HNH

O Xc nh cc kiu d liu v gi tr giI hn cho tng bin qua cc khai
bo bin nh sau:
A/ x : Integer;
B/ x : Byte;
C/ y : Longint;
D/ Chuoi : Char;
E/ Chuoi : String;
F/ Ketqua : Real;
G/ Tongso : Double;
H/ Ketqua : Boolean;
I/ Ketqua : Single;
O Tm cu sai trong cc khai bo bin sau y:
A/ Tongso : Real;
B/ Soam : Int;
C/ Soduong : Integer;
D/ Dungsai : Boolean;
O Thm, bt sa li chng trnh sau cho ng (c ghi ch cho bn ch
sai, k hiu := l php gn trong Pascal). Kim tra lI bng cch chy
th chng trnh:
Program TIMCHOSAI {thiu}
Var
m : Integer;
n : Real;
ch : Chuoi; {sai}
Begin
m := 19;
n := 25.62;
Ch := Ban thay hoc Pascal co kho lam khng?; {thiu}
a := Hoc di doi voi hanh; {sai, v sao?}
Writeln (So nguyen m =, m);
Writeln (So thuc n =, n);
Writeln Hoi ban mot chut, Ch); {thiu}
Readln;
End.
O Tm ch sai v thiu trong cc chng trnh sau, nu r iu sai hoc
thiu:
Program BongdaSEAGAMES22;
X : Integer;
Ch1 : Ctring;
Ch2 : String;
Begin
Ch1 := Doi tuyen bong da VIETNAM
Ch2 := Doi tuyen bong da THAILAN
X := 1;
Writeln(Trong tran dau ngay 30/11/2003 vao luc 17h30 , Ch1, Da
hoa , Ch2, voi ti so , x, -, x);
Writeln(Ban cam thay vui hay nuoi tiec cho doi tuyen Viet Nam);
Readln;
End.
Ghi ch: Cho bit ch sai trong chng trnh tnh t trn xung: thiu, sai,
thiu, thiu.
O Nhp vo chng trnh nh sau, chy xem kt qu v nhn xt.
Program THUHAM;
Var
X : Real;
Y : Real;
Z : Integer;
Ch1 : String;
Ch2 : String;
Begin
X := 15.56;
Y := 20.92;
Z := 5;
Ch1 := Seagame2;
Ch2 := DuoctochuctaiVietNam;
Writeln (Gia tri tuyet doi cua X la: , ABS(X));
Writeln (e luy thua Z la: , EXP(Z));
Writeln (Logarith cua Z la: , Ln(Z));
Writeln (Binh phuong cua Z la: , SQR(Z));
Writeln (Can bac hai cua Z la: , SQRT(Z));
Writeln (Phan nguyen cua X va Y la: , INT(X), INT(Y));
Writeln (Phan le cua so X va Y la: , FRAC(X), FRAC(Y));
Writeln (Ket qua tron so cua X va Y la: , ROUND(X), ,ROUND(Y));
Writeln (Phan nguyen cua X la so nguyen: , TRUNC(X));
Writeln (Copy(Ch1,4,5) la: , COPY(Ch1,4,5));
Writeln (Chieu dai cua chuoi Ch1 va Ch2 la: , LENGTH(Ch1), ,
LENGTH(Ch2));
Writeln (Chu e co dau tien trong chuoi Ch1 la: , POS(e, Ch1));
Readln;
End.
O Vit chng trnh c dng CLRSCR nh sau, bn chy th chng trnh
3 ln, nhn xt kt qu xut hin trn mn hnh.
Program DungCLRSCR;
Uses CRT;
Begin
Clrscr;
Writeln (Chao mung Sea Games 22 to chuc tai Viet Nam);
Readln;
End.


