- 8 -

CHNG 1
LCH S PHAT TRIN CUA TUC BIN

Khi noi v tuc bin chung ta thng gp 3 loai tuc bin: tuc bin hi, tuc bin
kh va tuc bin nc. Ngay nay tuc bin la b phn rt quan trong trong cac nha may
nhit in (tuc bin hi, tuc bin kh) va trong nha may thuy in (tuc bin nc).
Giao trnh nay chu yu trnh bay v tuc bin hi va tuc bin kh.

1.1- Tuc bin hi:
Tuc bin hi ra i cach y hn 100 nm.
Trong th ky 19 may hi nc pit tng la may nhit chu yu. Nm 1883 ln u tin
tuc bin hi c a vao th nghim va a nhanh chong phat trin hn hn may hi
nc nh nhng u im sau y:
- Cng sut ln hn nhiu do ta s dung c mt lng hi ln
- Hi co th gian n t ap sut cao xung ap sut rt thp v vy nng cao
c hiu sut.
- Co th thu hi lai nc ngng trong mt chu trnh nc - hi kh nen, tng
cht lng nc cp vi cac thng s cao.
- Chay m hn may hi nc, thun tin trong vn hanh

















Hnh 1.1: S mt ct
Tuc bin xung lc mt tng
1- Truc tuc bin
2- a
3- Cach ng
4- Day ng phun
5- Thn Tuc bin
6- ng thont
- 9 -

















Hnh 1.2: M hnh tuc bin hi hin ai - hang Siemens

Nm 1883 Gustav de Laval (Thuy in) a ch tao ra tuc bin u tin. y la
tuc bin xung lc mt tng, cng sut 3,7 kW, s vong quay rt ln, ln n 32.000
vong/phut, c ni qua hp giam tc vi may phat in - hi i qua ng phun day
(ng phun Laval), tng tc, co ng nng ln sau o i vao canh quat ng c gn
trn nh tuc bin. Tai y ng nng bin thanh c nng lam quay truc tuc bin
Nm 1884 Charles Parsons (Anh quc) a ch tao ra tuc bin phan lc u
tin. Tuc bin co cng sut 5 kW, s vong quay 18.000 vong/phut, c ni trc tip
vi may phat i n mt chiu, ap sut hi mi 0,7 MPa. y la mt tuc bin nhiu
tng (mi tng gm mt day ng phun va day canh ng lin nhau) c gn trc
tip ln truc hnh tang trng
Hi c gian n lin tuc trong cac tng, ng nng ra khoi tng trc c s
dung mt phn tng sau. Do o lam giam c tn tht tc ra, nng cao c
hiu sut cua tuc bin. Trong tuc bin loai nay, hi khng nhng gian n trong ng
phun ma con ca trong canh quat ng.
Nm 1896 Charles Curtis (My) a vao vn hanh tuc bin co tng tc .
Trong tng tc nay cac canh quat c gn ln cung mt nh co nhi u day k
nhau. Nh o giam c s vong quay va n gian trong truyn ng.

- 10 -













Nm 1900 ra i tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng u tin cua ky s ngi Phap
Rateau vi cng sut 735 kW.
1903 nha bac hoc ngi Thuy sy Aurel Stodola ln u tin trnh bay v ly
thuyt tuc bin hi.
1904 Tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng va ng phun co min ct vat cua Heinrich
Zoelly ( Thuy s ), cng sut 1100 kW.
1907 Hang BBC ( Thuy sy ) ch tao tuc bin hi cng sut 5000 kW u tin
vi s vong quay la 1000 vong/phut, co tng tc va tng phan lc.
1912 Tuc bin hng truc u tin cua hai anh em Ljungs Trons ngi Thuy
in. Loai tuc bin hng truc nay v sau t c ph bin do han ch v cng sut.













