Chuyn hm s:

S TNG GIAO CUA HAI O TH

Bai toan tong quat:
Trong mp(Oxy) . Hay xet s tng giao cua o th hai ham so :
1
2
(C ) : y f (x)
(C ) : y g(x)
=

(C
1
) va (C
2
) khong co iem chung (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau (C
1
) va (C
2
)
tiep xuc nhau


Phng phap chung:

* Thiet lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua o th hai ham so
a cho:
f(x) = g(x) (1)
* Khao sat nghiem so cua phng trnh (1) . So nghiem cua phng
trnh (1)
chnh la so giao iem cua hai o th (C
1
) va (C
2
).

- tm giao im ca mt ng cong y = F(x) ni chung (ca lp cc hm a thc ni
ring)
vi mt ng cong y = G(x) no ; phng php chung ta quy v xt s tn ti nghim ca
phng trnh
F(x) = G(x) (1).
Nhn chung (1) u l cc phng trnh bc cao (c bc 3). Nu c th, cc bn tm mi
cch h bc ca (1). Ta lun s dng kt qu sau:
Nu x = a l mt nghim on c ca (1) th (1) a c v dng sau:
x
y y y
x x
O O O
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
1
x
2
x
1
M
2
M 2
y
1
y 0
M
) (
2
C
) (
1
C
(x - a)H(x) = 0
Trong phng trnh H(x) = 0 c bc gim i 1 so vi phng trnh gc (1).
- Nu s dng cc kt qu v gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm bc 3, ta c kt qu thng dng
sau:
Xt phng trnh sau:
F(x) = ax3 2
+ bx + cx + d = 0, a 0 (2).
Khi :
1. (2) c 3 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi F(x) c cc i, cc tiu v
Ymax Ymin < 0.
2. . (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi F(x) c cc i, cc tiu v
Ymax Ymin = 0.
3. . (2) c 1 nghim khi v ch khi:
- Hoc l F(x) khng c cc i , cc tiu.
- hoc l F(x) c cc i, cc tiu v Ymax Ymin > 0.

Cn nhn mnh rng vi bi ton ngoi vic i hi tnh giao nhau ca cc ng cong bc ba
Vi mt ng cong khc c bc khng qu ba, ta cn quan tm n tnh cht ca cc giao im
th kt qu va dn ra trn ch c th xem nh mt iu kin cn. N cha sc mnh
gii hon ton bi ton. gii quyt trn vn, ta cn s dng thm cc kin thc khc.

Ghi nh: So nghiem cua pt (1) = so giao iem cua hai o th (C
1
)
va (C
2
).

Chu y 1 :
* (1) vo nghiem (C
1
) va (C
2
) khong co iem iem chung
* (1) co n nghiem (C
1
) va (C
2
) co n iem chung
Chu y 2 :
* Nghiem x
0
cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o iem chung cua
(C
1
) va (C
2
).
Khi o tung o iem chung la y
0
= f(x
0
) hoac y
0
= g(x
0
).




x
y
0
y
0
x
O
Ap dung: Thng dng bi ny s lin quan nhiu n s tng giao ca th vi trc Ox
v s tng giao ca th hm s phn thc trong bi ton thi i hc hn l nhng dng khc
A. S tng giao ca th vi trc Ox
V d: Cho h ng cong ph thuc tham s m:
y = x
3
3(m+1)x
2
+ 2(m + 4m + 1)x 4m(m+1).
Tm m ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh > 1
Bi gii:
ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh > 1 khi v ch khi phng
trnh
x
3
3(m+1)x
2
+ 2(m + 4m + 1)x 4m(m+1) = 0 (1)
c 3 nghim phn bit > 1.
Do x = 2 l nghim ca (1), nn(1) c th vit di dng sau:
(x - 2)[x2 3(m+1)x + 2m(m + 1)] = 0 (2)

(2) c 3 nghim phn bit > 1, th iu kin cn v l phng trnh
x
2
3(m+1)x + 2m(m + 1) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit > 1 v khc 2.
Theo nh l o v tam thc bc 2, iu xy ra khi:

(

()

()
(

Vy cc gi tr cn tm ca m l:

v m > 1.
Nhn xt:
- nh l o v du tam thc bc hai ni chung l cng c hu hiu gii cc bi ton
thuc loi ny.
- Tuy nhin trong VD trn (2) c th vit di dng:
(x - 2)(x 2m)(x m - 1) = 0
<=> x = 2, x= 2m, x = m + 1.
V th ta cn c: {



{

B. S tng giao ca hm phn thc


V d : Cho
1
1
2

+
=
x
x x
y


Tm m (C) ct y = -x + m ti hai im phn bit A v B. Chng minh rng khi y A, B thuc
cng 1 nhnh ca th (C).

Gii : y = -x + m ct (C) ti hai im phn bit, iu kin l phng trnh:
m x
x
x x
+ =

+
1
1
2
, nn iu xy ra khi phng trnh
x
2
+ x - 1 = (x - 1)(-x + m) (1) c hai nghim phn bit. Ta c th vit li (1) di dng
sau :
f(x) = 2x
2
- mx + m - 1 = 0 (2) .

(1) c hai nghim phn bit khi = m - 8m + 8 > 0

m < 4 - 2 hoc m > 4 + 2 (3)

Vi iu kin (3) ta c:

af(1) = 2 > 0 . Vy 1 [x1 ,x 2 ], y x x l hai nghim ca (2). iu ny chng t
rng c hai giao im A, B gia (C) v y = -x + m nm v cng mt pha ca ng thng x = 1,
tc l A, B thuc cng mt nhnh ca th ca (C) => pcm.

Bi tp p dng

Bi 1: Tm toa o giao iem cua ng cong (C):
1
1 2
+

=
x
x
y va ng thang
1 3 : ) ( = x y d
Bi 2: Tm toa o giao iem cua hai ng cong (C):
2
1
y
x 1
=
+
va
2
x
(C') : y
2
=
Bai 3: Cho hm s
x 3
y
x 1
+
=
+
. Chng minh rng vi mi m, ng thng y 2x m = + lun ct
th
hm s cho ti hai im phn bit.
Bai 4: Cho hm s
3 2x
y
x 1

. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m ng thng y mx 2 = +
ct th
hm s cho ti hai im phn bit.
Bai 5: Cho ham so
2
( 1)( ) y x x mx m = + + (1)
Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet.
Bai 6: Cho ham so
3 2
3 2 = + + + y x x mx m (1)
Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet.
Bi 7: Cho ham so
( )
3 2
2 1 = + + + y x m x xm m (1)
Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet co
hoanh o dng.
Bi 8: Cho ham so
( ) ( )
3 2
2 1 7 2 4 6 = + + + y x m x m x m (1)
Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet co
hoanh o dng.

Cu lc b Gia s th khoa