BI
Cu lnh n

KIN THC YU CU
O Bit cch s dng sp xp cu lnh trong chng trnh.
O Bit cch s dng cc lnh, th tc, hm ca cc n v chun,
bit cch khai bo bng lnh Uses.
O Bit ngha v khai bo cc kiu Type, const v khai bo cc bin.
O Bit s qua v hm v th tc, cch khai bo v cch gI trong thn
ca chng trnh.
O Bit dng cc cu lnh v cc pht biu c th dng trong thn ca
chng trnh.
O Bit cc lnh nhp d liu t bn phm, lnh xut d liu ra mn hnh
v my in.

I/ S dng cu lnh ca Pascal
1/ Cu lnh khai bo d liu:
Sau khai bo Program tn chng trnh du chm phy l khai bo n v
chun (Unit) nu nh bn dng lnh, hm, th tc lin quan n n v
chun . Bn khai bo th vin lnh (Uses) nh sau:
Khai bo: Uses tn n v;
V d: Trong bi tp 6 ca bi trc, khi dng lnh CLRSCR; xo thng tin
trn mn hnh, a du nhy v gc tri trn ca mn hnh. Lnh ny thuc
n v chun CRT, nu bn khng khai bo Uses Crt; trnh bin dch s bo lI
v n khng h bit lnh Clrscr, n xem nh bn cha nh ngha bin ny.
Turbo Pascal c cc n v chun nh : Crt, Dos, Graph, Grph, Overlay,
Printer, System, Turbo v Windos.
Khai bo kiu Type thng khai bo mt cu trc dng trong chng
trnh.
V d: khai bo mt kiu tp hp
Type
TapN = Set of Integer;
Traicay = (Nhan, saurieng, cam, quyt);
Taptraicay = Set of Traicay;
V d: Khi khai bo mt mu tin
Type
Hocsinh = record
Hoten : String[40];
Namsinh : 1990 .. 1995;
4
Noisinh : String;
End;
Khai bo Const dng khai bo mt hng no .
V d:
Const
n = 10;
Khai bo bin thng l khai bo sau cng, trc cc hm v th tc (nu
c), trc thn ca chng trnh. Trc khi khai bo bin bn phI dng t
kho VAR nh cp trn.
V d:
Var
x,y,n,m : Integer;
k : Real;
Ketqua : String;
2/ S dng hm v chng trnh
cho mt chng trnh sng sa d hiu, ngI ta thng dng hm
v th tc trong chng trnh, v tr ca chng thng c t trc thn
ca chng trnh chnh.
a/ hm
Function tnhm(cc thng s (cch nhau bng du ;): kiu tr v;
Var

Begin
..
..
End;
b/ Th tc
Procedure tnthtc(cc thng s (cch nhau bng du ;);
Var

Begin
.
.
End;
Ghi ch: Hm v th tc cc bn s c hc trong cc bi sau
3/ Cc cu lnh dng trong thn chng trnh
Cu lnh n: nh lnh gn gi tr (:=). V d: x:=5; y:=8; z:=7.9;
Ch1:= Doi bong da Viet Nam; Lnh gI th tc, gI hm
v d: C mt th tc
Procedure Nhap(Var an:Mang; m,n:Integer; x,y:Integer);
Var