Hnh 1.3: Tuc bin phan
lc nhiu tng
1- Thn tuc bin
2-3 - Cnnh dong
4-5 - Cnnh tlnh
6 - Thn ngoni
7 - Hoi vno
8 - Thn tuoc bin
9 - uong hoi moi
T0 - Cun thont

Hnh 1.4: S Tuc bin
hng truc
1,2 - a Tuc bin
3 - ng dn hi mi
4,5 - Truc Tuc bin
6,7 - Cach quat tn trung gian
8 - Thn Tuc bin
- 11 -

1925 Hang AEG ( c ) va BBC ( Thuy in ) nng thng s cua hi ln n
P = 3,5 5,5 MPa, nhit t = 450
o
C
1930 Tuc bin cao ap u tin cua th gii ra i do hang BBC ch tao vi ap
sut P = 19,5 Mpa , t = 500
o
C , y la tuc bin th nghim nn cng sut ch mi at
4 MW.
1930 Tuc bin 2 truc vi cng sut 160 MW BBC va 210 MW (GE,
Westinghouse)
1931 Tuc bin mt truc vi cng sut 160 MW (GE)
1954 Nha may in nguyn t u tin ra i Dbnisk (Lin x cu) vi tuc
bin hi m.
1956 Tuc bin siu tc vi thng s hi P = 24 MPa, t = 560
o
C cua hang
Siemens (c) va GE (My)
1960 Cac tuc bin cng sut 500MW u tin ra i. ( My, Anh, Thuy s ).
1970 T hp Tuc bin may phat 1000 MW u tin va 1300 MW - Tuc bin
hai truc cua hang BBC ra i.
Song song vi vic tng cng sut cac t may, thng s hi va hiu sut cua
cac tuc bin nay ngay mt tng. Trn hnh 1.4 biu th qua trnh phat trin cua thng
s hi, hiu sut va cng sut cua t hp tuc bin may phat t gn mt th ky nay.

















N
0,1
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,5
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
300
400
500
600
700
200

o
800
P(MW)
200
400
600
800
1200
1000
0
0,6
0
10
20
30
40
P
E
(
M
W
)
TE( C)
T

P
P
E
E
Hnh 1.5: Qua trnh phat trin thng s hi, hiu sut va
Cng sut tuc bin hi
- 12 -

gay nay tuc bin la mt trong nhng thit b chnh san xut ra in nng trn th
gii. Khi tuc bin ln nht co cng sut 1300 MW, thng s hi P = 16 MPa, t =
540
o
C (di ti han). Tuc bin trong nha may in nguyn t co cng sut ln n
1500 MW. Tuy nhin y la tuc bin hi m vi P = 3 7 MPa, t = 300 310
o
C.
Trong tng lai gn, thng s cua cac tuc bin hi se ln n 35 MPa/700
o
C. Bn
canh o vic tng tin cy va kha nng vn hanh an toan cac tuc bin cung c
quan tm. giam gia thanh va giam nhim mi trng cn thit phai nng cao
hiu sut cua nha may nhit in. Ngay nay hiu sut nay co th ln n 35 - 45 %.
Mt trong nhng bin phap thch hp nht nng cao hiu sut la thc hin san
xut phi hp in nhit nng va chu trnh hn hp kh - hi.
Hin nay cac hang ch tao tuc bin trn th gii co rt nhiu, trong o ang k
la ABB (Thuy s), Siemens (c), GE (My), LMZ (Nga), Skoda (Tip)... Vit nam
hin nay cha ch tao c tuc bin. Vao u nhng nm 70 a co d nh xy dng
nha may ch tao tuc bin, a c ngi i thc tp cac nc XHCN luc by gi. Tuy
vy , do hoan canh chin tranh, trnh ky thut lac hu va nn kinh t yu kem, d
an nay khng thc hin c. Nhng tuc bin u tin nc ta c nhp t thi
Phap, cng sut t 1 - 5 MW, sau nm 1954 min Bc a co cac tuc bin trung ap
cua Lin x (cu), Trung quc, cng sut t 6 - 50 MW. Gn y a co cac t may 66
MW va 100 MW Thu c va Pha Lai. Noi chung so vi th gii cac tuc bin nay
rt nho be, lac hu.
1.2- Tuc bin kh
Khai ni m v tuc bin kh a co cach y khoang 200 nm. o la mt ng
c nhit, thc hin qua trnh bin hoa nng cua nhin liu trong bung t nhit
cao thanh c nng nh nhng b phn may quay co canh. Nguyn ly lam vic nay
c thc hin chu yu qua hai chu trnh vi qua trnh chay ng ap (chu trnh
Bragton) va chu trnh chay ng tch (chu trnh Hunphrey).
Tuc bin kh vi chu trnh chay ng ap u tin co cng sut 400 kW c
Armangen va Laval a vao s dung nm 1905. Sau o 4 nm Holzwarth ch tao
thanh cng tuc bin kh theo chu trnh chay ng tch. Trong mt thi gian dai cac
tuc bin kh nay lam vic vi hiu sut rt thp t 3 15 %
.

Mai

n nm 1930 Whittle thit k tuc bin kh dung cho ng c may bay.
u im ln cua loai tuc bin nay la hiu sut nhit cao hn cac ng c t trong
kiu Pistng thnh hanh luc by gi. Nm 1937 may bay co ng c la tuc bin kh
u tin ra i . [GTTB]
- 13 -

tng hiu sut va cng sut tuc bin ngi ta s dung cac s nhit phc
tap, lam mat cung nh qua nhit trung gian, hoc lam nhiu truc. Nh vy ma cng
sut, hiu sut cua tuc bin tng ln khng ngng
















Hnh 1.7: Tuc bin kh V94.3 cua hang Siemens
1930 1950 1970 1990 2000
400
600
800
1000
1200
T ( C)
o
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
100
400
200
P(MW)

300
P
T

Hnh 1.6:Qua trnh phat trin cac thng s tuc bin kh
- 14 -

c bit trc va trong chin tranh th gii th II cac nc tham chin lun
tm cach tng sc manh va tc cua may bay chin u nh cac tuc bin kh co sc
keo ln. Sau chin tranh, tuc bin kh cang c phat trin nhanh hn, a loai cac
ng c pit-tng ra khoi phn ln cac may bay chin u va bt u c s dung
rng rai phat in. Theo [ 1 ] th nhng thanh tu ang k at c trong lnh vc
tuc bin kh nh sau :
1939 Tuc bin kh phat in u tin do hang BBC (Thuy s) ch tao vi cng
sut 4 MW va hiu sut 17%.
1941 Tuc bin kh cho may bay u tin cua Junkers va BMW (c) va Rolls
- Royce (Anh).
1949 Tuc bin kh u tin cho nha may i n ganh phu tai ngon cua hang
BBC cng sut 27 MW, hai truc, nhit vao 650
o
C. y la loai tuc bin chnh cua
nha may in trong nhng nm 50.
1960 ln u tin a vao s dung cac ng c may bay phat in trong
cac nha may in ganh phu tai ngon, va sau o truyn ng cho bm, may nen va
tau chin (Anh, c, My)
1965 Hang GE (my) cho ra i t hp tuc bin kh mt truc 15 MW, bt u
mt thi ky mi phat trin cac tuc bin mt truc, kt cu gon nhe, chay n nh.
Cung trong nm nay, ln u tin chu trnh hn hp c ap dung nha may in
Hohr Wand (Ao) (Cng trnh tuc bin kh 10 MW phi hp vi chu trnh hi, hiu
sut at n 41,6%)
1974 Tuc bin kh mt tru c u tin vi cng sut ln n 100 MW nha
may in Leopoldau (Ao).
1980 Tuc bin kh mt truc cng sut 125 MW (V.94) cua KWU (c) c
a vao s dung.
1982 Nha may in chu trnh hn hp vi cng sut mi khi 375 MW, hiu
sut 42,3% c a vao vn hanh Bank PaKong (Thai lan)
1990 Tuc bin kh mt truc at cng sut ln hn 200 MW, nhit vao ln
hn 1200
o
C hiu sut ln hn 36% a c cac hang san xut hang loat , cung cp
cho cac nha may in, c bit cac nc ang phat trin.

1.3- Phn loai tuc bin hi nc.
Tuy thuc vao tnh cht cua qua trnh nhit co th phn bit cac loai tuc bin
hi nc chu yu nh sau :
1) Tuc bin ngng hi : Trong o toan b lu lng hi mi, tr lng hi
trch gia nhit, u i qua phn chuyn hi, gian n n ap sut be hn ap sut kh
- 15 -