Begin

End;
Begin {Thn chng trnh}
..
..
Nhap(a,m,n,WhereX,WhereY); {Lnh gI th tc}
..
..
End.
Gi s bn c mt hm nh sau:
Function Max(m:Real; n:Real;):Real;
Begin
.
.
End;
Begin
.
.
Writeln(So lon nhat cua hai so tren la: , Max(a,b); {lnh gI hm}
Readln;
End.
Cc cu lnh nhp, xut:
Read(bin1,bin2, ,bin n); Write(mc1, mc2, , mc n);
Cc cu lnh c cu trc: Nh lnh la chn If, case, lnh lp nh
For, While, Repeat. Cc lnh ny cc bn s c hc trong cc bi sp ti.
Cu lnh ghp: Begin end;
Ghi ch: Sau End ca hm, th tc, cu lnh ghp l du chm phy ;.
II/ Lnh nhp - xut d liu
1/ Lnh nhp d liu
T bn phm: nhp d liu t bn phm vo cho cc bin ca chng
trnh, bn dng lnh Read hoc Readln nh sau:
Read(bin1, bin2, , binN);
Readln(bin1, bin2, , binN);
Trong cc bin1, bin2, , binN phI c kiu s nguyn, s thc, k
t hoc kiu chui.
MI cu lnh Read hoc Readln u dng chng trnh cho chng ta
nhp d liu vo cc bin, nu nhp cha , my ch cho n khi nhp xong.
Lnh Readln;
Khng c gi tr g c, ch cho n khi nhn phm Enter s tr v mn
hnh son tho, c dng kim tra kt qu ca chng trnh, nu khng
c lnh ny, khi nhn phm Ctrl+F9 bn khng thy kt qu, n s v ngay mn
hnh son tho, mun thy, bn phI nhn Alt+F5.
Lnh gn gi tr cho mt bin
Khi mun gn gi tr cho mt bin c khai bo, bn dng du hai
chm v du bng (:=).
V d: x := 25; y:= 3.6; Chuoi := Hoc Pascal khong co gi kho;
2/ Lnh xut d liu
xut d liu ra mn hnh, chng ta dng lnh Write hoc Writeln.
Write(mc1, mc2, , mcN);
Lnh ny vit ra cc mc t mc1 n mcN, khng xung hng sau khi
vit xong mc cuI cng. Cc mc c th l bin, hng, biu thc nu l
chuI th c bao hai du nhy n, nu l bin, ch cn ghi tn bin.
V d:
Program LenhWrite;
Begin
Write(Chuc mung ban);
Write(den voi ngon ngu Pascal.);
Readln;
End.
Chy th chng trnh, s c kt qu hin ra nh sau:
Chuc mung ban den voi ngon ngu Pascal.
Mc du dng hai cu lnh Write, nhng kt qu xut hin trn mt dng
nh kt qu ca chng trnh trn, bn c th dng:
Program LenhWrite;
Begin
Write(Chuc mung ban , den voi ngon ngu Pascal.);
Readln;
End.
Bn c th xem v d sau:
Program LenhWrite;
Var
X : integer;
Begin
X:= 14;
Write(Ban Son nam nay duoc: , X, tuoi.);
Readln;
End.
Kt qu s l Ban Son nam nay duoc 14 tuoi.
Lnh Writeln(mc1, mc2, , mcN);
Lnh ny s xung dng sau khi vit mc cuI cng, cc mc cng c
ngha nh trong lnh Write.
V d:
Program LenhWriteln;
Begin
Writeln(Chuc mung ban);
Writeln(Den voi ngon ngu Pascal.);
Readln;
End.
Kt qu s l:
Chuc mung ban
Den voi ngon ngu Pascal.
Program LenhWriteln;
Begin
Writeln(Chao mung Sea Games 22);
Write(Duoc to chuc tai );
Write(Viet Nam.);
End.
Kt qu s l:
Cho mung Sea Games 22
Duoc to chuc tai Viet Nam.
Write(R:10:6); s vit s thc chim 10 ch, trong 6 ch dnh cho phn
thp phn.
Write(I:10); s vit s nguyn chim 10 ch.
xut d liu ra my in, bn phI khai bo trong chng trnh:
Uses Printer;
Dng cu lnh Write hoc Writeln c dng nh sau:
Write(LST, mc1, mc2, , mcN);
Writeln(LST, mc1, mc2, , mcN);
VI LST l tn thit b my in khai bo trong Unit Printer.