quyn, ri vao bnh ngng, trong o nhit cua hi thoat truyn cho nc lam mat va
mt i mt cach v ch
2) Dung tuc bin i ap : Hi thoat trong tuc bin nay c dn v h tiu thu
nhit dung cho muc ch sinh hoat hoc cng nghip. Tuc bin lam vic vi chn
khng xu cung c xp vao loai nay. Trong loai nay hi gian n ti ap sut di ap
sut kh quyn, con nhit cua nc lam mat bnh ngng th c dung cho cac nhu
cu sinh hoat, si, hay la cho muc ch nng nghip.
Hi thoat cua tuc bin i ap cung c s dung chay tuc bin hi khac .
Tuc bin nh vy c go i la tuc bin t chng
3) Tuc bin ngng hi co ca trch iu chnh trung gian.
Trong tuc bin nay hi trch t tng trung gian c dn v h tiu thu nhit,
lng hi con lai tip tuc lam vic trong cac tng khac va i vao bnh gia nhit, lng
hi con lai tip tuc lam vic trong cac tng khac va i vao bnh ngng. Ap sut hi
trch c t ng duy tr mc khng i.
Nu h tiu thu nhit yu cu hi co ap sut khac nhau th trong mt tuc bin
co th thc hin hai ca trch hi iu chnh trung gian. S lng ca trch ln hn
na khng phai la ph bin.
4) Tuc bin co ca trch hi iu chnh va i ap
phuc vu cac h tiu thu nhit co nhu cu hi vi ap sut khac nhau, co th
dung tuc bin co trch hi iu chnh va i ap, trong o mt phn hi vi ap sut
khng i c trch t tng trung gian. Phn hi con lai, sau khi i qua cac tng tip
theo, cung se dn v h tiu thu nhit vi ap sut thp hn.
Tuy thuc vao ap sut cua hi dn vao tuc bin ma chia ra :
a) Tuc bin thp ap, vi ap sut hi mi 1,22 bar
b) Tuc bin trung ap, vi ap sut hi mi khng qua 40 bar.
c) Tuc bin cao ap, vi ap sut hi mi t 60 n 140 bar.
d) Tuc bin trn cao ap, vi ap sut trn 140 bar.
Tuy theo cng dung cua tuc bin hi cn phn bit :
1/ Tuc bin truyn ng may phat in. Nhng tuc bin nay thng c
ni trc tip vi may phat in va lam vic vi s vong quay khng i. Vi tn s
50 Hz tuc bin c ch tao va lam vic 3000 v/f keo may phat in hai cc.
Nu keo may phat in bn cc th s vong quay cua tuc bin se la 1500v/f.
Tuc bin vi cng sut be (2500 kW va thp hn) thng c ch tao vi s
vong quay cao. (5000v/f va trn na) va ni vi may phat qua hp giam tc. Tc bin
nh vy c goi la tuc bin truyn ng co hp giam tc.
- 16 -

2/ Tuc bin truyn ng cac quat nen, may nen va bm thng lam vic
vi s vong khng i. y phai iu chnh duy tr ap sut khng i cua khng
kh hay la nc hoc gi cho lu lng khng kh khng i.
3/ Tuc bin dung cho vn tai.
a) Tuc bin hi tau thuy c dung ph bin lam ng c cho cac tau thuy
dn dung va hai qun. Tuc bin tau thuy hin ai thng c ni vi truc chn vt
qua hp giam tc va lam vic vi s vong quay thay i.
b) Tuc bin cho cac u may cung co hp giam tc truyn ng banh chu
cua u may xe la va lam vic v i tc vong thay i. n nay u tau tuc bin
cha c ng dung rng rai.
Cac loai tuc bin thng c ky hiu theo tiu chun quc gia ( nc ta
cha co tiu chun o). V du : theo tiu chun quc gia Lin x a quy nh cac ky
hiu nh sau : ch cai u c trng cho chung loai tuc bin :
K - Ngng hi ; T - Ngng hi co trch hi cp nhit thu hi ;
- Co trch hi dung cho h tiu thu cng nghip ;
T - Co trch hi iu chnh cho cng nghip va cp nhit thu hi
P - i ap
P - Co trch hi cng nghip va i ap.
Sau ch cai la cng sut cua tuc bin bng MW (nu co phn s th t s la
cng sut nh mc, mu s la cng sut c c ai), sau o la ap sut ban u trc
van stp cua tuc bin kG/cm
2
. Sau du gach ngang i vi tuc bin , T, P va P
la ap sut nh mc cua ca trch cng nghip hay la i ap , kG/cm
2
.
V du : K -160 -130, K-100-90
T-50-130
T -60-130/13
v.v...
Tuc bin ngng hi vi cng sut 150 MW lam vic vi b qua nhit trung gian