W TM TT

Khi dng cc lnh, hm, th tc trong cc n v chun, bn phI khai
bo ng. V d: nu dng lnh Clrscr, Gotoxy(x,y) bn phI khai bo
Uses Crt; khi mun xut d liu ra mn hnh, bn phI khia bo Uses
Printer;
Dng khai bo Type khai bo cc cu trc nh tp hp, mu tin ...
nu c dng hng s th khai bo Const. Trc khi khai bo cc bin
nh c t kho Var.
Cu trc ca mt hm bt u bng Function, mt th tc bt u bng
Procedure. Xem lI cch gI chng trong chng trnh.
lnh gn dng :=, khi phI la chn mt vn dng pht biu If hoc
Case, khi cn cng vic lp i lp lI, dng pht biu For, While hoc
Repeat. Cu lnh ghp s bt u bng t kho Begin v kt thc bng
End v du chm phy.
Khi nhp d liu t bn phm dng lnh Read hoc Readln.
Khi cn xut d liu ra mn hnh dng lnh Write hoc Writeln, nu dng
Write th khng xung hng, nu dng Writeln th s xung hng sau khi
thc hin. Nu dng khai bo Uses Printer; s xut ra my in.

W BI TP THC HNH

O Vit mt chng trnh xut ra mn hnh hai chuI: Chao mung doi tuyen
bong da Viet Nam v Tai Sea Game 22.
A/ Dng mt lnh Write kt qu hai chuI hin ra trn mt dng.
B/ Dng hai lnh Write c kt qu nh cu A.
C/ Dng hai lnh chuI mt s xut hin dng trn, chuI hai xut
hin dng sau.
D/ Dng thm lnh Clrscr. giI thch kt qu hin ra trn mn hnh khi
thc hin lnh ny.
O Tm cu ng trong cc lnh gn cc bin sau y:
A/ Tongso := Real;
B/ Soam =: Int;
C/ Soduong :- Integer;
D/ Dungsai :: Boolean;
O Thm, bt sa li chng trnh sau cho ng, kim tra lI bng cch
chy th chng trnh:
Program TIMCHOSAI;
Var
m : Integer;
n : Real;
ch : String;
Begin
Clrscr;
m =: 19;
n := 25.62;
Ch := Hoc di doi voi hanh;
Writeln (So nguyen m =, m);
Writeln (So thuc n =, n);
Writeln Hoi ban mot chut, Ch);
Readln;
End.
O Vt chng trnh c khai bo 3 bin x, y v z c kiu nguyn, thc hin
php gn x bng 2, y bng 4 v z bng tch ca hai s x v y. Xut kt
qu ra mn hnh cu:
A/ Tong hai so x va y la: (kt qu ng).
B/ Tong hai so x va y la:
(kt qu ng)
C/ (Kt qu ng) la ket qua cua tich hai so x va y.
O Vit chng trnh vI khai bo 3 bin nh trn, nhng khng dng
php gn, m nhp t bn phm hai bin x v y. sau bo ra kt qu ging
nh cc trng hp A, B v C trn.
O GiI thch chng trnh sau thc hin iu g.
Program TinhToan;
Uses Crt;
Var
Bien : real;
Ketquamot, Ketquahai, ketquaba : Real;
Begin
Clrscr;
Writeln(Nhap vao mot bien :);
Readln(Bien);
Ketquamot := Bien * Bien;
Ketquahai := 4 * Bien;
Ketquaba := Bien * SQRT(2);
Writeln(Do ban day la gi? = , Ketquamot : 10 : 1);
Writeln(Ket qua nay la gi? = , Ketquahai : 10 : 1);
Writeln(Cung cau hoi nhu tren , Ketquaba : 10 : 2);
Readln;
End.
O Vit chng trnh tnh din tch hnh tam gic theo cng thc H Rng
S = cn bc hai ca p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c) vI p =(a+b+c)/2.
O Vit chng trnh tnh 4 php ton c bn cng, tr, nhn, chia hai s,
vI hai s c nhp t bn phm.
O Vit chng trnh tnh s d ca php chia s nguyn th nht cho s
nguyn th hai, vI hai s nguyn c nhp t bn phm.

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